Experiment Report 1

MEASUREMENT OF BASIC LENGTH

I. PURPOSE
- Calculating and measuring the uncertainties of volume and density of metal hollow
cylinder and the steel ball.

II.THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1. Vernier Caliper
a) Introduction
- The Vernier Caliper is a precision instrument that can
be used measure internal and external distances
extremely accurately.
- The under jaw is for measuring the outside diameter of
object.
- The above jaw is for measuring the inside diameter of object.
- The sliding rule determine the decimal part of measured result in combination with the
caliper precision (∆ ), which is calculated as follow:
1
∆=
N
Where, N is the number of divisions on Vernier scale.
b) How to use a Vernier Caliper
- Preparation to take the measurement, loosen the locking screw and, move the slider to
check if the Vernier scale works properly. Before measuring, do make sure the caliper
read 0 when fully closed.
- Close the jaws lightly on the item which you want to measure. If you are measuring
something round, be sure you are measuring the full diameter.
c) How to read a Vernier Caliper
- To determine the measure result with a Vernier Caliper, you can use the following
equation:
D=n . a+m. ∆ (1)
Where:
 a is the value of a division on main rule (in millimeter), i.e. a = 1 mm.
 ∆ is the Vernier precision and also corresponding to the value of a division on
the sliding rule.
 n is the number of division on the main rule
 m is the number of division on the Vernier scale
2. Micrometer
a) Introduction
- The micrometer is a device incorporating a calibrated screw used widely for precise
measurement of small distances in mechanical engineering and machining.
- The main scale has a longitudinal line on the frame divides into two parts: top and bottom
half that is graduated with alternate 0.5 - millimeter divisions.
- The thimble measures the precision (Δ) of micrometer has the value of 0.01.
b) How to use a Vernier Caliper
- Start by verifying zero with the jaws closed. Turn the ratcheting knob on the end till it
clicks. If it isn't zero, adjust it.
- Carefully open jaws using the thumb screw. Place the measured object between the anvil
and spindle face, then turn ratchet knob clockwise to the close the around the specimen
till it clicks. This means that the ratchet cannot be tightened anymore and the
measurement result can be read.
c) How to read a Vernier Caliper
- To determine the measurement result with a micrometer, you can also use the following
equation:
D=n . a+m. ∆ (2)
Where:
 a is the value of a division on sleeve - double rule (in millimeter), i.e., a = 0.5 mm
 Δ is the micrometer’s precision and also corresponding to the value of a division on
thimble (usually Δ = 0.01 mm).
 n is the number of divisions both the top and down division on the sleeve.
 m is the number of divisions on the thimble.
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1) A metal hollow cylinder
Step 1: Use the under jaw and clamp around outside of metal hollow cylinder to measure
external diameter. It also measures height by clamping the ends of the cylinder. In the other
hand, use the above jaw to measure internal diameter.
Step 2: Count the number of division (n) on the main rule, lying to the left of the 0-mark on
the Vernier scale
Step 3: Look along the division mark on Vernier scale and the millimeter marks on the
adjacent main rule, until you find the two that most nearly line up. Then, count the number of
divisions (m) on the Vernier scale except the 0- mark.
Step 4: Put the obtained values of n and m into eq. (1) to calculate the measured dimension.
Step 5: Write to measured value on the report.
2) A small steel ball
Step 1: Hold on a small steel ball nearly Anvil face, then revolution of ratchet moves the
Spindle face toward the Anvil face.
Step 2: Count the number of division (n) on the sleeve - T of both the top and down divisions
of the double rule lying to the left of the thimble edge.
 Step 3: Look at the thimble divisions mark – T’ to find the one that coincides nearly a line
with the referent one. Then, count the number of divisions (m) on the thimble except the 0-
mark.
Step 4: Put the obtained values of n and m into eq. (2) to calculate the measured dimension.
Step 5: Write to measured value in the report.
IV.EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1) Measure of a metal hollow cylinder
∆ = 0.02
m=35.2 ± 0.1(g)

Trial D (mm) d (mm) h (mm)

1 50,24 42,70 12,76
2 50,22 42,72 12,78
3 50.22 42,68 12,78
4 50.20 42,70 12,74
5 50.18 42,68 12,76
D=¿ 50.212 d=42.696 h=12.764

√ √ √
5 5 5

∑ ( Di−D )
2
∑ ( d i−d ) 2
∑ ( hi−h )2
i=1
s . d= ≈ s . d= i=1 ≈ 0,017 mm s . d= i=1 ≈ 0,017 mm
5 5 5
0,023mm s.d s .d
→∆d ≈S .D≈ ≈ 0,007 mm → ∆ h ≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0,007 mm
s.d √ 5 √ 5
→∆ D≈S. D≈ ≈ 0,010 mm
√5

2) Measure of a small steel ball

∆ = 0.01
m= 4.1 ± 0.1(g)

Trial Db
1 15.97
2 15.98
3 15.99
4 15.98
5 15.97
Db=15.978
 √
5

∑ ( Dbi−Db ) 2 0,008
i=1
s . d= ≈
5
s.d
→∆T4≈S. D≈ ≈ 0,004
√5

V. DATA PROCESSING
1) A metal hollow cylinder
a) Volume
π 2 2 π
V = ( D −d ) h= × ( 50.212 −42.696 ) ×12.794=7,016 × 10 ( mm )=7.016 × 10 ( m )
2 2 3 3 −6 3
4 4

√ ∆ (D2−d 2 ) 2 ∆ h 2
2
∆V = V̅ Δπ
( ) +( ) +( )
π D2−d 2 h

√ √(
2

)( )
2
= V̅ ( ∆ π ) +(2 ∆D 2 ∆d 2 1
+ × 2 ) +¿ ¿
π D̅ d̅ D̅ −d̅
2

√ √(
2

)( )
2
=7,016 ×10 3 ( 0 , 01 ) +(2 0 ,01 2 0 , 0 07 2 1
+ × ) +¿ ¿
3 , 14 50.212 42.696 2
50.212 −42.696
2

≈ 22.673 (mm3 ¿

= 0,02×10−6 (m 3)
Hence:

V = (7.016 ± 0.02) ×10−6 (m 3)

b) Density
m 35 , 20
ρ̅ = v = −3 3 3 3
3 ≈ 5 . 017 ×10 (g /mm )=5.017 ×10 (kg/m ¿
7.016 ×10

√ √
2 2 2 2
∆ρ = ρ̅ ( ∆ m ) +( ∆ V ) = 5.017 ×10−3 × ( 0.1 ) +( 0.0 2 )
m V 35.2 7.016
≈ 0.0 20 ×10 3(kg/m3 ¿

Hence
 ρ = (5.017 ± 0.0 20)× 103 (kg/m3)

2) A steel ball
a) Volume
1 1 3
V̅ b = π.D̅ b 3 = × 3 ,14 × 10.00 = 2135.826 (mm 3) = 2.135×10−6 ( m3)
6 6

√ √
2
∆π
2
∆ Db 0.01 2 0.0 04 2= 6.86(mm3 )
) = 0.52×10 × (
3
∆Vb = V̅ b (
) +(3× ) +(3 × )
π D̅b 3.14 1 5.978
= 0.00×10−6(m3)
Hence

V b = (2.135 ± 0,00) ×10−6 (m3)