!All Organic Reactions with Conditions!

Type of Reaction Reaction Name Conditions Example Equation

Alkanes
Preparation by
Ni || 140° %& ( ∆
Reduction Hydrogenation of !′!′′=R'''R'''' +#$ *⎯⎯, !′!′′#-— -#!′′′!′′′′
OR Pt/Pd || r.t.
Alkenes/ Cracking

89
/012132140: 6-7$ *, 2-7 •<
Types of Substitutions
-7 • +-#C →• -#E + #-7
=>4?3@32140: A F
Free Radical Free Radical Substitution • -#E + -7$ → -#E -7 + -7 •
Exc. Cl || UV 2-7 •→ -7$ -#C + -7$ → -#E -7 + #-7
Substitution Mechanism -#E -7 + -7$ → -#$ -7$ + #-7
GH>I1032140: J2 • -#E → #E -— -#E K
• -#E + -7 •→ -#E -7 -#$ -7$ + -7$ → -#-7E + #-7
89 -#-7E + -7$ → --7C + #-7
LMH>377: -7$ + -#C *, -#E -7 + #-7

Alkenes
Preparation of Alkene/ Excess c. H2SO4 || 170° NO PQR ST UVW°
Dehydration of Alcohol Al2O3 || 300–350° !#$ -— -#$ L# *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !#-=-#$ +#$ L
Elimination Dehydrohalogenation of ZSQN(\]^)
!#Y-— -#E *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !#-=-#$ +`3Y + #$ L
Halogenoalkanes NaOH(alc) || Reflux ZSQN(\a)
(Markovnikov Involved) !#Y-— -#E *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !-#(L#)—-#E +`3Y
Hydrohalogenation of
bcd
Alkenes (Markovnikov HX || r.t. #$ -=-#$ + #Y *⎯, #E -— -#$ Y
Involved)
X2 in CCl4 || r.t. ||
Halogenation of Alkenes bcd(eefR
Decolor from red– #$ -=-#$ + Y$ *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, #$ Y-— -#$ Y
in CCl4
EA brown Br in CCl4
X2 in H2O || r.t. ||
Halogenation of Alkenes bcd
Decolor from red– #$ -=-#$ + Y$ + #$ L *⎯, #$ Y-— -#$ L# +#Y
in H2O
brown Br(aq)
NO PQR g&hi ∆ ( gjhkl
Hydration of Alkenes c. H2SO4 || H2O || ∆ #$ -=-#$ + #$ L *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, #E -— -#$ L#
H2 || Pt/Pd; r.t. or Ni; dh/dn jh bcd / %& jh UCW°
Reduction Hydrogenation of Alkenes #$ -=-#$ + #$ *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, #E -— -#E
140°

1
 ∆
-$ #C + 3L$ → 2-L$ + 2#$ L
∆
In/Complete Combustion O2 || ∆ -$ #C + 2L$ → 2-L + 2#$ L
∆
Oxidation -$ #C + L$ → 2- + 2#$ L
Alkaline/Dil. KMnO4 ||
Hydroxylation/Diol
Cold || Purple decolors #$ -=-#$ + [L] +#$ L → #$ L#-— -#$ L#
Formation
to Brown ppt = MnO2
Halogenoalkanes
lkrf8s
PX3 || Reflux 3!L# + =YE *⎯⎯⎯, 3!Y + #E =LC
bcd
Preparation from PCl5 || r.t. !L# + =Yt *⎯, !Y + #Y + =LYE
ES
Alcohols SOCl2 || Reflux* bcd
!L# + uL-7$ *⎯, !Y + #Y + uL$
HX
!L# + #Y → !Y + #$ L
Preparation from Alkenes
bcd
EA / Hydrohalogenation of HX || r.t. !#$ -=-#$ + #Y *⎯, !#$ Y-— -#E
Alkenes
Alkaline Hydrolysis/ NaOH(aq) || Under ZSQN(Sv)
Formation of Alcohol reflux !Y *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !L# + Y w
Nuc Substitution
ZSQN(\]^)
Formation of Nitriles KCN(alc) || Reflux !Y + -` w *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !-` + Y w
Further Carboxylic Acid x y( ∆
Hydrolysis H+(aq) || ∆ !-` *⎯⎯⎯, !-LL# + `#C (
Formation
Further Amine LiAlH4 in dry ether || bcd
Reduction !-` + 4[#] *⎯, !-#$ `#$ + `#C (
Formation r.t. + H2O
∆
Excess NH3(alc) || ∆ || !Y + `#E → !`#$ + #Y
Nuc Substitution Amine Formation
Pressure in Sealed Tube Note: Excess {| forms higher order amines
Polar Aprotic Solvents
Elimination favored: (contain no H atoms
}f~g
• ∆ SN2 1° Halogenoalkanes connected directly to an #E -— -#$ Y + L#— *⎯, #$ -(L#)— -#E + Y w
• ­ [NaOH] EN atom. Not
• Solvent=Ethanol capable of H-bonding)
Substitution favored: Polar Protic Solvents
}f~g rj}h(x –
• Solvent = H2O SN1 3° Halogenoalkanes (capable of hydrogen -(!!′!′′)Y *⎯, - ( (!!′!′′) + Y w *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, -(!!′!′′)L#
H–bonding.)
— (follows NaOH(alc) || Under ZSQN(\a)
Elimination #E -— -#$ Y + `3L# *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, #$ -=-#$ + `3Å> + #$ L
Markovnikov) reflux

