Test Bank for Visual Anatomy and Physiology 3rd Edition

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Visual Anatomy and Physiology, 3e (Martini)
Chapter 8 Joints

Multiple Choice Questions

1) An immovable joint is a(n)

A) synarthrosis.
B) diarthrosis.
C) amphiarthrosis.
D) syndesmosis.
E) symphysis.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

2) A slightly movable joint is a(n)

A) synarthrosis.
B) diarthrosis.
C) amphiarthrosis.
D) gomphosis.
E) synostosis.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

3) A freely movable joint is a(n)

A) synarthrosis.
B) diarthrosis.
C) amphiarthrosis.
D) syndesmosis.
E) symphysis.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

4) A suture is an example of a(n)

A) synarthrosis.
B) syndesmosis.
C) symphysis.
D) diarthrosis.
E) amphiarthrosis.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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5) An epiphyseal line is an example of a
A) gomphosis.
B) synchondrosis.
C) synostosis.
D) symphysis.
E) syndesmosis.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

6) Dense connective tissue is to a suture as a periodontal ligament is to a(n)

A) amphiarthrosis.
B) syndesmosis.
C) synostosis.
D) synchondrosis.
E) gomphosis.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

7) A synovial joint is an example of a(n)

A) synarthrosis.
B) amphiarthrosis.
C) diarthrosis.
D) symphysis.
E) syndesmosis.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

8) A ligamentous connection such as an interosseous ligament is termed a

A) syndesmosis.
B) symphysis.
C) synchondrosis.
D) synostosis.
E) gomphosis.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

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9) Which of the following is not one of the four major types of synarthrotic joints?
A) suture
B) gomphosis
C) synchondrosis
D) synostosis
E) syndesmosis
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

10) Joints are classified by the

A) range of motion.
B) structure.
C) type of movement.
D) amount of cartilage present.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

11) The synarthrosis that binds the teeth to the bony sockets is a
A) suture.
B) gomphosis.
C) synchondrosis.
D) synostosis.
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

12) Syndesmosis is to ligament as symphysis is to

A) fibrocartilage.
B) dense regular connective tissue.
C) periodontal ligament.
D) rigid cartilaginous bridge.
E) completely fused.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

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13) The location where two bones meet is called a joint, or an
A) adduction.
B) appendix.
C) amphiarthrosis.
D) articulation.
E) insertion.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

14) Functionally, the public symphysis is classified as a(n) ________ articulation.

A) synarthrotic
B) amphiarthrotic
C) diarthrotic
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

15) Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?

A) shock absorption
B) increasing osmotic pressure within joint
C) lubrication
D) providing nutrients
E) protecting articular cartilages
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

16) Which of the following is not a characteristic of articular cartilage?

A) There is no perichondrium.
B) The matrix contains more water than other cartilages.
C) Surfaces are normally slick and smooth.
D) It is composed of hyaline cartilage.
E) It increases friction during movement.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

17) Bursae can be found in all of the following areas except

A) tendons.
B) ligaments.
C) within connective tissue exposed to friction or pressure.
D) around blood vessels.
E) around many synovial joints.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
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18) The surface of articular cartilage is
A) slick.
B) flat.
C) smooth.
D) rough.
E) both slick and smooth.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

19) Which of the following is not considered to be an accessory synovial structure?

A) fat pads
B) menisci
C) ligaments
D) bursae
E) synovial membrane
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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 Figure 8-1

20) Identify the structure at label "1."

A) meniscus
B) bursa
C) articular cartilage
D) synovial membrane
E) joint cavity
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

21) Identify the structure labeled "4."

A) serous membrane
B) synovial membrane
C) meniscus
D) periosteum
E) intracapsular ligament
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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22) Identify the structure labeled "5."
A) serous membrane
B) synovial membrane
C) joint capsule
D) periosteum
E) intracapsular ligament
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

23) Which structure acts as a cushion and consists of fibrocartilage?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

24) What type of tissue occurs at the structure labeled "3"?

