CHAPTER :- 4

COPETITIONS AND TOURNAMENTS

Meanings and Definitions of Tournament

A tournament can be defined as a series of games or matches that are used to decide the
winner.
Usually conducted over a short term period.

Significance of Participation in a Tournament

➢ It provides an opportunity for demonstrating game skills.
➢ These are the powerful mediums to popularize a particular game or sports.
➢ Also act as the greatest source of motivation for further effort and for life.
➢ Competitions/Tournaments ensure a healthy environment to people.
➢ Motivates and encourages the people՚s participation in sports.

 TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS :-

Knock-
out

League Types of
or Combinat
Round tourna ion
Robin ment

Challeng
e

A. Knock-Out Tournaments
1) Single Knock-out or single Elimination Tournament
2) Consolation Tournament
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 ❖ Much better than the single knock-out tournament.
❖ Loser teams get another chance to play with other losers.

3) Double knock-out or Double Elimination Tournament

❖ Every lost team can play with the winner team.
4) Bagnall-Wild Elimination Tournament
❖ Similar to that of knock-out tournament.
❖ Teams are allotted first, second and third positions.

B. League or Round Robin Tournament

➢ A team has to play match with all the other participating teams.
➢ There is an increase in the number of matches.
1) Single League Tournament
❖ Every team has to play with every other team only one time.

2) Double League Tournament

❖ Here every team/competitor plays with every other team/competitor twice.
C. Combination Tournament

A combination of knock-out and the league system depending upon the suitability of the activity.

1) Knock-out cum Knock-out Tournament

❖ Participation of many teams together in a tournament.
❖ Division of teams into four equal zones by drawing lots.
❖ As far as the previous performances are concerned consideration may also be
shown to the same if necessary.
2) Knock-out cum League Tournament
❖ Various teams play matches by knock-out system in their zones.
❖ The winner team from each zone plays matches with each other on the league
basis.
3) League out League Tournament
❖ Matches are being played on league basis.
❖ All the participating teams play matches within their zone on the league basis.
4) League cum Knockout Tournament
❖ Here the procedure is reverse of the knock-out cum league.
D. Challenge Tournament

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 Knock-Out Fixture Procedure :-

• A team gets eliminated immediately after the lost.

• Has less number of matches as compare to other types of fixture procedure.
• Fixture can be defined as a process of arranging the teams in systematic order in various groups
for competitive fights for physical activity.

Procedure of Knock-Out Fixture

Determining the number of teams in upper half and lower half.

 Even Number of Teams (2,4,6……..)

𝐧
Teams in upper half will be
𝟐
𝑛 12
For 12 teams, Teams in upper half = = =6
2 2
This means there will be 6 teams in upper half and 6 teams in lower half.

 Odd Number of Teams (1,3,5,……..)

𝐧+𝟏
▪ Teams in upper half will be
𝟐
𝐧−𝟏
▪ Teams in lower half will be
𝟐

➢ For 13 teams
𝐧+𝟏 𝟏𝟑+𝟏 𝟏𝟒
▪ Teams in upper half = = =7
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝐧−𝟏 𝟏𝟑−𝟏 𝟏𝟐
▪ Teams in lower half = = =6
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Means there will be 7 teams in upper half and 6 teams in lower half.

➢ There is no need of ‘bye’ if number of teams are 2, 4,8,16, 32 …

i) Total Number of Teams = 8

Exploration is described below

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  Bye is the advantage to a team to exempt to play first round generally
given by drawing lots system.

Formula of bye = Next power of two from total number of teams - total number of teams.
➢ (2, 𝟐𝟐 , 𝟐𝟑 , 𝟐𝟒 …. ) ( 2 ,4, 8,16, 32 …)

Next power of two from Total number of teams Number of Byes

total no. of teams
8 7 1

16 11 5

32 21 11

Total number of teams N = 13 (Odd Number)

𝐧+𝟏 𝟏𝟑+𝟏 𝟏𝟒
▪ Teams in upper half = = =7
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝐧−𝟏 𝟏𝟑−𝟏 𝟏𝟐
▪ Teams in lower half = = =6
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
2,4,8,16,32….
Number of Byes: 16-13 = 3
Number of Matches = N-1 =13-1 = 12

ii) Allotment of byes to teams

1. First bye will be given to last team of lower half.
2. Second bye will be given to first team of upper half.
3. Third bye will be given to last team of first half.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Knock-Out-Fixture

Knock-Out-Fixture Procedure (Advantages)

• Less Expensive.
• Less Time needed.
• Less tiredness to players.
• Number of organizers required.

