Question 1: Choose the appropriate option and rewrite the following statements.

a. The intermolecular force is _______ in the particles of solid.

i. minimum ii. moderate iii. maximum iv. indefinite.
b. Solids retain their volume even when external pressure is applied. This
property is called__________
i. plasticity ii. incompressibility iii. fluidity iv. elasticity
c. Matter is classified into the types mixture, compound and element by applying
the criterion______________
i. states of matter ii. phases of matters iii. chemical composition of matter iv. all of
these
d. Matter that contains two or more constituent substances is called__________
i. mixture ii. compound iii. element iv. metalloid
e. Milk is an example of type of matter called __________
i. solution ii. homogeneous mixture iii. heterogeneous mixture iv. suspension
f. Water, mercury and bromine are similar to each other, because three are
____________
i. liquids ii. compounds iii. nonmetals iv. elements.
g. Valency of carbon is 4 and that of oxygen is 2. From this, we understand that
there are _______ chemical bond/bonds between the carbon atom and one
oxygen atom in the compound-carbon dioxide.
i. 1 ii. 2 iii. 3 iv. 4
Answer:
a. The intermolecular force is maximum in the particles of solid.
i. minimum ii. moderate iii. maximum iv. indefinite.
b. Solids retain their volume even when external pressure is applied. This
property is called incompressibility .
i. plasticity ii. incompressibility iii. fluidity iv. elasticity
c. Matter is classified into the types mixture, compound and element by applying
the criterion states of matter .
i. states of matter ii phases of matters iii chemical composition of matter iv all of
these
d. Matter that contains two or more constituent substances is called compound .
i. mixture ii. compound iii. element iv. metalloid
e. Milk is an example of a type of matter called a homogeneous mixture .
i. solution ii. homogeneous mixture iii. heterogeneous mixture iv. suspension
f. Water, mercury and bromine are similar to each other, because three
are liquids .
i. liquids ii. compounds iii. nonmetals iv. elements.
g. Valency of carbon is 4 and that of oxygen is 2. From this, we understand that
there are _2__ chemical bond/bonds between the carbon atom and one oxygen
atom in the compound-carbon dioxide.
i. 1 ii. 2 iii. 3 iv. 4
Question 2: Identify the odd term out and explain
a. Gold, silver, copper, brass
b. Hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide, carbon dioxide, water vapour.
c. Milk, lemon juice, carbon, steel.
d. Water, mercury, bromine, petrol.
e. Sugar, slat, baking soda, blue vitriol.
f. Hydrogen, sodium, potassium, carbon.
Answer: a. Brass is an odd one out since it is an alloy and the other metals – gold,
copper or silver are elements.
b. Hydrogen is an odd one out since it is an element and the rest are compounds.
c. Carbon is an odd one since it is an element and the rest are a mixture of several
elements.
d. Water is an odd one since it is an universal solvent and the others are not
universal solvents.
e. Baking soda is an odd one as it is a mixture of several elements and the rest are
compounds.
f. Carbon is an odd one out as it has four valence electrons in it and the rest have
one valence electron only.
Question 3: Answer the following questions.
a. Plants synthesize glucose in sunlight with the help of chlorophyll from carbon
dioxide and water and give away oxygen. Identify the four compounds in this
process and name their types.
b. In one sample of brass, the following ingredients were found : copper (70%)
and zinc (30%). Identify the solvent, solute and solution from these.
c. Sea water tastes salty due to the dissolved salt. The salinity (the proportion of
salts in water) of some water bodies Lonar lake – 7.9 %, Pacific Ocean – 3.5%,
Mediterranean sea – 3.8%, Dead sea- 33.7%. Explain two characteristics of
mixture from the above information.
Answer: a. Photosynthesis is a natural chemical process in which plants along
with some algae and bacteria produce oxygen and glucose from water and carbon
dioxide. It uses sunlight as a source of energy, which is absorbed by the
chlorophyll of plants.
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
We can derive the four substances in this process:
1. Carbon dioxide which is an organic compound.
2. Water which is an organic compound
3. Glucose which is an organic compound
4. Chlorophyll which is an organo-metallic compound or complex compound
b. Brass is an alloy primarily made of copper with zinc. Brass as a solid solution
consists of zinc and other metals as solute dissolved in copper is considered as a
solvent. Hence, brass meets all the criteria of a solution.
c. Sea water tastes salty due to the dissolved salt. The salinity (the proportion of
salts in water) of some water bodies Lonar lake – 7.9 %, Pacific Ocean – 3.5%,
Mediterranean sea – 3.8%, Dead sea- 33.7%. The characteristics of mixtures from
the above data are:
1. The constituent substances of a mixture are a composition of 2 or more
elements or compounds.
2. The proportion of constituent substances in a mixture can vary.
3. The properties of constituent substances stay back in the mixture.
Question 4: Give two examples each
a. Liquid element
