IMPACT OF SOLAR GENERATION UNIT ON

THE STATIC STABILITY OF POWER SYSTEMS

Ruslan Ufa Vladimir Rudnik Fujin Deng

School of Energy & Power Engineering School of Energy & Power Engineering School of Electrical Engineering
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic National Research Tomsk Polytechnic Southeast University
University University Nanjing, China
Tomsk, Russia Tomsk, Russia fdeng@seu.edu.cn
hecn@tpu.ru fordlp006@mail.ru

Abstract—The main goal of renewable energy is to ensure RES schemes on the one hand has negatively impacts to the EPS
global access to inexpensive and reliable energy sources, a high operation, but on the other hand opens up new opportunities.
2022 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia) | 979-8-3503-9966-0/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ISGTASIA54193.2022.10003478

level of environmental and climatic safety, as well as to improve
the reliability and efficiency of power supply of consumers.
However, penetration level of renewable generation also has a
great impact on the stability of the system. In particular, based on
the power electronic interface renewable unit impacts on the
processes in system, changes its frequency spectrum and increases
the potential for the appearance of new operation modes of power
system. The analysis of the static stability of system with different
penetration level of solar generation unit is shown in this paper.
The results of studies of loading in normal and post-emergency
modes of power system, calculation of static stability margin of
active power and voltage, and analysis of damping properties of
power system without and with renewable units are presented.
Keywords—power system, solar generation unit, static stability,
modeling, analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
Renewable power generation units, in particular solar power,
are becoming increasingly important in the structure of modern
electric power system (EPS). Thus, according to the Global
Market Outlook report for 2020 the penetration level of solar
power or photovoltaic (PV) plants in the world was increased by
138.2 GW, and another increase of 203 GW is planned for 2022
[1-9].
Scheme of PV station involves connection to the grid
through a voltage source converter (VSC) [10-14]. In this case,
due to the lack of rotating parts, the growth of total installed
power of renewable energy source (RES) units based on the
VSC leads to decrease of the total (physical) inertia, so it
changes the EPS processes, its frequency spectrum and increases
the probability of power oscillations, in particular low frequency
oscillations (LFO), parameters and trajectory of which are
different from LFO in traditional EPS [15]. In addition, the
authors of [16, 17] indicated the problem of adequate modeling
of oscillations in "weak" EPS (which is characterized by small
value of short-circuit ratio). The problem is related to the fact
that the traditional settings of the automatic control system of
VSC of RES units, used for "strong" networks, are
unsatisfactory in the case of "weak" networks and lead to the
occurrence of undamped oscillations of different frequencies
[18-20]. However, as it was shown above, the use of VSC in the
Thus, VSC provides a rapid response and independent
regulation of frequency and voltage (operation in the four
quadrants of the PQ diagram) and a "flexible" regulation of the
regime parameters of EPS [21-23] and significantly expands the
degree of controllability and efficiency renewable generation
units as a whole. The above determines the need to analyze the
operation of EPS with renewable generation based on the VSC
[24, 25].
Therefore, taking into account this fact the results of the
analysis of the impact of PV station with VSC on the static
stability are presented in this paper.
The paper is organized as follow: In Section 2 the test
scheme of EPS is described, in particular, part of Eastern Siberia
power system is considered. It is characterized by the problem
of power deficit: the low capacity of conventional power
stations, as well as limitations in capacity of power flow from
the United energy system of Siberia, and from neighboring EPS,
as the existing power networks (along Baikal-Amur Mainline)
operate at the limit of capacity. In addition, the studied part of
EPS is located in a zone with significant solar radiation, so this
energy district is a good example, in which the introduction of
PV station can solve the existing problems of power deficit and
increase the stability of the EPS. In Section 3 the studies of
loading in normal and post-emergency modes, calculation of
static stability margin of active power and voltage аre presented.
Additionally, the analysis of damping properties of EPS without
and with renewable energy generation have been carried out.
Finally, in Section 4 the paper is concluded.
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE SCHEME OF EPS
The considered scheme of the studied part of Eastern Siberia
power system is shown in Fig. 1. It was mentioned that injection
of solar energy allows to solve the problems of the power deficit
and is one of the possible solutions to improve the reliable and
sustainable power supply to consumers. There are two options
for connecting of PV station in buses # 7 and # 10 are
considered, which are justified by suitable climatic conditions
[26]: the district is located near the zone of maximum intensity
of solar radiation. The structural scheme of PV station is
presented in Fig. 2.

