LESSON 1: THE VISION, MISSION,
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE
INSTITUTION
 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
- a place where learners gain an
education that includes:
 Daycare
 Pre-schools
 Grade schools
 Intermediate
 Secondary
 Senior High Schools
 Colleges and Universities
-provide considerable diversity of
learning milieus and learning spaces.
INSTITUTION
- applies to both formal and informal
institutions.
- cover behavioural pattern of society and
government and public services.
FORMAL INSTITUTION
- deals with the conventional classroom.
- a governing body administers a
structured learning method, and a school
or other institutions are the usual places
for learning.
-involves the recognition by government
in curricular offering using
predetermined books and materials used
for learning to establish standard in the
academic community.
- starts at the age of four at pre-school
- it takes place in stipulated period to
provide learners with full series of skills
that will earn them certificates and
credentials in the future.
INFORMAL EDUCATION
- learned independently outside of the
conventional classroom.
Integrates at home, cultural setting, and
even in basic education or high school
institutions in public schools.
-involves behavioral skills through
interaction on a daily basis and teachers’
traits which vary by their expertise, skills,
and experience.
- students in this form of education do not
expect to receive any credentials but
rather certificate of participation or
completions on their recognition in the
activities.
 VISSION AND MISSION STATEMENT
VISION STATEMENT
-“vision” is the end desire aspiration of an
academic institution.
- one-sentence statement describing the
distinct and motivating long-term desired
transformation resulting from an
institutional program.
- clear, memorable, and concise with an
average length of 14 words.
- the shortest contains 3 words only -
Equality for Everyone (Human Right
Campaign)
 - longest contain 26 words – “A world in HEALT INFORMATION SYSTEM
which every person enjoys all of the human - SET OF COMPONENTS AND
rights enshrined in the Universal PROCEDURES ORGANIZED WITH THE
Declaration of Human Rights and other OBJECTIVE OF GENERATING INFO
international human rights instruments” WHICH WILL IMPROVE
(Amnesty International). HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT
DECISION OF ALL LEVELS.

MISSION STATEMENT 1st REVOLUTION – machines, water

- a one-sentence statement relating to the machines
intention of your institution’s existence. 2nd REVOLUTION – factories

- must be clear by using simple language 3rd REVOLUTION – electronics

-concise and “no fluff” 4th REVOLUTION - internet

- valuable informed, focused, and guided

- aims for 5-14 words (maximum of 20 FUNCTIONS:

words). 1. COLLECT DATA FROM HEALTH
SECTOR AND OTHER RELEVANT
Vision Statement Mission Statement
SECTOR (EX; HOSPITAL)
Function It inspires to give It defines the key
2. ORGANIZE THE DATA
the best and shapes measure of the
3. ANALYZE THE DATA
your understanding institution’s success
4. ENSURE QUALITY (CORRECT,
of why you are in
RELEVANT, TIMELY)
the institution
5. CONVERT DATA INTO INFORMATION
Developing - When do we want - what do we do
Statement to reach success? today?
LEVELS:
- where do want to - for whom do we do
go forward? it? 1. PATIENT OR CLIENT LEVEL - patient
- how do we want - why do we do what and doctors
to do it? we do? 2. HEALTH UNIT MANAGEMENT LEVEL
Time Talks about the Talks about the – hospital level
future present leading to 3. SYSTEM MANAGEMENT LEVEL –
the future district, regional, national,
Question Where do we aim to What makes us international
be different?
About Where you want to How you will get
SUBSYSTEMS:
be where you want to
be 1. PREVENTIVE HEALTH
INFORMATION SYSTEM
-protocols, immunizations
2. HOSPITAL INFO AND MEDICAL
RECORD SYSTEM
-all information at hospital
3. DISEASE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
---monitors disease outbreak
4. POPULATION OR COMMUNITY
BASED HEALTH INFORMATION
SYSTEM
-collect data from public health
community
5. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM
6. VITAL REGRISTRATION SYSTEM - -
- births, deaths, marriage

