Chemical Bonds

and Compounds
Part 1: Ionic Bond Model
Chemical Bonds
• Compounds are divided into two broad categories: ionic
compounds and molecular compounds
• Certain combinations of elements produces ionic compounds,
some other combinations form molecular compounds
• Chemical bond is the attractive force that holds two atoms
together in a more complex unit
• Ionic bonds – formed through transfer of one or more
electrons from one atom or group of atoms to another
• Covalent bonds – formed through the sharing of one or
more pairs of electrons between two atoms
• It is important to note that most bonds are not 100% ionic or
10% covalent
Valence Electrons

• There are two fundamental concepts to understanding ionic and covalent bonding
models
1. Not all electrons in an atom participate in bonding. Those that do are called
valence electrons
2. Certain arrangements of electrons are more stable than others, as is
explained by the octet rule
• Valence electron is an electron in the outer-most electron shell of a
representative or noble-gas element
• The number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative element can be
determined from the atom’s electron configuration
Lewis Symbols
• A Lewis symbol is the chemical
symbol of an element
surrounded by dots equal in
number to the number of
valence electrons present in
atoms of the element
• The general practice in writing
these symbols is to place the
first four dots separately on the
four sides of the chemical
symbol and then begin pairing
the dots are further dots are
added
Lewis Symbols
• Three things to note:
• 1. Representative elements in the
same group of the periodic table
have the same number valence
electrons
• 2. The number of valence electrons
for the representative elements is
the same as the Roman numeral
periodic-table group number
• 3. The maximum number of
valence electrons for any element
is eight
Octet Rule
• The valence electrons of the noble gases are
considered the most stable of all valence electron
configurations
• Helium’s electron configuration is 1s2. All other
noble gases possesses and ns2np6 valence electron
configurations, where n has the maximum value
found in and atom
• The conclusion that an ns2np6 electron
configuration (1s2 for helium) is based on the
chemical inertness of the noble gases
• Octet rule – in forming compounds, atoms of
elements lose, gain, or share electrons in such a
way as to produce a noble gas electron
configuration for each of the atoms involved
Ionic Bond Model
• Ions are produced as a result of ionic bonding
• An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) that is
electrically charged as a result of the loss or gain
of electrons
• If an atom gains one or more electrons, it
becomes a negatively charged ; if an atom loses
one or more electrons, it becomes a positively
charged
• Loss of one, two, or three electrons gives ions
with +1, +2, or +3 charges, respectively
• Gain of one, two, or three electrons gives ions
with -1, -2, or -3 charges, respectively
 THE SIGN
AND
MAGNITUDE
OF IONIC
CHARGE
 THE SIGN
AND
MAGNITUDE
OF IONIC
CHARGE
Generalizations
• 1. Metal atoms containing one, two, or three valence electrons
(metals in Groups IA, IIA, and IIIA) tend to lose electrons to
acquire a noble gas electron configuration.
• Group IA metals form 1+ ions
• Group IIA metals form 2+ ions
• Group IIIA metals form 3+ ions
• 2.Non-metal atoms containing five, six, or seven electrons (non-
metals of Groups VA, VIA, and VIIA) tend to gain electrons to
acquire a noble gas electron configuration
• Group VIIA nonmetals form 1- atoms
• Group VIA nonmetals form 2- ions
• Group VA nonmetals form 3- ions
• 3. Elements in Group IVA would have to gain or lose four
electrons to attain stability, but in most cases the bonding that
results is more adequately described by the covalent bond model
Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds

• Ion formation requires the presence of two elements: a metal that can donate electrons and a
nonmetal that can accept electrons
• The positive and negative ions simultaneously formed from such electron transfer attract one
another, forming and ionic compound
• A Lewis structure is a combination of Lewis symbols that represents either the transfer or sharing of
electrons in chemical bonds
• The reaction between sodium (1 valence electron) and chlorine (7 valence electrons) is represented
as follows with a Lewis structure
Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds

• When sodium, which has one valence electron, combines with oxygen, which has six valence
electrons, the oxygen atom requires the presence of two sodium atoms to acquire two additional
electrons