979-8-3503-9966-0/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 660

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Downloaded on September 26,2023 at 02:02:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Network 220 kV Network 110 kV
4 6
Network 10,5 kV where: ‫ܫ‬ௌ஼ – operating current of SC; ‫ܫ‬௣௛ – photocurrent; ‫ܫ‬஽ –
L4
4 22+j12 diode current; ‫ – ݍ‬electron charge; ݇ – Boltzmann constant; ܶ –
Tr3 7 SC temperature; ݊ – idealization factor of the diode; ܷௌ஼ –
PV2
various power, voltage of SC; ܴ௦ and ܴ௣ – series and parallel resistance,
3 Tr1 8 MW
SG1
respectively.
L3
EPS 1 2 Tr5 33+j19 15 MW
L5 According to the [28] the VSC model is implemented using
6+j1 T
Tr2 9 a fictitious, having no physical analogues, controlled injector,
L1 L2 SG2
20+j29 4+j2 which introduces additional current into the connection node.
5 15 MW
L6 Control of the injector, and, accordingly, modeling of the
18+j9
Tr4
T 10 automatic control system of the VSC and the PV station as a
PV1 whole, is carried out by means of macroblocks.
various power,
MW
III. EXPERIMENTAL PART
Fig. 1. The test scheme of EPS. A. Assessment of static aperiodic stability
DC/DC converter Inverter In practical calculations to obtain the limit of static stability
EPS the method of sequential mode loading is used: sequentially
DC/
Solar panels Cdc1 DC Cdc2 increasing the load of the controlled line until the iteration
process ceases to converge. The value of the limit of transmitted
Fig. 2. The structural scheme of PV station.
௡
power (ܲ௟௜௠ ) and power flow (ܲ௡ ) in normal mode, as well as
value of unregulated power oscillations ( οܲ௨௡ ) are used to
In accordance with Fig. 2 in the Eurostag software the calculate the static stability margin of active power (‫ܭ‬௣௡ ):
appropriate PV station model has been realized (Fig. 3), which
includes simulation blocks of solar cells (SC), DC/DC ௡
ܲ௟௜௠ െ ܲ௡ െ οܲ௨௡
converter, DC circuit, and VSC [27]. The parameters of the PV ‫ܭ‬௣௡ ൌ ௡
ܲ௟௜௠
station are shown in Table 1.
The calculated coefficient ‫ܭ‬௣௡ should be less than the Ͳǡʹ pu
TABLE I. PV STATION MODEL PARAMETERS [29]. According to the [30] the value of οܲ௨௡ should be
Parameter Description Value calculated by the following equation:
Depending on the
P Installed power PV station (MW)
scenario (2,5…25) ܲ௟ଵ െ ܲ௟ଶ
GSTC Light level (w/m2) 1000 οܲ௨௡ ൌ ‫ ܭ‬ή ඨ
ܲ௟ଵ ൅ ܲ௟ଶ
The reference value of the
USREF 700
breaker output voltage (V)
where: ܲ௟ଵ and ܲ௟ଶ – value of active power consumption
DC capacitor voltage reference
VCONDREF
value (V)
700 capacity of the power system from each side of the controlled
Parameter of DC capacitor line; ‫ ܭ‬ൌ ͲǤ͹ͷ [30].
QSIUS 1
voltage regulators
Internal resistance of the DC
In the same way the limit of transmitted power in the post-
௣Ȁ௘
RCOND capacitor at the output of the PV 105 emergency mode (ܲ௟௜௠ ) and static stability margin of active
panel (Ohm) ௣Ȁ௘ ௣Ȁ௘
power (‫ܭ‬௣ ) are determined. The calculated coefficient ‫ܭ‬௣
Internal resistance of the breaker
RCPV 105 should be less than the ͲǡͲͺ pu.
output DC capacitor (Ohm)
Shunt resistance of the equivalent
RS
model (Ohm)
0.91 For loading modes, the most stressed line of the EPS (the
TAUIPV Interrupter response time (s) 10-3 branch between bus # 3 and # 5 (double-chain 110 kV
TRI Inverter response time (s) 10-2 transmission line)) has been selected. In this case only PV1
TRUS
Parameter of DC capacitor
0.1
station is considered. The loading mode has been performed for
regulators voltage (p.u.) 6 scenarios with a step-by-step increasing of the PV power and
EPS
load:
Solar cell Injector DC circuit Injector
model (DC/DC converter) macroblock (inverter) 1) without PV1;
2) with PV1 (5 MW);
Macroblock solar power plant 3) with PV1 (10 MW);
Fig. 3. The structural scheme of PV station model. 4) with the disconnection of one parallel transmission line
(branch 3-5) without PV1;
The model of the SC is realized by the following equation:
5) similar to the 4th scenario, but with PV1 (5 MW);
‫ݍ‬ሺ‫ܫ‬ௌ஼ ܴ௦ ൅ ܷௌ஼ ሻ ‫ܫ‬ௌ஼ ܴ௦ ൅ ܷௌ஼ 6) similar to the 4th scenario, but with PV1 (10 MW).
‫ܫ‬ௌ஼ ൌ ‫ܫ‬௣௛ െ ‫ܫ‬஽ ቆ݁‫ ݌ݔ‬ቆ ቇ െ ͳቇ െ
݊݇ܶ ܴ௣