LESSON 2: HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

DEFINITION
BERTALANFFY (1968)
 System is an arrangement of parts and
their interconnections come together
for a purpose.
 Health system consists of many parts
 Functions: governance, health care
provisions, finance and management of
resources serve as interconnections of a
health system
Roemer (1991)
 Health system is the combination of
resources, organization, financing and
management that culminate in the
delivery of health services
World Health Organization (2000)
 Health system is all organizations,
institutions, and resources that are
devoted to producing health actions
 Health action is any effort, whether
personal, public or through intersectoral
initiatives, whose primary purpose is to
improve health
GOALS AND FUNCTIONS OF
HEALTH SYSTEM
1. IMPROVING HEALTH OF POPULATION
 Improving population health is the
overarching goal.
 Health status should be measured over
the entire population and across
different socioeconomic groups.
 The safety of populations must be
protected from existing and emerging
health risks, and there should be
preparations for resilience to future but
still unknown health risks.
 Health system should strive for equity
health and inequitable disparities
should be minimized.
 There are significant variations in
health outcomes across the world
 Disparities are most effectively reduced
when they are reorganized and their
minimization is set as the explicit goal.
 Sources of disparity: income, ethnicity,
occupation, gender, geographic
location and sexual orientation.
2. IMPROVING THE RESPONSIVE OF
HEALTH SYSTEM TO THE
POPULATION IT SERVES
 Health system has the obligation to
provide services based on what
people want or desire, non-health
desires and expectation of the
population, and engages people as
active partners.
 Embodies values such as
respectfulness, non-discrimination,
humaneness and confidentiality
 Responsive health systems maximize
people’s autonomy and control; they
make choices, placing the at the
center of the health care system.
3. FAIRNESS IN FINANCIAL
CONTRIBUTION
 An ideal health system will provide social
and financial risk protection in health and
be fairly financed.
 All health system must be financed and
must have adequate funding in the
 system to provide essential services and
should not impoverish individuals or
families from paying for health care.
 Any health financing system that deters
people from seeking services will
WORSEN health outcomes.
FOUR VITAL HEALTH SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
1. HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION
 The most visible product of the
health care system
 Promote health and try to avert
illness through education and
preventive measures.
 “Delivering health services is thus an
essential part of what the system
does-but it is not what system is”
(WHO,2000)
2. HEALTH SERVICES INPUTS
 The assembling of essential
resources for delivering health
services such as human resources,
medications and medical
equipment.
 Generally, functions outside the
immediate control of health system
policy makers.
3. STEWARDSHIP
 Sets the context and policy
framework for the overall health
system
 A government responsibility
 Identifying the health priorities,
institutional framework where the
system and actors’ function,
activities coordinated with external
context to healthcare, trends in
health priorities, and resource
generation are the core off the
stewardship function.
 Additional central function is
generating appropriate data for
policymaking and providing the basis
for assessing health status,
regulating the sector and tracking
health system performance
effectiveness and impact.
4. HEALTH FINANCING
A.) Revenue Collection
 collection of money to pay health
care services.
 Revenue collection: general taxation,
donor financing, mandatory payroll
contributions, mandatory or
voluntary risk-rated contributions,
direct household out-of-pocket
expenditures and other forms of
personal savings.
 Each method of revenue collection is
associated with a specific way or
organizing and pooling funds
B.) Risk Pooling
 Collection and management of
financial resources in a way that
spreads financial risk from an
individual to all pool members
 Core function of health insurance
mechanisms
 TWO MODELS
1.BISMARK MODEL
  Bismarck’s law on health insurance
of 1883
 Named after PRUSSIAN
CHANCELLOR OTTO VON BISMARCK;
invented welfare state in 19th
century
 It uses an insurance system in which
financed is jointly by employers and
employees through payroll
deduction.
 Seen in countries such as Japan,
Germany, France, Belgium,
Netherlands, Switzerland, and Latin
America
2. BEVERIDGE MODEL
 From the report on social insurance
and allied services of 1942- The
Beveridge Report
 Named after WILLIAM BEVERIDGE;
social reformed who designed
Britain’s national health service
 Heath care is provided and financed
by the government through TAX
