Test Bank for Chemistry An Introduction to General

Organic and Biological Chemistry 13th Edition Timberlake

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An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 13e (Timberlake)
Chapter 6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds

6.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) In ionic compounds, ________ lose their valence electrons to form positively charged
________.
A) metals, anions
B) nonmetals, cations
C) metals, polyatomic ions
D) nonmetals, anions
E) metals, cations
Answer: E
Page Ref: 6.1
Learning Obj.: 6.1
Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across
chemistry.

2) How many electrons will aluminum gain or lose when it forms an ion?
A) lose 1
B) gain 5
C) lose 2
D) lose 3
E) gain 1
Answer: D
Page Ref: 6.1
Learning Obj.: 6.1
Global Outcomes: G4 Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry.

3) What is the symbol for the ion with 19 protons and 18 electrons?
A) F+
B) F-
C) Ar+
D) K-
E) K+
Answer: E
Page Ref: 6.1
Learning Obj.: 6.1
Global Outcomes: G4 Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry.
1
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 2
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
4) To form an ion, a sodium atom ________.
A) gains one electron
B) gains two electrons
C) loses seven electrons
D) loses one electron
E) loses two electrons
Answer: D
Page Ref: 6.1
Learning Obj.: 6.1
Global Outcomes: G4 Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry.

5) An anion always ________.

A) has a positive charge
B) contains a group of two or more atoms with a positive charge
C) contains a metal and a nonmetal
D) forms covalent bonds
E) has a negative charge
Answer: E
Page Ref: 6.1
Learning Obj.: 6.1
Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across
chemistry.

6) What is the ionic charge of an ion with 13 protons and 10 electrons?

A) 1+
B) 2+
C) 3+
D) 2-
E) 3-
Answer: C
Page Ref: 6.1
Learning Obj.: 6.1
Global Outcomes: G4 Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry.

7) The number of electrons in an ion with 16 protons and an ionic charge of 2- is ________.
A) 16
B) 18
C) 20
D) 22
E) 24
Answer: B
Page Ref: 6.1
Learning Obj.: 6.1
Global Outcomes: G4 Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry.

3
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
8) Elements in group 2A (2) of the periodic table form ions with a charge of ________.
A) 1+
B) 1-
C) 2+
D) 3+
E) 0
Answer: C
Page Ref: 6.1
Learning Obj.: 6.1
Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across
chemistry.

9) The ion of aluminum is ________.

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Answer: C
Page Ref: 6.1
Learning Obj.: 6.1
Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across
chemistry.

10) How many electrons will chlorine gain or lose when it forms an ion?
A) lose 1
B) gain 1
C) lose 7
D) gain 2
E) lose 3
Answer: B
Page Ref: 6.1
Learning Obj.: 6.1
Global Outcomes: G4 Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry.

11) When a cation is formed from a representative element ________.

A) electrons are gained and the ion is larger
B) electrons are gained and the ion is smaller
C) electrons are lost and the ion is larger
D) electrons are lost and the ion is smaller
E) the cation acquires a negative charge
Answer: D
Page Ref: 6.1
Learning Obj.: 6.1
Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across
chemistry.

4
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
12) What is the ionic charge of an ion with 38 protons and 36 electrons?
A) 1+
B) 2+
C) 3+
D) 2-
E) 3-
Answer: B
Page Ref: 6.1
Learning Obj.: 6.1
Global Outcomes: G4 Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry.

13) What is the correct formula for the oxide ion?

A)
B) O
C)
D)
E)
Answer: A
Page Ref: 6.1
Learning Obj.: 6.1
Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across
chemistry.

14) An ionic compound ________.

A) has a net positive charge
B) has a net negative charge
C) contains only cations
D) contains only anions
E) has a net charge of zero
Answer: E
Page Ref: 6.2
Learning Obj.: 6.2
Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across
chemistry.

15) The correct formula for a compound formed from the elements Al and O is ________.
A) AlO
B) O
C)
D) Al
E)
Answer: E
Page Ref: 6.2
Learning Obj.: 6.2
Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across
chemistry.
5
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Orophernes, a man who seized the kingdom of Cappadocia. He died
B.C. 154.

Orōpus, a town of Bœotia, on the borders of Attica, near the Euripus,

which received its name from Oropus, a son of Macedon. It was the
frequent cause of quarrels between the Bœotians and the Athenians,
whence some have called it one of the cities of Attica, and was at last
confirmed in the possession of the Athenians by Philip king of
Macedon. Amphiaraus had a temple there. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 34.
—Strabo, bk. 9.――A small town of Eubœa.――Another in
Macedonia.

Orosius, a Spanish writer, A.D. 416, who published a universal history,

in seven books, from the creation to his own time, in which, though
learned, diligent, and pious, he betrayed a great ignorance of the
knowledge of historical facts, and of chronology. The best edition is
that of Havercamp, 4to, Leiden, 1767.

Orospeda, a mountain of Spain. Strabo, bk. 3.