A) fibrocartilage
B) synovial membrane
C) hyaline cartilage
D) bone tissue
E) dense connective tissue
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

25) Which of the following is not a property of synovial joints?

A) freely movable
B) reinforced by accessory structures
C) covered by a serous membrane
D) contain synovial fluid
E) covered by a capsule
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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26) ________ subdivide synovial cavities, channel the flow of synovial fluid, and allow for
variations in the shapes of the articular surfaces.
A) Cruciate ligaments
B) Synovia
C) Bursae
D) Capsular ligaments
E) Menisci
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

27) Usually found outside the capsule, ________ protect the articular cartilages and act as
packing material for the joint.
A) menisci
B) fat pads
C) patellar ligaments
D) capsular ligaments
E) tendons
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

28) Small pockets of synovial fluid that reduce friction and act as a shock absorber where
ligaments and tendons rub against other tissues are called
A) bursae.
B) fat pads.
C) articular cartilages.
D) menisci.
E) scapulae.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

29) The elbow joint is an example of a ________ joint.

A) saddle
B) plane
C) condylar
D) hinge
E) pivot
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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30) The joint between the trapezium and metacarpal bone of the thumb is an example of a
________ joint.
A) saddle
B) plane
C) condylar
D) hinge
E) pivot
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

31) Which type of joint is found between the carpal bones?

A) saddle
B) plane
C) hinge
D) ball-and-socket
E) pivot
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

32) The joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is the ________
joint.
A) hip
B) shoulder
C) elbow
D) knee
E) wrist
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

33) The radiocarpal joint is a(n) ________ joint.

A) saddle
B) immovable
C) hinge
D) plane
E) condylar
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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34) The intercarpal articulations are ________ joints.
A) saddle
B) condylar
C) hinge
D) plane
E) ball-and-socket
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

35) The ankle joint is an example of a ________ joint.

A) condylar
B) saddle
C) hinge
D) ball-and-socket
E) plane
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

36) The joints that connect the four fingers with the metacarpal bones are ________ joints.
A) condylar
B) saddle
C) pivot
D) hinge
E) ball-and-socket
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

37) All of the following are structural classifications of synovial joints except
A) hinge.
B) plane.
C) rolling.
D) saddle.
E) pivot.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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38) Which of the following is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?
A) elbow
B) knee
C) ankle
D) wrist
E) hip
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

39) A joint that permits only flexion and extension is a ________ joint.
A) saddle
B) hinge
C) pivot
D) plane
E) ball-and-socket
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

40) A movement away from the midline of the body is termed

A) inversion.
B) abduction.
C) adduction.
D) flexion.
E) extension.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

41) Bending at the neck to look up at the starts would ________ the neck.
A) hyperextend
B) hyperflex
C) flex
D) extend
E) laterally flex
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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42) An extension past the anatomical position is known as
A) double jointed.
B) extension.
C) flexion.
D) rotation.
E) hyperextension.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

43) Which of the following movements is a good example of abduction?

A) opening the mouth
B) turning the hand palm upward
C) extreme backward bending of the head
D) moving the hand toward the shoulder
E) spreading the fingers
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

44) Which of the following movements is a good example of flexion?

A) opening the mouth
B) turning the hand palm upward
C) extreme backward bending of the head
D) moving the hand toward the shoulder
E) spreading the fingers
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

45) Nodding your head "yes" is an example of

A) lateral and medial rotation.
B) circumduction.
C) flexion and extension.
D) pronation and supination.
E) protraction and retraction.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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46) Lifting a stone with the tip of the foot is
A) circumduction.
B) eversion.
C) inversion.
D) plantar flexion.
E) dorsiflexion.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

47) Which foot movement enables a ballerina to stand on her toes?