Knock-Out-Fixture Procedure (Disadvantages)

• High stress on Players.
• Good team may get eliminated.
• Selection of players is difficult.
• Single League or Round Robin

League or Round Robin

➢ League Fixture Procedure

Each team plays with every other team at least once in case of single league fixture procedure.
In case of double league fixture procedure tournament, every team plays without consideration of winning
or defeat in a match.

➢ League Fixture Procedure (Advantages)

Selection of skilled players is very easy.
String teams can win.
Players Interest.
Overcome lacking.

➢ League Fixture Procedure (Disadvantages)

Time Consuming.
Lot of Injuries.
Complicated Scoring.
Less interest players and Spectators.

➢ Pre-Tournament Preparation

A-After finalizing the event a budget is prepared following which the dates and venues are finalized.
B-Arrangement of the equipment and playfields.
C-Providing information of the tournaments to the participating teams.
D-Making the fixtures and event rules and regulations.
E-Accommodation arrangement for the students and referees.
F-Arrangement of trophies, Medal, Certificate, etc.
G-Arrangement of transportations.

➢ During Tournament Preparation

A-Check all the equipment, ground facilities before starting the events.
B-Check all players՚ eligibility of players and other officials.
C-Provide first-aid to injured players.
D-Prepare matches result, score sheet or press release.
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E-Supervise and check smooth working officials & matches conducted on fixture bases.
F-Provide refreshment, meals, transportation to officials and players.
G-Check and maintain discipline among spectators.

➢ Post-Tournament Preparation

A-Check the departing teams, refund security money and other related documents.
B-Present the Medal, Merit certificate, Trophy to the position holder՚s players.
C-Making the payments of officials and other bodies.
D-Returns the borrowed things to the concerned ones.
E-Make a final press release report.
F-Make a final event report and present to the authority.
G-Distributing the certificate of the participating team.

 Single League or Round Robin :-

→ Every team will play with every team of the tournament.
→ Formula for determining the number of matches (6 teams)
𝒏(𝒏−𝟏) 𝟔(𝟔−𝟏) 𝟔(𝟓) 𝟑𝟎
→ Total number of matches = 𝟐 = 𝟐 = 𝟐 = 𝟐 = 15

1st Round 2nd Round 3rd Round 4th Round 5th Round
A–B ----------- --------------- ------------- -----
A–C B -C -------------- -------------- -----
A–D B-D C-D ----------- -----
A–E B-E C-E D-E -------
A–F B-F C-F D-F E-F

 Double League Tournament:-

→ CYCLIC METHOD
Suppose number of team is 8
𝒏(𝒏−𝟏) 𝟖(𝟖−𝟏) 𝟖(𝟕) 𝟓𝟔
No. of Matches = = = = =28 matches
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

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 ➢ Intra means ‘within’ and Murus means ‘wall’
➢ Forming basis of all the programmes and competitions.
➢ Regardless of the skills all the students should be provided opportunities.
➢ Should be under the direction of the Physical Education department of the school.
➢ Participation of the students may be taken as
▪ Taking part in general activities such as music, debate, dance, public speaking and
dramatics.

➢ Inter-Class, Inter-House and Inter-Hostel, etc. are few intramural level competitions.

Objectives of Intramural

Provides opportunity to every students to participate in games and sports

Provides atmosphere for joy

Provides oppotunity to develop personality

To develop the feeling of sportsmanship

Importance of Intramural

Develops Leadership Encourages Healthy

Provides Opportunity
Quality Competition

Promotes Friendship Helpes coches and

and moral values teachers

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A Latin word “Extra” meaning “Outside” or “beyond” the wall.
Involve competitions with teams outside of one՚s own institutions or school.
To find out the talented players giving exposure to good player at upper level.
Inter-school, Inter-college, Inter-District, State, National and Inter-National Level.

Objectives of Extramural

To improve the standard of sports

To provide knowledge of rules and advanced technques

To provides experience to students

To encourage social interaction amongst teams

Importance of Extramural

Healps in
learning Develop self
new esteem and
techniques Confidence
skills

Health Enhance
Benefits Performance

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Intramural
➢ Organized by the schools,
college, Institute within the
campus of the institute,
College, school.
➢ Easy to manage
➢ Other school students cannot
participate
➢ A large number of students are
known to each other.
Extramural
➢ Not organized by the schools,
college, Institute within the
campus of the institute, college,
school.
➢ Management is tough as
compared to intramural.
➢ Other school students can also
participate. It is also an inter-
school competition.
➢ Most of the students are not
known to each other.