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General Chemistry 1
(Grade 11- STEM)
Name: Aeiou C. Umali Q1W1.A
Section: 11-Artstein Date
The Study of Matter

Activity 1: Classifying properties as Physical or Chemical

Classify each of the following properties of selected metals as physical property or chemical
property on the blank space provided.
1. Physical Melting of ice
2. Chemical Iron metal rusts in an atmosphere of moist air
3. Physical Evaporation of ice
4. Physical Mercury metal is a liquid at room temperature
5. Chemical Nickel metal dissolves in an acid to produce a light green solution
6. Physical Potassium metal has a melting point of 63-degree Celsius
7. Physical Titanium metal can be drawn into thin wires
8. Chemical Silver metal shows no sign of reaction when placed in hydrochloric acid
9. Physical Copper metal possess a reddish-brown color
10. Chemical Beryllium metal when inhaled in a finely divided form, can produce serious
lung disease.

Activity 2: Correct use of the terms Physical and chemical in describing changes
Complete each of the following statement about changes in matter by placing the word physical
or chemical in the blank.
1. The fashioning of a piece of wood into round table leg involves a physical change
2. The vigorous reaction of a potassium metal with water to produce hydrogen gas is a
chemical change
3. Straightening a bent piece of iron with a hammer is an example of physical _ change
4. The ignition and burning of a match involve a chemical change
5. The destruction of a newspaper through burning involves a chemical change
6. The grating of a piece of cheese is a physical change
7. The heating of a blue powdered material to produce a white glassy substance and a gas is
a chemical change
8. The crushing of ice cubes to make ice chip is a physical change
9. The reddish -brown color of iron nail when exposed to moist air is a chemical change
10. The steam produced from boiling water is a physical change

Activity 2.1 Guided imagery

This activity allows you to explore matter in your surroundings. perform the activity and write
your answers on the space provide.
1. Focus on one object in the place where you are now. Describe and list all the physical
and chemical properties of your selected object
The object that I had put focused on was a Faber-Castell pencil. Its physical properties
are that it’s color green, it’s not easy to be melted since it’s made from wood, its phase
is solid, it has graphite led in it, its length varies especially when you sharpen it, it
doesn’t weigh heavy, it can also be pointy when newly sharpened, and lastly it can
also be broken when applied force into it. On the other hand, its chemical properties
are divided into 3 main ingredients which are the synthetic rubber (which is a
COMPOUND. It is made from fossil fuels (hydrocarbons), so it contains Carbon and
Hydrogen), the incense cedar word (which is a MIXTURE. It has “cellulose” fibers,
formula C 6 H 10 O 5), and lastly which is the graphite (in creating a pencil they don’t
use lead anymore since it’s toxic, therefore they are using the Graphite, which is an
ELEMENT, it is a crystalline form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a
hexagonal structure.)
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2. How are you going to describe matter when you pour the cornstarch into the bowl and
take a few minutes to observe it. Describe the color, odor, composition, texture, and taste
Do the same with water, pour it in the bowl and describe the properties of water.

A cornstarch in a bowl when is being described has a white color and it might also be
color yellow, its odor somehow touches a sweet vibe, its composition is that it’s made up
of many molecules of glucose from corn especially amylopectin and amylase, while its
texture is somehow close or identical to powdered sugar, and lastly its taste it not sweet
or bitter but can be a little salty.

A water on a bowl seems colorless but in fact it has a slight blue tint to it. Water is
odorless and its composition is mainly composed of two hydrogen atoms, each linked by
a single chemical bond to an oxygen atom, its texture is that its very viscous and can’t be
grabbed, and lastly water doesn’t have any kinds of taste but can replenish our senses.