A) dorsiflexion
B) plantar flexion
C) inversion
D) rotation
E) eversion
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

48) The movements known as dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are limited to the
A) radiocarpal joint.
B) hip joint.
C) glenohumeral.
D) talocrural.
E) sacroliliac.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

49) The two little girls who hold and move the rope in jump-rope are performing what action?
A) dorsiflexion
B) extension
C) rotation
D) plantar flexion
E) circumduction
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

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50) Many gyms feature weightlifting machines called "adductor machines" that are used to
strengthen the thighs. If you were to work out on one of these, what would you be doing?
A) twisting both thighs to the left, then to the right
B) lifting both thighs upward
C) pushing both thighs outward, separating your knees as far as you can
D) pulling both thighs inward toward a center point, bringing your knees together
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

51) To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called

A) rotation.
B) opposition.
C) circumduction.
D) eversion.
E) retraction.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

52) A common injury to the ankle occurs by excessive turning of the sole inward, termed
A) eversion.
B) protraction.
C) dorsiflexion.
D) plantar flexion.
E) inversion.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

53) All of the following are associated with the joints of the vertebral column except
A) syndesmoses.
B) synchondroses.
C) synovial.
D) saddle joint.
E) pivot joint.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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54) A twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole of the foot outward is known as
A) inversion.
B) plantar flexion.
C) eversion.
D) dorsiflexion.
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

55) Which of the following movements is a good example of depression?

A) opening the mouth
B) turning the hand palm upward
C) extreme backward bending of the head
D) moving the hand toward the shoulder
E) spreading the fingers
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

56) Which of the following movements is a good example of supination?

A) opening the mouth
B) turning the hand palm upward
C) extreme backward bending of the head
D) moving the hand toward the shoulder
E) spreading the fingers
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

57) Which of the following movements would you associate with chewing food?
A) elevation
B) abduction
C) flexion
D) pronation
E) circumduction
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

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58) The movement of rotating a limb toward the anterior surface of the body is called
A) inversion.
B) medial (internal) rotation.
C) lateral (external) rotation.
D) eversion.
E) protraction.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

59) The movement of rotating a limb outward is called

A) inversion.
B) medial (internal) rotation.
C) lateral (external) rotation.
D) eversion.
E) protraction.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

60) You ________ your jaw when you grasp your upper lip with your lower teeth.
A) invert
B) evert
C) adduct
D) protract
E) hyperextend
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

61) The movement of a body part upward is called

A) eversion.
B) elevation.
C) depression.
D) inversion.
E) retraction.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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62) The movement of a body part downward is called
A) eversion.
B) elevation.
C) depression.
D) inversion.
E) retraction.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

63) Which of the following is not a joint of the appendicular skeleton?

A) atlanto-occipital
B) talocrural
C) knee
D) humero-ulnar
E) acromioclavicular
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

64) The joints between vertebrae are examples of ________ joints.

A) saddle
B) pivot
C) condylar
D) hinge
E) plane
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

65) A herniated intervertebral disc is caused by

A) loss of annulus fibrosis elasticity.
B) slippage of the fibrocartilage disc.
C) ossification of the vertebral disc.
D) protrusion of the nucleus pulposus.
E) transformation of fibrocartilage to hyaline cartilage.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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66) Which ligament connects the clavicle and the acromion?
A) coracohumeral
B) coraco-acromial
C) coracoclavicular
D) glenohumeral
E) acromioclavicular
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

67) Which of the following statements is false?

A) Five major ligaments help stabilize the shoulder joint.
B) The shapes of the articulating surfaces within the joint help prevent movement in a particular
direction and strengthen and stabilize the joint.
C) The tighter two bones are held together within a joint, the stronger the joint.
D) The more movement a joint allows, the stronger the joint.
E) The tension produced by muscle tendons surrounding a joint help stabilize the joint.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

68) Which of the following ligaments is not associated with the hip joint?
A) iliofemoral ligament
B) pubofemoral ligament
C) ischiofemoral ligament
D) ligamentum teres
E) anterior cruciate ligament
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

69) Which of the following ligaments assists in stabilizing the shoulder joint?
A) coraco-acromial
B) subscapularis
C) coracoclavicular
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) both coraco-acromial and coracoclavicular
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

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70) A factor that does not increase the stability of the hip joint include
A) strong muscular padding.
B) tough capsule.
C) almost complete bony socket.
D) supporting ligaments.
E) shallow socket.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