Orpheus, a son of Œager by the muse Calliope. Some suppose him to be

the son of Apollo, to render his birth more illustrious. He received a
lyre from Apollo, or, according to some, from Mercury, upon which
he played with such a masterly hand, that even the most rapid rivers
ceased to flow, the savage beasts of the forest forgot their wildness,
and the mountains moved to listen to his song. All nature seemed
charmed and animated, and the nymphs were his constant
companions. Eurydice was the only one who made a deep impression
on the melodious musician, and their nuptials were celebrated. Their
happiness, however, was short; Aristaeus became enamoured of
Eurydice, and, as she fled from her pursuer, a serpent, that was
lurking in the grass, bit her foot, and she died of the poisonous
wound. Her loss was severely felt by Orpheus, and he resolved to
recover her, or perish in the attempt. With his lyre in his hand, he
entered the infernal regions, and gained an easy admission to the
palace of Pluto. The king of hell was charmed with the melody of his
strains; and, according to the beautiful expressions of the poets, the
wheel of Ixion stopped, the stone of Sisyphus stood still, Tantalus
forgot his perpetual thirst, and even the Furies relented. Pluto and
Proserpine were moved with his sorrow, and consented to restore him
Eurydice, provided he forbore looking behind till he had come to the
extremest borders of hell. The conditions were gladly accepted, and
Orpheus was already in sight of the upper regions of the air, when he
forgot his promises, and turned back to look at his long-lost
Eurydice. He saw her, but she instantly vanished from his eyes. He
attempted to follow her, but he was refused admission; and the only
comfort he could find, was to soothe his grief at the sound of his
musical instrument, in grottoes, or on the mountains. He totally
separated himself from the society of mankind; and the Thracian
women, whom he had offended by his coldness to their amorous
passion, or, according to others, by his unnatural gratifications and
impure indulgencies, attacked him while they celebrated the orgies of
Bacchus, and after they had torn his body to pieces, they threw his
head into the Hebrus, which still articulated the words “Eurydice!
Eurydice” as it was carried down the stream into the Ægean sea.
Orpheus was one of the Argonauts, of which celebrated expedition
he wrote a poetical account, still extant. This is doubted by Aristotle,
who says, according to Cicero, that there never existed an Orpheus,
but that the poems which pass under his name are the compositions
of a Pythagorean philosopher named Cecrops. According to some of
the moderns, the Argonautica, and the other poems attributed to
Orpheus, are the production of the pen of Onomacritus, a poet who
lived in the age of Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. Pausanias, however,
and Diodorus Siculus, speak of Orpheus as a great poet and
musician, who rendered himself equally celebrated by his knowledge
of the art of war, by the extent of his understanding, and by the laws
which he enacted. Some maintain that he was killed by a thunderbolt.
He was buried at Pieria in Macedonia, according to Apollodorus. The
inhabitants of Dion boasted that his tomb was in their city, and the
people of mount Libethrus, in Thrace, claimed the same honour, and
further observed, that the nightingales, which built their nests near
his tomb, sang with greater melody than all other birds. Orpheus, as
some report, after death received divine honours, the muses gave an
honourable burial to his remains, and his lyre became one of the
constellations in the heavens. The best edition of Orpheus is that of
Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1764. Diodorus, bk. 1, &c.—Pausanias,
bk. 1, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.—Cicero, de Natura
Deorum, bk. 1, ch. 38.—Apollonius, bk. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6,
li. 645; Georgics, bk. 4, li. 457, &c.—Hyginus, fable 14, &c.—Ovid,
 Metamorphoses, bk. 10, fable 1, &c.; bk. 11, fable 1.—Plato,
Republic, bk. 10.—Horace, bk. 1, odes 13 & 35.—Orpheus.

Orphĭca, a name by which the orgies of Bacchus were called, because

they had been introduced in Europe from Egypt by Orpheus.

Orphne, a nymph of the infernal regions, mother of Ascalaphus by

Acheron. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 542.

Orsedĭce, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. Apollodorus.

Orseis, a nymph who married Hellen. Apollodorus.

Orsillus, a Persian who fled to Alexander, when Bessus murdered

Darius. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Orsilŏchus, a son of Idomeneus, killed by Ulysses in the Trojan war, &c.

Homer, Odyssey, bk. 13, li. 260.――A son of the river
Alpheus.――A Trojan killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars, &c.
Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, lis. 636 & 690.

Orsīnes, one of the officers of Darius at the battle of Arbela. Curtius,

bk. 10, ch. 1.

Orsippus, a man of Megara, who was prevented from obtaining a prize

at the Olympic games, because his clothes were entangled as he ran.
This circumstance was the cause that, for the future, all the
combatants were obliged to appear naked. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44.

Marcus Ortalus, a grandson of Hortensius, who was induced to marry

by a present from Augustus, who wished that ancient family not to be
extinguished. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 37.—Valerius Maximus,
bk. 3, ch. 5.—Suetonius, Tiberius.

Orthagŏras, a man who wrote a treatise on India, &c. Ælian, de Natura

Animalium.――A musician in the age of Epaminondas.――A tyrant
of Sicyon, who mingled severity with justice in his government. The
sovereign authority remained upwards of 100 years in his family.

Orthæa, a daughter of Hyacinthus. Apollodorus.

Orthe, a town of Magnesia. Pliny.

Orthia, a surname of Diana at Sparta. In her sacrifices it was usual for
boys to be whipped. See: Diamastigosis. Plutarch, Theseus, &c.

Orthosia, a town of Caria. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 25.――Of Phœnicia. Pliny,
bk. 5, ch. 20.

Orthrus, or Orthos, a dog which belonged to Geryon, from which and

the Chimæra sprung the Sphinx and the Nemæan lion. He had two
heads, and was sprung from the union of Echidna and Typhon. He
was destroyed by Hercules. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 310.—
Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Ortōna. See: Artona.

Ortygia, a grove near Ephesus. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 16.――A

small island of Sicily, within the bay of Syracuse, which formed once
one of the four quarters of that great city. It was in this island that the
celebrated fountain Arethusa arose. Ortygia is now the only part
remaining of the once famed Syracuse, about two miles in
circumference, and inhabited by 18,000 souls. It has suffered, like the
towns on the eastern coast, by the eruptions of Ætna. Virgil, Æneid,
bk. 3, li. 694.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 403.――An ancient
name of the island of Delos. Some suppose that it received this name
from Latona, who fled thither when changed into a quail (ὀρτυξ) by
Jupiter, to avoid the pursuit of Juno. Diana was called Ortygia, as
being born there; as also Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1,
li. 651; Fasti, bk. 5, li. 692.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 124.

Ortygius, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 573.

Orus, or Horus, one of the gods of the Egyptians, son of Osiris and Isis.
He assisted his mother in avenging his father, who had been
murdered by Typhon. Orus was skilled in medicine, he was
acquainted with futurity, and he made the good and the happiness of
his subjects the sole object of his government. He was the emblem of
the sun among the Egyptians, and he was generally represented as an
infant, swathed in variegated clothes. In one hand he held a staff,
which terminated in the head of a hawk, in the other a whip with
three thongs. Herodotus, bk. 2.—Plutarch, Iside et Osiride.—
Diodorus, bk. 1.――The first king of Trœzene. Pausanias, bk. 2,
ch. 30.
Oryander, a satrap of Persia, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7.

