Chapter 6: Representing Molecules

Solution Manual for Chemistry Atoms First 2nd Edition

Burdge Professor ISBN 0073511188 9780073511184
Full download link at:
Test bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-chemistry-atoms-
first-2nd-edition-burdge-professor-isbn-0073511188-9780073511184/
Solution manual: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-
chemistry-atoms-first-2nd-edition-burdge-professor-isbn-0073511188-
9780073511184/
Chapter 6
Representing Molecules
Practice Problems C

6.1 HCl (right), LiH (left)

6.2 Yellow. These two elements would form an ionic compound.

6.3 black < blue < green

6.4 (i) is not correct; there are only eight valence electrons (should have ten); neither N nor C has an octet.

(ii) is not correct; C has too many valence electrons (has twelve); O has too few (each has six).

(iii) is not correct; S has too few valence electrons (needs two more).

6.5
(i) (ii) (iii)
(a) Group 7A 0 +1 +2
(b) Group 5A –2 –1 0
(c) Group 3A –4 –3 –2

6.6 (i) 4A, (ii) 6A, (iii) 5A, (iv) 4A

6.7 (i) is not a resonance structure of the original because it is a different arrangement of atoms.

(iii) is not a resonance structure because it has too many electrons.

(ii) and (iv) are resonance structures of the original.

6.8 AB, AB2, and AB3

6.9 P can violate the octet rule and form more than the three bonds in PCl 3 by accepting additional electrons in
empty outer d orbitals; N does not have any d orbitals to violate the octet rule and so cannot form more than
the three bonds in NCl3.

186
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or
part.
 Chapter 6: Representing Molecules

6.10 In the order of decreasing formal charge, the list of structures is ii > iii > i.

Key Skills

6.1 a, c
6.2 b, e
6.3 c
6.4 a

Questions and Problems

6.1 Lewis first suggested that a chemical bond involves atoms that share electrons. He summarized much
of his theory of chemical bonding with the octet rule.

6.2 A Lewis symbol consists of an element’s symbol surrounded by dots representing the valence electrons.
A Lewis structure is a representation of the covalent bonds in a molecule.

6.3 Lone pairs are nonbonding electrons. Example:

A Lewis structure is a representation of covalent bonding. Example:

The octet rule says that atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve noble gas configuration.
Example:

Bond length is defined as the distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms in a molecule.

Example:

6.4 The valence subshells of first-period elements can hold only two electrons, but in second-period
elements the subshells can hold a total of eight electrons. So, it is mainly second-period elements that
lose, gain, or share electrons attain the noble gas configuration. The octet rule can be violated by
higher-period elements expanding their valence shells into empty d orbitals.

6.5 According to the octet rule, atoms without d orbitals will lose, gain, or share electrons to achieve a noble gas
electron configuration. For hydrogen, the octet rule dictates that it has two electrons, giving it the
electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas, helium.

6.6 If the bond is formed between two atoms and consists of one shared pair of electrons, it is called a
single bond. A double bond is a multiple bond in which the atoms share two pairs of electrons; in a
triple bond, atoms share three pairs of electrons.

Single bond
e.g., C–C in ethane (C2H6)
Double bond
e.g., C=C in ethylene (C2H4)
Triple bond

187
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or
part.
 Chapter 6: Representing Molecules

e.g., C≡C in acetylene (C2H2)

Single bonds are longer than double bonds, and double bonds are longer than triple bonds.

6.7 Bond length is defined as the distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms in a molecule.
For a given pair of atoms (identical atoms), triple bonds are shorter than double bonds and double bonds are
shorter than single bonds. The shorter multiple bonds are also shorter than single bonds. The bond strength
can be quantified by measuring the quantity of energy required to break off. Because multiple bonds involve
the sharing of multiple pairs of electrons, the bond energies of double and triple bonds between two atoms
are higher than that of a single bond between the same atoms. In short, when bond length decreases, the
bond strength increases.

6.8 a. I and Cl should form a covalent compound; both the elements are nonmetals. The only possibility would
be ICl, iodine chloride.

b. Mg and F will form an ionic compound; Mg is a metal, whereas F is a nonmetal. The substance will be
MgF2, magnesium fluoride.

6.9 a. covalent; BF3; boron trifluoride b. ionic; KBr; potassium bromide

6.10 Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a compound to draw electrons to itself that it shares in a
chemical bond with another atom, whereas electron affinity refers to an isolated atom’s ability to
attract an additional electron in the gas phase. Electron affinity is an experimentally measurable
quantity, whereas electronegativity is an estimated number that cannot be measured directly.

In general, electronegativity increases from left to right across a period in the periodic table. Within a
group, electronegativity decreases with increasing atomic number.

6.11 A polar covalent bond is a bond in which electrons are shared but are not shared equally by the two
atoms.

e.g., water molecule: ; hydrogen chloride molecule:

6.12 Strategy: Rearrange Equation 6.1 to solve for Q. Convert the resulting charge in coulombs to charge in
units of electronic charge.