3. What will happen when you mix water and starch together? Describe their properties?
When mixing cornstarch and water, the cornstarch will emulsify well with water making the
water less viscous. Therefore, the cornstarch will thicken with water, and it will release some
properties to the water when its being broken down, like glucose. When the process of mixing
has been done, you will be seeing a phase when the mixture has been in a gelatinous form. The
combination of cornstarch and water results in a suspension with non-Newtonian characteristics
(in example, the more force applied, the less strain (deformation) detected). This is comparable
to quicksand. It’s like a quicksand since any object can sink easily but it would literally be had
for you to get the object out.
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Activity 3: The composition difference between a Mixture and a Compound

Answer the following analogy on the space provided and briefly discuss your response
1. Consider two boxes with the following contents: the first contains 10 locks and 10 keys
that fit the locks; the second contains 10 locks with each lock’s key inserted into the
cylinder. Which box has contents that would be analogy for a mixture and which box has
contents that would be for a compound?

The first box which contains 10 locks and 10 keys that fit the locks would be the analogy
for a mixture, since if there are two things pulled from the first box it does not have to be
identical. Its outcome might be two locks, two keys, or a lock and a key. This simply
states that the composition of the things in the first package is not the same since they’re
not on the same identity, therefore they are unified since they retained their identity.
Hence, the second box that contains 10 locks with each lock’s key inserted into the
cylinder would be the analogy of a compound, given that when two things are removed
from the second box, they will always be identical. Each will be a lock with its own key.
Each item in the package is with its same identity and same composition which means
that they would be in-sync all the time unlike on the first box that it will not be sure
whether the 2 things that you would be pulling would be of the same identity or become
unified independently.

2. Consider two boxes with the following contents: the first contains 30 bolts and 30 nuts
that fit the bolts; the second contains the same number of bolts and nuts with the
difference that each bolt has a nut screwed on it. Which box has contents that would be
an analogy for a mixture and which box has contents that would be an analogy for a
compound?

The first box which contains 30 bolts and 30 nuts that fit the bolt is the analogy for the
mixture, since unlike on the second box they aren’t combined which means that they still
both have retained their different identities which is being a bolt and a nut. In other ways,
the second box is the analogy for the compound since the nut is already screwed in the
bolt which simply means that they make each other whole, and they combined perfectly
together creating a unified bond which can be independent.
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Activity 3.1 Summary of the Properties of matter

List down the properties of the three states of matter according to shape, volume, particles,
and compressibility. Use the table below

STATE SHAPE VOLUME PARTICLE COMPRESSIBLITY

Solid - Definite - Definite - The particles - Solid are non-

shape volume in solid are compressible
- It has its own - Volume tightly packed - The forces
independent doesn’t and between the
shape change compressed particles are so
- It does not because the - Particles are strong that the
occupy the particles are held firmly particles can’t
shape of any held firmly - It has a strong move freely; they
container and attraction can only vibrate.
compacted force between This causes a solid
together each particle to become non-
- particles are compressible.
close and very - If there is an
attracted to increase in
each other temperature, there
is a very small
expansion to its
intermolecular
space
- Solids are not
compressible
because the
molecules are
tightly packed and
the inter molecular
space is less
- Solids are the least
compressible
because the
intermolecular
spaces are very
tiny, not enough to
allow visible
compression.
Liquid - Indefinite - Indefinite - the particles - When there is an
shape volume are attracted increase in
- Its shape is - When a to each other temperature, there
dependent to liquid is in a but not as is a moderate
the shape of container, its much as they expansion in its
its container volume can are in a solid intermolecular
- It takes the be - It has a space
shape of its considered as weaker - The liquids have
container, or a definite attractive space more than
its shape is since liquids force solids but less than
dictated by its will always compared to a gases hence are
container take up the solid matter compressible to
same amount - The attractive less extent
of space and forces - All liquids are
take the between compressible,
shape of its particles are their densities will
own strong enough change as pressure
container. to hold a is exerted.
specific - Since there is
volume but enough space for
not strong the particles to
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enough to move unlike in

keep the solids, liquid
molecules states of matter are
sliding over compressible
each other.