Oryx, a place of Arcadia on the Ladon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Osaces, a Parthian general, who received a mortal wound from Cassius.

Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 5, ltr. 20.

Osca, a town of Spain, now Huesca, in Arragon. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 10.

Oschophŏria, a festival observed by the Athenians. It receives its name

ἀπο του φερειν τας ὀσχας, from carrying boughs hung up with
grapes, called ὀσχαι. Its original institution is thus mentioned by
Plutarch, Theseus. Theseus, at his return from Crete, forgot to hang
out the white sail by which his father was to be apprised of his
success. This neglect was fatal to Ægeus, who threw himself into the
sea and perished. Theseus no sooner reached the land, than he sent a
herald to inform his father of his safe return, and in the mean time he
began to make the sacrifices which he vowed when he first set sail
from Crete. The herald, on his entrance into the city, found the
people in great agitation. Some lamented the king’s death, while
others, elated at the sudden news of the victory of Theseus, crowned
the herald with garlands in demonstration of their joy. The herald
carried back the garlands on his staff to the sea-shore, and after he
had waited till Theseus had finished his sacrifice, he related the
melancholy story of the king’s death. Upon this, the people ran in
crowds to the city, showing their grief by cries and lamentations.
From that circumstance, therefore, at the feast of the Oschophoria,
not the herald but his staff is crowned with garlands, and all the
people that are present always exclaim ἐλελευ, ιου, ιου, the first of
which expresses haste, and the other a consternation or depression of
spirits. The historian further mentions that Theseus, when he went to
Crete, did not take with him the usual number of virgins, but that,
instead of two of them, he filled up the number with two youths of
his acquaintance, whom he made pass for women, by disguising their
dress, and by using them to the ointment and perfumes of women, as
well as by a long and successful imitation of their voice. The
imposition succeeded; their sex was not discovered in Crete, and
when Theseus had triumphed over the Minotaur, he, with these two
youths, led a procession with branches in their hands, in the same
habit which is still used at the celebration of the Oschophoria. The
 branches which were carried were in honour of Bacchus or of
Ariadne, or because they returned in autumn when the grapes were
ripe. Besides this procession, there was also a race exhibited, in
which only young men whose parents were both alive were permitted
to engage. It was usual for them to run from the temple of Bacchus to
that of Minerva, which was on the sea-shore. The place where they
stopped was called ὀσχοφοριον, because the boughs which they
carried in their hands were deposited there. The reward of the
conqueror was a cup called τεντα πλοα, five-fold, because it
contained a mixture of five different things—wine, honey, cheese,
meal, and oil. Plutarch, Theseus.

Osci, a people between Campania and the country of the Volsci, who
assisted Turnus against Æneas. Some suppose that they are the same
as the Opici, the word Osci being a diminutive or abbreviation of the
other. The language, the plays, and ludicrous expressions of this
nation, are often mentioned by the ancients, and from their indecent
tendency some suppose the word obscænum (quasi oscenum) is
derived. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 14.—Cicero, Letters to his
Friends, bk. 7, ltr. 1.—Livy, bk. 10, ch. 20.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Pliny,
bk. 3, ch. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 730.

Oscius, a mountain, with a river of the same name, in Thrace.

Thucydides.

Oscus, a general of the fleet of the emperor Otho. Tacitus, bk. 1,

Histories, bk. 17.

Osi, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, chs. 28 & 43.

Osinius, a king of Clusium, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Virgil,

Æneid, bk. 10, li. 655.

Osīris, a great deity of the Egyptians, son of Jupiter and Niobe. All the
ancients greatly differ in their opinions concerning this celebrated
god, but they all agree that, as king of Egypt, he took particular care
to civilize his subjects, to polish their morals, to give them good and
salutary laws, and to teach them agriculture. After he had
accomplished a reform at home, Osiris resolved to go and spread
cultivation in the other parts of the earth. He left his kingdom to the
care of his wife Isis, and of her faithful minister Hermes or Mercury.
The command of his troops at home was left to the trust of Hercules,
a warlike officer. In this expedition Osiris was accompanied by his
brother Apollo, and by Anubis, Macedo, and Pan. His march was
through Æthiopia, where his army was increased by the addition of
the Satyrs, a hairy race of monsters, who made dancing and playing
on musical instruments their chief study. He afterwards passed
through Arabia, and visited the greatest part of the kingdoms of Asia
and Europe, where he enlightened the minds of men by introducing
among them the worship of the gods, and a reverence for the wisdom
of a supreme being. At his return home Osiris found the minds of his
subjects roused and agitated. His brother Typhon had raised
seditions, and endeavoured to make himself popular. Osiris, whose
sentiments were always of the most pacific nature, endeavoured to
convince his brother of his ill conduct, but he fell a sacrifice to the
attempt. Typhon murdered him in a secret apartment and cut his body
to pieces, which were divided among the associates of his guilt.
Typhon, according to Plutarch, shut up his brother in a coffer and
threw him into the Nile. The inquiries of Isis discovered the body of
her husband on the coast of Phœnicia, where it had been conveyed by
the waves, but Typhon stole it as it was being carried into Memphis,
and he divided it amongst his companions, as was before observed.
This cruelty incensed Isis; she revenged her husband’s death, and,
with her son Orus, she defeated Typhon and the partisans of his
conspiracy. She recovered the mangled pieces of her husband’s body,
the genitals excepted, which the murderer had thrown into the sea;
and to render him all the honour which his humanity deserved, she
made as many statues of wax as there were mangled pieces of his
body. Each statue contained a piece of the flesh of the dead monarch;
and Isis, after she had summoned in her presence, one by one, the
priests of all the different deities in her dominions, gave them each a
statue, intimating that in doing that she had preferred them to all the
other communities of Egypt, and she bound them by a solemn oath
that they would keep secret that mark of her favour, and endeavour to
show their sense of it by establishing a form of worship and paying
divine honours to their prince. They were further directed to choose
whatever animals they pleased to represent the person and the
divinity of Osiris, and they were enjoined to pay the greatest
reverence to that representative of divinity, and to bury it when dead
with the greatest solemnity. To render their establishment more
 popular, each sacerdotal body had a certain portion of land allotted to
them to maintain them, and to defray the expenses which necessarily
attended their sacrifices and ceremonial rites. That part of the body of
Osiris which had not been recovered was treated with more particular
attention by Isis, and she ordered that it should receive honours more
solemn, and at the same time more mysterious, than the other
members. See: Phallica. As Osiris had particularly instructed his
subjects in cultivating the ground, the priests chose the ox to
represent him, and paid the most superstitious veneration to that
animal. See: Apis. Osiris, according to the opinion of some
mythologists, is the same as the sun, and the adoration which is paid
by different nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a Dionysius, a Jupiter, a
Pan, &c., is the same as that which Osiris received in the Egyptian
temples. Isis also after death received divine honours as well as her
husband, and as the ox was the symbol of the sun, or Osiris, so the
cow was the emblem of the moon, or of Isis. Nothing can give a
clearer idea of the power and greatness of Osiris than this inscription,
which has been found on some ancient monuments: Saturn, the
youngest of all the gods, was my father: I am Osiris, who conducted
a large and numerous army as far as the deserts of India, and
travelled over the greatest part of the world, and visited the streams
of the Ister, and the remote shores of the ocean, diffusing benevolence
to all the inhabitants of the earth. Osiris was generally represented
with a cap on his head like a mitre, with two horns; he held a stick in
his left hand, and in his right a whip with three thongs. Sometimes he
appears with the head of a hawk, as that bird, from its quick and
piercing eyes, is a proper emblem of the sun. Plutarch, De Iside et
Osiride.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 144.—Diodorus, bk. 1.—Homer,
Odyssey, bk. 12, li. 323.—Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 3.—
Lucian, de Syria Dea.—Pliny, bk. 8.――A Persian general, who
lived 450 B.C.――A friend of Turnus, killed in the Rutulian war.
Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 458.