71) Which of the following athletes are at greatest risk of developing a shoulder injury?
A) tennis players
B) basketball players
C) runners
D) baseball pitchers
E) golfers
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing

72) The glenoid fossa is rimmed by the fibrocartilaginous

A) ligamentum flavum.
B) glenoid labrum.
C) nucleus pulposus.
D) ligamentum teres.
E) coracoid process.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

73) The shoulder joint, or ________ joint, permits the greatest range of motion of any joint.
A) acromioclavicular
B) sacroiliac
C) humero-ulnar
D) glenohumeral
E) vertebrocostal
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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74) A rim of fibrocartilage in the joint cavity of the hip is called the
A) greater trochanter.
B) glenoid labrum.
C) nucleus pulposus.
D) acetabular labrum.
E) ischial tuberosity.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

75) The elbow joint is extremely stable because

A) the ulna and humerus interlock.
B) the articular capsule is thin.
C) the capsule lacks ligaments.
D) several muscles support the joint capsule.
E) the joint lacks bursae.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

76) Which of the following is improperly matched?

A) nursemaid's elbow — iliofemoral ligament
B) hyperextension of the knee — anterior cruciate ligament
C) hyperflexion of the knee — posterior cruciate ligament
D) shoulder separation — acromioclavicular ligament
E) bulging disc — nucleus pulposus
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

77) The ligament that provides support to the front of the knee joint is the ________ ligament.
A) anterior cruciate
B) posterior cruciate
C) patellar
D) popliteal
E) tibial collateral
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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78) The back of the knee joint is reinforced by ________ ligaments.
A) tibial collateral
B) anterior cruciate
C) posterior cruciate
D) patellar
E) popliteal
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

79) The medial surface of the knee joint is reinforced by the ________ ligament.
A) cruciate
B) fibular collateral
C) patellar
D) popliteal
E) tibial collateral
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

80) The largest and strongest articulation at the elbow is the

A) humero-ulnar joint.
B) ulnar joint.
C) ulnoradial joint.
D) radial joint.
E) humeroradial joint.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

81) The ligaments that limit the anterior-posterior movement of the femur and maintain the
alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles are the ________ ligaments.
A) cruciate
B) fibular collateral
C) patellar
D) popliteal
E) tibial collateral
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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82) Muscles that extend the elbow attach to the
A) coronoid process.
B) radial tuberosity.
C) olecranon process.
D) medial epicondyle.
E) lateral epicondyle.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

83) Contraction of the muscle that is attached to the radial tuberosity results in
A) flexion of the forearm.
B) extension of the forearm.
C) abduction of the forearm.
D) adduction of the forearm.
E) rotation of the shoulder.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

84) Which of the following does not help stabilize the knee joint?
A) anterior cruciate ligament
B) medial collateral ligament
C) posterior cruciate ligament
D) iliofemoral ligament
E) popliteal ligament
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

85) Which of the following does not occur when the articular cartilage is damaged?
A) The matrix begins to break down.
B) The exposed surface changes to a rougher feltwork.
C) Friction in the joint decreases.
D) Increase in pain.
E) Normal synovial joint function is compromised.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.11
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

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86) ________ is a general term for pain and stiffness that affects the skeletal or muscular system.
A) Articulitis
B) Rheumatism
C) Osteoporosis
D) Rheumatic fever
E) Rheumatitis
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.11
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

87) ________ is also known as degenerative joint disease.

A) Atherosclerosis
B) Rheumatism
C) Osteoporosis
D) Osteoarthritis
E) Osteopenia
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.11
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

88) Arthritis always involves damage to

A) synovial membranes.
B) diarthroses.
C) menisci.
D) bursae.
E) articular cartilage.
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.11
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

89) Define range of motion (ROM). (Module 8.1A)

A) Range of motion is the amount of movement at a joint.
B) Range of motion refers to joints that are biaxial and triaxial compared to monoaxial.
C) Range of motion is the degree of circumduction in ball and socket joints.
D) Range of motion refers to the degree of muscle contraction.
E) Range of motion is the extent a muscle can contract without pain.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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90) Which structural category of joints allows for the greatest range of motion? (Module 8.1B)
A) fibrous
B) cartilaginous
C) synovial
D) gomphosis
E) suture
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

