Tournaments

and
Activity 10.1
Collect information about the
types of tournaments played at
school level in different games
and sports.
Competitions
10
You may have heard about tournaments that are organised
for different sports at different levels. Have you read or heard
about world cup tournaments for Cricket, Hockey, Football
or Kabaddi? Such tournaments are also held at national and
state level and even at local level. You or your friends may
have participated in inter-school or other open tournaments
for Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Football, Volleyball, Basketball and
Cricket organised at the zone, district or local levels.
A tournament is a competition held among different teams
in a particular game or sport according to a fixed schedule
where a winner is decided. Different types of tournaments
are — Knock-out or Elimination Tournament (Single Knock-
out or Single Elimination, Consolation Type I and Type II, C
Double Knock-out or Double Elimination), League or Round
Robin Tournament (Single League, and Double League),
Combination Tournament (Knock-out cum Knock-out,
Knock-out cum League, League cum Knock-out, League cum
League) and Challenge Tournament (Ladder, and Pyramid).
While deciding the type of tournament to be conducted,
the season, time of disposal, play fields and equipment, type
of activity, officials, and finance/budget must be taken into
consideration.
Different types of tournaments with their merits and
demerits, and the method of drawing fixtures have been
described in this chapter.

Knock out or Elimination Tournament

Single Knock out or Single Elimination
In single knock out tournament, the teams once defeated,
are eliminated and not given another chance to play.

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 Tournaments and Competitions 301

Total number of matches in the tournament = N – 1,

where N is the number of teams competing.
For example, if N = 13
Total number of matches = 13 –1 =12

Method of Drawing Fixtures

1. Drawing fixture for a certain number of teams competing
is decided by the power of two, viz. 2, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
… etc., i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, … respectively.
2. Suppose 16 teams have entered for a tournament,
there will be no byes i.e. 16 – 16 = 0.
3. If the number of teams participating is not a power of
2, the byes will be given to a specific number of teams
in the first round.
4. The number of ‘Byes’ to be given is decided by
subtracting the number of teams from its next
higher number which is the power of two. For
example, if 13 teams entered for a competition,
number of Byes = 16 – 13 = 3 and for 25 teams, number
of Byes = 32 – 25 = 7

Seeding
Single Knock out Fixture for 8 Teams
Round I I Rd.
RoundIIIIRd. Round III
III Rd.
1

2
Upper
Half
3

6
Lower
Half 7

N 8
Upper Half = = = 4 Teams
2 2
N 8
Lower Half = = = 4 Teams
2 2
No.
No. of
of matches
matches =
= N–1 = 8-1
N-1 = 8–1 == 77

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Single Knock out Fixture for 10 Teams

Round I Round II Round III

Single Knock out Fixture for 11 Teams

Round I Round II Round III Round IV

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Procedure of giving byes Activity 10.2

Ist Bye — Bottom of the lower half •• Draw a fixture of nine
IInd Bye — Top of the upper half teams for a Single
IIIrd Bye — Top of the bottom half Knock-out tourament
IVth Bye — Bottom of the upper half and show it to your
teacher.
This process continues in case the number of byes are more
•• Collect information
than four. about the rules and
A knock-out fixture is usually drawn by lots and if it is drawn regulations for drawing
purely on the basis of lots without considering the standards fixtures in Inter School
of the teams, strong teams may meet each other in the earlier Competitions.
rounds, hence allowing the weaker teams reaching upto
semifinals resulting in unfair and uninteresting competition.
To avoid this, seeding is done. Seeding is sorting of strong
teams and fitting them into the fixtures so that these teams
do not meet in the earlier rounds.
If there is no marked difference in the standard of the
seeded teams, then these teams are distributed in the fixture
by lots among them.
Table 1: Number of Teams in each Quarter

Dividend No. of teams in each quarter

Remainder
and Divisor I II III IV
N÷4 0 Q Q Q Q
N÷4 1 Q+1 Q Q Q
N÷4 2 Q+1 Q Q+1 Q
N÷4 3 Q+1 Q+1 Q+1 Q
(N = No. of Teams, Q = Quotient)

No. of Teams/entries 5 to 8
= 2×2×2 = 23

= 3 Rounds
No. of Teams/entries 9 to 16
= 2×2×2×2 = 24

= 4 Rounds
No. of Teams/entries 17 to 32
= 2×2×2×2×2 = 25
= 5 Rounds
No. of Teams/entries 33 to 64
= 2×2×2×2×2×2 = 26