PAYMENTS
 Government decides the charge and
control what doctors can do
 Seen in countries such as Great
Britain, Spain, most of Scandinavia
and New Zealand, Hong Kong, and
Cuba
C.) Strategic Purchasing
 The way most risk-pooling
organizations use to collected and
pooled financial resources to fiancé
health care services
 In day-to-day interaction between
purchasers and providers,
purchasers who play a key role in
defining a substantial part of
EXTERNAL incentives for providers to
develop appropriate provider-user
interaction and health services
delivery models.
WHO HEALTH SYSTEM FRAMEWORK
SIX ESSENTIAL GROUP
 Service Delivery -which deliver
effective, safe, quality personal and
non-personal health interventions to
those who need them, when and
where needed, with minimum waste
of resources.
 Health workforce - works in ways
that are responsive, fair, and
efficient to achieve best health
outcomes possible
 Information – ensures the
production, analysis, dissemination,
and use of reliable and timely
information on health determinants,
system performance, and health
status
 Medical Products, Vaccines, and
Technologies - ensure equitable
access to medical products,
vaccines, and technologies of
assured quality, safety, efficiency,
and cost-effectiveness and use
 Financing - raised adequate funds
for health, protects people from
financial catastrophe
 Leadership and Governance –DOH;
involves ensuring strategic policy
frameworks exist and are combined
with effective stewardship, coalition
building, the provision of
appropriate regulations and
 incentives, attention to system
design, and accountability
PHILIPPINE HEALTH SYSTEM
1. Historical Background
 The major areas of the following
health reform initiatives are the
health service delivery, health
regulation, and health financing.
These health reforms targeted
addressing issues; poor accessibility,
inequity, and inefficiency.
 1970: PRIMARY HEALTH CARE FOR ALL -
Developed a largely centralized
government funder and operated
health care system
 1979: ADOPTION OF PRIMARY HEALTH
CARE - Promoted participatory
management of the local health system
 1982: REORGANIZATION OF DOH -
Integrated public health and hospital
services
 1986: MILK CODE 1986 - Prevention and
nutrition to promote breastfeeding
 1988: THE GENERICS ACT -
Prescriptions are written using the
generic name of the drug to lower
the expenditure on drugs by
promoting and purchasing non-
branded medicines
 1991: RA 7160 “LOCAL
GOVERNMENT CODE - Transfer of
responsibility of health service
provisions to the local government
units
 1995: NATIONAL HEALTH
INSURANCE ACT - Aims to provide all
citizens a mechanism for financial
protection with priority given to the
poor
 1996: HEALTH SECTOR REFORM
AGENDA - Major organizational
restructuring of the DOH to improve
the way health care is delivered,
regulated, and financed
 1996: HEALTH SECTOR REFORM
AGENDA - Major organizational
restructuring of the DOH to improve
the way health care is delivered,
regulated, and financed
 2005: FOURmula ONE (F1) FOR
HEALTH - Adoption of operational
framework to undertake reforms
with speed, precision, and effective
coordination
 2008: RA 9502 “ACCESS TO CHEAPER
AND QUALITY MEDICINES ACT” -
Promotes and ensure access to
affordable quality drugs and
medicines for all
 2010: AO 2010-0036 “KALUSUGANG
PANGKALAHATAN” - Universal health
coverage and access to quality
health care for ALL Filipinos
 2013: SIN TAXES FOR HEALTH -
Generating extra revenue for the
DOH by discouraging harmful
consumption of alcohol and tobacco
 2019: UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE LAW
- Enrolling all Filipino citizen
automatically in the National Health
Insurance Program administered by
PHILHEALTH. All Filipinos are
guaranteed equitable access to
quality and affordable health care
services
PHILIPPINE HEALTH SYSTEM
LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE
 DOH is mandated to provide
national policy direction and develop
national plans, technical standards,
and guidelines of health. Includes
technical assistance, capacity-
building, and advisory services for
disease prevention and control and
supplies medicines and vaccines.
 Under Local Government Code
(1991), LGUs were granted
autonomy and responsibility for
their own health services
 National health programs are
coordinated by DOH through LGUs.
 The Philippines is divided into 78
provinces headed by governors, 138
cities and 1,496 municipalities
headed by mayor and 42,025
barangays or villages headed by
barangay chairpersons.
 Administratively these LGUs are
grouped into 17 regions.
 Provincial governments provide
hospital care through provincial and
district hospitals and to coordinate
health service delivery provided by
cities and municipalities of the
provinces.
 City and municipal governments
provide primary care through public
health and primary health care
centers linked to peripheral
barangay health centers (BHCs) or
health outposts.