b. Gaseous element
c. Solid element
d. Homogeneous mixture
e. Colloid
f. Organic compound
g. Complex compound
h. Inorganic compound
i. Metalloid
j. Element with valency 1
k. Element with valency 2
Answer:
a. Liquid element = bromine and mercury
b. Gaseous element = hydrogen and oxygen
c. Solid element = sodium and aluminium
d. Homogeneous mixture = blood plasma and mixture of sugar in water
e. Colloid = milk, butter, jelly, etc.
f. Organic compound = carbohydrates and proteins
g. Complex compound = chlorophyll and haemoglobin
h. Inorganic compound = common salt and limestone
i. Metalloid = germanium and silicon
j. Element with valency 1 = potassium and chlorine
k. Element with valency 2 = calcium and magnesium
Question 5: Write the names and symbols of the constituent elements and
identify their valencies from the molecular formulae given below.
KCl, HBr, MgBr2, K2O, NaH, CaCl2, CCl4, HI, H2S, Na2S, FeS, BaCl2
Answer:
Compounds Name of Symbol of constituent Valency of constituent
compounds elements elements
KCl Potassium chloride K, Cl K = 1, Cl = 1
HBr Hydrogen bromide K, Br K = 1, Br = 1
MgBr2 Magnesium Mg, Br Mg = 2, Br = 1
bromide
K 2O Potassium oxide K, O K = 1, O = 2
NaH Sodium hydride Na, H Na = 1, H = 1
CaCl2 Calcium chloride Ca, Cl Ca = 2, Cl = 1
CCl4 Carbon C, Cl C = 4, Cl = 1
tetrachloride
HI Hydrogen iodide H, I H = 1, I = 1
H 2S Hydrogen sulphide H, S H = 1, S = 2
Na2S Sodium sulphide Na, S Na = 1, S = 2
FeS Iron(II) Sulfide Fe, S F = 2, S = 2
BaCl2 Barium chloride Ba, Cl B = 2, Cl = 1
Question 6: Chemical composition of some matter is given in the following table.
Identify the main type of matter from their composition.
Name of matter Chemical composition Main type of matter
Sea water H2O + NaCl + MgCl2 +…..
Distilled water H2O
Hydrogen gas filled in a balloon H2
The gas in LPG cylinder C4H10 + C3H8
Baking soda NaHCO3
Pure gold Au
The gas in oxygen cylinder O2
Bronze Cu + Sn
Diamond C
Heated white powder of blue vitriol CuSO4
Limestone CaCO3
Dilute hydrochloric acid HCl+ H2O
Answer:
Name of matter Chemical composition Main type of matter
Sea water H2O + NaCl + MgCl2 +….. Mixture
Distilled water H 2O Compound
Hydrogen gas filled in a balloon H2 Element or Molecule
The gas in LPG cylinder C4H10 + C3H8 Mixture
Baking soda NaHCO3 Mixture
Pure gold Au Element
The gas in oxygen cylinder O2 Element or Molecule
Bronze Cu + Sn Mixture
Diamond C Element (allotrope)
Heated white powder of blue vitriol CuSO4 Compound
Limestone CaCO3 Compound
Dilute hydrochloric acid HCl+ H2O Compound
Question 7: Write scientific reason.
a. Hydrogen is combustible, oxygen helps combustion, but water helps to
extinguish fire.
b. Constituent substances of a colloid cannot be separated by ordinary filtration.
c. Lemon sharbat has a sweet, sour and salty taste and it can be poured in a glass.
d. A solid matter has the properties of definite shape and volume.
Answer: a. Water is composed of two elements – oxygen and hydrogen.
Hydrogen is flammable, but oxygen is inflammable. Flammability refers to the
ability of a combustible material with sufficient supply of oxygen to sustain
enough heat energy to burn a fire even after it has been ignited. Water is made
up of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen which form an ionic
compound. It does not possess the attributes of these elements because a
compound doesn’t have the properties of its constituent elements. Therefore,
water has its own properties that help to extinguish the fire.
b. Constituent substances of a colloid cannot be separated by ordinary filtration
because the particles size in a colloid (or colloidal solution) is much bigger than
the one in a true solution and surprisingly smaller than the one in suspension. The
diameter is in between 1 – 100nm. The ordinary filter paper size is more than
100nm because of which colloidal particles pass through the filter paper pores.
For this reason, we prefer to use ultra-filter paper so that filtration of the colloidal
particles takes place easily.
c. Lemon sharbat has a sweet, sour and salty taste and it can be poured in a glass
because the sour taste implies the presence of an acid. If that acid is poured in a
metal vessel or utensil, then acid reacts with metal and renders it poisonous for
consumption. Hence, we prefer to take glass material vessels for drinking lemon
juice.
d. A solid matter has the following properties of definite shape and volume due to
the reasons listed below:
1) There is a strong intermolecular force of attraction between the various
particles of matter.
2) Internuclear space is almost negligible between the particles of matter.
3) Particles of matter are so close to each other that they vibrate at their fixed
position too.
Question 8:
Deduce the molecular formulae of the compound obtained from the following
pairs of elements by the cross multiplication method.
a. C (Valency 4) & Cl (Valency 1)
b. N (Valency 3) & H (Valency 1)
c. C (Valency 4) & O (Valency 2)
d. Ca (Valency 2) & O (Valency 2)
Answer:
a. C (Valency 4) & Cl (Valency 1):
Step 1 : Let’s first write the symbols of the radicals.
C Cl
Step 2 : Then, write the valency below the respective radical.
C Cl
41
Step 3 : Cross-multiply symbols of radicals with their respective valency.