= 6 Rounds
No. of Teams/entries 65 to 129
= 2×2×2×2×2×2×2 = 27
= 7 Rounds

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Merits and Demerits of Single Knock out or Elimination

Tournament

Merits
(i) Tournament finishes in a short time.
(ii) There will be economy of expenditure.
(iii) The competition will be keen and intense due to the
fear of elimination of a team from the tournament,
when defeated.
Demerits
(i) A team may be eliminated by chance and will not get
another chance to play.
(ii) If the fixture is drawn purely by lots, there is a
possibility of matches between strong teams in the
earlier rounds, which would get eliminated, thus
weaker teams reaching Semifinals or the Finals.
(iii) Winner of a match/round may have to wait for the
winner of another match to play the next round.
Special Seeding
When some top ranking players or teams participate in
a tournament, the fixtures are generally drawn in such a
manner that these players or teams play directly at Quarter
Finals or Semifinals stage.
A fixture of 24 teams participating in a tournament
including 4 teams, i.e., 1, 12, 13 and 24, are given special
seeding direct at the Quarter Finals stage.
For deciding the number of byes for the fixture of
special seeding, first subtract the number of teams that are
given special seeding (4) from the total number of teams
participating (24), i.e., 24 – 4 = 20.
Now, Number of Byes = 32 – 20 = 12 Byes.

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Single Knock out Fixture for 24 Teams

(Special Seeding 4 teams)
I Rd. II Rd.III Rd. IV Rd. V Rd. VI Rd.
Rd. I Rd. II Rd. III Rd. IV Rd. V Rd. VI
1 Seeded 2

2 Bye
Activity 10.3
I Quarter

3 Prepare a Single Knock out

Fixture for 47 teams with
4 specially seeding four teams
directly into Quarter Finals.
5 Bye
Upper Half

6 Bye

7 Bye

8
II Quarter

10 Bye

11 Bye

12 Seeded 4

13 Seeded 3

14 Bye
III Quarter

15

16

17 Bye
Lower Half

18 Bye

19 Bye

20
IV Quarter

21

22 Bye

23 Bye

24 Seeded 1

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Consolation Tournament
In single knock out or elimination tournament, a team may
be eliminated by chance and will not have another chance to
play. To avoid this, consolation tournaments are advocated.
Consolation indicates that defeated teams would play again
to show their worth and win subsidiary honours. Greater
number of matches are possible in this tournament, and
hence it’s superior to single knock out tournament.
Consolation tournament is of two types—
•• I Type of Consolation Tournament
•• II Type of Consolation Tournament

I Type of Consolation Tournament

1. Each team will have a chance to play atleast twice.
2. Teams first play a regular knock out tournament.
3. Teams that are eliminated in the first match in the
regular round will play among themselves in the
consolation round for subsidiary honours.
Fixture for 13 teams
I Rd.
Regular
II Rd.
RoundIV Rd.
III Rd.
Round I Round II Round III Round IV
1 1
2
2
2
3 3
4
4
Losers in their Match

2
5 5
6
6 6

7 7 Bye 7
2 Winner
8
8
9 9
8
10 10 Bye 10
13
11 11
12
12
13
13 Bye 13

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 Tournaments and Competitions 307

Consolation Round (for losers)

Round I
I Rd. Round
II Rd. II III Round
Rd. III
5
3
3
3
1
10
10
11
9
9
7 11
11 Bye 11

II Type of Consolation Tournament

In II type of consolation tournament, every loser of the regular
round will have a chance to play in the consolation round to
win subsidiary honours.
Method 1
Fixture for 16 teams (without byes)
I Rd. II Rd. III Rd.Regular
IV Rd. round
Round I Round II Round III Round IV
1
2
2
2
3
4
4
2
5
6
6
8
7
8
8
2 RW
9
10
10
10
11
12
12
10
13
14
14
16
15
16
16

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LOSERS
Round I Round II Round III Round IV
1 4 8 10
3 6 16
5 12
7 14
9
11
13
15
Consolation Round
1
3 14 14
3
5 8 8
5
5 12 5
7
8 10 10 CW
9
9 6 6
11
13 16 13
13
13 4 13
15
RW — Regular Winner CW — Consolation Winner