DECENTRALIZED AND
CENTRALIZED
 Under the decentralized or devolved
structure, the state is represented by
national offices and the LGUs, with
provincial, city, municipal, and
barangay or village offices. DOH,
LGUs, and the private sector
participate, cooperate, and
collaborate in the care of the
population.
 Before devolution, the national
health system consisted of a three-
tiered system under the direct
control of DOH: tertiary hospitals at
the national and regional levels;
provincial and district hospitals and
city and municipal health centers;
and barangay health centers.
 Since the enactment of the 1991
LGC, the government health system
now consists of basic health
services-including health promotion
and preventive units-provided by
cities and municipalities, province-
run provincial and district hospitals
of varying capacities, and;
 mostly tertiary medical centers,
specialty hospitals, and a number of
re-nationalized provincial hospitals
managed by DOH.
The Department of Health, as mandated,
has the duty in:
1. Developing health policies and programs;
2. Enhancing partners' capacity through
technical assistance;
3. Leveraging performance for priority
health programs among these partners;
4. Developing and enforcing regulatory
policies and standards;
5. Providing specific programs that affect
large segments of the population; and
6. Providing specialized and tertiary level
care
DIRECTIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE
HEALTH SECTOR
1. THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH AGENDA (DOH
AO 2016-0038)
 ” ALL FOR HEALTH TOWARDS
HEALTH FOR ALL”
 expanded the scope of universal
health care [UHC] directions through
a whole-of-government approach.
THREE KEY HEALTH SYSTEM GUARANTEES
A.) Population and individual level
interventions for all life stages that promote
health and wellness, prevent and treat the
burden of disease, delay complications,
rehabilitations, and provide palliation;
B.) Access to health interventions through
functional service delivery networks [snds];
and
C.) Financial risk protection when accessing
these interventions through universal
health insurance
2. THE PHILIPPINES DEVELOPMENTAL PLAN
2017-2022
 includes thee four key medium-term
plans to translate the vision of
aspiration for Filipinos and the
country
3. NEDA AmBisyon NATION 2040
 collective long-term plan which
envisions a better life for the
Filipinos and the country in the next
25 years
4. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS
2030
 compilation of 17 developmental
goals that targets to end poverty,
fight inequality and injustice, and
confront issues involving climate
change and its effects
KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Health system is defined as complex
of resources, organization, financing
and management that come with
the same purpose of delivering
health services to the population
 ” all the organizations, institutions,
and resources that are devoted to
producing health actions”
 Primary goal of health system:
improved health outcomes, more
responsive health system, and more
equitable health care financing
 4 health system functions: delivery
of health services, resource
generation, financing, and
stewardship
 Doh is lead agency for Philippines
health care. According to mandate
[EO no. 119, sec. 3], doh shall be
responsible for:
 Formulation and development of well-being and cognizant of the
national health policies, guidelines, differences in culture, values, and
standards, manual of operations for beliefs.
health services and programs
 Issuance of rules and regulations,
licenses, and accreditations
 Promulgation of national health
standards, goals, priorities, and
indicators
 Development of special health
programs and projects and advocacy
for legislation on health policies and
programs
 Ra #11223 “universal health care act
of 2019” is the state’s policy that
aims to protects and promote the
right to health and instill health
consciousness. This embodies the ff.
Principles:
 Integrated and comprehensive
approach to ensure Filipinos are
health literate, provided with health
living conditions, and protected from
hazards and risks that affect health;
 Health care model that provides
Filipinos access to s comprehensive
set of quality and cost-effective,
promotive, preventive, curative,
rehabilitative, and palliative health
services without causing financial
hardship and prioritizes needs of
those who cannot afford services;
 A framework that fosters a whole-of-
system, whole-of-government, and
whole-of-society approach in
development, implementation,
monitoring, and evaluation of health
policies, programs and plans; and
 A people-oriented approach for the
delivery of health services that is
centered on people’s needs and
LESSON 3: PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE 3. Expanded-program of immunization
DELIVERY SYTEM against major infectious diseases
Health Care 4. Maternal and child health care

