OPTICS (SIF 2027)

FINAL PROJECT

Project 1
Design a simple telescope with a 2-inch aperture and 10x
magnification.

Project 2
Analyze the propagation of a plane wave through a
metallic grating.

Group MOHAMAD FADZIL BIN ABDULLAH

Members
MUHAMMAD KHAIRUL NAIM BIN
KAMARULHIZAM

Course OPTICS (SIF 2027)

Lecturer DR. MUHAMMAD IMRAN MUSTAFA BIN

ABDUL KHUDUS
PROJECT 1: Design a simple telescope with a 2-inch aperture and 10x
magnification.
Introduction:
A simple telescope is a marvelous instrument that allows us to observe celestial objects with
clarity and detail. It consists of key components such as lenses or mirrors, eyepieces, and a
sturdy mount to provide stability. Building a physical telescope requires careful consideration of
factors such as focal length, aperture size, and lens configuration, all of which greatly impact its
performance.

Enter the optical ray tracer, a sophisticated software tool that enables us to simulate the behavior
of light rays as they travel through an optical system. By inputting the design parameters and
characteristics of the telescope components, we can virtually trace the path of light rays, observe
how they interact with lenses and mirrors, and predict the resulting image quality.

Through the simulation capabilities of an optical ray tracer, we can experiment with different
designs, tweak parameters, and explore the effects of various factors on the performance of our
telescope. We can study phenomena like aberrations, evaluate focal length and magnification,
and even simulate the appearance of celestial objects under different conditions.

Simulating a simple telescope on an optical ray tracer empowers us to make informed decisions
in the design process, optimize the performance of our instrument, and explore the possibilities
before committing to physical construction. It provides a valuable platform for learning and
experimentation, allowing us to refine our designs and gain deeper insights into the intricate
workings of telescopic optics.

Theory:
The basic design of a telescope is basically combining two lens to achieve a higher
magnification. A distant object (which) appear small are magnified to be perceived to be in
proximity and bigger than it actually is. This could be achieved by using biconvex lens which
will converge light rays that pass through it and then utilize a second lens that are then refocused
the light rays to be observed by retina of our eye. It is crucial to consider the aperture at which
our eye operate on, which is up to 8mm. Hence, it is pointless to create a telescope with an
aperture larger than our iris.
 A simple telescope consist of an objective lens and an eyepiece which are both consist of
glass biconvex thin lens. In order to create a telescope with 2 inch (5.08 cm) aperture, the
eyepiece lens will be of diameter 5.08 cm. And to achieve 10 times magnification, one could use
Equation 1,
𝑓𝑜
𝑀𝑃 =− 𝑓𝑒

Where MP is magnification,
𝑓𝑜 is the focal lengths of the objective lens

𝑓𝑒 is the focal lengths of the eyepiece lens

And all that is left is to calculate the focal lengths of each thick biconvex lens, which could be
easily calculate using the Lensmaker equations,
1
𝑓
= (𝑛 − 1) ( 2
𝑅
+
(𝑛−1)𝑑
𝑛𝑅
2 )
Where f is focal length
n is refractive index of the lens
d is the thickness of the lens (thickness of centre)
R is the radius of curvature for the lens

Figure 1 shows the dimensions of the lens that can be calculated using Lensmaker equation.
 Note that minimum length of the telescope, 𝑙 = 𝑓𝑒 + 𝑓0.

Setup and Calculation:

We have decided to make a telescope with the length of 60 cm for easy maneuverability. With
this in mind, Equation 2 are as such
60𝑐𝑚 = 𝑓𝑒 + 𝑓0
The subsequent problem is to find the right lens, we have collectively chosen a 2 inch N-BK7
Bi-Convex Lenses (LB1723) from Thorlab as a reference for our eyepiece lens.

Figure 3

This particular lens has a focal length of 5.5 cm, n= 1.515 at 587.6 nm with R = 59.3 mm, d =
14.4 mm. If we substitute the focal length into Equation 1 along with MP=10
𝑓𝑜
𝑀𝑃 =− 𝑓𝑒
𝑓𝑜
10 =− 5.5 𝑐𝑚
𝑓𝑜 = 55 𝑐𝑚
We get the focal length of the objective lens to be 55 cm. As we want the telescope to be a
simple long cylinder, it is best that the objective lens be of the same diameter as the eyepiece
lens. Hence the diameter of the objective lens should also be 2 inch and for convenience, we use
the same edge thickness as the objective lens which is 3mm. The only thing now is the radius
curvature and thickness at the center of lens. Another crucial thing to note is the thickness of the
lens is just the edge thickness and its sagitta. The lensmaker equation can then be derived into

( ) ⎤⎥
1 2
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠
⎡ (𝑛−1) 2
2000𝑅
×2+𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
1 2
𝑓
= (𝑛 − 1)⎢ 𝑅 + 2
⎢ 𝑛𝑅 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

( )
1 2
5.08
⎡ (1.515−1) 2000 𝑅 ×2+0.3 ⎤ 2

1 ⎢2 + ⎥
55
= ( 1. 515 − 1) 2
⎢𝑅 1.515𝑅 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
𝑅 = 57. 3 𝑐𝑚
The dimensions of the objective lens are now complete and ready to be input into the Ray
Tracing Program, figure below shows the dimensions of the objective lens in the program

The full setup of the project are shown successful when parallel light rays go through this optical
system.
We can see that the rays converge at F2, the focus point for the objective lens and then diverge
back to the eyepiece lens which then transform the diverging rays to parallel ray again.

