Test Bank for Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition) 11th Edition

Test Bank for Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th

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Exam

Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 8.1

Using Figure 8.1, match the following:

1) Periosteum.
Answer: A

2) Articular cartilage.
Answer: C

3) Joint (articular) cavity.

Answer: B

4) Synovial membrane.
Answer: E

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 5) Fibrous layer.
Answer: D

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Figure 8.2

Using Figure 8.2, what type of axial movement does each joint have?

6) Joint 1. A) Uniaxial
Answer: B
B) Multiaxial
7) Joint 2.
Answer: A

8) Joint 3.
Answer: A

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 9) Joint 4. A) Biaxial
Answer: B
B) Nonaxial
10) Joint 5.
Answer: A

11) Joint 6.
Answer: A

Figure 8.3

Using Figure 8.3, identify each type of synovial joint by name.

12) Joint 1. A) Pivot

Answer: B
B) Ball and socket
13) Joint 2.
Answer: A

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 14) Joint 3. A) Saddle
Answer: B
B) Hinge
15) Joint 4.
Answer: C C) Plane

16) Joint 5. D) Condyloid

Answer: A

17) Joint 6.
Answer: D

Match the following:

18) Moving a limb so it describes a cone in A) Flexion

a space.
Answer: D B) Adduction

19) Movement of a limb away from the C) Abduction

midline of the body.
Answer: C D) Circumduction

20) Movement of a limb toward the

midline of the body.
Answer: B

21) A bending movement that decreases

the angle of the joint.
Answer: A

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

22) The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for the functional classification of that joint.
Answer: True False

23) All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight.
Answer: True False

24) Hinge joints permit movement in only one plane.

Answer: True False

25) Synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from blood.
Answer: True False

26) The articular surfaces of synovial joints play a minimal role in joint stability.
Answer: True False

27) The major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to unite bones and prevent undesirable movement.
Answer: True False

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28) Gliding movements occur when one flat, or nearly flat, bone surface glides or slips over another.
Answer: True False

29) Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint.
Answer: True False

30) A person who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury to the ligaments that attach to that joint.
Answer: True False

31) Supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned anteriorly or superiorly.
Answer: True False

32) The wrist joint can exhibit adduction and eversion movements.
Answer: True False

33) Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space is called circumduction.

Answer: True False

34) Movement of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called dorsiflexion.
Answer: True False

35) The gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear notch constitutes the "hinge" for the elbow joint.
Answer: True False

36) Pronation is a much stronger movement than supination.

Answer: True False

37) The structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the binding material and the presence or
absence of a joint cavity.
Answer: True False

38) Synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity from invasion by microbes or other debris.
Answer: True False

39) A person who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis would be suffering loss of the synovial fluids.
Answer: True False

40) A ball-and-socket joint is a multiaxial joint.

Answer: True False

41) Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion.

Answer: True False

42) Dislocations in the TMJ almost always dislocate posteriorly with the mandibular condyles ending up in the
infratemporal fossa.
Answer: True False

43) Symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility.
Answer: True False

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

44) A situation where the bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, cords, or bands of fibrous tissue is a
________.
A) gomphosis B) synchondrosis C) syndesmosis D) suture
Answer: C

45) The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________.

A) are also called collateral ligaments B) attach to each other in their midportions
C) prevent hyperextension of the knee D) tend to run parallel to one another
Answer: C

46) Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________.
A) produce red blood cells (hemopoiesis)
B) form the synovial membrane
C) attach tendons
D) provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
Answer: D

47) Synchondroses and symphyses are examples of ________ joints.

A) periodontal B) synovial C) cartilaginous D) fibrous
Answer: C

48) On the basis of structural classification, which is a fibrous joint?

A) synchondrosis B) pivot C) symphysis D) syndesmosis
Answer: D

49) Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are
called ________.
A) ligaments B) tendons C) bursae D) menisci
Answer: C

50) Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________.

A) diarthroses B) synovial joints C) amphiarthroses D) synarthroses
Answer: C

51) Which of the following are cartilaginous joints?

A) syndesmoses B) synchondroses C) gomphoses D) sutures
Answer: B

52) Bowing to your opponent before a jiu jitsu match would be considered a ________ movement.
A) hyperextension B) flexion C) circumduction D) extension
Answer: B

53) The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the
femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________.
A) patellar ligaments B) anterior ligaments
C) tibial collateral ligaments D) cruciate ligaments
Answer: D

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54) Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________.
A) flexion B) circumduction C) extension D) hyperextension
Answer: D

55) In the classification of joints, which of the following is true?

A) Synarthrotic joints are slightly movable. B) In cartilaginous joints, a joint cavity is present.
C) Immovable joints are called amphiarthroses. D) All synovial joints are freely movable.
Answer: D

56) Synarthrotic joints ________.