91) Describe the types of motion possible at a synovial joint. (Module 8.3A)
A) swinging, opening, closing, and spinning
B) opening, closing, sliding, and breaking
C) spinning, bending, extending, and planar
D) gliding, angular, circumduction, and rotation
E) monoaxial and biaxial
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

92) Identify the types of synovial joints. (Module 8.3B)

A) finger, elbow, knee, saddle and ball-and-socket joint
B) plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket joint
C) dovetail, finger, tongue-in-grove, and extension joint
D) bridle, stifle, girdle, and pivot joint
E) pivot, hinge, finger, saddle, stifle, and extension joint
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

93) Which type of synovial joint permits the greatest range of motion? (Module 8.3C)
A) pivot
B) condylar
C) saddle
D) plane
E) ball-and-socket
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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94) Name the type of synovial joint for each of the following: shoulder, elbow, ankle, and thumb.
(Module 8.3D)
A) shoulder: ball-and-socket; elbow: hinge; ankle: plane; thumb: saddle.
B) shoulder: ball-and-socket; elbow: plane; ankle: condylar; thumb: plane
C) shoulder: saddle; elbow: hinge; ankle: pivot; thumb: plane
D) shoulder: condylar; elbow: plane; ankle: hinge; thumb; hinge
E) shoulder: ball-and-socket; elbow: hinge; ankle: condylar; thumb: hinge
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

95) Which movements are possible at hinge joints? (Module 8.4A)

A) rotation and circumduction
B) adduction and abduction
C) pronation and supination
D) flexion and extension
E) rotation and adduction
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

96) Compare dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. (Module 8.4B)

A) Dorsiflexion is movement toward the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane.
Plantar flexion is movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane.
B) Dorsiflexion is movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane.
Plantar flexion is movement toward the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane.
C) Dorsiflexion is upward movement of the foot or toes. Plantar flexion extends the ankle joint
and bends the foot or toes down, as in standing on tiptoes.
D) Dorsiflexion extends the ankle joint and bends the foot or toes down, as in standing on
tiptoes. Plantar flexion is upward movement of the foot or toes.
E) Dorsiflexion is moving the digits away from midline. Plantar flexion is moving the digits
toward midline.
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

97) When a person does jumping jacks, which limb movements are necessary? (Module 8.4C)
A) rotation and circumduction
B) adduction and abduction
C) pronation and supination
D) flexion and extension
E) rotation and adduction
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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98) What movements are made possible by the rotation of the head of the radius? (Module 8.5A)
A) rotation and circumduction
B) adduction and abduction
C) pronation and supination
D) flexion and extension
E) rotation and adduction
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

99) Snapping your fingers involves what movement of the thumb? (Module 8.5B)
A) Snapping involves retraction at the thumb and protraction at the third metacarpophalangeal
joint.
B) Snapping involves protraction at the thumb and retraction at the third metacarpophalangeal
joint.
C) Snapping involves opposition at the thumb and extension at the third metacarpophalangeal
joint.
D) Snapping involves opposition at the thumb and flexion at the third metacarpophalangeal joint.
E) Snapping involves opposition at the thumb and inversion at the third metacarpophalangeal
joint.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

100) What hand movements occur when a person wriggles into tight-fitting gloves?
(Module 8.5C)
A) protraction, supination, and pronation
B) retraction, pronation, and inversion
C) protraction, retraction, and eversion
D) depression, protraction, and eversion
E) opposition, elevation, and supination
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

101) Describe the relationship between joint strength and mobility. (Module 8.6A)
A) A joint that is strong is also very mobile.
B) A joint that is strong is not very mobile.
C) There is no relationship between joint strength and mobility in healthy individuals.
D) In older individuals, joints are not strong but are more mobile, whereas in younger
individuals, joints are strong and also mobile.
E) In older individuals, joints are strong and also mobile, whereas in younger individuals, joints
are not strong but are more mobile.
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

