SFD & BMD

Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Dinajpur-5200
SHEAR FORCE & BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

The algebraic sum of the vertical forces at any section of a beam to the right or left of the
section is known as shear force. It is briefly written as S. F. The algebraic sum of the moments
of all the forces acting to the right or left of the section is known as bending moment. It is
written as B.M. In this chapter, the shear force and bending moment diagrams for different
types of beams (i.e. cantilevers, simply supported, fixed, overhanging etc.) for different types
of loads (i.e. point load, uniformly distributed loads, varying loads etc.) acting on the beams,
are to be discussed.
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams:

A shear force diagram is one which shows the variation of the shear force along the length of
the beam.
And a bending moment diagram is one which shows the variation of the bending moment along
the length of the beam.
Before drawing the shear force and bending moment diagrams, we must know the different
types of beams and different types of load acting on the beam.
Types of Beams:
The following are the important types of beams:
i. Cantilever beam,
ii. Simply supported beam,
iii. Overhanging beam,
iv. Fixed beams and
v. Continuous beam
Cantilever beam:
A beam which is fixed at one end and free at the other end, is known as cantilever beam. Such
beam is shown in figure below:
Simply Supported Beam:

A beam supported or resting freely on the supports at its both ends, is known as simply
supported beam. Such beam is shown in figure below:
Md. Rashedul Haque, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, HSTU, Dinajpur-5200
Cell No.: 01738283091
Email: rashed.civil@hstu.ac.bd
Overhanging Beam:
If the end portion of a beam is extended beyond the support, such beam is known as
overhanging beam. Overhanging beam is shown in figure below:
Fixed Beam:
A beam whose both ends are fixed or built-in walls, is known as fixed beam. A fixed beam is
also known as a built-in or encastred beam. Such beam is shown in figure below:
Continuous Beam:
A beam which is provided more than two supports as shown in figure below, is known as
continuous beam.
Types of Load:
A beam is normally horizontal and the loads acting on the beams are generally vertical. The
following are the important types of load acting on a beam:
i. Concentrated or point load
ii. Uniformly distributed load and
iii. Uniformly varying load
Cell No.: 01738283091
Concentrated or Point Load:

A concentrated load is one which is considered to act at a point, although in practice it must
really be distributed over a small area. The point load is shown in the following figure:
Uniformly Distributed Load:

A uniformly distributed load is one which is spread over a beam in such a manner that rate of
loading ‘w’ is uniform along the length (i.e. each unit length is loaded to the same rate) as
shown in figure below. The rate of loading is expressed as 𝑤 𝑁/𝑚 run. Uniformly distributed
load is represented by U.D.L.
For solving the numerical problems, the total uniformly distributed load is converted into a
point load, acting at the centre of uniformly distributed load.
Uniformly Varying Load:

A uniformly varying load is one which is spread over a beam in such a manner that rate of
loading varies from point to point along the beam as shown in figure below, in which load is
zero at one end and increases uniformly to the other end. Such load is known as “triangular
load”.
For solving numerical problems, the total load is equal to the area of the triangle and this total
load is assumed to be acting at the C.G. of the triangle i.e. at a distance of 2/3rd of total length
of beam from left end.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Sign Conventions for Shear Force and Bending Moment:

We find different sign conventions in different books, regarding shear force and bending
moment at a section. The following sign conventions are to be considered here, which are
widely followed and internationally recognized.
Shear force:
We know that as the shear force is the unbalanced vertical force, therefore it tends to slide one
portion of the beam, upwards or downwards with respect to the other. The shear force at a
section will be considered positive when the resultant of the forces to the left to the section is
upwards or to the right of the section is downwards. Similarly, the shear force at a section will
be considered negative if the resultant of the forces to the left of the section is downwards or
to the right of the section is upwards. Hence the resultant force to the left of the section is
upwards and hence the shear force will be positive.
Bending Moment:
At sections, where the bending moment, is such that it tends to bend the beam at that point to
a curvature having concavity at the top as shown in figure below, is taken as positive. On the
other hand, where the bending moment is such that it tends to bend the beam at that point to a
curvature having convexity at the top, as shown in figure is taken as negative. The positive
bending moment is often called “sagging moment” and negative as “hogging moment”.
A little consideration will show that the bending moment is said to be positive, at a section
when it is acting in a clockwise direction to the right and negative when acting in an
anticlockwise direction. On the other hand, the bending moment is said to be negative when it
is acting in an anticlockwise direction to the left and positive when it is acting in a clockwise
direction.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Important points for Drawing Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams:
It is mentioned that the shear force diagram is one which shows the variation of the shear force
along the length of the beam. And a bending moment diagram is one which show the variation
of the bending moment along the length of the beam. In these diagrams, the shear force or
bending moment are represented by ordinates whereas the length of the beam represents
abscissa.
The following are the important points for drawing shear force and bending moment diagrams:
1. Consider the left or the right portion of the section.
2. Add the forces (including reaction) normal to the beam on one of the portions. If right
portion of the section is chosen, a force on the right portion acting downwards is
positive while a force acting upwards is negative.
If the left portion of the section is chosen, a force on the left portion acting upwards is
positive while a force acting downwards is negative.
3. The positive values of shear force and bending moments are plotted above the base line,
and negative values below the base line.
4. The shear force diagram will increase or decrease suddenly i.e. by a vertical straight
line at a section where there is a vertical point load.
5. The shear force between any two vertical loads will be constant and hence the shear
force diagram between two vertical loads will be horizontal.
6. The bending moment at the two supports of a simply supported beam and at the free
end of a cantilever will be zero.
Relation Between Loading, Shear Force and Bending Moment:

The following relations between loading, shear force and bending moment at a point or between
any two sections of a beam are important from the subject point of view:
1. If there is a point load at a section on the beam, then the shear force suddenly changes
(i.e. the shear force line is vertical). But the bending moment remains the same.
2. If there is no load between two points, then the shear force does not change (i.e. shear
force line is horizontal). But the bending moment changes linearly (i.e. bending moment
line is an inclined straight line).
3. If there is a uniformly distributed load between two points, then the shear force changes
linearly (i.e. shear force line is an inclined straight line). But the bending moment
changes according to the parabolic law (i.e. bending moment line will be a parabola).
4. If there is a uniformly varying load between two points, then the shear force changes
according to the parabolic law (i.e. shear force line will be a parabola). But the bending
moment changes according to the cubic law.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for a Cantilever with a Point Load at the
Free End:
The following figure shows a cantilever beam AB of length, L fixed at A and free at B and
carrying a point load, W at the free end B.
Let,
𝐹𝐴 = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑀𝐴 = 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝐴
The shear force at that point A, is equal to the resultant force acting on the right end. Hence
the shear force at A is positive.
𝐹𝐴 = + 𝑊
The shear force will be constant at all the sections of the cantilever between A and B as there
is no other load between A and B.
The bending moment at point A is given by