Gas - Indefinite - Indefinite - The particles - gases have large

shape volume in gas are space hence are
- Takes the - It has moving compressed to a
shape of its indefinite freely large extent.
container volume since - It has the - Since gas has the
- It only adopts they move weakest lower
the shape of around freely attraction intermolecular
the container and move in force force of attraction,
all directions between therefore they can
solid and be highly
liquid states compressed
of matter - When there
- Particles are is an
different of increase of
one another temperature,
- Particles are there is large
much farther expansion to
apart its
intermolecul
ar space
- Gases are
compressible
because
most of the
volume of a
gas is
composed of
the large
amounts of
empty space
between the
gas particles.
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Activity 4: MAKER PROJECT

Instructions:
1. Look for any object in your home that may represent the particles of the three states of
matter
2. Document how you came up with these particles through picture or video presentation.
3. Write a narrative or description of your work
4. Submit your individual work through your email
5. The following are important points to consider as you perform the activity:
1. Creativity
2. Iteration
3. Initiative
4. Learning
5. Community

Rubric’s Cube- Solid Coca- cola- Liquid Butane- Gas

Narrative Report:
Here are the following objects that will be able to represent the 3 states of matter which are the
solid, liquid, and gas. Each of these pictures will be able to help and guide you assess why the Rubik’s
Cube is a solid, a coke is a liquid, and a butane is a type of gas. The 1st image represents that a rubric’s
cube has a definite shape and volume which is why it’s considered as a solid state of matter. On the 2 nd
picture it will show you a bottle of Coca-cola which is a type of liquid as show above, since the Coca-
cola follows the shape of the container which means that it has a definite volume and indefinite shape.
Lastly, the 3rd picture which has the butane, it simply states that there is a gas inside the container of
that butane and if that container was opened it will release gas that can be used in cooking at a stove.
Hence, these images will be able to explain why I’ve chosen these objects to represent the 3 states of
matter.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. List down the objects you selected
1. Rubik’s Cube - Solid
2. Coca-cola - Liquid
3. Butane - Gas

2. How did you select the objects that represents the particles of the states of matter?
First in selecting the objects I evaluate first whether they can represent the states of matter by
their own properties, compositions, and functions. After evaluation I select which of them
would be the best object to be able to represent the particles of the states of matter simply by
just knowing whether if they have a solid shape which is a property of solid, can take the shape
of a container which is a property of a liquid, or by only moving around the container and can’t
be seen which is a property of gas. I also assess the difference between each object so that I
would be able to configure each of them differently so that they can be considered whether they
are solid, liquid, or gas.
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3. Discuss briefly the following:

a. Part of the activity that you enjoyed the most

The part of the activity that I have enjoyed the most was when I was looking and
searching for different types of objects that will be able to represent each of the states of
matter. It’s also fun to differentiate each of the objects that I have assessed especially
since it will literally help you to think beyond and to be able to be good at evaluating
things. I also enjoyed taking a picture of them to be able to prove that each of the objects
that I had chosen perfectly to represent the particles of the states of matter. All in all,
that activity is fun and simple, and I had learned a lot from it.

b. part of the activity that you had trouble with and how were you able to
overcome such challenges

I guess that I didn’t have enough trouble in doing any part of the activity,
but I might say that one of the hardest things that I did while doing the
activity is on choosing what objects will help me represent the 3 states of
matter since it will depend based on my observation. I had overcome this
hard thing by examining and evaluating the properties, composition, and
functions of each object, and that’s how I have chosen these objects.

Activity 5: Ways of filtering substances

Identify the following techniques that separates substances or mixtures from each other and write
your answers on the space provided
1. Evaporation This technique is used to separate salt from water, so that salt will be
left behind
2. Magnet The instrument that will be used to separate iron filing from the sand.
3. Decantation Solid potato can be separated from liquid hot water through this technique.
4. Evaporation A phase change used in the process of separating mixtures where liquid is
changed to gas
5. Filtration Separation of solid bits from liquid bits using a fabric
6. Evaporation If a substance has been dissolved in water, it can be separated again using
this technique
7. Distillation This is a method of separating two homogeneous liquids that boils or
vaporize at different temperatures
8. Filtration It separates a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture using a filtering
membrane, like paper or cloth
9. Decantation Separation of a mixture by removing a liquid layer that is free of a
precipitate, or the solids deposited from a solution.
10. Decantation Beans in hot water can be separated using this technique.
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Activity 6: PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