Step 4 : Write down the chemical formula of the compound.

CCl4
b. N (Valency 3) & H (Valency 1)
Step 1 : Let’s first write the symbols of the radicals.
NH
Step 2 : Then, write the valency below the respective radical.
NH
31
Step 3 : Cross-multiply symbols of radicals with their respective valency.

Step 4 : Write down the chemical formula of the compound.

NH3
c. C (Valency 4) & O (Valency 2)
Step 1 : Let’s first write the symbols of the radicals.
CO
Step 2 : Then, write the valency below the respective radical.
CO
42
Step 3 : Cross-multiply symbols of radicals with their respective valency.

Step 4 : Write down the chemical formula of the compound.

CO2
d. Ca (Valency 2) & O (Valency 2)
Step 1 : Let’s first write the symbols of the radicals.
Ca O
Step 2 : Then, write the valency below the respective radical.
Ca O
22
Step 3 : Cross-multiply symbols of radicals with their respective valency.

Step 4 : Write down the chemical formula of the compound.

CaO
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS:
Question 1: What are the various states of matter?
Answer: There are five states of matter namely:
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Plasma
5. Bose-Einstein condensate
Question 2: What is the difference in ice, water and steam?
Answer: Water exists in three different physical states such as solid, liquid and
gaseous. In the solid state, water usually exists in the form of ice. In the liquid
state, it is simply referred to as water which is consumed by living organisms post
filtration. In the gaseous state, water exists as steam or water vapour.
Question 3: What are the smallest particles of matter called?
Answer: The smallest particles of matter are called atoms which are indivisible
and indestructible.
 Question 4: Classify the following matter into three groups. Cold drink, air,
sherbat, soil, water, wood, cement.
Answer: Given below is the classification of matter into three groups:
a) Solid: Soil, wood, cement
b) Liquid: Cold drink, sherbat, water
c) Gaseous: Air
Question 5: What is a homogeneous mixture?
Answer: When all the components of a mixture form one particular phase that
have similar characteristics, it is known as homogeneous mixture.
Question 6: What are the characteristics of the states of matter?
Answer: The characteristics of the states of matter are listed as below:
Physical Fluidity/ Volume Shape Compressibility Intermolecular Distance
state of Rigidity/ force between
matter Plasticity/ particles
Elasticity
Solid Rigid/plastic/elastic Definite Definite Negligible Strong Minimum
Liquid Fluid Definite Indefinite Very small Moderate Moderate

