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Symbolic Logic

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ZSHNFKC
J KFBCJ

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^AKAWLE] FG ]DA Z]QMSCEB ZSHNFKCJ
KFBCJ?
⮟ wly tf raprasaet kfbcjlk axprasscfes ny usceb syhnfks lem vlrclnkas ce pklja fg elturlk
klebulba, sujd ls Aebkcsd, ce frmar tf rahfva vlbuaeass.

⮟ Kfbcjlk axprasscfes lra stltahaets tdlt dlva l trutd vlkua? tday lra actdar trua fr glksa.

⮟ Ct dakps us tf dlva nattar uemarstlem wctd hltdahltcjs.

⮟ Ct prfvcmas qucji lem hfra ljjurlta rasukt tf matarhcea tda vlkcmcty fg tda lrbuhaets.
KFBCJLK ZSHNFKZ

• Prfpfsctcfelk vlrclnkas fr akahaets raprasaets jle na?

p,q,r,s,t

Jfhhfeky usam?

p ‚ stlems gfr stltahaet <

q ‚ stlems gfr stltahaet >

• ] syhnfkcza ]^QA

• G syhnfkcza GLKZA
]DA KLR FG ]DFQBD]Z

⮟ L bucma cmaetcgy tda gljtulkcty fr jartlcety fg tda fnoajt.

<. Klw fg Cmaetcty - Rdlt ct cs wdlt ct cs.p cs p lem q cs q axlhpka9 hle cs hle lem jdlcr cs
jdlcr. ]dcs klw updfkms tdlt tarhs usa sdfukm na tda slha haleceb tf tda lumcaeja lem tda
jfemujtfr. Axlhpka? L mfb cs l mfb. L jlt cs l jlt. ]daragfra, L mfb cs eft l jlt.
>. Klw fg Jfetrlmcjtcfe - ]dcebs jleeft na lem eft na lt tda slha tcha. Axlhpka? yfu jleeft
sct lem stlem lt tda slha tcha.
:. - ]da tdceb cs atdar cs fr eft. tdara cs fr lem najlusa ct vcfkltas tda
Klw fg Axjkumam Hcmmka
gcrst twf klws. Axlhpka?yfu jleeft na nftd nalutcguk lem ubky. ct cs actdar yfur ubky fr
nalutcguk.
Z]L]AHAE]Z

❗ Zchpka stltahaets - jfevay fea cmal wctd ef jfeeajeb wfrms.

Axlhpkas?
<. ]fmly cs Hfemly.
>. Olea cs altceb l pca.
:. Nfn trcas mlejceb tfmly.

❗ Jfhpfuem stltahaets ‚ stltahaets wdcjd jfhncea twf fr hfra schpka saetaejas usceb
jfeeajvas.
Ax fg jfeeajtcvas?
Lem
Fr
cg… tdae
cg lem feky cg
 KFBCJLK JFEZ]LE]Z/JFEEAJ]CWAZ

❜ ]day lra tda akahaets ce l stltahaet fr lrbuhaet tdlt prfvcmas tda stltahaet wctd cts
gfrh lem strujtura.
❜ ]dasa akahaets fgtae vlry grfh fea stltahaet tf leftdar fr gfrh fea lrbuhaet tf

leftdar.
❜ ]dara lra gcva kfbcjlk jfeeajtcvas9Eabltcfe, Jfemctcfelk, Jfeouejtcfe, Mcsouejtcfe lem

Ncjfemctcfelk

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KFBCJLK JFEZ]LE]Z/JFEEAJ]CWAZ

< Eabltcfe Eft ” fr syhnfk∻

> Jfeouejtcfe Lem, Nut, yat, eavartdakass mft ‛.‘ fr ‛Ɂ‘

: Mcsouejtcfe Fr ‛W‘ fr ‛vak‘ scbe

= Jfemctcfelk Cg… ]dae… ⊊ fr

1 Ncjfemctcfelk Cg … lem feky cg … ]dae tdraa nlr syhnfk ≬ fr

EABL]CFE Z]L]AHAE]

❗ Ct cs tda fppfscta trutd vlkua grfh tda stltahaet.eft( )

]lnka?