Document your experiment

1. Send pictures or video presentation through the email address
2. Write a narrative report about the activity
3. Answer the following questions:
1. Which solvent moved the fastest? Why did you think so?
2. What are the two phases of paper chromatography? Discuss briefly
3. Enumerate the uses of paper chromatography
4. The procedure, data, result, analysis and conclusion are important points to consider in
this activity

Materials:
Blue/green, black, red marker, Paper towel, Pencil, Ruler, 3 containers, Water, Alcohol,
Household bleach

PROCEDURE
1. Make three strips of chromatography paper of equal size (12 cm in length and 1.5 cm in
width).
2. Draw a fine line with a lead pencil, parallel to and 1.5 cm from one edge of the paper. This line
will indicate the bottom of your chromatogram.
3. On this line draw a circle on each strip, about 1.5 cm from one edge. These circles will
indicate the position of your samples.
4. Put a dot of black marker in the circle of one strip, red marker on the second and blue marker
on the 3rd (Note: Avoid excess handling of the chromatography paper, since your hands may
contaminate the ink marker
st
5. Get the three containers and pour 3 tbsp of water in the 1 container, 3 tbsp of alcohol on the
nd
2 container and 3 tbsp of household bleach on the third container

6. Fix each strip in the marker and let it hang on each container
7. Observe what happens and take note of their time in second

Video Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GxYUNVqXSg

Narrative Report:

Since I don’t have most of the materials that is needed in the experiment, I decided to just watch a video
on Youtube that will be able to assist and help me understand the experiment. The video that I had
watched (link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GxYUNVqXSg) had helped me understand the
paper chromatography even more since it will help your assessment, observation, and point of view
towards the experiment. While watching the video it had helped me to realized how helpful and efficient
paper chromatography in our daily lives especially to our chemists. The video had also helped me to
recognize and to learn the things that is efficient to understand the said experiment since the video
explained the paper chromatography in a very detailed manner especially about how the capillary action
is affected within the stationary phase and mobile phase. I’ve been also observant on watching the whole
video to evaluate, learn, and answer the questions that might be helpful for me to understand paper
chromatography well.
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DATA AND RESULT:

1. Which solvent moved the fastest? Why did you think so?
Bleach was the solvent who moves fastest since it’s the solvent with the highest polarity which
means that the bleach which has the highest polarity among other solvents in the experiment
will be highly effective to compete with molecules and occupy locations on the stationary phase
which is a solid figure like the paper towel. This forces compounds into the mobile phase,
resulting in quicker spread of the water with greater travel distance. As in other types of
chromatography, the sample exist in equilibrium between the stationary and mobile phases. All
solvents with great polarity move faster in any other chromatography experiment. Non-polar
molecules in the mixture that you are trying to separate will have little attraction for the bleach
molecules (since it’s a polar solvent), and so will spend most of their time dissolved in the
moving solvent.

2. What are the two phases of paper chromatography? Discuss briefly

The 2 phases of chromatography are the stationary phase which is also called the adsorbent and
the mobile phase(eluent) which is flowing thro a layer of stationary phase. In paper
chromatography, the stationary phase is the strip or sheet of paper that is immersed in the
solvent. The stationary phase in thin-layer chromatography is the thin-layer cell. The stationary
phase is often a porous solid (e.g., glass, silica, or alumina) packed inside a glass or metal tube
or forming the walls of an open-tube capillary. All the time, the mobile phase is in a liquid state
of matter since it’s the solvent that moves through the paper like water, alcohol, bleach, etc. The
mobile phase in paper chromatography is frequently a combination of water and an alcohol.
This mobile phase is somewhat polar, but not as polar as the stationary phase. As a result, as the
mixture travels up the paper via capillary action, the more polar components move up the paper
more slowly than the polar ones.

