MEASUREMENT

Gian Michael B. Boyero, RChT.

System of Measurement

Rules of Significant Figures

Conversion Factors
MEASUREMENT

the act/process of
ascertaining the
dimensions, capacity, or
amount of something.
MEASUREMENT

Consist of two parts:

Unit & Number
Measurement
Systems
1. METRIC SYSTEM
is the standard system
based on decimal values
(kg, m, sec). It has unit
conversions based on the
powers of 10.
EXPONENTIAL NOTATION
𝒏
𝒂 , c × 10n,
• based on powers of 10.
• “a” is the number; “n” how
many times “a” is multiplied to
itself.
Examples:

2 2
100 = 10 = 10 x 10 = 1 x 10
1 −2 1 1 −2
= 10 = x = 1 x 10
100 100 100

6 6
1,000,000 = 10 = 1 x 10 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10
x 10

As a scientist, it is important to report data that have the

correct number of significant figures.
METRIC SYSTEM PREFIXES
Prefix Symbol Meaning

tera- T 1,000,000,000,000 or 1012

giga- G 1,000,000,000 or 109
mega- M 1,000,000 or 106
kilo- k 1,000 or 103
deci- d 1/10 or 10-1
 METRIC SYSTEM PREFIXES
Prefix Symbol Meaning

centi- c 1/100 or 10-2

milli- m 1/1000 or 10-3
micro- µ 1/1,000,000 or 10-6
nano- n 1/1,000,000,000 or 10-9
pico- p 1/1,000,000,000,000 or 10-12
2. ENGLISH SYSTEM

or Imperial system;
a system of measurement
based on foot, pound, and
seconds (fps).
3. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
OF UNITS (SI UNITS)

is the system that is used as

universal standard for
measurements.
uestions
 Quantities of Measurement
FUNDAMENTAL DERIVED
QUANTITIES QUANTITIES
- independent on - dependent upon
other quantities for other fundamental
their measurement quantities for their
measurement
 FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES

• Length (meter)
• Mass (kilogram)
• Time (second)
• Electric current (ampere)
• Thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)
• Amount of substance (mole)
• Luminous intensity (candela)
 DERIVED QUANTITIES
Quantity Expression Unit
Area length x width 𝑚2

Volume area x height 𝑚3

Density mass / volume 𝑔

𝑚𝐿
Velocity displacement / time 𝑚
𝑠
Force mass x acceleration 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
2 or N
𝑠
 SI BASE UNITS
Base Unit Name of Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric ampere A
Current
Temperature kelvin K
 SI BASE UNITS
Base Unit Name of Unit Symbol
Amount of mole mol
Substance
Luminous candela cd
Intensity
 DERIVED UNITS
Quantity Symbol Unit Abbreviation Derivation

area A square meter m2 length x width

length x width x
volume V cubic meter m3 height

Kilogram/
density ρ cubic meter
kg/m3 mass / volume

concentration amount /
(molarity) c or M Moles/liter mol/L volume

Meters/secon
speed v d
m/s length / time
 DERIVED UNITS
Quantity Symbol Unit Abbreviation Derivation

hertz Hz frequency s-1 hertz

radian rad angle 1 radian
steradian sr solid angle 1 steradian

newton N force kg⋅m⋅s−2 newton

pascal Pa pressure kg⋅m−1⋅s−2 pascal
uestions
Rules of Significant
Numbers
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
are the number of digits in
a value, often a
measurement, that
contribute to the degree of
accuracy of the value.
 ACCURACY PRECISION
- evaluates how - the closeness of
close you are to two or more
the true value of measurements to
measurement. each other.
 Nonzero digits are
1 always significant.

2 Zeros at the beginning of a

number are never significant.

3 Zeros between nonzero

Rules
digits are always of
significant.
Significant
Numbers
Zeros at the end of a number
4 that contains a decimal point are
always significant

5 Zeros at the end of a number that

contains no decimal point may or
may not be significant
 Nonzero digits are
1 always significant.
he beginning of a
e never significant.

tween nonzero
Rulessignificant.
e always of
Significant
he end of a number
Numbers
ns a decimal point are
gnificant
end of a number that
decimal point may or
significant
 Nonzero digits are
1 always significant.

2 Zeros at the beginning of a

number are never significant.

tween nonzero
Rulessignificant.
e always of
Significant
he end of a number
Numbers
ns a decimal point are
gnificant
end of a number that
decimal point may or
significant
 Nonzero digits are
1 always significant.

2 Zeros at the beginning of a

number are never significant.

Rules of 3 Zeros between nonzero

digits are always significant.
Significant
he end of a number
Numbers
ns a decimal point are
gnificant
end of a number that
decimal point may or
significant
 Nonzero digits are
1 always significant.

2 Zeros at the beginning of a

number are never significant.

Rules of 3 Zeros between nonzero

digits are always significant.
Significant
Zeros at the end of a number
Numbers
4 that contains a decimal point are
always significant
end of a number that
decimal point may or
significant
 Nonzero digits are
1 always significant.

2 Zeros at the beginning of a

number are never significant.

Rules of 3 Zeros between nonzero

digits are always significant.
Significant
Zeros at the end of a number
Numbers
4 that contains a decimal point are
always significant

5 Zeros at the end of a number that

contains no decimal point may or
may not be significant
Examples:

1.7, 298, 15698

2.304
3.0.0336
4.0.6320000
5.55000.0
 Practice
Determine how many significant numbers are there:

1. 100 6. 0.0021201
2. 20.01 7. 9020101
3. 0.000010101 8. 0.000001
4. 789.001 9. 3250
5. 456 10.100.001
Conversion Factors
CONVERSION FACTOR

number used to change one

set of units to another, by
multiplying or dividing.
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

a problem-solving method
that uses the fact that any
number or expression can be
multiplied by one without
changing its value.
 DIMENSTIONAL ANALYSIS

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 ( ) = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
 COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS

1 m = 100 cm = 3.28 ft
1 kg = 1000 g = 2.2 lbs.
1 cm = 2.54 in = 10 mm 1 oz = 28.35 grams
1 ft = 12 in

3 1 atm = 760 mmHg

1 L = 1000 cm = 1000 mL
= 14.7 lb/sq in (psi)
1 gal = 3.785 L = 10 mm
1 Pa = 1.45x10-4 psi
Solve
1) Convert 26 meter to millimeters
2) Convert 10 lbs. to kilograms
3) Convert 45 L to cubic centimeters
4) Convert 5 atm to torr
5) Convert 0.87 km to inches
6) Convert 365 mins to year
7) Convert 35 km to yards
8) Convert 576.90 lbs. to amu
9) Convert 56 °C to °F
10) Convert 198 °F to °C
 Thank
you.
Gian Michael B. Boyero, RChT
 Assignment no.1
1) 0.6 mg to g
2) 2.5 kg to oz
3) 65 lbs. to kg
4) 879 inches to m
5) 40 weeks to year
6) 674 °C to °F
7) 9000 °F to Kelvin
8) 670,993 milliseconds to days
9) 0.09642 L to mL
10) 72 gal to dm3