Osismii, a people of Gaul in Britany. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 2.—Cæsar, Gallic

War, bk. 2, ch. 34.

Osphăgus, a river of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 39.

Osrhoēne, a country of Mesopotamia, which received this name from

one of its kings called Osrhoes.
Ossa, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. It
was formerly joined to mount Olympus, but Hercules, as some
report, separated them, and made between them the celebrated valley
of Tempe. This separation of the two mountains was more probably
effected by an earthquake, which happened, as fabulous accounts
represent, about 1885 years before the christian era. Ossa was one of
those mountains which the giants, in their wars against the gods,
heaped up one on the other to scale the heavens with more facility.
Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 155; bk. 2,
li. 225; bk. 7, li. 224; Fasti, bk. 1, li. 307; bk. 3, li. 441.—Strabo,
bk. 2.—Lucan, bks. 1 & 6.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 281.――A
town of Macedonia.

Osteōdes, an island near the Lipari isles.

Ostia, a town built on the mouth of the river Tiber by Ancus Martius
king of Rome, about 16 miles distant from Rome. It had a celebrated
harbour, and was so pleasantly situated, that the Romans generally
spent a part of the year there as in a country seat. There was a small
tower in the port like the Pharos of Alexandria, built upon the wreck
of a large ship which had been sunk there, and which contained the
obelisks of Egypt, with which the Roman emperors intended to adorn
the capital of Italy. In the age of Strabo the sand and mud deposited
by the Tiber had choked the harbour, and added much to the size of
the small islands, which sheltered the ships at the entrance of the
river. Ostia, and her harbour called Portus, became gradually
separated, and are now at a considerable distance from the sea.
Florus, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 21.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 33.—Mela, bk. 2,
ch. 4.—Suetonius.—Pliny.

Ostorius Scapŭla, a man made governor of Britain. He died A.D. 55.

Tacitus, Annals, bk. 16, ch. 23.――Another, who put himself to
death when accused before Nero, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14,
ch. 48.――Sabinus, a man who accused Soranus, in Nero’s reign.
Tacitus, Annals, bk. 16, ch. 33.

Ostracine, a town of Egypt on the confines of Palestine. Pliny, bk. 5,

ch. 12.

Osymandyas, a magnificent king of Egypt in a remote period.

Otacilius, a Roman consul sent against the Carthaginians, &c.

Otānes, a noble Persian, one of the seven who conspired against the
usurper Smerdis. It was through him that the usurpation was first
discovered. He was afterwards appointed by Darius over the sea-
coast of Asia Minor, and took Byzantium. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 70,
&c.

Otho Marcus Salvius, a Roman emperor descended from the ancient

kings of Etruria. He was one of Nero’s favourites, and as such he was
raised to the highest offices of the state, and made governor of
Pannonia by the interest of Seneca, who wished to remove him from
Rome, lest Nero’s love for Poppæa should prove his ruin. After
Nero’s death Otho conciliated the favour of Galba the new emperor;
but when he did not gain his point, and when Galba had refused to
adopt him as his successor, he resolved to make himself absolute,
without any regard to the age and dignity of his friend. The great
debts which he had contracted encouraged his avarice, and he caused
Galba to be assassinated, and he made himself emperor. He was
acknowledged by the senate and the Roman people, but the sudden
revolt of Vitellius in Germany rendered his situation precarious, and
it was mutually resolved that their respective right to the empire
should be decided by arms. Otho obtained three victories over his
enemies, but in a general engagement near Brixellum, his forces were
defeated, and he stabbed himself when all hopes of success were
vanished, after a reign of about three months, on the 20th of April,
A.D. 69. It has been justly observed that the last moments of Otho’s
life were those of a philosopher. He comforted his soldiers who
lamented his fortunes, and he expressed his concern for their safety,
when they earnestly solicited to pay him the last friendly offices
before he stabbed himself, and he observed that it was better that one
man should die, than that all should be involved in ruin for his
obstinacy. His nephew was pale and distressed, fearing the anger and
haughtiness of the conqueror; but Otho comforted him, and observed
that Vitellius would be kind and affectionate to the friends and
relations of Otho, since Otho was not ashamed to say, that in the time
of their greatest enmity the mother of Vitellius had received every
friendly treatment from his hand. He also burnt the letters which, by
falling into the hands of Vitellius, might provoke his resentment
against those who had favoured the cause of an unfortunate general.
 These noble and humane sentiments of a man who was the associate
of Nero’s shameful pleasures, and who stained his hand in the blood
of his master, have appeared to some wonderful, and passed for the
features of policy, and not of a naturally virtuous and benevolent
heart. Plutarch, Lives.—Suetonius.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 50,
&c.—Juvenal, satire 2, li. 90.――Roscius, a tribune of the people,
who, in Cicero’s consulship, made a regulation to permit the Roman
knights at public spectacles to have the 14 first rows after the seats of
the senators. This was opposed with virulence by some, but Cicero
ably defended it, &c. Horace, epode 4, li. 10.――The father of the
Roman emperor Otho was the favourite of Claudius.