1. Health care system – Organized plan including family planning

of health services 5. Essential drugs arrangement
2. Health care delivery – the rendering 6. Nutritional food supplement, an
of health care services
3. Health care delivery system – adequate supply of safe, and basic
Network of health facilities and nutrition
personnel which carries out the task of 7. Treatment of communicable and
rendering health care to the people.
noncommunicable disease and
Primary Health Care (PHC) promotion of mental health

• Deals with social policy which targets 8. Safe water and sanitation
health equity
• Has the essential elements and objectives Other elements of primary health care
that ensure attainable better health include;
service for all
1. Expanded options of immunization
5 Key elements of WHO 2. Reproductive health needs
1. Universal coverage to reduce 3. Provision of essential technologies for
exclusion and social disparities in health
health 4. Health promotion
2. Service delivery organized around
5. Prevention and control of non-
people’s needs and expectations
3. public policy that integrates health communicable diseases
into all sectors 6. Food safety and provision of selected
4. leadership that enhances
food supplements
collaborative models of policy
dialogue
Principles of Primary Health Care
5. Increase stakeholder participation
1. Improve the level of health care of the
Essential ELEMENTS of Primary Health Care
community
1. Education concerning prevailing
2. Promote favorable population growth
health problems and the methods of structure
identifying, preventing, and 3. Reduce the morbidity and mortality
controlling them rates, especially among infants and
2. Locally endemic disease prevention children
and control
 4. Reduce prevalence of preventable, 5. Extension of essential health services with
communicable, and other diseases priority given to the underserved sectors

5. Improve basic sanitation 6. Improvement in basic sanitation

6. Extend essential health services 7. Development of the capability of the

community aimed at self-reliance
especially to the underserved sectors
7. Develop the capability of the 8. Maximizing the contribution of the other
sectors for the social and economic
community to become self-reliant development of the community
8. Encourage the contribution of other
9. Equitable distribution of health care -
sectors to the social and economic According to this principle, primary care and
development of the community other services to meet the main health
problems in a community must be provided
9. Provide equitable distribution of equally to all individuals irrespective of their
health care gender, age, and caste, urban/rural and social
10. Ensure community participation and class.
monitor adequacy and distribution of 10. Community participation - A
health workers who are supported comprehensive healthcare relies on adequate
number and distribution of trained
locally and at the referral levels physicians, nurses, allied health professions,
11. Recognize that the formal health community health workers, and others
working as a health team and supported at
sector needs other sectors in the
the local and referral levels.
promotion of health (multi- sectoral
11. Multi-sectional approach The recognition
approach) that health cannot be improved by
12. Use the appropriate technology intervention within just the formal health
sector; other sectors are equally important in
Which are accessible, feasible,
promoting the health and self-reliance of
affordable, and culturally acceptable communities.
to the community
12. Use of appropriate technology - Medical
technology should be provided that is
Principles of Primary Health Care (PHC)
accessible, affordable, feasible, and culturally
acceptable to the community
1. Improvement in the level of health care of
the community

Management Principles in Relation to

2. Favorable population growth structure
Organizing
3. Reduction in the prevalence of preventable,  Authority, Responsibility and
communicable, and other diseases. Accountability
4. Reduction in morbidity and mortality rates,
1. Authority – Managers legitimate
especially among infants and children
right to make decisions orders and
 allocate resources to achieve
organizationally desired outcomes
2. Responsibility – an employee must
fulfill the assigned duty/task
3. Accountability – those with
authority and responsibilities must
report and justify task outcomes.
Management Principles in Relation to
Organizing
 Authority, Responsibility and
Accountability
1. Authority – Manager’s formal and
legitimate right to make decisions
orders and allocate resources to
achieve organizationally desired
outcomes
2. Responsibility – an employee’s
duty to perform assigned task or
activities
3. Accountability – those with
authority and responsibilities must
report and justify task outcomes.
 Types of Authority
1. Line Authority – Managers have
formal power to direct and control
immediate subordinate
2. Functional Authority – where
managers have formal power over
specific subset of activities
3. Staff Authority - granted to staff in
their specialist in their field of
expertise
 Centralization, Decentralization
and Formalization
1. Centralization – Location of
decision-making authority near top
organization levels
2. Decentralization – Location of
Decision-making authority near lower
organizational levels
3. Formalization – is the written
documentation used to direct and
control employees
 Staffing
- This refers to the assignment of
individuals to responsible
positions identified in a
management plan.
- Determines the competencies
required for position.
- Also includes assigning or
recruiting staff that qualifies for
the responsibilities
The Philippine Health Care System
• Complex set of organization interacting to
provide an array of health services
The Department of Health Mandate
EO no.119, Sec 3 - The primary function of
the Department of Health is the promotion,
protection, preservation, or restoration of the
health of the people through the provision
and delivery of health services and through
the regulation and encouragement of
providers of health goods and services
responsible for the following:
1. formulation and development of national
health policies, guidelines, standards, and
manual of operations for health services and
programs,
2. issuance of rules and regulations, licenses,
and accreditations;
3. promulgation of national health standards,
goals, priorities, and indicators,
4. development of special health programs
and projects, and
5. advocacy for legislation on health policies
and programs.
Vision • Attend to health problems that is beyond
the competency of the village workers
Health as a right: Health for All Filipinos by
• Provide support to frontline health
the year 2000 and Health in the Hands of the
workers in terms of supervision, training
People by the year 2020.
supplies, and services.
Mission
The mission of DOH, in partnership with the 3. First-Line Hospital Personnel
people, is to ensure equity, quality, and access
to health care by making services available; • Serve as the backup health service
by arousing community awareness, by providers
mobilizing resources; and by promoting the • In close contact with the other two health
means to better health. workers
• Physicians with specialty, nurses, dentist,
pharmacists, and other health
Levels of Health care facilities professionals
Primary level of health care facilities –
Clinics
Secondary level of health care facilities –
Non departmentalized hospital, including
emergency and provincial/city hospitals
Tertiary level of Health care facilities –
Medical centers and large hospitals that offer
highly technological and sophisticated
services