A) have large joint cavities B) are immovable joints
C) are found only in adults D) characterize all cartilaginous joints
Answer: B

57) Fibrous joints are classified as ________.

A) sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses B) hinge, saddle, and ellipsoidal
C) pivot, hinge, and ball and socket D) symphysis, sacroiliac, and articular
Answer: A

58) In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.
A) fibrocartilage B) hyaline cartilage
C) tendon sheaths D) synovial membranes
Answer: B

59) Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the following statements is true
about this fluid?
A) It contains lactic acid. B) It contains hyaluronic acid.
C) It contains enzymes only. D) It contains hydrochloric acid.
Answer: B

60) Which of the following statements defines synchondroses?

A) cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones
B) interphalangeal joints
C) joints that permit angular movements
D) amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility
Answer: A

61) What are menisci (articular discs)?

A) cavities lined with cartilage
B) tendon sheaths
C) small sacs containing synovial fluid
D) wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity
Answer: D

62) Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements?

A) Gliding movements are multiaxial.
B) Gliding movements allow flexibility of the upper limbs.
C) Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
D) An example of a gliding movement is nodding one's head.
Answer: C

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63) What is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called?
A) adduction B) extension C) abduction D) flexion
Answer: C

64) The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.
A) arms B) feet C) hands D) hands and the feet
Answer: B

65) The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.
A) uniaxial B) biaxial C) multiaxial D) nonaxial
Answer: C

66) Which of the following movements does NOT increase or decrease the angle between bones?
A) rotation B) abduction C) extension D) circumduction
Answer: A

67) Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________.
A) common due to the weight bearing the hip endures
B) rare because the rotator cuff stabilizes the hip joint
C) rare because of the ligament reinforcement
D) common in all people who are overweight
Answer: C

68) Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped?
A) the extracapsular ligament B) the lateral patellar retinacula
C) the medial patellar retinacula D) the patellar ligament
Answer: D

69) Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which of the following is (are) damaged as a
result?
A) arcuate popliteal and the posterior cruciate ligaments
B) suprapatellar ligament
C) tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament
D) oblique popliteal and extracapsular ligaments
Answer: C

70) Pointing the toes is an example of ________.

A) plantar flexion B) circumduction C) pronation D) protraction
Answer: A

71) Which of the following is a true statement?

A) The rotator cuff is responsible for the flexible extensions at the elbow joint.
B) The greater tubercle of the humerus articulates at the coracoid process of the scapula.
C) The head of the humerus articulates with the acromion process.
D) The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.
Answer: D

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72) Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what
type of joint?
A) hinge joint B) symphysis C) suture D) synchondrosis
Answer: A

73) Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include ________.

A) the oblique popliteal crossing the knee anteriorly
B) cruciate ligaments, which help secure the articulating bones together
C) fibular and tibial collateral ligaments, which prevent lateral or medial rotation
D) the patellar ligament extending from femur to patella
Answer: C

74) Baseball pitchers often require "Tommy John" surgery to repair damage to their elbow. Which ligament would
this surgery target?
A) lateral ligament B) acetabular labrum
C) ulnar collateral ligament D) anular ligament
Answer: C

75) An example of an interosseous fibrous joint is ________.

A) between the humerus and the glenoid cavity B) the radius and ulna along its length
C) between the vertebrae D) the clavicle and the scapula at the distal ends
Answer: B

76) Which of the following statements best describes angular movements?

A) They allow movement only in one plane.
B) They turn a bone along its own long axis.
C) They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones.
D) They occur only between bones with flat articular processes.
Answer: C

77) Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Identify a saddle joint of the skeleton.
A) interphalangeal joint of the finger B) carpometacarpal joint of the phalanges
C) carpometacarpal joint of the thumb D) metacarpophalangeal joint of the finger
Answer: C

78) Tendon sheaths ________.

A) are extensions of periosteum B) act as friction-reducing structures
C) are lined with dense irregular connective tissue D) help anchor the tendon to the muscle
Answer: B

79) Which of the following is NOT strictly a part of a synovial joint?

A) articular (joint) capsule B) articular cartilage
C) joint (articular) cavity D) tendon sheath
Answer: D

80) All of the following are factors that influence synovial joint stability EXCEPT ________.
A) strength and tension of joint ligaments B) number of bones in the joint
C) arrangement and tension of the muscles D) structure and shape of the articulating bone
Answer: B

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 81) Performing "jumping jacks" requires ________.
A) pronation and supination B) abduction and adduction
C) flexion and extension D) inversion and eversion
Answer: B

82) Moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called ________.