Fixture of 11 teams (with byes)

Regular Round
I Rd. II Rd. III Rd. IV Rd.
Round I Round II Round III Round IV
1
1
2
3
3 Bye 3

4 3
4
5 6
6 Bye 6
9 RW
7
7
8
9
9 Bye
9
10 Bye
11
11 Bye 9

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LOSERS
Round I Round II Round III Round IV
2 1 6 3
5 4 11
8 7
10
Consolation Round
2
2
10
2 6
6
5
Upper 5
Half 1
7 3 3 CW
Lower 8
4
Half 4 7
7 11
7 Bye 7
From the two methods of drawing fixtures for the II type of
consolation tournaments, the first method is recommended.
Total number of matches to be played in consolation type
II = 2 N – 3, where N is the number of participating teams.

Double Knock out or Double Elimination Tournament

•• A team must be defeated twice to be eliminated.
•• Tournament is continued until all the teams are
defeated twice except one team.
•• It is superior to single knock-out and consolation
tournament because it decides the true winners.
•• Double elimination is an extension of consolation type II.
•• Regular winner plays with the consolation winner to
decide the champion.
•• Total number of matches in this tournament shall be
(2n – 2) or (2n – 1).
Fixture for 10 Teams (consolation round)
10 RW
2
2 10 Champion
4 2 3 3

7 Bye 7 1 5 5
1
1
8 1 6 1

9 Bye 9

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Fixture for 10 Teams (Regular Round)

Round I
I Rd. IIRound
Rd. II III Rd.
RoundIVIII
Rd. Round IV
1 Bye 1
2 3
3
3 5
4 Bye 4 5
5 Bye 5
10 (RW)
6
6
7
6
8 Bye 8
10
9 Bye 9 10
10 Bye 10

(If number 5 wins instead of number 10, then they will

have to play again to decide the champion because both the
numbers 5 and 10 have been defeated only once.)

Bagnall-wild Elimination Tournament

This tournament can truly decide the first three places.

Fixture for 12 Teams (regular round)

1 Bye 1
2 1
3
3
1
4
5
5 5
6 Bye 6
1 I Place
7 Bye 7
8 7
9
9 7
10
10
11 10
12 Bye 12

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 Tournaments and Competitions 311

Fixture for 12 Teams (consolation round)

3
5 7 7 II Place
5

9
9 5 5 III Place
10
In the above fixture of 12 teams, the first 3 places are
decided as follows—
First place: Winners of the regular knock out tournament
gets first place.
Second place: All the teams defeated by first place winner
except the defeated finalist play among themselves on knock
out basis and their winner plays with the defeated finalist.
The winner of this match gets second place.
Third place: All the teams defeated by the runner ups of
the regular tournament play among themselves on knock out
basis and the winner plays with the loser of the final round
for second place. The winner of this match gets third place.
Note: If number 5 gets second place instead of number 7.
Third place will automatically be accorded to number 7
(without any further matches).

League or Round Robin Tournament

(a) Single League: In Single League tournaments, each
team play once with every other team.
N(N 1)
Total no. of Matches in Single League = , here
2
N is number of teams.
For example, if 7 teams are competing, the total
7(7 1)
number of matches will be = = 21
2
Merits
(i) It decides the true winner.
(ii) Teams play more number of matches.
(iii) It helps in ranking the participating teams.
(iv) The teams need not wait for the completion of other
matches or rounds.

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Demerits
(i) It requires a lot of time and facilities.
(ii) Teams that get defeated often will lose interest in the
game.
b. Double League: In double league, every team plays
twice with every other team.
Total number of matches in Double League = N (N – 1),
where N is the number of teams participating in a
tournament.
Method of Drawing Fixture for Single League
Cyclic Method
Fixture of 5 teams
N(N 1) 5(5 1)
No. of Matches = = = 10
2 2

Rd. I
I Rd. Rd. II
II Rd. Rd.Rd.
III III Rd.Rd.
IV IV Rd. V
V Rd.
5 Bye 4 Bye 3 Bye 2 Bye 1 Bye
4 1 3 5 2 4 1 3 5 2
3 2 2 1 1 5 5 4 4 3