2022 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies – Asia (ISGT Asia)
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Downloaded on September 26,2023 at 02:02:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
661
 Fig. 4 shows the power flow through the one circuit of TABLE III. THE STATIC STABILITY MARGIN OF VOLTAGE
110 kV transmission line (branch 3-5) because of loading mode Scenario # ࡷࢁ
without PV1. 1 0.56
20.0
2 0.59
19.85 3 0.61
19.0 4 0.52
5 0.58
18.0
6 0.60
17.0
P, MW

16.0 TABLE IV. RESULTS OF ACTIVE POWER FLOWS CALCULATIONS

15.0 Pow Emergen

er of cy
14.0 PV, allowabl
13.0 MW Maximum allowable active power flow, MW e flow of
active
12.0 power,
11.75
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 MW
t, s according to the criterion of
static static
Fig. 4. Power flow on the first circuit of 110 kV transmission line (branch 3- static voltage ensuring stability
5) as a result of loading mode without PV1. stability static stability stability the in terms
in terms in terms of in a current of active
௡ ௣Ȁ௘
The value of ܲ௟௜௠ ൌ ͳͻǤͺͷ MW, while ܲ௟௜௠ ൌ ͳͳǤ͹ͷ MW. of active active power normal load of power in
In this case the static stability margin of active power (taking power in after standard circuit power a normal
a normal disturbances ensuring transmiss circuit
into account the overflow on the second circuit) is equal to: circuit dynamic ion lines
ͳͻǤͺͷ ή ʹ െ ͳͳǤ͹ͷ ή ʹ െ ͵ǤͶͳ stability
‫ܭ‬௣௡ ൌ ൌ ͲǤ͵ʹ 0 28.35 19.79 32.48 44.59 0.01570
ͳͻǤͺͷ ή ʹ 5 28.42 21.19 32.59 44.59 0.00730
10 28.59 21.86 32.99 44.59 0.00032
In the same way the static stability margin of active power
has been calculated for the rest 5 scenarios (Table 2). According to the obtained results penetration level of solar
generation leads to improve the value of the maximum allowable
It can be noted that due to the injection of solar generation active power flow.
into remote nodes of deficit areas a transmission lines, which in
the basic scheme are used to supply power of local consumers, B. Assessment of static oscillative stability
are unloaded: the transmitted power is reduced, the static From the point of view of static oscillatory stability, it is
stability margin of active power in the normal and post- necessary to estimate the amplitude and damping time of
emergency modes is improved. oscillations under small disturbances (increasing the load in the
bus # 5). The following scenarios are considered:
TABLE II. THE RESULTS OF CALCULATION
1) PV1 and PV2 are disabled;
࢖Ȁࢋ
Scenario # ࡼ࢔࢒࢏࢓ ࡼ࢒࢏࢓ ࡷ࢔࢖
1 19.85 11.75 0.32
2) PV1 and PV2 are connected (each 2,5 MW);
2 19.85 9.25 0.45 3) PV1 and PV2 are connected (each 5 MW);
3 20.00 6.45 0.59
4 23.60 22.25 unstable 5) PV1 and PV2 are connected (each 7,5 MW).
5 24.77 18.85 0.10
6 26.00 13.05 0.37 6) PV1 and PV2 are connected (each 10 MW).
Additionally, the static stability margin of voltage in bus # 5
In Fig. 5 the voltage curves at bus # 4 in the considered
has been determined according to the following equation:
scenarios are shown: the amplitude and damping time of
ܷ െ ܷ௖௥ oscillations decrease with an increase of the PV installed
‫ܭ‬௎ ൌ capacity. This positive effect is determined by the appearance in
ܷ௖௥ the network of additional regulated power of the connected PV1
where ܷ and ܷ௖௥ – nominal and critical voltages at the bus. and PV2.
All results of calculation are shown in Table 3. The Another group of studies to assess the damping properties of
calculation of the ‫ܭ‬௎  in normal and post-emergency modes EPS with PV was carried out in accordance with the Guidelines
shows that the introduction of PV1 not only provides the for testing automatic voltage regulator (AVR) of synchronous
necessary level of generated power to cover the needs of generators and algorithms for their operation [31]. So, for one
consumers, but also increases the stability of the EPS. set of AVR parameters, taken in accordance with [32, 33], for
all generators, the degree of damping of the transient process (D)
Additionally, the requirement for determining the maximum is determined at a normative perturbation (three-phase short
allowable and emergency allowable active power flows in the circuit with a duration of ͲǤͲʹ s) on the high-voltage buses of
controlled line has been checked, the results are presented in the conventional power station for the different scenarios:
Table 4. without and with PV2.