Setup: The dipole moments must be converted from debye to C  m and the distance between the ions
must be converted to meters.
3.336 1030 C  m
µ = 1.24 D   4.137 1030 C  m
1D

11010 m
r = 1.57 Å   1.57 1010 m
1Å

Solution: In coulombs:

µ 4.137 1030 C  m
Q  10
 2.635 1020 C
r 1.57 10 m

188
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or
part.
 Chapter 6: Representing Molecules

In units of electronic charge:

1 e
2.635 1020 C   0.164 e
1.6022 1019 C

Therefore, the partial charges on Cl and O in ClO are +0.164 and –0.164, respectively.

6.13 Strategy: Use Equation 6.1 to solve for the dipole moment, µ, of AlF.

Setup: The partial charges on Al and F are +0.019 and –0.019, respectively. In units of electronic
charge, this is 0.019 e–.
The charge units of electronic charge must be converted to coulombs and the distance between
the partial charges converted to meters. The calculated dipole moments should be expressed as
debyes (1 D = 3.336 × 10–30 C · m).

1.6022 1019 C
0.019 e   3.044 1021 C
1 e

1.0  1012 m
165 pm   1.65  1010 m
1 pm

Solution: µ=Q×r

µ   3.044 1021 C   1.65 1010 m 

µ = 5.023 × 10–31 C  m

Converting to debyes gives

1D
µ = 5.023 1031 C  m   0.151 D
3.336 1030 C  m

6.14 Strategy: Use Equation 6.1 to calculate the dipole moment of BrF assuming that the charges on Br and F
are +1 and –1, respectively; and use Equation 6.2 to calculate percent ionic character. The
magnitude of the charges must be expressed in coulombs (1 e– = 1.6022 × 10–19 C); the bond
length (r) must be expressed in meters (1 Å = 1 × 10–10 m); and the calculated dipole moment
should be expressed in debyes (1 D = 3.336 × 10–30 C  m).

Setup: The bond length is 1.76 Å (1.76 × 10 –10 m) and the measured dipole moment of BrF is 1.42 D.

Solution: The expected dipole moment if the magnitude of charges were 1.6022 × 10–19 C is

µ=Q×r

µ = (1.6022 × 10–19 C) × (1.76 × 10–10 m)

µ = 2.820 × 10–29 C · m

189
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or
part.
 Chapter 6: Representing Molecules

Converting to debyes gives:

1D
2.820 1029 C  m   8.4532 D
3.336 1030 C  m

The percent ionic character of the Br–F bond is:

1.42 D
100 %  16.8%
8.4532 D

6.15 Strategy: Use Equation 6.1 to calculate the dipole moment of BaO assuming that the charges on Ba and O
are +2 and –2, respectively. Then, rearrange Equation 6.2 to solve for the measured (observed)
dipole moment. The magnitude of the charges must be expressed in coulombs (1 e– = 1.6022 ×
10–19 C; therefore 2 e– = 2 × 1.6022 × 10–19 C, or 3.2044 × 10–19 C). The bond length (r) must be
expressed in meters (1 pm = 1 × 10–12 m); and the measured dipole moments should be
expressed in debyes (1 D = 3.336 × 10–30 C·m).

Setup: The bond length is 194 pm (1.94 × 10 –10 m) and the percent ionic character of the Ba–O bond is
85.3% or 85.3/100 = 0.853.

Solution: The expected dipole moment if the magnitude of charges were 3.2044 × 10–19 C is:

µ=Q×r

µ = (3.2044 × 10–19 C) × (1.94 × 10–10 m)

µ = 6.217 × 10–29 C · m

Converting to debyes gives:

1D
6.217 1029 C  m   18.636 D
3.336 1030 C  m

The measured dipole moment of the Ba–O bond is:

µmeasured
 0.853
18.636 D

µmeasured = (18.636 D) × (0.853)

µmeasured = 15.9 D

The measured dipole moment of the Ba–O bond is 15.9 D.

6.16 We calculate the electronegativity differences for each pair of atoms:

BY: 3.8  3.3  0.5; RY: 3.3  2.8  0.5; GY: 3.3  1.3  2.0; BG: 3.8  1.3  2.5

190
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or
part.
Another document from Scribd.com that is
random and unrelated content:
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3,
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees.
YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR
BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN
PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS
AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL,
DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending
a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is
also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties

or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any
disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the
state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to
make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this
agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation,

the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or
cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work,
(b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project

Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of

electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals
and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely
available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and
permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To
learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and
how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
 Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit

501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state
of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue
Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is
64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal
laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date
contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official
page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without

widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States.
Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable
effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these
requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not
received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or
determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we

have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any
statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside
the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™

concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with
anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the
U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility:
www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including

how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe
to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.