Fixture of 6 teams
Rd. I
I Rd. Rd.
II II
Rd. Rd.
III III
Rd. Rd.
IV IV
Rd. VRd.
Rd.V
6 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1
5 2 4 6 3 5 2 4 6 3
4 3 3 2 2 6 6 5 5 4

For drawing fixture by Cyclic Method, fix number. 1 in case

of even number of teams and fix Bye in case of odd number
of teams and rotate the other numbers clockwise as shown
in the above fixture.
Total number of rounds for even number of teams = N – 1
rounds
Total number of rounds for odd number of teams = N
rounds,
where N is the number of teams
Tabular Method
In this method, the fixtures are drawn in a tabular form.
The numbers of columns to be drawn horizontally as well as
vertically are—
a) For even number of teams, N+1 columns
b) For odd number of teams, N+2 columns

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Procedure for entering the numbers inside the squares

indicating the rounds—
(i) In the squares of the horizontal columns immediately
below the teams, enter the numbers serially from
number 1 onwards.
(ii) In each vertical column except the last one, enter the
numbers serially starting from the number next to
that round at the teams.
Fixture of 8 teams

A B C D E F G H

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

B 3 4 5 6 7 2

C 5 6 7 1 4

D 7 1 2 6

E 2 3 1

F 4 3

G 5

N(N 1) 8(8 1)
No. of Matches = = = 28
2 2

Rd. I Rd. II Rd. III Rd. IV Rd. V Rd. VI Rd. VII

AB AC AD AE AF AG AH
DF BH BC BD BE BF BG
CG DG EG CH CD CE CF
EH EF FH FG GH DH DE
(iii) Note the number entered in the top square of the
last vertical column. In the next square, enter 2.
Then precede entering numbers in the other squares
every time adding 2, i.e., 4, 6, etc., until the number
becomes 1 less than the number at the top-most
square.
(iv) After this, enter number 1, 3, 5, etc., i.e., by 2 every
time until the bottom-most square is filled up.
(v) The number of bottom-most square will be 2 less than
the number of the top-most square.

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Fixture of 7 teams

A B C D E F G Bye

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

B 3 4 5 6 7 2

C 5 6 7 1 4
Activity 10.4
•• Prepare a fixture for D 7 1 2 6
Classes VI to IX for
Single League Inter E 2 3 1
Class tournament and
show it to your teacher. F 4 3
•• Collect information G 5
about a game played
on Single League basis. Bye
Also try to understand
the rules to decide the
winner and discuss it N(N 1) 7(7 1)
No. of Matches = = = 21
without your teacher. 2 2

Rd. I Rd. II Rd. III Rd. IV Rd. V Rd. VI Rd. VII

AB AC AD AE AF AG DE
CG DG BC BD BE BF BG
DF EF EG FG CD CE CF
E Bye B Bye F Bye C Bye G Bye D Bye A Bye
Staircase Method
Fixture of 7 teams by staircase method

1 — 2
1 — 3 2 — 3
1 — 4 2 — 4 3 — 4
1 — 5 2 — 5 3 — 5 4—5
1 — 6 2 — 6 3 — 6 4—6 5—6
1 — 7 2 — 7 3 — 7 4—7 5—7 6—7
Drawbacks of staircase method
(i) It does not indicate the number of rounds to be played.
(ii) It is not easy to fix the matches of rounds.
Method of deciding winners in league tournaments
The winners in league tournaments are generally decided on
the basis of points scored by the respective teams.

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 Tournaments and Competitions 315

Generally, points awarded are:

Win = 2 points
Loss = 0 points
Draw = 1 points to each team
Team getting maximum number of points is declared the
winner.
In case of a tie between two or more number of teams,
the ranking is established according to rules and regulations
of the International/National Federation of that game
or as decided by the Tournament Authorities prior to the
commencement of the tournament.