𝑀𝐴 = −𝑊 × 𝑙
Bending moment will be negative as for the right portion of the section, the moment at A is
clockwise. Also, the bending of cantilever will take place in such a manner that convexity will
be at the top of the beams.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Problem-01:
A cantilever beam of length 2 m carries the point loads as shown in figure below. Draw the
shear force and B.M. diagrams for the cantilever beam.
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for a Cantilever with a UDL:
The following figure shows a cantilever of length, L fixed at A and carrying a uniformly
distributed load of, w per unit length over the entire length of the cantilever.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Problem-02:
A cantilever of length 2.0 m carries a uniformly distributed load of 1 kN/m run over a length
of 1.5 m from the free end. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the
cantilever.
Problem-03:
A cantilever of length 2.0 m carries a uniformly distributed load of 2 kN/m length over the
whole length and a point load of 3 kN at the free end. Draw the shear force and bending moment
diagrams for the cantilever.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Problem-04:
A cantilever of length 2.0 m carries a uniformly distributed load of 1.5 kN/m run over the whole
length and a point load of 2 kN at a distance of 0.5 m from the free end. Draw the shear force
and bending moment diagrams for the cantilever.
Problem-05:
A cantilever 1.5 m long is loaded with a uniformly distributed load of 2 kN/m run over a length
of 1.25 m from the free end. It also carries a point load of 3 kN at a distance of 0.25 m from
the free end. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the cantilever.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Problem-06:
A cantilever of length 5.0 m is loaded as shown in figure below. Draw the S. F. D and B.M.D
for the cantilever.
Problem-07:
A cantilever of length 4 m carries a gradually varying load, zero at the free end to 2 kN/m at
the fixed end. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the cantilever.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Problem-08:
A cantilever beam of 2 m span is subjected to a gradually varying load from 2 kN/m to 5 kN/m
as shown in figure below. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram for a Simply Supported Beam with a central
point load:
Consider a simply supported beam AB of span, l and carrying a point load, w at its mid-point
C as shown in figure.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Problem-09:
A simply supported beam AB of span 2.5 m is carrying two point loads as shown in figure
below. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
Problem-10:
A simply supported beam of length 6 m, carries point load of 3 kN and 6 kN at distances of 2m
and 4 m from the left end. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram for a Simply Supported Beam with a UDL:
Consider a simply supported beam AB of length, l and carrying a uniformly distributed load of
W per unit length as shown in figure below. Since the load is uniformly distributed over the
entire length of the beam.
Problem-11:
A simply supported beam 6 m long is carrying a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m over a
length of 3 m from the right end. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam and also
calculate the maximum bending moment.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Problem-12:
A simply supported beam 5 m long is loaded with a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m over
a length of 2 m as shown in figure below. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam
indicating the value of maximum bending moment.
Problem-13:
Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams of a simply supported beam of length 9 m carrying a
uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m for a distance of 6 m from the left end. Also calculate
the maximum B.M. on the section.
Problem-14:
Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams of a simply supported beam of length 8 m and carrying a
uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m for a distance of 4 m as shown in figure below. Also
calculate the maximum B.M. on the section.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Problem-15:
Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams of a simply supported beam of length 7 m carrying uniformly
distributed loads as shown in figure. Also calculate the maximum B.M. on the section.
Problem-16:
A simply supported beam of 4 m span is carrying loads as shown in figure below. Draw shear
force and bending moment diagrams for the beam.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Problem-17:
A simply supported beam AB, 6 m long is loaded as shown in figure below. Construct the S.F.
and B.M. diagrams for the beam and find the position and value of maximum bending moment.
Problem-18:
A simply supported beam of length 10 m, carries the uniformly distributed load and two-point
loads as shown in figure below. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam. Also calculate
the maximum bending moment.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Problem-19:
A simply supported beam of 5 m span is subjected to a clockwise moment of 15 kN-m at a
distance of 2 m from the left end as shown in figure below. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams
for the beam.
Problem-20:
A simply supported beam of 2.5 m span is subjected to a uniformly distributed load and a
clockwise couple as shown in figure below. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the beam.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Problem-21:
A simply is loaded as shown in figure below. Construct the Shear Force and Bending Moment
diagrams for the beam and mark the values of the important ordinates.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Problem-22:
A horizontal beam AB 6 m long is hinged at A and freely supported at B. The beam is loaded
as shown in figure. Draw the Shear Force, bending moment diagram and thrust diagrams for
the beam.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Problem-23:
Analyze the beam shown in figure below and draw the bending moment and shear force
diagrams. Locate the points of contra-flexure, if any.
Cell No.: 01738283091
Cell No.: 01738283091

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Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Dinajpur-5200

SHEAR FORCE & BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams:

Simply Supported Beam:

Concentrated or Point Load:

Uniformly Distributed Load:

Uniformly Varying Load:

Sign Conventions for Shear Force and Bending Moment:

Relation Between Loading, Shear Force and Bending Moment:

The bending moment at point A is given by

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