662 2022 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies – Asia (ISGT Asia)
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Downloaded on September 26,2023 at 02:02:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 117.3 οܲ
‫ܦ‬ൌ
ܲଵ െ ܲଶ
117.25
Note that, in accordance with [31], the value of the
experiment №4 coefficient D should be less than ͲǤͲͳ pu: the damping
117.2
experiment №3 properties of the EPS are satisfactory and the setting of the AVR
U, kV

of synchronous generators is acceptable.

117.15
In the same way the coefficients D has been calculated for
experiment №2
experiment №1 other scenarios (Table 5).
117.1

TABLE V. THE DEGREE OF DAMPING OF THE TRANSIENT PROCESS (D)

117.05
Power of PV, MW Penetration level of PV, % D, pu
0 0 0.03610
117
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
5 16 0.01570
t, s 10 33 0.00730
15 50 0.00032
Fig. 5. Voltage curves at bus # 5 in the considered scenarios. 20 66 0.00086
Additionally, based on the analysis of the literature on the
Oscillograms of the active power of the generator G-1 and research topic [34-36], test scenarios for the repair scheme have
an example of calculating the coefficient D are shown in Fig. 6- been carried out – when the G-2 generator switched off (Tables
7. 6-7).
20
P1=19.768 MW
18
TABLE VI. THE DEGREE OF DAMPING OF THE TRANSIENT PROCESS (D)
P2=14.996 MW
16 Power of PV, MW Penetration level of PV, % D, pu
14 0 0 0,02220
12 2,5 16 0,01910
P, MW

∆P 0.1725 5 33 0,00669
10 D= = = 0.0361
P1-P2 19.768-14.996 7,5 50 0,00570
8 10 66 0,00590
6

4 TABLE VII. THE DEGREE OF DAMPING OF THE TRANSIENT PROCESS (D)

∆ P=0.1725 MW
2 Power of PV, MW Penetration level of PV, % D, pu
0
100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116
0 0 0,02217
t, s 15 50 0,00046
25 83 0,00087
Fig. 6. Oscillograms of the active power of the generator G-1 in case of short
circuit at bus # 4 (without PV2).
The presented results show that with the growth of
20
P1=11.8253 MW penetration level of PV station, the degree of damping of the
18 transient process (D) generally decreases. At the same time, the
16
P2=7.4936 MW
lowest value has been obtained at 50% penetration level of the
14 PV: with a greater increase in the EPS of the solar generation,
12
the total generated power increases, and the value of inertia
P, MW

decreases, which leads to a change in the processes in the EPS

10
and, as a result, the need to adjust the settings of the AVR of
8 D= ∆P = 0.0014 = 0.00032
P1-2 11.8253-7.4936 synchronous generators or to create the power oscillation
6 damping controller in VSC of PV station, which is the future
4 ∆ P=0.0014 MW continuation of this work.
2

0
IV. CONCLUSION
100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116
t, s In this paper the results of the analysis of solar generation
units on static stability of EPS are presented. In the Eurostag
Fig. 7. Oscillograms of the active power of the generator G-1 in case of short software the EPS test scheme and the model of PV station have
circuit at bus # 4 (ܲ௉௏ଶ ൌ ͳͷ MW). been realized.
The degree of damping of the transient process (D) is It was found that increasing the installed capacity of PV
calculated as the ratio of the difference between the amplitudes station not only provides the necessary level of generated power
of the active power oscillations (οܲ) and the difference between to meet the needs of consumers, but also significantly increases
the amplitudes of the first oscillation of the active power (ܲଵ ) the static stability margin of active power and voltage and
and the steady value of the active power of the generator (ܲଶ ): improves the limits of transmitted power.