Combination Tournament
•• Combination tournaments are usually conducted
whenever the matches are to be played on group basis
or zonal basis.
•• Combination tournaments are highly recommended
for conducting Inter-School tournaments in a district,
state or zone to save time and money.
a. Knock-out cum Knock-out
(Four zones or Groups A, B, C, D)
Zonal or Group Knock out
1
2
A Winner of Zone A
3
4

1
2
B Winner of Zone B
3
4

1
2
C Winner of Zone C
3
4

1
2
D Winner of Zone D
3
4

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Inter Zonal or Group Knock out

Winner of A

Winner of B
Winner of D
Winner of C

Winner of D

b. Knock-out cum League

(Four zones or Groups A, B, C, D)
Zonal or Group Knock out
1
2
A Winner of Zone A
3
4

1
2
B Winner of Zone B
3
4

1
2
C Winner of Zone C
3
4

1
2
D Winner of Zone D
3
4

Inter Zonal or Inter Group League

AB
AC BC
AD BD CD
c. League-cum-League
(For Zones or Groups A, B, C, D)

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Zonal or Group League

1—2
A 1—3 2—3 Winner of Zone A
1—4 2—4 3—4

1—2
B 1—3 2—3 Winner of Zone B
1—4 2—4 3—4

1—2
C 1—3 2—3 Winner of Zone C
1—4 2—4 3—4

1—2
D 1—3 2—3 Winner of Zone D
1—4 2—4 3—4

Inter Zonal or Inter Group League

A—B
A — C B—C
A — D B — D C—D
d. League-cum-Knock-out
(For Zones or Groups A, B, C, D)
Zonal or Group League
1—2
A 1—3 2—3 Winner of Zone A
1—4 2—4 3—4

1—2
B 1—3 2—3 Winner of Zone B
1—4 2—4 3—4

1—2
C 1—3 2—3 Winner of Zone C
1—4 2—4 3—4

1—2
D 1—3 2—3 Winner of Zone D
1—4 2—4 3—4

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Inter Zonal or Inter Group Knock out

Winner of A

Winner of B
Champion
Winner of C

Winner of D

Challenge Tournaments
•• Challenge tournaments are usually conducted for
games like Badminton, Table Tennis, Squash, etc.
•• Challenge tournaments can be carried out during any
specified period of time without any fixed schedule.
•• This tournament helps in selecting the best players in
individual or dual games.
Two common types of challenge tournaments are:
(a) Ladder Tournament
(b) Pyramid Tournament
Ladder Tournament
Before starting the ladder tournament, the players shall be
arranged in a ladder arbitrarily. Certain rules are followed in
the conduct of the tournaments.
1. The period within which the tournament is to be
finished is specified.
2. A player can challenge only the player immediately
X above him. For example, N can challenge any one of
the two or three players above him.
Z
3. Challenge must be accepted and played only in the
C order they are made.
B 4. The time to play the accepted challenge should be
specified.
A 5. After the challenge match, if the challenger has
M defeated the player he challenged, the challenger
is placed above the loser in the ladder. If not, their
N original position remains in the ladder.
R 6. The players who have already played a challenge shall
not be allowed to play or challenge again.
S 7. No excuse after the challenge for a failure is accepted.
Z 8. At the end of the specified period of the tournament,
the player remaining on the top of the ladder is
declared the winner or the best.

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Pyramid Tournament
1. Pyramid tournament is a modified form of ladder
tournament.
2. Players are arranged in the form of a pyramid
arbitrarily.
3. Players of a particular rank can challenge any one
of the players in the rank immediately above him
provided he has challenged the players of his own
rank and won. For example, H in rank 4 can challenge
C or M or L in rank 3 only after he has challenged and
won against K or F or S in his own rank.

1 A

2 DG

3
CML

4 HKFS

Competitions
Participation in international sports competitions like
Olympic Games, Asian Games and Commonwealth Games
help people to know each other and provide opportunities to
the participants to see others. It promotes friendship among
people of all the continents.

Importance of sports participation in international

competitions
1. Participation in sports develops unity of mind and
body by which optimum health is achieved.
2. It helps in promoting social peace and justice.
3. It helps in promoting social democracy.
4. It helps in breaking the barriers between social classes
and nations.
There are different types of competitions being organised
at International, National, State or Zone and University
levels. These competitions are being discussed here.

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Ancient Olympic Games

First Ancient Olympic Games were held in 776 B.C. These
games were regularly held once in four years. A sequence
of 293 Olympics was terminated in 394 A.D. by the Roman
Emperor Theodosius.