Othryădes, one of the 300 Spartans who fought against 300 Argives,
when those two nations disputed their respective right to Thyrea.
Two Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, and Othryades, survived the
battle. The Argives went home to carry the news of their victory, but
Othryades, who had been reckoned among the number of the slain,
on account of his wounds, recovered himself and carried some of the
spoils, of which he had stripped the Argives, into the camp of his
countrymen; and after he had raised a trophy, and had written with
his own blood, the word vici on his shield, he killed himself,
unwilling to survive the death of his countrymen. Valerius Maximus,
bk. 3, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Parallela Minora.――A patronymic given
to Pantheus the Trojan priest of Apollo, from his father Othryas.
Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 319.

Othryoneus, a Thracian who came to the Trojan war in hopes of

marrying Cassandra. He was killed by Idomeneus. Homer, Iliad,
bk. 13.

Othrys, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, in Thessaly, the

residence of the Centaurs. Strabo, bk. 9.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 129.
—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 675.

Otreus, a king of Phrygia, son of Cisseus and brother to Hecuba.

Otrœda, a small town on the confines of Bithynia.

Otus and Ephialtes, sons of Neptune. See: Aloides.

Otys, a prince of Paphlagonia, who revolted from the Persians to
Agesilaus. Xenophon.

Ovia, a Roman lady, wife of Cneaus Lollius. Cicero, Letters to Atticus,

bk. 12, ltr. 21.

Publius Ovīdius Naso, a celebrated Roman poet, born at Sulmo on the

20th of March, about 43 B.C. As he was intended for the bar, his
father sent him early to Rome, and removed him to Athens in the
16th year of his age. The progress of Ovid in the study of eloquence
was great, but the father’s expectations were frustrated; his son was
born a poet, and nothing could deter him from pursuing his natural
inclination, though he was often reminded that Homer lived and died
in the greatest poverty. Everything he wrote was expressed in
poetical numbers, as he himself says, et quod tentabam scribere
versus erat. A lively genius and a fertile imagination soon gained
him admirers; the learned became his friends; Virgil, Propertius,
Tibullus, and Horace, honoured him with their correspondence, and
Augustus patronized him with the most unbounded liberality. These
favours, however, were but momentary, and the poet was soon after
banished to Tomos, on the Euxine sea, by the emperor. The true
cause of this sudden exile is unknown. Some attribute it to a
shameful amour with Livia the wife of Augustus, while others
support that it arose from the knowledge which Ovid had of the
unpardonable incest of the emperor with his daughter Julia. These
reasons are, indeed, merely conjectural; the cause was of a very
private and very secret nature, of which Ovid himself is afraid to
speak, as it arose from error and not from criminality. It was,
however, something improper in the family and court of Augustus, as
these lines seem to indicate.
Cur aliquid vidi? Cur noxia lumina feci?

Cur imprudenti cognita culpa mihi est?

Inscius Actæon vidit sine veste Dianam;

Præda fuit canibus non minus ille suis.

Again,
Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina plector,

Peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum.

And in another place,
Perdiderunt cum me duo crimina, carmen et error,

Alterius facti culpa silenda mihi est.

In his banishment, Ovid betrayed his pusillanimity, and however

afflicted and distressed his situation was, yet the flattery and
impatience which he showed in his writings are a disgrace to his pen,
and expose him more to ridicule than pity. Though he prostituted his
pen and his time to adulation, yet the emperor proved deaf to all
entreaties, and refused to listen to his most ardent friends at Rome
who wished for the return of the poet. Ovid, who undoubtedly
wished for a Brutus to deliver Rome of her tyrannical Augustus,
continued his flattery even to meanness; and, when the emperor died,
he was so mercenary as to consecrate a temple to the departed tyrant
on the shores of the Euxine, where he regularly offered frankincense
every morning. Tiberius proved as regardless as his predecessor to
the entreaties which were made for Ovid, and the poet died in the
seventh or eighth year of his banishment, in the 59th year of his age,
A.D. 17, and was buried at Tomos. In the year 1508 of the christian
era, the following epitaph was found at Stain, in the modern kingdom
of Austria:
Hic situs est vates quem Divi Cæsaris ira.

Augusti patriâ cedere jussit humo.

Sæpe miser voluit patriis occumbere terris,

Sed frustra! Hunc illi fata dedere locum.