• An opposite situation to that in Na2O occurs in the reaction between calcium, which has two valence
electrons, and chlorine, which has seven valence electrons.
• Here, two chlorine atoms are necessary to accommodate electrons transferred from one calcium
atom because a chlorine atom can accept only one electron. (It has seven valence electrons and
needs only one more.)
Chemical Formulas for Ionic
Compounds
• Ionic compounds are always NEUTRAL
• The ratio in which positive and negative ions combine is the
ratio that achieves charge neutrality for the resulting
compound
Formula Writing Rules for Ionic Compounds

• 1. The symbol for the positive ions is always written first

• 2. the charges on the ions that are present are not shown in the formula
• 3. The numbers in the formula (subscripts) give the combining ratio for the ions

• Practice: Determine the chemical formula for the compound that is formed from the ff. pairs of ions
A. Na+ and P3- B. Be2+ and P3- C. Ca2+ and F- D. Al3+ and O2-

Answers: A. Na3P B. Be3P2 C. CaF2 D. Al2O3

The Structure of Ionic
Compounds
• In the solid state, an ionic compound consists
of positive and negative ions in such a way that
each ion is surrounded by nearest neighbors of
the opposite charge
• Ionic compounds do not have discreet
molecules, only an alternating array of positive
and negative ions
• The chemical formulas represent the simplest
combining ratio for the ions present
• A formula unit is the smallest whole-number
repeating ratio of ions present in an ionic
compound that results in charge neutrality
Recognizing and
Naming Binary
Ionic Compounds
• The compounds NaCl, CO2, P4O10
are all binary compounds
• A binary ionic compound is an
ionic compound in which one
element present is a metal and the
other element present is a
nonmetal
• NAMING RULE: the full name of
the metallic element is given first,
followed by a separate word
containing the stem of the
nonmetallic element and the suffix
–ide.
• Ex. NaF - sodium fluoride
 Practice

• Name the ff. binary ionic compounds

A. MgO B. Al2S3 C. K3N D. CaCl2

Answers:
A. magnesium oxide
B. aluminum sulfide
C. potassium nitride
D. calcium chloride
Naming Binary Compounds

• So far, it has been assumed that the only behavior allowable for an element is
that predicted by the octet rule
• It is a good assumption for nonmetals and for most representative element
metals
• However, there are other metals that exhibit a less predictable behavior
because they are able to form more than one type of ion.
• For example, iron forms both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, depending on the chemical
circumstances
• When naming compounds that contain metals with variable ionic charges, the
charge on the metal ion must be incorporated into the name. This is
accomplished using Roman numerals
Naming Binary Compounds
• The chlorides of Fe2+ and Fe3+ (FeCl2 and FeCl3,
respectively) are named iron(II) chloride and iron(III)
chloride
• CuO is named copper(II) oxide
• If you are uncertain about the charge on the metal ion in
an ionic compound, use the charge on the nonmetal ion
(which does not vary) to calculate it
• For example in CuO, you can note that the oxide ion carries
a -2 charge (because oxygen is in group VIA), this means
that the copper ion must have a +2 charge to
counterbalance the -2 charge
Naming Binary Compounds
• For example: AuCl
• To calculate the metal ion charge, use the fact that the total
ionic charge (both + and -) must add to zero
(gold charge) + (chlorine charge) = 0
• The chlorine has a -1 charge (group VIIA), therefore
(gold charge) + (-1) = 0
• Thus,
Gold charge = +1

• The name of the compound is gold(I) chloride

 • Name the ff. binary ionic compound, each of
which contains a metal whose ionic charge
can vary
A. Fe2O3 B. PbO2 C. Cu2S
Practice
Answers:
A. Iron(III) oxide
B. Lead(IV) oxide
C. Copper(I) sulfide
Naming Binary
Compounds
• You must know which metals exhibit
variable ionic charge and which
have a fixed ionic charge.
• The fixed charge metals are those in
group IA (+1 ionic charge), those in
group IIA (+2 ionic charge) and five
others (Al3+, Ga3+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and
Ag+)
• Metals from the diagram form ionic
compounds without roman
numerals in their names
Polyatomic
ions
• A monoatomic ion is an ion
formed from a single atom
through loss or gain of
electrons (Cl-, Na+, Ca2+)
• A polyatomic ion is an ion
formed from a group of atoms
(held together by covalent
bonds) through loss or gain of
electrons (SO42-)
• This ion contains four O atoms
and one S atom, and the whole
group of five atoms has
acquired a charge of -2