Modern or Summer Olympic Games

Baron Pierre de Coubertin was the founder of the Modern
Olympic Games. Modern Olympic Games are also held once
in four years and were first held in Athens (Greece) in 1896.
But during the two world wars, the Olympic Games (i.e.,
VIth, XIIth and XIIIth Olympiads respectively in the year
1916,1940 and 1944) were not held.
International Olympic Committee is the supreme
controlling body of the Modern Olympic Games which was
formed in Paris on 25th June 1894 with its headquarter in
Lausanne (Switzerland). IOC is a permanent and self-elected
body, which has at least one member from each country that
has National Olympic Committee. From India, Sir Dorabji
Jamshedji Tata, G.D. Sondhi and Raja Bhalindera Singh had
the honour of being members of IOC.
India first participated in the Olympic Games in 1900
with Norman Pitchard winning two Silver Medals in 200
m and 200 m hurdles. Indian Men’s Hockey team has won
8 gold medals (six successive gold from 1928–1956, 1964
and 1980), 1 silver medal (1960 Rome Olympic games) and
2 bronze medals (1968, Mexico and 1972, Munich Olympic
games).
In 1952 Helsinki (Finland) Olympic Games, Khashaba
Jadhav won bronze medal in Men’s Freestyle Bantamweight
category in Wrestling. In 1996 Atlanta (USA) Olympic Games,
Leander Paes won bronze medal in Men’s Singles event in
tennis.
In 2000 Sydney (Australia) Olympic Games, Karnam
Malleswari won bronze medal in Women’s Weightlifting 69
kg weight category. In 2004 Athens (Greece) Olympic Games,
Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore won Silver medal in men’s
double trap in Shooting. In 2008 Beijing (China) Olympics,
India won 1 gold medal (Abhinav Bindra in Men’s 10 m
Air Rifle Shooting) and 2 bronze (Vijender Singh in Middle
weight, 75 kg category in Boxing and Sushil Kumar in Men’s
freestyle, 66 kg category in Wrestling).
In 2012 London (Britain) Olympic Games, India won 2
silver medals (Vijay Kumar in Men’s 25 m rapid fire pistol
in Shooting and Sushil Kumar in Men’s freestyle 66 kg weight
category in Wrestling) and 4 bronze medals (Gagan Narang

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 Tournaments and Competitions 321

in Men’s 10 m Air Rifle Shooting, Saina Nehwal in Women’s

Activity 10.5
Singles in Badminton, Mary Kom in Women’s Flyweight category Collect photographs of Summer
in Boxing and Yogeshwar Dutt in Men’s Freestyle 60 kg weight and Paralympic medal winners
category in Wrestling). In 2016 Reo de Janeiro (Brazil), India of India. Prepare a collage with
won 1 silver medal (Pusarla Venkata Sindhu in Women’s Singles caption. Share it with your
event in Badminton) and 1 bronze medal (Sakshi Malik in classmates.
Women’s freestyle 58 kg in Wrestling). In 2020, Olympic Games
will be held at Tokyo (Japan), 2024 Games at Paris (France) and
2028 Games will be held at Los Angeles (USA).

Winter Olympic Games

The Winter Olympic Games started in Chamonix (France)
in 1924. Winter sports like Figure Skating, Ice Hockey, Ski
Jumping, Speed Skating, Alpine Skiing, Freestyle Skating are
included in Winter Olympic Games. In 2018, Winter Olympic
Games were held at Pyeongchang (Korea) and 2022 Winter
Olympic Games will be held at Beijing (China).

Paralympic Games
Paralympic Games are the international competitions specially
organised for para atheletes. In other words, we can say that
“These are the special Olympic Games organised for para
athletes. Paralympic Games started in Rome (Italy) in 1960.
In Paralympic sports, athletes who participate are grouped
into different categories, based on their type of disability such
as Physical Impairment, Visual Impairment and Intellectual
Disability. In 2016 Paralympic Games in Reo de Janeiro (Brazil),
India won 2 gold medals (Mariyappan Thangavelu in Men’s
High Jump and Devendra Jhajharia in Men’s Javelin), 1 silver
medal (Deepa Malik in Women’s Shot Put) and 1 bronze medal
(Varun Singh Bhati in Men’s High Jump). The International
Paralympic Committee (IPC) is the global governing body of the
paralympic movement. Its purpose is to organise the summer
and winter Paralympic Games and act as the International
Federation for ten sports, supervising and coordinating World
Championships and other competitions.”
Founded on 22 September, 1989 as a non-profit
organisation, it is based in Bonn, Germany and aims to develop
sports opportunities for all the people with impairment from
the beginner to elite level.
Till 2016, the Summer Paralympic Games included 22
sports and 526 medal events, and the Winter Paralympic
Games included 5 sports and disciplines and about 72
events. The number and types of events change from one
Paralympic Game to another.