Gaseous Fluid Indefinite Indefinite Very high Very weak Very large
Question 7: What consists of the smallest particles of an element?
Answer: The smallest particles of an element contain identical atoms. For
example, each molecule of oxygen contains two oxygen atoms in a bonded state.
The smallest particles (molecules) of a compound are formed by joining two or
more types of atoms to each other.
Question 8: Why is water considered as a compound?
Answer: Pure water is a compound that is formed by the chemical combination of
elements such as hydrogen and oxygen. The proportion of constituent elements
of water are oxygen and hydrogen, which by weight is always 8:1, irrespective of
whatsoever may be the source of water. Hydrogen is an inflammable gas while
oxygen gas supports combustion. However, the compound water formed by
chemical combination of the gaseous elements hydrogen and oxygen is a liquid. It
is neither inflammable nor does it support combustion. On the contrary, it helps
to extinguish fire.
Question 9: What are organic compounds?
Answer: Organic compounds can be a member of any states of matter such as
gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of
carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements such as oxygen,
hydrogen or nitrogen.
Question 10: Why is milk considered as a mixture of elements?
Answer: Milk is a mixture of water, lactose, fats, protein and some more natural
substances. The proportion of various ingredients of milk is different, as per its
source. The proportion of fats in cow milk is 3-5 %, while it is 6-9 % in buffalo milk.
The ingredient water is naturally present in a large proportion in milk. Therefore,
milk exists in a liquid state. The sweetness of milk is due to the ingredient called
lactose. In other words, the properties of the constituent substances are retained
in milk.
Question 11: What is a solvent and a solute?
Answer: In a salt solution, the component which is present in the largest
proportion is called solvent. The other components which are in less proportion
than the solvent are called solutes.
Question 12: What are inorganic compounds? Give examples.
Answer: Inorganic compounds are those chemical compounds which lack carbon–
hydrogen bonds in it. These compounds ideally are not organic in nature. Some
examples include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbides, carbonates, blue
vitriol, limestone, etc.
Question 13: Give some examples of complex compounds.
Answer: Chlorophyll that contains magnesium, haemoglobin that contain iron,
cyanocobalamine (Vitamin B-12) that contain cobalt are some examples of
complex compounds.
Question 14: Define phase.
Answer: The part of matter which has a uniform composition in a mixture is
known as the phase.
Question 15: How is the strength of intermolecular force in the liquid state?
Answer: The strength of intermolecular force is moderate in the liquid state. It is
not strong enough to fix the particles in a definite position and hold all of them
together. As a result, liquids have definite volume. However, they have fluidity
and their shape is not definite but changes in accordance with the container.
Question 16: Define a heterogeneous mixture.
Answer: When the components of a mixture are distributed into two or more
phases it is called a heterogeneous mixture.
Question 17: Define solution. Explain with an example.
Answer: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is known as a
solution. For example, when a homogeneous mixture of salt and water is formed,
it is called a salt solution.
Question 18: How are complex compounds formed?
Answer: Complex compounds are formed from the molecules of compounds that
have a complex structure including many atoms in the centre of this structure.
Some metal atoms are also included in it.
Question 19: Define dissolution.
Answer: The process of forming a solution by mixing solutes in a solvent is called
dissolution. It is the process wherein a solute in solid, liquid, or gaseous phase
dissolves in a particular solvent to form a solution.
Question 20: What is Colloid?
Answer: The heterogeneous mixture of water and milk in a beaker appears
translucent. It means that, when light is incident on the surface of this mixture, it
is partly transmitted and partly scattered. This is because the tiny particles of milk
phase in this heterogeneous mixture are dispersed evenly in water phase, and the
diameter of these particles is around 10-5m. Such a heterogeneous mixture is
known as a colloid.
Question 21: Define suspension.
Answer: The heterogeneous mixture of a liquid and a solid is called a suspension.
For example, when the heterogeneous mixture of water and sawdust is formed, it
is referred to as suspension.
Question 22: What is the valency of an atom?
Answer: The ability of joining to each atom with a chemical bond to another atom
that is indicated by a number and this number is known as valency of that atom.
An atom forms as many chemical bonds with other atoms as its valency.
Generally, the valency of an element remains constant in its various compounds.
Question 23: What is a molecular formula?
Answer: Molecular formula indicates the number of atoms of each of the
constituent elements present in one molecule of a compound. A molecular
formula includes the information regarding the symbols of all the constituent
elements and their respective number as subscripts.
We hope that the above mentioned solutions of “MSBSHSE Class 8 Science
Chapter 6 Composition of Matter” will help students build a strong foundation of
the different concepts mentioned in the chapter.