06-15-23

>cognitive science- interdiscilinary

many diff fields
anthropology, philosophy, etc

cognitive neuroscience

>diff part of the brain

>biological basis of cognition "hardware" ways we think

>lobes of the brain projection areas(where sensory processing occurs)
>sensory processing- function- respond to the sensory input of the brain
>back of the frontal lobe and front of the parietal lobe is where the projection
areas
>front edge of pl- primary somato sensory pa- processes sensory input
>r.e.(rear edge) of fl- primary motor pa- responds to the sensory input
>primary motor projection area- responds to sensory input(likod ng frontal lobe)
>primary somatosensory projection area- processes input(harap ng parietal lobe)

diff brain regions

> rostal- front part of the brain(anterior)
> ventral- bottom part of the brain
> caudal- (posterior) tails of the brain
> dorsal- (top)

neuronal structure and function

> the majority of our neurons
-neurocortex- brain organ, majority of the neurons focused on the brain itself
-neuronal- neuron cell

viewing the structures and functions of the brain

-postmortem- after death, studying of brain of dead people
-in vivo- living, study of brain of live people

postmortem studies(structural studies)

-postmortem- after
-phinwas gage
-paul broca's patient "tan"
- broca's area- ability to speak(tan lo
- postmortem examinations of victims of alzheimers
-lesioning(slicing) techniques provide the basic foundation for understanding the
relation of the brain to behavior
-they are limited in that they cannot be performed on the living brain.

in vivo studies: live nonhuman animals

-single-cell recordings, insert a very thin electrode
-electrode- conductor- flow of electricity in the neuron
-selective lesioning- surgically removing or damaging part of the brain- to observe
resulting functional deficits(live human being)
-genetic knockout procedures- using genetic manipulations, can be created that lack
certain kinds of cells or receptor in the brain.

electrical recordings
- electroencephalograms (eeg's)- recordings of long period of time
- mostly studies epilepsy
- brainwaves of human beings
eeg profiles obtained during various states of consciousness
-awake w/ mental activity- beta waves 14-30 Hz
-awake and resting- Alpha 8-13 Hz
-sleeping- theta 4-7 Hz
-deep sleep- delta <3.5 Hz
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06-16-23

static imaging techniques

-computed tomography(CT/ CAT)- CT SCAN CONSISTS of several x-ray images of the
brain taken from diff vantage points.
-angiography- examines the blood flow in the brain.
- detect strokes or aneurysms or arteriosclerosis.
- we use dye to see the blood flow in the brain
-magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) - reveals high resolution images to the structure
of the living brain
- structural mri's provide images of the brain size and shape
- functional mris visualize the parts of the brain that are activated during a
task.
- facilitates the detection of lesions, lesions associated with particular
disorder

metabolic imaging
- detect the change in the brain
- scientist attemlpt to pinpoint specialized areas for a task by using the
subtraction method
- resulting diff in activity is analyzed statistically. detemines which area are
responsible for performance of a particular task above and beyond the more
general activity
-cerebral oxygen extraction fraction(COEF)
-regional cerebral glucose metabolic crate(RCGMC)
- positron emission tomography(pet) scans- measure increases in oxygen consumption
in active brain areas during particular kinds of info processing.
-diagnosis of disorder
- pharmacological MRI(phMRI)- combines fMRI methods with the wstudy of
psychopharmacological agents.
- examine the influence and role of particular p. agents to the brain
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)- temporarily disrupts the normal act. of
the brain in alimited area.
- method is restricted
- fake lesions
- magnetoencephalography(meg)
- similar to MRI

in conclusion
- we cannot realistically study a brain or its contents and process in isolation
w/out also considering the entire human being.

Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology

how does scientific investigation work?

- theory dev
- hypotheses formulation
- hypotheses testing
- data gathering
 - data analysis

ecological validity
- degree to which particular findings in one context may be considered revelant
outside of that context

1. controlled laboratory experiments

- characterization
- an experimenter conducts research in a lab setting in which he controls as
many aspects of the experimental situation as possible
- advantages
- enables isolation of causal factors
- excelent means of testing hypotheses
- disadvantages
- often lack of ecological validity

2. Psychobiological research
- characterization
- studies the relationship between cog performance and cerebral events and
structure
- ex.; postmortem studies, animal studies, studies in vivo(PET, IMRI, EEG)
- advantages
- "hard" evidence of cog functions by relating them to physiological act
- disadvantages
- very expensive, risk of making inferences about normal functions based on
abnormal brain functioning