Levels of Primary Health Care Workers

1. Grassroot or Village Health Workers
• Initial links of the community to health
care
• preventive health care measures and
simple curatives
• activities geared towards the
improvement of the socioeconomic level
of the community
• Volunteers, community health workers, or
traditional birth attendants

2. Intermediate Level of Health

workers
• 1st source of professional health care
LESSON 4: Overview of Health
Informatics  HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION (HIT)

- the primary product of the clinical ROUSE (2016)

laboratory. (e.g.: releasing of results, - HIT is the area of IT involving:
processing, information input)
 Design
MEDICINE
 Development
- the information-intensive activity.  Creation
 Use
*Dawn of the information age -resulted in a
 Maintenance of information system
huge amount of routine data in healthcare.
for healthcare industry.
CHALLENGE FOR HEALTH INFORMATICS
*AUTOMATED AND INTEROPERABLE HIS
- to make sense of large amounts of data improve: (MILRI)
where the process is valid and secure.
 Medical care
- to improve accuracy, speed, and scope where  Increase efficiency
information is managed.  Lower costs
 Reduce error
 Improve patient satisfaction
HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(HIT) *HIT involves electronic transactions of health
information for privacy and security during
- stores information and includes the transmission.
application used to store data.
*HIT promises to modernize and streamline
HEALTH INFORMATICS (HI) healthcare and to connect different users and
stakeholders in the e-health market.
- utilize information technology.

HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

(HIM) KUSHNIRUK and BORYCKI (2017)
- managing and organizing of data. - said that systems that are promising and
becoming widely deployed worldwide are:
*Transition from a manual to a more
advanced health information system is an  Electronic Health Records
overarching issue on: (ProMaPoRePa)  Decision support systems
 Providers of Healthcare  Personal health records
 Managers
 Policy makers
 HEALTHCARE SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
 Researchers
(HSS)
 Patients
3 Types of HIT according to Rouse (2016):
1. Electronic Health Records (EHR)
- central component of health IT
infrastructure.
- also known as electronic medical records
where person’s digital health record
stored and shared among multiple
healthcare providers and agencies.
 KEY ELEMENTS OF HEALTH IT
INFRASTRUCTURE:
1) Personal Health record (PHR)
- person’s self-maintained health
record are shared among multiple
providers or organizations.
2) Health Information Exchange (HIE)
- a health data clearing house.
- a group of healthcare organizations
that enter into interoperability pact
and share data to health IT systems.
*HITECH Act in 2009
- introduced the EHR meaningful use
program.
-physicians and hospitals prove their use of
government-certified EHR systems meet
meaningful use of criteria.
-created overseen by the Centers for Medicare
and Medicaid Services (CMMS) and the Office
of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health
IT.
*MACRA (law passed by Congress in 2015)
- Medical Access and CHIP (Child Health
Insurance Plan) Reauthorization Act.
-where ONC continues to certify approved
health IT technology used under federal
reimbursement programs.
2. Picture Archiving and Communication
Systems (PACS)
- replacing the roles of radiological film,
images are acquired, stored, transmitted, and
displayed digitally.
3. Vendor Neutral Archives (VNAs)
- to merge imaging data stored in separate
departments’ image banks and multi-facility
healthcare system.
 PACS and VNAs
- widely used types of health IT for health.
- help healthcare professionals store and
manage patients’ medical images.
- it includes radiology, cardiology, and
neurology.
 HEALTH INFORMATION ECOSYSTEM
Health Interoperability Ecosystem
- a composition of individuals, systems, and
processes that want to share, exchange, and
access all forms of health information
including discrete narrative and multimedia
(Healthcare Information and Management
Systems Society (HIMSS) (2017).
Ecosystem includes: (I Have 3P and 2S)
 Individuals
 Patients
 Providers
 Hospitals / health systems
 Researchers
 Payors
 Suppliers
 Stakeholders
*each is involved in the creation, exchange,
and use of health information or data.
HEALTH INFORMATICS IN THE CLOUD
83% of healthcare organizations are
making use of cloud-based applications
 is changing the landscape of the
healthcare system and health informatics.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 2014 – both
benefits and threats exist for this system
ADVANTAGES
 Cloud technology offers
INTEGRATED a SINGLE ACCESS
AND POINT for patient info,
EFFICIENT which allows multiple
PATIENT doctors to review lab
CARE results/ notes on CLOUD SET-UP
patients
 The accumulation of e- CUMBERSOME
health records will
allow more meaningful
data mining; better
BETTER
access the health of
MANAGEMENT
general public
OF DATA
 More data = more
opportunities to
identify trends in
disasters and crisis
 MOST IMPORTANT
POTENTIAL BENEFIT;
improvement and
accuracy
 70% of decisions are
made based on lab
results therefore, JUSTIFICATIO
ERROR
quality, accuracy, and
REDUCTION
precision of lab results
are INDISPENSABLE
 Automated system
eliminates
transcription,
calculation, and
transmission errors
DISADVANTAGES
POTENTIAL  Information within
RISKS TO medical records maybe
PERSONAL subjected to theft or
INFORMATION other violations of
privacy and
confidentiality
 Safeguards may be put
in place to minimize
threats; encryptions,
proper data disposal,
and other security
features
 Transition from
traditional to
automated system
might be difficult
particularly smaller or
older practices that
may not be familiar
with cloud technology
 This technology has
SEEMS nowhere to go but up
and more institutions
will be adopting it in
the future
 Through proper
education and
illustration of its
function, people may
see more of its
advantages
 One must show how
the benefits justify the
purchase and ongoing
maintenance of this
system
 An important caveat
COST
must be observed that
not all commercially
N
available Laboratory
Information Systems
improved productivity
as some require more
staff time than manual
system

HEALTH INFORMATICS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
- practices in the 1980s
- Practitioners with access to IBM
machine used word processors
priority shifts towards clinical
responsibilities at the expense of health
informatics as a discipline
Another issue is the benefits of
information technology do not seem
apparent to decision-makers in the
healthcare sector.