3. Discuss your conclusions and generalizations:

I may conclude that the use of paper chromatography is highly efficient in assessing different
types of organic and inorganic compound, given that with the use of this type of technique it
will literally evaluate the composition found in each compound or mixtures. Chromatography is
a great physical method for observing mixtures and solvents so I might also state that this
technique is highly advisable to be applied in precise separation, analyses, and purification
since it only requires very low sample volumes and it help scientist determine compositions of
each substance. Thus, it is highly efficient since it works on a wide range of samples including
drugs, food particles, plastics, pesticides, air and water samples, and tissue extracts. My main
generalization is that with the help of this technique it will be able to help us achieve the
advancement of science especially in chemistry, since it allows us to trace amounts of
substances, then it will be also able to help us determine unknown substances found in each
organic and inorganic compounds which would be helpful because identifying each component
could lead to a great creation.
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4. Enumerate the uses of paper chromatography

• It can also be an efficient use on studying the process of fermentation and ripening.
• To check the purity of pharmaceuticals.
• It can also inspect cosmetics.
• One of its uses is that it can detect the adulterants.
• It is very efficient in detecting the contaminants in drinks and foods.
• Can help us to examine the reaction mixtures in biochemical laboratories.
• It will be able to help us determine dopes and drugs in humans and animals.
• I t can help us analyze Complex Mixtures
• Separating Colored Pigments. An effective technique used for separating colored pigments from
a mixture.
• It can also be used in creating vaccinations since Chromatography is useful in determining which
antibodies fight various diseases and viruses
• It is also used Food testing
• It is also used Beverage testing, Drug testing, and Forensic testing
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Activity 6.1 Concept map

Complete the concept map below by filling up the boxes with the appropriate concepts using the
linking words as a guide on how these concepts are related to each other

The following are concepts to be used in this activity:

Matter, physical change, chemical change, appearance, appearance and composition, size,
shape, hardness, texture, phase, release of gas, evolution of heat and light, formation of
precipitate, making ice candy, rusting of iron

Making ice Rusting of

candy Matter iron

Is an example of a undergoes either is an example of a

Physical change Chemical Change

Involves the involves only Involves a involves the

presence of the a change in change in both presence of
appearance and
following appearance the following
composition
evidences

Evolution of
Release of gas heat and light
size

Formation of
precipitate
shape

hardness

texture

phase
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REFLECTIONS:
Please answer the following on the space provided
1. What did you learn from the activity?
First on the Activity 2.1 I’ve understood that knowing each composition, properties, and
functions of other objects around us will be able to support us on how we can understand the
states of matter. For the activity 3 it had helped me to understand the differences between a
compound and a mixture, I’ve also learned from this activity the variations between the
behavior of each state of matter based on their shape, volume, particles, and compressibility.
I’ve learned on the activity 4 on how valuable it is to assess and evaluate each of our
observation especially on how we can identify each state of matter. Lastly, on the last activity,
which is the activity 6, it had helped me to appreciate the uses and importance of paper
chromatography in our daily lives since it will be able to help in the advancement of chemistry.
The activity 6 had also helped me to differentiate physical properties from chemical properties
which is very efficient and helpful on understanding states of matter.

2. What did you enjoy the most?

For me the most enjoying activities are the activities 3, 4, and 6 since it requires for you to think
deeper to answer each question and to perform the different kinds of task. Each of these
activities are very fun because they will help you to become an active learner especially since it
requires to do the activities that are very easy and very enjoying doing since all of them are very
thrilling and can help you understand the lesson even better. I also enjoy the other activities
present in this LAS modules especially for me since I enjoy fun and exciting activities that
could help me improve my ability to learn these lessons.

3. What were the activities you will not forget? And why?
All the activities that are given here to these LAS modules are very unforgettable since it had
helped me to learn more, especially about the states of matter, properties, and the importance of
evaluating the composition of each substance. I will also never forget these activities because
each of them had helped me to learn things that are needed in our daily lives. The main why I
should never forget them is that I need to be able to remember them since matter is an important
topic and that because all things are made of it, so being able to learn it might be a great skill
and interest.