2
 Alcohols

Cold c. H2SO4 ÇÉÑÖ Ü. NO PQR àjhkl(∆

Hydration Alkenes #$ -=-#$ *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, #E -— -#$ — LuLE # *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, #E -— -#$ L#
H2O || ∆

Preparation from
Alkaline
ZSQN(SÑÜ)
NS Hydrolysis of NaOH(alc) || Reflux !Y *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !L# + Y w
Halogenoalkanes
Reduction of bcd
Carboxylic Acids LiAlH4 in dry ether || !-LL# + 4[#] *⎯, !-#$ L# + #$ L
r.t. + H2O
Reduction of
OR NaBH4(alc) bcd
Reduction Aldehydes —> 1° !-#L + 4[#] *⎯, !-#$ L#
OR H2/Pt/Pd; r.t. or
Alcohols
H2/Ni; 140°
Reduction of
Na(alc) bcd
Ketones—> 2° !!′-=L + 4[#] *⎯, !!′-#— L#
Alcohols
Reflux || ZnCl2 in case
Nuc Substitution Formation of Haloalkanes !L# + #Y → !Y + #$ L
of X=Cl

Redox Reaction with Na Reactive Metal 2!L# + 2`3 → 2!Lw `3( + #$

Alc—> Aldehyde =
[] jân ä&}h&f [] jân bkrf8s
Oxidation of 1° Alcohols Distillation !-#$ L# *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !-#=L *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !-LL#
Alc —> Carboxylic
Oxidation [] ( bkrf8s
Oxidation of 2° Alcohols acid = Reflux !!′-#L# *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !!′-=L
(No 3° as alpha carbon Alc —> Ketone =
does not have H atoms) Reflux [O] can be MnO4– OR Cr2O72–/H+
Dehydration to Alkenes
Excess c. H2SO4 || 170° NO PQR ST UVW°
Elimination (follows Zaitsev=More !#$ -— -#$ L# *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !#-=-#$ +#$ L
Al2O3 || 300–350°
Alkyl groups=major)
Acylation (Ester
ã.NO PQR (∆
Esterification Formation) with c. H2SO4 || ∆ !-LL# + !′L# åççççççé !-L— L!′ + #$ L
Carboxylic Acids
Acylation (Ester
Esterification Formation) with Acyl r.t. !-L— -7 + !′L# → !-L— L!′ + #-7
Chlorides

