STRUCTURE AND BONDING

Topic- Valency

• To explain the concept of valency

• To explain the formation of an ion
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ugSvI-F__I
Valency
• The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom is called valence
electrons.
• The number of electrons lost ,gained or shared by an atom is called valency.
• Na– 11
E.c—2,8,1
Valence electrons- 1
Valency- 1(it looses one electron to complete the octet)
• Cl– 17
E.C—2,8,7
Valence electrons– 7
Valency– 1(gains one electron to complete its octet)
                                                         

Ions
• An ion is a charged particle.
• When an atom looses electrons it form positive ions(Cations)
• When an atom gains electrons it form negative ions(Anions)
Compound ions
Ions formed from group of joined atoms are called Compound ions or
Radicals
Eg- Sulphate ion– SO42-
Nitrate ion--- NO3-
Hydroxide ion---OH-
Ammonium ion– NH4+
Carbonate ion– CO32-
Positive and Negative ions
Positive ions Negative ions

H+ Cl-
Li+ Br-
K+ S2-(sulphide ion)
Ag+ O2-(oxide ion)
Ca2+ I- (iodide ion)
Mg2+ P3- (phosphide ion)
 
Ba2+
Cu2+
Zn2+
Fe2+
Al3+
 Working out the formulae
• 1. Write down the name of the ionic compound.
• 2.Write down the symbol of its ions
• 3.Interchange the charges between the ions.(without sign)
Eg–
Write the formulae of Calcium Chloride
2+ 1-
Ca Cl
Ca Cl2
Write the formulae of Calcium Sulphide
2+ 2-

Ca S Ca2S2 - CaS
Ca S
Write the formulae of Potassium Oxide
+1 -2
K O
K2O
• Write the formulae of Calcium Hydroxide.
2+ 1-
Ca OH
Ca (OH)2
Write the formulae of Aluminium Nitrate
+3 -1
Al NO3 Al(NO3)3
Write the formulae for the following
• Lithium Fluoride
• Copper Oxide
• Potassium Chloride.
• Aluminium Chloride
• Aluminium Oxide.
• Sodium carbonate
• Calcium nitrate.
• Silver Nitrate
                                                         

Ions
• An ion is a charged particle.
• When an atom looses electrons it form positive ions(Cations)
• When an atom gains electrons it form negative ions(Anions)
• When sodium atom looses one electron it forms Sodium ion
Na - 1e Na +
(11electrons ( 10 electrons and 11 protons)
11 protons)
•
• When chlorine atom gains one electron it becomes chloride ion.
Cl + 1e Cl-
(17 protons (17 protons and 18 electrons)
17 electrons)
Ionic bonding
• Ionic bond is formed between metals and nonmetals by complete
transfer of electrons from a metallic atom to a nonmetallic atom.
• The force that holds the ions in the compound is called electrostatic
force of attraction.
 Dot and cross diagrams
NaCl
Na – 1e Na+
Cl + 1e Cl-
Magnesium oxide
Calcium chloride
Lattice
• The regular three dimensional arrangement of positive and negative
ions in a crystal(solid).
• Eg- NaCl
Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl-
Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+
Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl-
Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+
Properties of ionic compounds
• High melting and boiling points - Ionic bonds are very strong - a lot of
energy is needed to break them. So ionic compounds have high melting
and boiling points.
• Conductive when liquid - Ions are charged particles, but ionic
compounds can only conduct electricity if their ions are free to move.
Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when they are solid - only
when dissolved in water or melted.
• They have rigid solid shape
• Ionic solids are usually soluble in water.
• They are brittle.
Covalent bonding
• Covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
• It is formed between non-metallic atoms.
Types of covalent bonding
• Single covalent bond
• Double covalent bond
• Triple-covalent bond.
Dot and cross diagram
Molecule Structure

H2(single bond)

Cl2 (single bond)

02(double bond)
Methane
Draw dot and cross structure of following
compounds
• CO2
• NH3
• H2O
  
Dot-and-cross diagrams - compounds
                                                                 

• Hydrogen chloride

• Water

• Ammonia
Properties of covalent compounds
• Covalent compounds have usually low melting and boiling point. Since
no ions are present in the covalent molecules.

• Covalent compounds are poor conductors of electricity.

• Covalent compounds are not soluble in water.

 Giant Covalent Structure
The giant covalent structure of diamond
• Carbon has an electronic arrangement of 2,4. In diamond, each
carbon shares electrons with four other carbon atoms - forming four
single bonds.
The physical properties of diamond
• has a very high melting point (almost 4000°C). Very strong
carbon-carbon covalent bonds have to be broken throughout
the structure before melting occurs.
• is very hard. This is again due to the need to break very
strong covalent bonds.
• doesn't conduct electricity. All the electrons are held tightly
between the atoms, and aren't free to move. No free
electrons available.
• is insoluble in water and organic solvents.
The structure of graphite
The giant covalent structure of graphite
• Graphite has a layer structure 

Each carbon atom uses three of its electrons to form single bonds to its
three close neighbours. The fourth electron is free and move
around(delocalized electron).
The physical properties of graphite
• has a high melting point. In order to melt graphite we have to break
the covalent bonding throughout the whole structure.
• has a soft, slippery feel, and is used in pencils and as a dry lubricant
for things like locks.( one layer can easily slide over another)
• is insoluble in water and organic solvents .
• conducts electricity. The delocalised electrons are free to move
throughout the sheets. There fore it is used in electrodes.
The structure of silicon dioxide, SiO2
• Silicon dioxide is also known as silicon(IV) oxide.
• Each silicon atom attached to four oxygen atoms.
• Each oxygen atom to two silicon atoms.
• Strong covalent bond between silicon and oxygen.
Properties
• Hard and can scratch things.
• It lets light to pass through.
• High melting point.
USES
Used in sand papers.(since it can scratch things)
For making glass and lens.(as it allows light to pass through)
Used in furnace as lining(as it can withstand high temperature)
Metallic Structure
A metal consists of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized
electrons. The outer shell electrons are free to move throughout the
structure.
The forces of attraction between the positive ions and outer shell
electrons(called metallic bonds)are very strong.
Representation of metallic bonding
Positive ions

Delocalized electrons
Properties of metals
• They are hard and tough.
• Thay are malleable.(layer of positive charges can slide over the layer
of electrons)
• They are ductile.
• They are good conductors of electricity.(they have delocalized
electrons)
• They have high melting point( strong attraction between positive
charges and electrons)
The main properties of metals are:
• 1) Metals are strong because of strong metallic bonding
• 2) Most metals have high melting points because of strong metallic
bonding
• 3) Metals are malleable (they can be bent or beaten into different
shapes) because metal atoms can slide over each other easily
• 4) Metals are good conductors of electricity because the delocalised
electrons are free to move
• 5) Metals are lustrous (shiny)