This, however, is an imposition, to render celebrated an obscure

corner of the world, which never contained the bones of Ovid. The
greatest part of Ovid’s poems are remaining. His Metamorphoses, in
15 books, are extremely curious, on account of the many different
mythological facts and traditions which they relate, but they can have
no claim to an epic poem. In composing this the poet was more
indebted to the then existing traditions, and to the theogony of the
ancients, than to the powers of his own imagination. His Fasti were
divided into 12 books, the same number as the constellations in the
zodiac; but of these, six have perished, and the learned world have
reason to lament the loss of a poem which must have thrown so much
light upon the religious rites and ceremonies, festivals and sacrifices,
of the ancient Romans, as we may judge from the six that have
survived the ravages of time and barbarity. His Tristia, which are
divided into five books, contain much elegance and softness of
expression, as also his Elegies on different subjects. The Heroides are
nervous, spirited, and diffuse, the poetry is excellent, the language
varied, but the expressions are often too wanton and indelicate, a
fault which is common in his compositions. His three books of
Amorum, and the same number de Arte Amandi, with the other de
Remedio Amoris, are written with great elegance, and contain many
flowery descriptions; but the doctrine which they hold forth is
dangerous, and they are to be read with caution, as they seem to be
calculated to corrupt the heart, and sap the foundations of virtue and
morality. His Ibis, which is written in imitation of a poem of
Callimachus, of the same name, is a satirical performance. Besides
these, there are extant some fragments of other poems, and among
these some of a tragedy called Medea. The talents of Ovid as a
dramatic writer have been disputed, and some have observed that he,
who is so often void of sentiment, was not born to shine as a
tragedian. Ovid has attempted perhaps too many sorts of poetry at
once. On whatever he has written, he has totally exhausted the
subject, and left nothing unsaid. He everywhere paints nature with a
masterly hand, and gives strength to the most vulgar expressions. It
has been judiciously observed, that his poetry, after his banishment
from Rome, was destitute of that spirit and vivacity which we admire
in his other compositions. His Fasti are perhaps the best written of all
his poems, and after them we may fairly rank his love verses, his
Heroides, and, after all, his Metamorphoses, which were not totally
finished when Augustus sent him into banishment. His Epistles from
Pontus are the language of an abject and pusillanimous flatterer.
However critics may censure the indelicacy and the inaccuracies of
Ovid, it is to be acknowledged that his poetry contains great
sweetness and elegance, and, like that of Tibullus, charms the ear and
captivates the mind. Ovid married three wives, but of the last alone
he speaks with fondness and affection. He had only one daughter, but
by which of his wives is unknown; and she herself became mother of
two children, by two husbands. The best editions of Ovid’s works are
those of Burman, 4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1727; of Leiden, 1670, in
8vo, and of Utrecht, in 12mo, 4 vols., 1713. Ovid, Tristia, bks. 3 & 4,
&c.—Paterculus, bk. 2.—Martial, bks. 3 & 8.――A man who
 accompanied his friend Cæsonius when banished from Rome by
Nero. Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 43.

Ovinia lex was enacted to permit the censors to elect and admit among
the number of the senators the best and the worthiest of the people.

Ovinius, a freedman of Vatinius, the friend of Cicero, &c. Quintilian,

bk. 3, ch. 4.――Quintus, a Roman senator, punished by Augustus for
disgracing his rank in the court of Cleopatra. Eutropius, bk. 1.

Oxathres, a brother of Darius, greatly honoured by Alexander, and made

one of his generals. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 5.――Another Persian, who
favoured the cause of Alexander. Curtius.

Oxidătes, a Persian whom Darius condemned to death. Alexander took

him prisoner, and some time after made him governor of Media. He
became oppressive, and was removed. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 3; bk. 9,
ch. 8.

Oximes, a people of European Sarmatia.

Oxionæ, a nation of Germans, whom superstitious traditions represented

as having the countenance human, and the rest of the body like that
of beasts. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 46.

Oxus, a large river of Bactriana, now Gihon, falling into the east of the
Caspian sea. Pliny, bk. 16, ch. 6.――Another in Scythia.

Oxyares, a king of Bactriana, who surrendered to Alexander.

Oxycānus, an Indian prince in the age of Alexander, &c.

Oxydrăcæ, a nation of India. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 4.

Oxy̆lus, a leader of the Heraclidæ, when they recovered the

Peloponnesus. He was rewarded with the kingdom of Elis.
Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 4.――A son of Mars and Protogenia.
Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Oxynthes, a king of Athens, B.C. 1149. He reigned 12 years.

Oxypŏrus, a son of Cinyras and Metharme. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.

Oxyrynchus, a town of Egypt on the Nile. Strabo.

Ozīnes, a Persian imprisoned by Craterus, because he attempted to revolt

from Alexander. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 10.

Ozŏlæ, or Ozŏli, a people who inhabited the eastern parts of Ætolia,

which were called Ozolea. This tract of territory lay at the north of
the bay of Corinth, and extended about 12 miles northward. They
received their name from the bad stench (ὀζη) of their bodies and of
their clothing, which was the raw hides of wild beasts, or from the
offensive smell of the body of Nessus the Centaur, which after death
was left to putrefy in the country without the honours of a burial.
Some derive it with more propriety from the stench of the stagnated
waters in the neighbouring lakes and marshes. According to a
fabulous tradition, they received their name from a very different
circumstance. During the reign of a son of Deucalion, a bitch brought
into the world a stick instead of whelps. The stick was planted in the
ground by the king, and it grew up to a large vine and produced
grapes, from which the inhabitants of the country were called Ozolæ,
not from ὀζειν, to smell bad, but from ὀζος, a branch or sprout. The
name of Ozolæ, on account of its indelicate signification, highly
displeased the inhabitants, and they exchanged it soon for that of
Ætolians. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 38.—Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 32.
 P
Pacatianus Titus Julius, a general of the Roman armies, who
proclaimed himself emperor in Gaul, about the latter part of Philip’s
reign. He was soon after defeated, A.D. 249, and put to death, &c.

Paccius, an insignificant poet in the age of Domitian. Juvenal, satire 7,

li. 12.

Paches, an Athenian, who took Mitylene, &c. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 4.

Păchīnus, or Pachynus, now Passaro, a promontory of Sicily, projecting

about two miles into the sea, in the form of a peninsula, at the south-
east corner of the island, with a small harbour of the same name.
Strabo, bk. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 699.—
Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 25.

Marcus Paconius, a Roman put to death by Tiberius, &c. Suetonius,

Tiberias, ch. 61.――A stoic philosopher, son of the preceding. He
was banished from Italy by Nero, and he retired from Rome with the
greatest composure and indifference. Arrian, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Pacŏrus, the eldest of the 30 sons of Orodes king of Parthia, sent against
Crassus, whose army he defeated, and whom he took prisoner. He
took Syria from the Romans and supported the republican party of
Pompey, and of the murderers of Julius Cæsar. He was killed in a
battle by Ventidius Bassus, B.C. 39, on the same day (9th of June)
that Crassus had been defeated. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 9.—Horace, bk. 3,
ode 6, li. 9.――A king of Parthia, who made a treaty of alliance with
the Romans, &c.――Another, intimate with king Decebalus.