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 322 Health and Physical Education - XI

Commonwealth Games
Melville Marks Robinson was the founder of the
Commonwealth games. The First Commonwealth games
were held in 1930 in Hamilton (Canada). Since then, the
Commonwealth Games have been conducted every four
years except for 1942 and 1946 due to World War II. From
1930 to 1950, the games were known as the British Empire
Games. From 1954 to 1966, the games were called the British
Empire and Commonwealth Games and from 1970 to 1974,
the games were termed as the British Commonwealth Games.
It was from 1978 Edmonton (Canada) Games onwards, these
are known as the Commonwealth Games.
India’s Performance in Commonwealth Games
Medals
Year Edition Venue Rank
Gold Silver Bronze Total

Gold Coast
2018 XXI 26 20 20 66 3rd
(Australia)

Glasgow
2014 XX 15 30 19 64 4th
(Scotland)
Delhi
2010 XIX 38 27 36 101 3rd
(India)

Melbourne
2006 XVIII 22 17 11 50 4th
(Australia)
Manchester
2002 XVII 30 22 17 69 4th
(England)
Kuala
1998 XVI Lumpur 7 10 8 25 7th
(Malaysia)
Victoria
1994 XV 6 11 7 24 6th
(Canada)
Auckland
1990 XIV (New 13 8 11 32 5th
Zealand)
Edinburgh
1986 XIII Did not participate
(Scotland)
Brisbane
1982 XII 5 8 3 16 6th
(Australia)
Edmonton
1978 XI 5 5 5 15 6th
(Canada)
Christchurch
1974 X (New 4 8 3 15 6th
Zealand)

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 Tournaments and Competitions 323

Edinburgh
1970 IX 5 3 4 12 6th
(Scotland)
Kingston
1966 VIII 3 4 3 10 8th
(Jamaica)
Perth
1962 VI Did not participate
(Australia)
Cardiff
1958 VI 2 1 0 3 8th
(Wales)
Vancouver
1954 V 0 0 0 - -
(Canada)
Auckland
1950 IV (New Did not participate
Zealand)
1946
Not held due to World War II
1942
Sydney
1938 III 0 0 0 - -
(Australia)
London
1934 II 0 0 1 1 12th
(England)
Hamilton
1930 I Did not participate
(Canada)

Asian Games
The inaugural Asian Games were held in New Delhi, India
in 1951. The Asian Games, also known as Asiad are held
every four years. 2018 Asian Games were held at Palembang,
Jakarta (Indonesia). 2022 Asian Games will be conducted in
Hangzhou (China).
India’s Performance in Asian Games

Medals
Year Edition Venue Rank
Gold Silver Bronze Total
Palembang,
2018 XVIII Jakarta 15 24 30 69 8th
(Indonesia)
Incheon
2014 XVII 11 9 37 57 8th
(Korea)
Guangzhou
2010 XVI 14 17 34 65 6th
(China)
Doha
2006 XV 10 17 26 53 8th
(Qatar)
Busan
2002 XIV 11 12 14 37 7th
(South Korea)

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 324 Health and Physical Education - XI

Bangkok
1998 XIII 7 11 17 35 9th
(Thailand)
Hiroshima
1994 XII 4 3 16 23 8th
(Japan)
Beijing
1990 XI 1 8 14 23 11th
(China)
Seoul
1986 X (South 5 9 23 37 5th
Korea)
New Delhi
1982 IX 13 19 25 57 5th
(India)
Bangkok
1978 VIII 11 10 7 28 6th
(Thailand)
Tehran
1974 VII 4 12 11 27 7th
(Iran)
Bangkok
1970 VI 6 9 10 25 5th
(Thailand)
Bangkok
1966 V 7 3 11 21 5th
(Thailand)
Jakarta
1962 IV 10 9 11 30 3rd
(Indonesia)
Tokyo
1958 III 5 4 5 14 7th
(Japan)

Manila
1954 II 5 4 8 17 5th
(Philippines)

New Delhi
1951 I 17 17 18 52 2nd
(India)

National Games
Early National Games termed as Indian Olympic Games
started in 1924 at Lahore. The games were held every two
years. Indian Olympic Games were renamed as National
Games from the IX Games in Bombay in 1940. National Games
on the lines of the Olympic Games started in 1985 in Delhi.
Last National Games were held at Thiruvananthapuram
(Kerala) in 2015.