2022 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies – Asia (ISGT Asia)
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Downloaded on September 26,2023 at 02:02:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
663
 Analysis of static oscillatory stability shows that the
introduction of the PV has a positive effect on the damping
properties of the EPS: the degree of damping of the transient
process (D), the amplitude of the oscillations and the damping
time decrease. However, with an increase of penetration level of
PV station more than 50%, the value of the coefficient D
increases. It determines the need for further research, for
example, to adjust the settings of the AVR of synchronous
generators or to create the power oscillation damping in VSC of
PV station
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The reported study was funded by the Russian Science
Foundation, project number 21-79-00275.
REFERENCES
[1] Global Energy Review 2021. Assessing the effects of economic
recoveries on global energy demand and CO2 emissions in 2021. –
International Energy Agency, 36 p, 2021.
[2] Y.C. Chen, H.M. Liu, “Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions and the
feed-in tariff system of waste-to-energy facilities using a system
dynamics model,” Sci. Total. Environ., vol. 792, pp. 1–9, 2021.
[3] M.S. Alam, F.S. Al-Ismail, A. Salem, M.A. Abido, “High-Level
Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources Into Grid Utility: Challenges
and Solutions,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 190277–190299, 2020.
[4] R.A. Ufa, V.E. Rudnik, Y.Y. Malkova, Y.D. Bay, N. M. Kosmynina,
“Impact of renewable generation unit on stability of power systems,” Int.
J. Hydrogen Eng., vol. 47, pp. 19947–19954, 2022.
[5] A. Yu. Izmailov, Ya. P. Lobachevsky, O. V. Shepovalova, “Solar power
systems implementation potential for energy supply in rural areas of
Russia." AIP Conf. Proc., pp. 020104, 2019.
[6] R. A. Ufa, Y. Y. Malkova, V. E. Rudnik, M. V. Andreev, V. A. Borisov,
“A review on distributed generation impacts on electric power system,”
Int. J. Hydrogen Eng., vol. 47, pp. 20347–20361, 2022.
[7] A. Yu. Izmailov, Ya. P. Lobachevsky, O. V. Shepovalova. “Comparison
and Selection of Off-Grid PV Systems,” AIP Conf. Proc., pp. 030001,
2018.
[8] O. V. Shepovalova “Mandatory Characteristics and Parameters of
Photoelectric Systems, Arrays and Modules and Methods of their
Determining,” Eng. Procedia, vol. 157, pp. 1434-1444, 2019.
[9] O. V. Shepovalova, A. V. Ivanov “Conformity confirmation mechanics
of photovoltaic equipment in Russia." Eng. Reports, vol. 6, pp. 325-342,
2020.
[10] P.V. Ilyushin, A.V. Pazderin, R.I. Seit, “Photovoltaic power plants
participation in frequency and voltage regulation. In: Proc. of the 17th
International Ural Conference on AC Electric Drives (ACED). p. 1-7.
2018.
[11] P.V. Ilyushin, O.V. Shepovalova, S.P. Filippov, A. A. Nekrasov,
“Calculating the sequence of stationary modes in power distribution
networks of Russia for wide-scale integration of renewable energy-based
installations." Eng. Reports, vol. 7 pp. 308-327, 2021.
[12] A.V. Rylov, P.V. Ilyushin, A.L. Kulikov, K.V. Suslov. “Testing
Photovoltaic Power Plants for Participation in General Primary
Frequency Control under Various Topology and Operating Conditions."
Energies vol.14, 2021.
[13] A.V. Khimenko, O. S. Prantsuz, I. A. Glebova, А. K. Ponomarev.
“Evaluation of the efficiency of heat storage by a solid-state electric
thermal storage." Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020.
[14] V. E. Rudnik, R. A. Ufa, Y. Yu. Malkova. “Analysis of low-frequency
oscillation in power system with renewable energy sources,” Energy
Reports, vol. 8, pp 394-405, 2022.
[15] A.E. Leon, J.A. Solsona, “Power oscillation damping improvement by
adding multiple wind farms to wide-area coordinating controls,” IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1356–1364, 2014.
[16] L. Fan, “Modeling Type-4 Wind in Weak Grids,” IEEE Trans.
Sustainable Eng., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 853–864, 2019.