3. Self- reports
- Characterization
- partcipants's reports of own cognition in progress or as recollected
- advantages
- allow us to use introspective insights from participants pov, which may be
unavailble via other means
- disadvantages
- inability to report on proceses occuring outside conscious awareness
- data gathering may influence cognitive process being reported
- can lead to dishonesty

4. Case studies
- charac
- intensive study of a single individual
- advantages
- richly
- disadvantages
-

5. Naturalistic Observation
- charac
- observing real- life situations, as in classroom, work, settings, or homes
- advantages
- high ecological work
- disadvantages
- lack of experimental control

6. Computer simulations and artificial intellegence

- charac
- simulation: attempts to make computers simulate human cog per
- advantages
- clear testing of theoriticals and prediction
 - disadavantages
- expensive and hard to find hardware

key themes in cognitive psychology

1. data w/out a theory is meaningless, theory w/out data is empty

-ex: observation of people's ability to recognize
-a theory provides
- an explanation data
-basis for prediction of other data

2. Cognitive processes interact w/ each other and w/ non cognitive processes

- study specific cog processes in isolation, they know that cog processes work
together
-processes involve emoetion & action

3. cog needs to be studied through a variety of scientific methods

- there is no one right way to study method

4. basic research in cognitive psychology may lead to application, applied

research may lead to basic understanding
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06-21-23

module

gibson theory

written long pad

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06-22-23

bottom up theories
- basic visual feautures
- shapes, lines, and colors

gibson's theory
- info to perceive amd understand the environment
- no need of complex processes
- ecological perception
- our brain is basing on the context
direct perception and emotions
- base on context of the environtment
- no need a complex computations in the brain to determine

template matching theory

- myriad sets of templates
- template> imagining
- to acquire these templates is through experience
- in long term memory
- for fast recognition
- problem in template matching theory
- we are able to recognize variations in stimuli

feature- matching theory

- features of images that assembles the whole
- not looking or focusing in the template but the features
- we matched features to the stimuli
- pandemonium model
- our perceptions of objects
- image demons- receives sensory input
- feature demons- decodes specific features
- cognitive demon- shout out possibible patterns stored in memory that
conform to one or more of the features
- Decision demon- decides on what has been seen. based on which cognitive
demon is shouting the most frequently
- collaboration of 4 demons playing in our mind

Global precedence effect

- global features> large scale features- whole
- local features> tinier components of global features
- global first then local feature

LOcal Precedence effect

- vice versa of the global precedence effect
- looking at first in the details or the tinier/local features
- then looking in the global or the whole

Recognition by components(rbc) theory

- structural depiction theory
- ability to perceive 3-d objects w/ help of simple geometric shapes called
geons
- we are able to determine an object because of the geons or the components
of the environment
- limitations of rbc theory
- light, color, shade

top down theories

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06-23-23

Top down theories

- start w/ complex mental processes to brain stimuli
- constructive perception
- higher lvl cog processes to lower lvl of sensory processes
- perceiver> it can be subjective
- subjective experience

Context effects
- influences of the surrounding environment on perception

Configural-superiority effect
- configurations are more complex than those in isolation
- complex objects
- base on the context

object superiority effect

-
Word Superiority effect
- familiar word is more easier
- context> how world make sense to you

Bottom up & top down theories

- they are both correct, it depends how a person use or see things

bottom up vs top down

-

integration of the two theories

- complementary
- we both use the 2 theories in real life
- bottom up- looking at features like lines shape etc
- top down- complex mental processes- context

Perception of objects and forms

- 3 basic orientation in perceiving object and forms

1. viewer-centered representation
- base on the subject perspective
- adjust> brain adjust our perspective in the same object
- our brain adjust the angles of the object in a 3d mannaer

2. object- centered representation

- relying on the object
- independent of the viewer's perspective or pov

3. Landmark-centered representation
- use a prominent item

4. Pattern Recognition system

- how do we know how to write letter or number
1. Feature analysis system
- focuses on local feature
- by breaking down complex pattern

2. Configurational system
- recognize larger configurations that look at the global features

Neuroscience of facial and pattern recognition

-Fusiform gyrus> Face recognition occurs, at least in part, in the fusiform
gyrus of the temporal lobe
- what pathway/ stream
-Expert individuation hypothesis> the fusiform gyrus is
activated when one examines items with which one has visual expertise.

Theory of Separate Systems

- explains the existence of seperate visual pathways
- supported by deficits of perception

Disruption of the “what” pathway

- Agnosia> Inability to recognize and identify objects or people
- dont have the ability to perceive things
 - dont recognizes your own face or other people
- one stimulus a time

Disruption of the “how” pathway

- optic ataxia
- An impairment in the ability to use the
visual system to guide movement