A) adduction B) protraction C) retraction D) pronation
Answer: B

83) Which of the following conditions is joint inflammation or degeneration accompanied by stiffness, pain, and
swelling?
A) osteoarthritis B) arthritis
C) rheumatoid arthritis D) Lyme disease
Answer: B

84) Lifting up a glass to take a drink involves the elbow joint. Which of the following correctly characterizes that
joint?
A) pivot B) diarthrotic C) cartilaginous D) biaxial
Answer: B

85) An individual with a "double-jointed" thumb can pull it back towards the wrist much farther than normal.
What does it mean to be "double-jointed?"
A) The additional joint present doubles the range of motion.
B) The joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal.
C) Articular cartilage at bone ends is replaced with hyaline cartilage.
D) Greater than normal production of serous fluid lubricates the joint and extends it.
Answer: B

86) The type of joint between the carpal (trapezium) and the first metacarpal is a ________ joint.
A) plane B) condylar C) hinge D) saddle
Answer: D

87) Which joint does NOT belong with the others?

A) wrist B) elbow
C) interphalangeal (toes) D) ankle
Answer: A

88) Which joints are correctly matched?

A) interphalangeal; plane B) wrist; saddle
C) ankle; hinge D) elbow; pivot
Answer: C

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

89) Why are epiphyseal plates considered temporary joints?

Answer: Once long bone growth in length is complete, the cartilage of the epiphyseal plates completely ossifies to
become a permanent connection between the bones.

10
90) A friend finally completes a basement floor tiling project that required extensive time on his knees. Afterwards,
knee pain took him to a doctor who diagnosed bursitis. Help explain to your friend what bursitis is and what
can be done to relieve it.
Answer: Bursitis is inflammation of the bursa. Repeated pressure and friction on the knee while completing the
project caused damage to the prepatellar bursa. This can be treated by avoiding pressure to the area and
injection of anti-inflammatory drugs into the bursa. If significant fluid accumulates, aspiration may be
required to relieve pressure.

91) After months of very little exercise, you decide to go for a long run. After a mile, you start to feel pain in your
kneecap area. What could explain this?
Answer: Muscle tone is very important for stabilizing the knee joint. The long time off allowed the muscles whose
tendons span the knee joint to weaken and lose that stabilizing force. Running should stop until the
muscles can be reconditioned. Then the distance should be short at first and increased incrementally.

92) Synovial joints have six distinguishing features. What are they?
Answer: Articular cartilage, a joint (articular) cavity, an articular (joint) capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing
ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels.

93) How can gout be treated?

Answer: Several drugs (colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, and others) that
terminate or prevent gout attacks are available. Patients are advised to drink plenty of water and to avoid
excessive alcohol consumption (which promotes uric acid overproduction) and foods high in
purine-containing nucleic acids, such as liver, kidneys, and sardines.

94) For each of the following movements, indicate the specific kind of joint involved (e.g., hinge, etc.) and the
movement performed (e.g., extension, etc.).

a. Bending the elbow: ________, ________.

b. Turning head side to side: ________, ________.
c. Lowering your arm to your side in the frontal plane: ________, ________.
d. Turning the sole of foot medially: ________, ________.
Answer: a. hinge; flexion
b. pivot; rotation
c. ball and socket; adduction
d. plane; inversion

95) While the fingers can exhibit flexion and extension and other angular motions, the thumb has much greater
freedom. Why?
Answer: The thumb's carpometacarpal joint is a biaxial saddle joint whereas the other carpometacarpal joints are
plane joints with no angular freedom.

96) Briefly describe the structure of a typical synovial joint.

Answer: The ends of each bone are covered with hyaline cartilage that is continuous with the synovial membrane
enclosing the joint. Synovial fluid fills the space between the articular cartilage. Outside the synovial
membrane there is a very tough, fibrous capsule that prevents the synovial membrane from bulging out
as pressure is applied to the ends of the bones.

11
 97) Although uric acid is a normal waste product of nucleic acid metabolism, excessive levels lead to gouty
arthritis. How does this waste product build up and cause so much pain when things go wrong and why is it
more common in men?
Answer: Blood levels of uric acid increase due to excessive production or slow excretion. Males have higher blood
levels of uric acid than females because estrogens are thought to increase the rate of uric acid excretion.
When blood levels of uric acid rise excessively, it is deposited as needle-shaped urate crystals in the soft
tissues of joints. This causes an inflammatory response and pain, typically at one joint at the base of the
great big toe.