- to store patient information

COMMUNITY HEALTH INFORMATION
TRACKING SYSTEM [CHITS]
- a Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP-based
system released under the general public
license [GPL]
- named a finalist in STOCKHOLM
CHALLENGE 2006
- one of the top 3 e-government projects
in the Philippines by the Asia Pacific
Economic Cooperation Digital
Opportunity Center
- electronic medical record [EMR]
developed through the collaboration of
the information and Communication
Technology community and health
workers
- use in Philippines health centers in
disadvantaged areas
- currently utilized in 111 government
health facilities
- Implementation heightened due to
efficiency among health workers. But
nation still suffers from various issues
that hamper its progress; lack of human
resource interest in field
- Health Informatics is seen more as a
novelty rather than as a profession
LESSON 5: HEALTH INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
HEALTH INFORMATICS
-application of both technology and systems
in a healthcare setting
HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
-focuses on tools
HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS
-cover the records, coding, documentation
and administration of patient and ancillary
services
HIS (HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS) refer
to any system that “captures, stores, manages
or transmits information related to the health
of any individuals or the activities of
organizations that work within the health
sector
-encompasses district level routine
information systems, disease surveillance
systems, laboratory information systems,
hospital patient administration systems and
human resource management information
systems
Routine Information System
-comprise data collected at regular intervals
at public, private and community level health
facilities and institutions and health programs
-most of the data are gathered by healthcare
providers as they go about their work, by
supervisors and through routine health
facility surveys
-sources of those data are generally individual
health records, records of services delivered
and records of health resources
Disease Surveillance Systems
-“the epidemiological study of a disease as a
dynamic process involving the ecology of the
infectious agent, the host, the reservoirs and
vectors as well as the complex mechanisms
concerned in the spread of infection and the
extent to which this spread occurs” WHO
1968
Laboratory Information Systems
-is a software which receives, processes and
stores information generated by the
laboratory workflow.
-organize the information of patients at a lab
into computer-based system, allowing
operations to be conducted more smoothly
Hospital Patient Administration Systems
-an information service providing a
foundation to all healthcare and performs the
basic but crucial function of recording non
clinical patient details
Human Resource Management
Information Systems
-maintains, manages and processes detailed
employee information and human resources
related policies and procedures
Sheahan (2017)-describes health
information systems as a mechanism
to keep track of everything related to
patients, from patients medical
history, to medication logs, contact
information, appointment times,
insurance information and billing and
payment accounts. She
elaborates the role that a well
implemented HIS can play in
improving the services provided by a
health institution
 FILES ARE EASIER TO ACCESS
 -health information systems
have revolutionized the way
that doctors and health care
professionals maintain patient
information
 MORE CONTROLS
-staff must be authorized to
access the health information
system. Doctors may have the
permission to update, change
and delete information from
the electronic medical record
 EASY TO UPDATE
-doctors create electronic
medical records for their
patients.
-patient information can be
pulled up for review at any
time and copies can be made
for the patient upon patient
 COMMUNICATION
-health information between
doctors and hospitals
-medical professionals must
pay close attention to
confidentiality issues
-it also upholds transparency
and accountability due to
easier access to information
HEALTH METRICS NETWORK
-was a global health partnership focused on
strengthening health information systems in
low and middle income countries. it seeks to
bring together health and statistical
constituencies in order to build capacity and
expertise and to enhance the availability,
quality, dissemination and use of data for
decision making in all health related areas
1. Health Information System
Resources
-consist of the legislative, regulatory
and planning frameworks required to
ensure a fully functioning health
information system and the resources
that are prerequisites for such a
system to be functional.
2. Indicators
-the basis for a plan and strategy for a
health information system .Indicators
should encompasses determinants of
health, health system inputs and
outcomes and health status
3. Data Sources
 Population based
-censuses, civil registration
and population survey
 Institution based
-approaches individual
records, service records and
resource records
 A number of other data collection
approaches and sources – occasional
health surveys , research and
information produced by community
based organizations do fit neatly into
the two main categories but can
provide important information that
may not be available
4. Data Management
-covers all the aspects of data
handling collection, storage, quality
assurance, flow, processing,
compilation analysis
5. Information Products
-data must be transformed into
information that will become the
basis for evidence and knowledge to
shape health action
6. Dissemination and use
-value of health information can be
enhanced by making it readily
accessible to decision malers and by
providing incentives for information
use
 Demographic Data admission to hospital or unexpected
-consist of facts such as age, gender, complications or side effects of care
race and ethnic origin, marital status and include measures of satisfaction
 Administrative Data with care
-involve facts, with respect to services
-Outcomes assessed weeks or months after
provided and also include charges and
health care events and by means of reports
amounts paid, the kind of practitioner
directly from individuals are desirable,
and nature of institution
although these are likely to be the least
 Health risk information
commonly available (DONALDSON and LOHR
-reveals lifestyle and behavior and
2004)
facts about family history and genetic
factors to evaluate propensity for
different diseases
 Health Status
-generally reported by individuals
themselves, reflects domains of health
such as physical functioning, social
and role functioning and perceptions
of one’s health in the past, present
and future and compared with that of
one’s peers
 Patient Medical history
-considers data on previous medical
encounters such as hospital
admissions, surgical procedures,
pregnancies and live birth; it also
includes information on past medical
problems and possibly family history
or events
 Current Medical Management
-content of encounter forms or parts
of the patient record
-information may reflect heath
screening, current health problems
and diagnoses. diagnosis or
therapeutic procedures performed,
laboratory tests, medications
prescribed and counseling provided
 Outcomes Data
-a wide array of measures of the
effects of health care and aftermath of
various health problems ; they might
reflect health care events such as re-