Pactōlus, a celebrated river of Lydia, rising in mount Tmolus, and falling

into the Hermus after it has watered the city of Sardes. It was in this
river that Midas washed himself when he turned into gold whatever
he touched, and from that circumstance it ever after rolled golden
 sands, and received the name of Chrysorrhoas. It is called Tmolus by
Pliny. Strabo observes that it had no golden sands in his age. Virgil,
Æneid, bk. 10, li. 142.—Strabo, bk. 18.—Ovid, Metamorphoses,
bk. 11, li. 86.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 110.—Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 8.

Pactyas, a Lydian entrusted with the care of the treasures of Crœsus at

Sardes. The immense riches which he could command, corrupted
him, and, to make himself independent, he gathered a large army. He
laid siege to the citadel of Sardes, but the arrival of one of the Persian
generals soon put him to flight. He retired to Cumæ and afterwards to
Lesbos, where he was delivered into the hands of Cyrus. Herodotus,
bk. 1, ch. 154, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 35.

Pactye, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

Pactyes, a mountain of Ionia, near Ephesus. Strabo, bk. 14.

Pācŭvius Marcus, a native of Brundusium, son of the sister of the poet

Ennius, who distinguished himself by his skill in painting, and by his
poetical talents. He wrote satires and tragedies which were
represented at Rome, and of some of which the names are preserved,
as Peribœa, Hermione, Atalanta, Ilione, Teucer, Antiope, &c. Orestes
was considered as the best finished performance; the style, however,
though rough and without either purity or elegance, deserved the
commendation of Cicero and Quintilian, who perceived strong rays
of genius and perfection frequently beaming through the clouds of
the barbarity and ignorance of the times. The poet in his old age
retired to Tarentum, where he died in his 90th year, about 131 years
before Christ. Of all his compositions about 437 scattered lines are
preserved in the collections of Latin poets. Cicero, On Oratory,
bk. 2; Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 2, ch. 27.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1,
li. 56.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 10.

Padæi, an Indian nation, who devoured their sick before they died.
Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 99.

Padinum, now Bondeno, a town on the Po, where it begins to branch

into different channels. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Pădua, a town called also Patavium, in the country of the Venetians,

founded by Antenor immediately after the Trojan war. It was the
 native place of the historian Livy. The inhabitants were once so
powerful, that they could levy an army of 20,000 men. Strabo, bk. 5.
—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 251.

Padus (now called the Po), a river in Italy, known also by the name of
Eridanus, which forms the northern boundary of the territories of
Italy. It rises in mount Vesulus, one of the highest mountains of the
Alps, and after it has collected in its course the waters of above 30
rivers, discharges itself in an eastern direction into the Adriatic sea
by seven mouths, two of which only, the Plana or Volano, and the
Padusa, were formed by nature. It was formerly said that it rolled
gold dust in its sand, which was carefully searched by the
inhabitants. The consuls Caius Flaminius Nepos and Publius Furius
Philus were the first Roman generals who crossed it. The Po is
famous for the death of Phaeton, who, as the poets mention, was
thrown down there by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Ovid,
Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 258, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Lucan,
bk. 2, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 680.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Pliny,
bk. 37, ch. 2.

Padūsa, the most southern mouth of the Po, considered by some writers
as the Po itself. See: Padus. It was said to abound in swans, and from
it there was a cut to the town of Ravenna. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11,
li. 455.

Pæan, a surname of Apollo, derived from the word pæan, a hymn which
was sung in his honour, because he had killed the serpent Python,
which had given cause to the people to exclaim Io Pæan! The
exclamation of Io Pæan! was made use of in speaking to the other
gods, as it often was a demonstration of joy. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 171.
—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 358; bk. 14, li. 720.—Lucan,
bk. 1, &c.—Strabo, bk. 18.

Pædaretus, a Spartan who, on not being elected in the number of the

300 sent on an expedition, &c., declared that, instead of being
mortified, he rejoiced that 300 men better than himself could be
found in Sparta. Plutarch, Lycurgus.

Pædius, a lieutenant of Julius Cæsar in Spain, who proposed a law to

punish with death all such as were concerned in the murder of his
patron, &c.
Pæmāni, a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed to have dwelt in the country
at the west of Luxemburg. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Pæon, a Greek historian. Plutarch, Theseus.――A celebrated physician

who cured the wounds which the gods received during the Trojan
war. From him, physicians are sometimes called Pæonii, and herbs
serviceable in medicinal processes, Pæoniæ herbæ. Virgil, Æneid,
bk. 7, li. 769.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 535.

Pæŏnes, a people of Macedonia, who inhabited a small part of the

country called Pæonia. Some believe that they were descended from
a Trojan colony. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 13,
&c.

♦Pæŏnia, a country of Macedonia at the west of the Strymon. It received

its name from Pæon, a son of Endymion, who settled there. Livy,
bk. 42, ch. 51; bk. 45, ch. 29.――A small town of Attica.

♦ ‘Peŏnia’ replaced with ‘Pæŏnia’

Pæŏnĭdes, a name given to the daughters of Pierus, who were defeated

by the Muses, because their mother was a native of Pæonia. Ovid,
Metamorphoses, bk. 5, last fable.

Pæos, a small town of Arcadia.

Pæsos, a town of the Hellespont, called also Apæsos, situated at the

north of Lampsacus. When it was destroyed, the inhabitants migrated
to Lampsacus, where they settled. They were of Milesian origin.
Strabo, bk. 13.—Homer Iliad, bk. 2.

Pæstum, a town of Lucania, called also Neptunia and Posidonia by the

Greeks, where the soil produced roses which blossomed twice a year.
The ancient walls of the town, about three miles in extent, are still
standing, and likewise venerable remains of temples and porticoes.
The Sinus Pæstanus on which it stood is now called the gulf of
Salerno. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 119.—Ovid, Metamorphoses,
bk. 15, li. 708; ex Ponto, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 28.

Pætovium, a town of Pannonia.

Pætus Cæcinna, the husband of Arria. See: Arria.――A governor of
Armenia, under Nero.――A Roman who conspired with Catiline
against his country.――A man drowned as he was going to Egypt to
collect money. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 5.