98) After reading a medical report, you learn that a 45-year-old female has the following symptoms: inflammation
of synovial membranes, accumulation of synovial fluid, pain and tenderness about the joints, pannus formation,
and some immobility at certain joints. On the basis of these symptoms, what would the patient probably have?
Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis

99) Greg is somewhat of a "weekend athlete" who has overextended himself by pitching multiple baseball games
for a local team during the week and by playing golf on the weekends for several hours. He presented himself
to the emergency room last week with severe shoulder pain (at the glenohumeral joint). The physician told him
that the X-ray was not conclusive, but he may have damage to his rotator cuff. What is the rotator cuff, and how
might he have caused this damage? What remedies will the physician recommend?
Answer: Greg has either stretched or torn his rotator cuff. He will be told to rest for a few months, and if the pain
does not subside, surgery will be necessary. The rotator cuff is made up of four tendons that belong to the
subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles and encircle the shoulder joint.
They are vulnerable to damage when the arm is circumducted vigorously. Greg is obviously overdoing
his activities by pitching multiple baseball games per week and playing golf on weekends.

100) Many inflammations of joint areas can be treated by injections of cortisone into the area. Why don't we
continually get injections rather than operations?
Answer: A joint inflammation is always a symptom of an underlying problem such as cartilage or ligament
damage, arthritis, etc. Continued injection might cause the patient to reinjure the area, or it might mask a
more severe injury that may appear later.

101) Why is muscle tone the most important stabilizing factor for most joints?
Answer: The shapes of the articular surfaces may hinder rather than help joint stability. Ligaments can stretch and
reduce stability. Muscle tendons are kept taut at all times by the tone of their muscle.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

102) Steven, a football player, complained of severe pain and the inability to use his right arm and shoulder after
having been tackled during a game. What would you guess might be his problem?
Answer: He might have suffered a shoulder dislocation since the shoulder joint has sacrificed
stability for flexibility.

103) Mary has been suffering from a "bad knee" for several months. She is a tennis player who often slides in to
attack a ball; she is an aerobic devotee and a jogger. She visited an orthopedic surgeon last week who told her
that he would "like to have a look at her knee joint." He also told her that her symptoms indicated damage to the
meniscus, and it might have to be removed. What will the doctor do to see the joint, and if the meniscus is
removed will Mary be able to play tennis again?
Answer: The doctor will perform arthroscopic surgery on Mary in order to view the interior of the joint. If she has
severely damaged the meniscus, it can be removed with little impairment to the knee except some loss in
stability. However, over the long term, the lack of weight distribution by the missing meniscus increases
the likelihood of osteoarthritis in her knee. Mary might consider taking up swimming instead.

12
Test Bank for Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition) 11th Edition

104) Farhad begins typing his term paper on his new computer early one morning. After 8 hours of typing, he
notices that his wrists are stiff and very sore. The next morning, Farhad begins to finish his paper, but soon finds
his wrists hurt worse than last night. What is wrong?
Answer: Farhad is suffering from tendonitis. If he continues to use the keyboard incorrectly, the tendonitis could
develop into the more serious condition called carpal tunnel syndrome.

105) Alexis grinds her teeth at night when she sleeps, especially when she is stressed. One morning she woke up
with extreme pain in her jaw muscles, a popping sound when she chewed, and joint stiffness. How do you
explain her condition and how is it treated?
Answer: Alexis is suffering from dislocation of her temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which was probably
exacerbated by her grinding her teeth. Treatment includes relaxation of the jaw muscles using massage,
muscle-relaxant drugs, heat or cold, or stress reduction techniques. Use of a mouth guard at night may
also help.

106) A nurse is instructing the patient care assistants (PCAs) on transfer techniques. For patients needing to be slid
toward the head of the bed, the nurse tells the PCAs to use a draw sheet under the patient's torso. She tells them
to avoid pulling on their hands or arms. Based on your knowledge of the shoulder joint, explain why pulling on
the extremities should be avoided.
Answer: In the shoulder joint, stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint of the body. The
shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint. Shoulder dislocations are fairly common; therefore, forces that
are not under the patient's control should be avoided.

107) Maggie is a 28-year-old Caucasian woman who has newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis. She complains of
painful, stiff hands and feet, feeling tired all the time, and reports an intermittent low-grade fever. She asks the
doctor if she is going to be "crippled." How might the doctor explain the pathophysiology of rheumatoid
arthritis?
Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, and inflammatory disorder. RA is an autoimmune
disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissue. RA begins with inflammation of the
synovial membrane of the affected joints. Fluid accumulates, causing joint swelling. The doctor should
explain that RA is a chronic crippling disease with joint stiffening (ankylosis) resulting in restriction of
joint movement and extreme pain.

108) Susan was bitten by a deer tick and now complains of joint pain, flu-like symptoms, and difficulty thinking.
What might be her diagnosis and the treatment required to alleviate her symptoms?
Answer: Susan should consider Lyme disease and test for it. Treatment is taking antibiotics for 3 to 6 months.

13

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