Eabltcfe

p ∻ p

] G

G ]
JFEOQEJ]CFE Z]L]AHAE]Z

❗ Cgp lem q lra twf schpka stltahaets, tdae tda jfhpfuem stltahaet ‛p‘ lem ‛q‘ cs syhnfkczamp
Ɂ q

Kat p lem q raprasaet tda gfkkfwceb schpka stltahaets?

▯ (p) Ct cs lgtar = ph.
▯ (q) ]day lra stumyceb.
Axarjcsa? wrcta ct ce syhnfkcj gfrh?
l) ct cs lgtar = ph lem tday lra stumyceb.
n) ct cs lgtar = ph lem tday lra eft stumyceb.
JFEOQEJ]CFE Z]L]AHAE]Z

❗]lnka?
Jfeouejtcfe Ɂ
p q p Ɂ q

] ] ]
] G G
G ] G
G G G

❗ Ct cs feky trua wdae nftd stltahaets lra trua.

MCZOQEJ]CFE Z]L]AHAE]Z

❗ ]dus, ‛ p fr q‘ cs syhnfkczam nyp Wq

Kat p lem q raprasaet tda gfkkfwceb schpka stltahaets?
▯ (p) ]da nckk rajacvas hlofrcty lpprfvlk.
▯ (q) ]da nckk najfhas l klw.

Axarjcsa? wrcta ct ce syhnfkcj gfrh?

l) ]da nckk rajacvas hlofrcty lpprfvlk fr tda nckk najfhas l klw.
n) ]da nckk rajacvas hlofrcty lpprfvlk fr tda nckk mfas eft najfhas l klw.
MCZOQEJ]CFE Z]L]AHAE]Z

❗]lnka?
Mcsouejtcfe W
p q p Wq
] ] ]
] G ]
G ] ]
G G G

❗ Feky glksa wdae nftd stltahaets lra glksa.

JFEMC]CFELK Z]L]AHAE]Z

❗ ]da jfhpfuem stltahaet ‛cg p, tdae q cs syhnfkczam nyp q fr p ⊊ q

letajamaet jfesaquaet

Kat p lem q raprasaet tda gfkkfwceb schpka stltahaets?

▯ (p) L parsfe cs l gltdar.
▯ (q) L parsfe cs l hlka.
Axarjcsa? wrcta ct ce syhnfkcj gfrh?
l) Cg l parsfe cs l gltdar, tdae tdlt parsfe cs l hlka.
n) Cg l parsfe cs eft l hlka, tdae tdlt parsfe cs eft l gltdar.
JFEMC]CFELK Z]L]AHAE]Z

❗]lnka?
Jfemctcfelk ⊊ fr

p q p q

] ] ]
] G G
G ] ]
G G ]

❗ Cg tda (cg) dypftdascs cs trua lem tda (tdae) jfejkuscfe cs glksa ]da Wlkua cs
Glksa.
NCJFEMC]CFELK Z]L]AHAE]Z

❗ ]dasa lra stltahaets tdlt lra trua cg tda stltahaet cs stckk trua wdae tda letajamaet lem
p ≬ q fr p
jfesaquaejas lra ravarsam. Ct syhnfkczam q
Kat p lem q raprasaet tda gfkkfwceb schpka stltahaets?
▯ (p) L parsfe cs l gltdar.
▯ (q) L parsfe cs l hlka.

Axarjcsa? wrcta ct ce syhnfkcj gfrh?

l) Cg l parsfe cs l hlka, tdae l parsfe cs l gltdar.
n) Cg l parsfe cs l gltdar, tdae tdlt parsfe cs l hlka.(^avarsam)
 NCJFEMC]CFELK Z]L]AHAE]Z

❗]lnka?
Ncjfemctcfelk ≬ fr
p q p q q p p q

] ] ] ] ]
] G G ] G
G ] ] G G
G G ] ] ]

❗ Feky ]rua wdae nftd dypftdascs lem jfejkuscfe cs trua F^ nftd

dypftdascs lem jfejkuscfe cs glksa.

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