National Championships
National Sports Associations and Federations conduct the
National Championships in their game or sport every year.
National Federations conduct National Championships
in Mini, Sub Junior, Junior, Youth, Senior and Veteran
categories in boys/men as well as girls/women section.

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 Tournaments and Competitions 325

National Championships in different individual games like

Badminton, Table Tennis, etc., are conducted for individual
events as well as team events. In games like Wrestling, Judo,
etc., National Championships are conducted in different
weight categories by the concerned National Associations or
Federations.

Inter University Tournaments

Inter University Tournaments in India started in 1941.
Sports Department of Indian Universities allocates the
tournaments to different universities for organising inter-
university tournaments in different games and sports for
participation of University students. The tournaments are
organised annually on all India basis/4 zone basis and played
on Knock-out/League/League cum Knock-out basis. Only
member universities/institutes of the association are eligible
to enter their teams to participate in the Inter University
tournaments, with only one team from each university.

SGFI Games
School Games Federation of India (SGFI) is a voluntary
organisation which was formed in December, 1954 to
promote games and sports for boys and girls at National
and International level. Different States and affiliated units
participate in National School Games organised every year.
It conducts competitions at National level for various games
and sports like Athletics, Badminton, Football, Wrestling,
Kabaddi, Table Tennis, etc. Competitions are organised for
different age groups i.e. (U-14, U-17 and U-19). Only school
boys and girls below 19 years can participate in these games.

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 Assessment
I. Long Answer Questions
1. Draw a fixture for Single Knock-out Tournament with 11
teams.
2. Draw a fixture of 5 teams for Single League Tournament using
Tabular Method.
3. Draw a fixture of Single League Tournament with 7 teams
using Cyclic Method.
4. Write the merits and demerits of Single League Tournament.
5. Draw a fixture for Single League Tournament with 6 teams
using Staircase Method.
6. List and explain different types of competitions that are being
organised at International level.
7. List and explain different types of competitions that are being
organised in India.
8. Explain in detail about the Olympic and Paralympic Games.

II. Short Answer Questions

1. What is a tournament?
2. List different types of tournaments.
3. What is the full form of the SGFI Games?
4. What were the early National Games called?
5. Where were the inaugural Asian Games held?
6. Who was the founder of Commonwealth Games?
7. Where and when were the Winter Olympic Games started?
8. Who was the founder of Modern Olympic Games?
9. When were the first Ancient Olympic Games held?

III. Fill in the Blanks

1. Knock-out tournament is also termed as _____________.
2. In Single Knock-out tournament, total number of matches
with 16 teams will be _____________.
3. Staircase Method is a type of _____________ tournament.
4. Number of byes in Single Elimination Tournament with 29
teams will be _____________.
5. No. of byes in a Single Knock-out Tournament for 51 teams
with special seeding for 4 teams will be _____________.
6. Olympic Games were started in_________________.
7. Paralympic Games were started in________________.
8. Commonwealth games were founded by _____________________.

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 Tournaments and Competitions 327

9. National games in India are held at an interval of _____________

years.
10. School games in India are organised by ____________________ .

IV. State whether True or False

1. There will be no byes in a Single Knock-out tournament having
32 teams.
2. League tournament is also termed as Round Robin Tournament.

3. Total number of matches in a Single League Tournament with
6 teams will be 15.
4. Number of matches in the first round in a Single Knock-out
Tournament with 27 teams will be 12.
5. Total number of matches in Double League Tournament with 7
teams will be 21.
6. School games in India are organised by SGFI.
7. Abhinav Bindra won gold medal in Shooting in 2016 Reo de
Janeiro (Brazil) Olympic Games.
8. Sakshi Malik won Olympic medal in Wrestling.
9. Devendra Jhajharia won medal in Paralympic Games, Reo de
Janeiro (Brazil), in Javelin event.

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