664 2022 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies – Asia (ISGT Asia)
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Downloaded on September 26,2023 at 02:02:15 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[17] M. Zhao, X. Yuan, J. Hu, Y. Yan, “Voltage dynamics of current control
time-scale in a VSC connected weak grid,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol.
31, no. 4, pp. 2925-2937, 2016.
[18] E. Ebrahimzadeh, et al., “Harmonic stability and resonance analysis in
large PMSG-based wind power plants,” IEEE Trans. Sustainable Eng.,
vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 12–23, 2018.
[19] A. Suvorov, A. Askarov, A. Kievets, V. Rudnik, A comprehensive
assessment of the state-of-the-art virtual synchronous generator models.
Electr Power Syst Res, vol. 209, 2022.
[20] I. Razzhivin, A . Askarov, V. Rudnik, A. Suvorov. A Hybrid Simulation
of Converter-Interfaced Generation as the Part of a Large-Scale Power
System Model. Int J Eng Technol Innov, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 278–93, 2021.
[21] G. Reed, “Advantages of voltage sourced converter (VSC) based design
concepts for FACTS and HVDC-link applications,” Presented at Power
Eng Soc. General, Toronto, Canada. pp. 1816–1821, 2003.
[22] G.C. Mahato, T.R. Choudhury, B. Nayak, D. Debnath, S.B. Santra, B. A.
Misra, “Review on High PV Penetration on Smart Grid: Challenges and
its Mitigation using FPPT,” In 1st International Conf. Power Electronics
Eng. (ICPEE), pp. 1–6. 2021,
[23] T. Shintai, Y. Miura, T. Ise, “Oscillation damping of a distributed
generator using a virtual synchronous generator,” IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, vol. 29, pp. 668–676, 2014.
[24] A. Hesham Abd El‑Kareem, M. Abd Elhameed, M. M. Elkholy,
“Effective damping of local low frequency oscillations in power systems
integrated with bulk PV generation,” Protection Control Mod. Power
Syst., vol. 6, pp. 1–13, 2021.
[25] Sh. Yinbiao, Zh. Xiaoxin, L. Wenfeng, “Analysis of Low Frequency
Oscillation and Source Location in Power Systems,” CSEE J. Power Eng.
Syst., vol. 4, pp. 58–66, 2018.
[26] Amount of solar energy in the regions of Russia. [Online] available:
https://realsolar.ru/article/solnechnye-batarei/kolichestvo-solnechnoy-
energii-v-regionah-rossii/.
[27] WECC REMTF, WECC PV Power Plant Dynamic Modeling Guide,
April. [Online]
available:: https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC%20Solar%20Plant
%20Dynamic%20Modeling%20Guidelines.pdf
[28] EUROSTAG software package. [online] available:
https://www.eurostag.be/
[29] Requirements for ensuring the reliability of electric power systems,
reliability and safety of electric power facilities and power receiving
installations “Guidelines for the stability of power systems,” approved by
Order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated 03.08.2018 № 630.
[30] GOST R 58058-2018 Unified Energy System and Isolated Power
Systems. Stability of power systems. Norms and requirements.
[31] Methodological guidelines for testing automatic strong excitation
controllers of synchronous generators and algorithms of their operation,
approved by Order of SO UES, JSC of 05.09.2019 No. 259
[32] STO 59012820.29.160.20.001-2012 Requirements for excitation systems
and automatic controllers of excitation of strong synchronous generators
// Organization Standard of OJSC “System Operator of the Unified
Energy System,” М. 2012.
[33] IEEE Std 421.5-2005. IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation
System Models for Power System Stability Studies. New-York: IEEE,
2006, 85 с.
[34] ENTSO-E. High penetration of power electronic interfaced power sources
(HPOPEIPS). Technical report, 2017, National Grid Electricity System
Operator. The grid code. Technical report, 2020.
[35] ENTSO-E. High penetration of power electronic interfaced power sources
and th potential contribution of grid forming converters. Technical report,
2020.
[36] O.L. Opalev, “Study of system interzonal low-frequency fluctuations of
electric mode parameters of UES of Russia,” Proceedings of STC Unified
Eng. Syst. vol. 79, 2018.