3
 Aldehydes & Ketones (Carbonyl Compounds)
Alc—> Aldehyde =
Distillation [] jân ä&}h&f
!-#$ L# *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !-#=L
Alc —> Ketone =
Oxidation Preparation from Alcohol Reflux
[O] can be MnO4– [] jân bkrf8s
OR Cr2O72–/H+ (orange !!′-#L# *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !!′-=L
to green)
Reduction of Aldehydes LiAlH4 in dry ether || bcd
—> 1° Alcohols r.t. + H2O !-#L + 4[#] *⎯, !-#$ L#
OR NaBH4(alc)
Reduction
Reduction of Ketones—> OR H2/Pt/Pd || r.t. or bcd
2° Alcohols H2/Ni || 140° !!′-=L + 4[#] *⎯, !!′-#— L#
OR Na(alc)
Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Acyl Chlorides and Anhydrides
Preparation of
∆ / bkrf8s
Carboxylic Acids from !-#$ L# + 2[L] *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !-LL# + #$ L
MnO4–/ H+ OR Cr2O72–
Oxidation of 1° Alcohol
Oxidation /H+
Preparation of
∆ | Reflux ∆ / bkrf8s
Carboxylic Acids from !-#=L + [L] *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !-LL#
Oxidation of Aldehydes
dil. H2SO4 / HCl lkrf8s
Preparation of ∆ | Reflux !-` + 2#$ L + #( *⎯⎯⎯, !-LL# + `#C (
Hydrolysis
Carboxylic Acids from NaOH(aq) followed by lkrf8s
(Acidic/Basic) !-` + 2#$ L + L#– *⎯⎯⎯, !-LL– + `#E
Hydrolysis of Nitriles dil. H2SO4 / HCl xy
∆ | Reflux !-LL– *, !-LL#
!-LL# + `3L# → !-LL– `3( + #$ L
Formation of
Acid-Base Reaction — 2!-LL# + `3$ -LE → 2!-LL– `3( + -L$ + #$ L
Carboxylate Salts
!-LL# + `3 → !-LL– `3( + 1ê2 #$
ã.NO PQR (bkrf8s
Esterification Formation of Esters c. H2SO4 || Reflux !-LL# + !′L# åçççççççççççé !-L— L!′ + #$ L
bcd
Formation of Acyl !-LL# + =-7t *⎯, !-L-7 + #-7 + =L-7E
Nuc Substitution SOCl2* or PCl5 || r.t. bcd
Chlorides !-LL# + uL-7$ *⎯, !-L-7 + #-7 + uL$ *
bcd
LiAlH4 in dry ether || !-LL# + 4[#] *⎯, !-#$ L# + #$ L
Reduction || Hydrolysis Reduction to 1° Alcohols
r.t. + H2O

4
 Other reducing agents %jïxR(ñóò)
ë !-L-#$ íììî + 2[#] *⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, !-#(L#)-#$ íììîô
can’t be used as
reduction is more
difficult
!-L— -7 + !′L# → !-L— L!′ + #-7
Esterification Alcohols
Name: R’–yl R-oate
Acyl
Ammonia !-L-7 + `#E → !-L`#$ + #-7
Chlorides r.t.
Nuc Addition
+ 1° Amines
!-L-7 + !′`#$ → !-L`#!′ + #-7
Name: N–R’–yl R–amide
Hydrolysis Water !-L-7 + #$ L → !-LL# + #-7
Preparation of Esters
ã.NO PQR (∆
from Carboxylic Acids + c. H2SO4 || ∆ !-LL# + !′L# åççççççé !-L— L!′ + #$ L
Alcohols
Esterification
Preparation of Esters
from Acyl Chlorides + r.t. !-L— -7 + !′L# → !-L— L!′ + #-7
Alcohols
Hydrolysis of Esters dil. H2SO4 / HCl x y (bkrf8s
(Acidic) Reflux !-LL!′ + #$ L åççççççé !-LL# + !′L#
NaOH(aq) followed by
Hydrolysis lkrf8s
Hydrolysis of Esters Alcohol/ Carboxylate !-LL!′ + `3L# *⎯⎯⎯, !-LL– `3( + !′L#
(Alkaline) Salt xy
!-LL– `3( *, !-LL# + `3(
Reflux
Benzene
∆
2H$ SOC + HNOE → `L$ ( + 2#uLC – +#E L(

c. H2SO4 || c. HNO3
ES Nitration of Benzene
|| >60°

5
 ES Bromination of Benzene Br2 || Fe | FeBr3

Free Radical
Chlorination of Benzene Limited Cl2 || UV
Substitution

Oxidation of MnO4–/ H+ || ∆
Oxidation Alkylbenzene to OR MnO4–/ OH– || ∆ ||
Carboxylic Acid H+

Extra Notes

Nucleophilic substitution — a nucleophile (contains a lone pair + negative charge) attacking a molecule that is electron deficient. This is
prevalent in halogenoalkanes due to the polar bond.

Electrophilic addition —when electrophiles (electron deficient/cations) molecules are combined with another molecule. And usually this happens
with alkenes. Alkenes have a double bond where pi bonds are present, and here it is dense
in electrons.

Polymerization — is the merging of several alkenes.

• Monomers → Polymers which are huge molecules with repeating units Ethene →
Polyethene.
o The doubles bonds are broken from ethene and actually a really long chain of
alkane is formed. Propene → Polypropylene
• Condensation polymerization can only happen when there are two reactive
functional groups. You must form chains on both ends! But addition polymerization
require double bond(s).

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 Further Reactions

Key:
|| – And | – Or