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102) Which division of the skeleton has the greater range of motion? (Module 8.6B)
A) axial
B) appendicular
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

103) Which joint attaches the pectoral girdle and upper limb to the axial skeleton?
(Module 8.6C)
A) sacro-iliac joint
B) intervertebral joints
C) sternoclavicular joint
D) atlanto-occipital joint
E) sacrococcygeal joint
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

104) Name the joints in which the sacrum participates. (Module 8.6D)
A) atlanto-sacral, lumbosacral, and intercoccygeal joints
B) sacro-iliac, sternoclavicular, and sternosacral joints
C) pubic symphysis and temporomandibular joints
D) sacro-iliac, lumbosacral, and sacrococcygeal joints
E) sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal joints
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 8.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

105) Describe the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc.
(Module 8.7A)
A) The nucleus pulposus is a soft, elastic, gelatinous core and the annulus fibrosus is a tough
outer ring of fibrocartilage.
B) The nucleus pulposus is a soft, elastic, outer ring and the annulus fibrosus is a tough inner
core of fibrocartilage.
C) The nucleus pulposus is a tough outer ring of fibrocartilage and the annulus fibrosus is a soft,
elastic, gelatinous core.
D) The nucleus pulposus is a tough inner core of fibrocartilage and the annulus fibrosus is a soft,
elastic, outer ring.
E) The nucleus pulposus connects the spinous processes of two adjacent vertebrae and the
annulus fibrosus is the fibrocartilage disc.
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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106) Name the primary vertebral ligaments. (Module 8.7B)
A) posterior longitudinal ligament and anterior longitudinal ligament
B) infraspinous ligament and supraspinous ligament
C) paired ligamenta flava, posterior longitudinal ligament, interspinous ligament, supraspinous
ligament, and anterior longitudinal ligament
D) paired ligamenta flava, anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial cruciate
ligament, and lateral cruciate ligament
E) infraspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral
ligament, and annular ligament
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

107) Which structures provide most of the stability for the shoulder joint? (Module 8.9A)
A) deltoid bursa, biceps brachii muscle, and associated tendons and ligaments
B) acetabular labrum, transverse acetabular ligament, and the ligamentum teres
C) subdeltoid bursa, articular capsule, and the glenoid articular cartilage
D) medial and lateral menisci, acromioclavicular joint, and associated tendons and ligaments
E) glenoid labrum, rotator cuff muscles, and associated tendons and ligaments
Answer: E
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

108) At what site are the iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, and ischiofemoral
ligament located? (Module 8.9B)
A) at the elbow joint
B) at the hip joint
C) at the knee joint
D) at the shoulder joint
E) at the intervertebral joints
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

109) Which ligaments stabilize the medial and lateral surfaces of the elbow joint?
(Module 8.10A)
A) annular ligament and popliteal ligament
B) medial cruciate ligament and lateral cruciate ligament
C) radial collateral ligament and ulnar collateral ligament
D) tibial collateral ligament and fibular collateral ligament
E) medial meniscular ligament and lateral meniscular ligament
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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110) Which ligament is a severely hyperextended knee more likely to damage: the ACL or the
PCL? (Module 8.10C)
A) ACL
B) PCL
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying

Essay Questions

111) The triceps brachii attaches to the olecranon process. When the triceps brachii muscle
contracts, what movements does it produce?
Answer: Contraction of the triceps brachii muscle causes the ulna to rotate around the distal
humerus, causing extension of the forearm.
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

112) Why is the inferior region of the shoulder joint most vulnerable to dislocation?
Answer: The anterior, superior, and posterior surfaces of the shoulder joint are reinforced by
ligaments, muscles, and tendons, but the inferior capsule is poorly reinforced. As a result, a
dislocation caused by an impact or a violent muscle contraction is most likely to occur at this
site. Such a dislocation can tear the inferior capsular wall and the glenoid labrum.
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

113) How are osteoarthritis and rheumatism different?