PROEJCT 2: Analyze the propagation of a plane wave through a metallic

grating.
Introduction

A plane wave is a special case of wave. A plane wave would only propagate in one direction or
another (left or right) on a plane and its propagation is always perpendicular to that plane i.e., a
plane wave would have a constant phase along its direction of propagation. In this Project, we
will be using the Optiwave or OptiFDTD software to simulate and then analyze the plane wave.

Theory

OptiFDTD is a software that can perform simulation regarding wave. Certain simple wave can
be simulated using this software like the plane wave and electromagnet (EM) wave. Using
features that available in the software, we will need to only input value or measurement required
as the software will run all the calculation using its programmes. The output should display the
same value or measurement as it was in input. For example, if the input of wavelength is 1.0, the
result should have label that can show the wave has a wavelength of 1.0.
A plane wave also can be associated with the electromagnet (EM) wave. However, the plane
wave would only have its propagation and perpendicular to that one plane which is difference to
that EM wave since EM wave has propagation properties that are perpendicular to each other on
one plane. By this, it is easier to distinguish between an EM wave and a plane wave. Therefore, it
is important to input the correct measurement and parameter involved to obtain the correct result.

Steps

1. Firstly, a new file was created by clicking File and go to New. This automatically
redirected us to the Project Designer OptiFDTD.
2. In the Project Designer OptiFDTD, we defined our new material under the Materials
folder as N=2 with a re4fractive index of 2.0.
3. We also created a new folder, simply as Profile_no=2, to hold and define the 2D and 3D
profile for the material.
4. Wafe Properties was define as follows:
a. Wafer Dimension;
i. Length = 8.0 𝛍m
ii. Widtjh = 4.0 𝛍m
b. 2D Wafer Properties;
i. Material = Air
c. 3D Wafer propoeties;
i. Cladding = Air
ii. Thickness = 2.0
iii. Substrate = N=2
iv. Thickness = 2.0
5. A Vertical Input Plane was inserted using the Draw tab i the Designer.
6. Double-clicked the input Vertical Input Plane to define the Input Field Properties as
follows:
a. Continuous Wave:
i. Wavelength = 1.55 μm
ii. General:
1. Input Field Transverse = Rectangular
2. Plane Geometry and Wave configuration;
3. Z-position = 1 μm (positive direction)
4. Initial Phase = 0⁰
iii. 2D Transverse:
1. Center Position = 0.0 𝛍m
2. Half Width = 5.0 𝛍m
3. Tilting Angle = 0⁰
4. Effective Refractive Index = Local
5. Input Amplitude or Power = 1.0 V/m
 7. Simulation parameters was define from the Simulation tab in the 2D 32bit Simulation
Parameters as follows:
a. Mesh Parameters:
i. Mesh Delta X = 0.05 μm
ii. Mesh Delta Z = 0.05 μm
iii. Advanced:
iv. Boundary Conditions;
1. -x = PMC, +x = PMC
2. -z = APML, +z = APML
v. AMPL Calculation Parameters;
1. Number of APML layers = 10
2. Theoretical reflection Coefficient = 1e-012
3. Real APML Tensor Parameter = 5
4. Power of the Grading Polynomial = 3.5
8. Time Parameters:
a. Run for = 1000 Time Steps (Result Finalized)
9. Key Input Information: InputPlane1 and wavelength 1.55
10. Button OK was clicked to finished the setup or Run to execute the simulation.

Results
Based on the results obtained, we can see that the wave simulated has the shape and looks of a
plane wave. However, looking into its detail, the plane wave simulated was only near-perfect to
aq sinusoidal shape. With the precision of 0.1 on the z-axis, there were slight edges at some point
on its propagation pattern. This probab;y due to the precision of the computer programmes since
we know that computer system allow it system to perform such act, like calculation, up to a few
hundred decimal places. Although that, it is pretty much still a plane wave with a bit of edges at
some of the point along its propagation.

The wavelength is the same as was in the input which is 1.55 μm . In order to obtained the clear
sinusoidal cycle of the propagation, the result was zoomed in one time at 0.1 μm precision from
2.0 μm to 6.0 μm since 0.0 to 2.0 was only a flat graph. The highest of its peak is at about 0.003
μm and its phase the negative of cosine where it start to propagate by first going down and then
going up.