Answer: Osteoarthritis is a "wear-and-tear" disease seen usually in the elderly. Rheumatism is a
general term that includes all types of diseases that cause joint or muscle pain. Osteoarthritis is
one of many types of rheumatism.
Learning Outcome: 8.11
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing

114) Describe the key components of a synovial joint, and identify their functions.
(Module 8.2A)
Answer: The key components of a synovial joint are a fibrous joint (articular) capsule, which
surrounds the joint; articular cartilage, which resembles hyaline cartilage and covers the
articulating bone surfaces; a synovial membrane, which lines the articular capsule and secretes
synovial fluid that lubricates, distributes nutrients, and absorbs shocks; and a joint cavity that is
filled with synovial fluid.
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

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115) Describe the accessory structures of complex synovial joints and identify their functions.
(Module 8.2B)
Answer: Accessory structures include bursae, which are pockets filled with synovial fluid that
reduce friction and absorb shocks; fat pads, which protect the articular cartilage; menisci, which
are fibrocartilage articular discs that allow for variation in the shapes of the articulating surfaces;
ligaments, which are cords of fibrous tissue that support, strengthen, and reinforce the joint; and
tendons, which pass across or around a joint, limit the range of motion, and provide mechanical
support.
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering

116) Why would improper circulation of synovial fluid cause degeneration of articular cartilages
in the affected joint? (Module 8.2C)
Answer: Articular cartilage lacks a blood supply and thus relies on synovial fluid to supply
nutrients and remove wastes. If the circulation of synovial fluid were impaired, the cartilage
would no longer receive nutrients, and wastes would accumulate. This could cause the cartilage
to degenerate, and cells in the tissue may die.
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying

117) Compare a bulging disc with a herniated disc. (Module 8.8A)

Answer: A bulging disc is an intervertebral disc that is displaced or partly protruding as a result
of a compressed nucleus pulposus that distorts the annulus fibrosus. In a herniated disc, the
nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus, causing it to protrude into the vertebral
canal.
Learning Outcome: 8.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

118) What common age-related factors contribute to vertebral fractures in the elderly?
(Module 8.8B)
Answer: Age-related fractures that may lead to vertebral fractures include reduced cushioning
by intervertebral discs due to water loss (disc degeneration) and inadequate ossification due to
osteopenia. Osteoporosis is a further complicating factor.
Learning Outcome: 8.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying

119) A football player is pushed out of bounds from behind. He falls onto his outstretched hand,
pushing the humeral head forcefully upward. Which joint and ligaments are affected?
(Module 8.9C)
Answer: The upward force of the head of the humerus could cause partial or complete
dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. This is called a shoulder separation. The bones
involved include the clavicle, scapula, and humerus, and the stabilizing ligaments involved are
the coracoclavicular; acromioclavicular; coraco-acromial, coracohumeral, and glenohumeral
ligaments.
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying

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Test Bank for Visual Anatomy and Physiology 3rd Edition

120) What signs and symptoms would you expect in a person who has damaged the menisci of
the knee joint? (Module 8.10B)
Answer: Damage to the menisci of the knee joint decreases the joint's lateral stability, so the
person would have difficulty locking the knee in place while standing and would have to use
muscle contractions to stabilize the joint. If the person had to stand for a long time, the muscles
would fatigue, and the knee would "give out." It is also likely that the person would feel pain.
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying

121) Compare rheumatism with osteoarthritis. (Module 8.11A)

Answer: Rheumatism is a general term describing any painful condition of joints, muscles, or
both that is not caused by infection or injury. Osteoarthritis is a form of rheumatism
characterized by degeneration of the joint cartilage and the underlying bone. Osteoarthritis
results from cumulative wear and tear or genetic factors affecting collagen formation.
Learning Outcome: 8.11
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

122) What can a person do to slow the progression of arthritis? (Module 8.11B)
Answer: A person can slow the progression of arthritis by engaging in regular exercise, doing
physical therapy, and taking anti-inflammatory drugs.
Learning Outcome: 8.11
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding

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