Pagæ, a town of Megaris,――of Locris. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Păgăsæ, or Păgăsa, a town of Magnesia, in Macedonia, with a harbour

and a promontory of the same name. The ship Argo was built there,
as some suppose, and, according to Propertius, the Argonauts set sail
from that harbour. From that circumstance not only the ship Argo,
but also the Argonauts themselves, were ever after distinguished by
the epithet of Pagasæus. Pliny confounds Pagasæ with Demetrias,
but they are different, and the latter was peopled by the inhabitants of
the former, who preferred the situation of Demetrias for its
conveniences. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 1; bk. 8, li. 349.—
Lucan, bk. 2, li. 715; bk. 6, li. 400.—Mela, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7.—
Strabo, bk. 9.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 20, li. 17.—Pliny, bk. 4,
ch. 8.—Apollodorus Rhodius, bk. 1, li. 238, &c.

Păgăsus, a Trojan killed by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 670.

Pagræ, a town of Syria, on the borders of Cilicia. Strabo, bk. 16.

Pagus, a mountain of Æolia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 5.

Palācium, or Palātium, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.――A

small village on the Palatine hill, where Rome was afterwards built.

Palæ, a town at the south of Corsica, now St. Bonifacio.

Palæa, a town of Cyprus,――of Cephallenia.

Palæapŏlis, a small island on the coast of Spain. Strabo.

Palæmon, or Palemon, a sea deity, son of Athamas and Ino. His original
name was Melicerta, and he assumed that of Palæmon, after he had
been changed into a sea deity by Neptune. See: Melicerta.――A
noted grammarian at Rome in the age of Tiberius, who made himself
ridiculous by his arrogance and luxury. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 451.—
 Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 86.――A son of Neptune, who was amongst the
Argonauts. Apollodorus.

Palæpăphos, the ancient town of Paphos in Cyprus, adjoining to the

new. Strabo, bk. 14.

Palæpharsālus, the ancient town of Pharsalus in Thessaly. Cæsar,

Alexandrine War, ch. 48.

Palæphătus, an ancient Greek philosopher, whose age is unknown,

though it can be ascertained that he flourished between the times of
Aristotle and Augustus. He wrote five books de incredibilibus, of
which only the first remains, and in it he endeavours to explain
fabulous and mythological traditions by historical facts. The best
edition of Palæphatus is that of Johann Friedrich Fischer, in 8vo,
Lipscomb, 1773.――An heroic poet of Athens, who wrote a poem
on the creation of the world.――A disciple of Aristotle, born at
Abydos.――An historian of Egypt.

Palepŏlis, a town of Campania, built by a Greek colony, where Naples

afterwards was erected. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 22.

Palæste, a village of Epirus near Oricus, where Cæsar first landed with
his fleet. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 460.

Palæstīna, a province of Syria, &c. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 105.—Silius

Italicus, bk. 3, li. 606.—Strabo, bk. 16.

Palæstīnus, an ancient name of the river Strymon.

Palætyrus, the ancient town of Tyre on the continent. Strabo, bk. 16.

Pălămēdes, a Grecian chief, son of Nauplius king of Eubœa by

Clymene. He was sent by the Greek princes, who were going to the
Trojan war, to bring Ulysses to the camp, who, to withdraw himself
from the expedition, pretended insanity, and, the better to impose
upon his friends, used to harness different animals to a plough, and to
sow salt instead of barley into the furrows. The deceit was soon
perceived by Palamedes; he knew that the regret to part from his wife
Penelope, whom he had lately married, was the only reason of the
pretended insanity of Ulysses; and to demonstrate this, Palamedes
 took Telemachus, whom Penelope had lately brought into the world,
and put him before the plough of his father. Ulysses showed that he
was not insane, by turning the plough a different way not to hurt his
child. This having been discovered, Ulysses was obliged to attend the
Greek princes to the war, but an immortal enmity arose between
Ulysses and Palamedes. The king of Ithaca resolved to take every
opportunity to distress him: and when all his expectations were
frustrated, he had the meanness to bribe one of his servants, and to
make him dig a hole in his master’s tent, and there conceal a large
sum of money. After this Ulysses forged a letter in Phrygian
characters, which king Priam was supposed to have sent to
Palamedes. In the letter the Trojan king seemed to entreat Palamedes
to deliver into his hands the Grecian army, according to the
conditions which had been previously agreed upon, when he received
the money. This forged letter was carried, by means of Ulysses,
before the princes of the Grecian army. Palamedes was summoned,
and he made the most solemn protestations of innocence. But all was
in vain; the money that was discovered in his tent served only to
corroborate the accusation, and he was found guilty by all the army,
and stoned to death. Homer is silent about the miserable fate of
Palamedes, and Pausanias mentions that it had been reported by
some, that Ulysses and Diomedes had drowned him in the sea as he
was fishing on the coast. Philostratus, who mentions the tragical
story above related, adds that Achilles and Ajax buried his body with
great pomp on the sea-shore, and that they raised upon it a small
chapel, where sacrifices were regularly offered by the inhabitants of
Troas. Palamedes was a learned man as well as a soldier, and,
according to some, he completed the alphabet of Cadmus by the
addition of the four letters θ, ξ, χ, φ, during the Trojan war. To him,
also, is attributed the invention of dice and backgammon; and it is
said he was the first who regularly ranged an army in a line of battle,
and who placed sentinels round a camp, and excited their vigilance
and attention by giving them a watchword. Hyginus, fables 95, 105,
&c.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, &c.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 2, ch. 15.—
Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, lis. 56 & 308.—Pausanias, bk. 1,
ch. 31.—Marcus Manilius, bk. 4, li. 205.—Philostratus, bk. 10,
ch. 6.—Euripides, Phœnician Women.—Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 75.—
Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.

Palantia, a town of Spain. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.

Pălātīnus mons, a celebrated hill, the largest of the seven hills on which
Rome was built. It was upon it that Romulus laid the first foundation
of the capital of Italy, in a quadrangular form, and there also he kept
his court, as well as Tullus Hostilius and Augustus, and all the
succeeding emperors, from which circumstance the word Palatium
has ever since been applied to the residence of a monarch or prince.
The Palatine hill received its name from the goddess Pales, or from
the Palatini, who originally inhabited the place, or from balare or
palare, the bleatings of sheep, which were frequent there, or perhaps
from the word palantes, wandering, because Evander, when he came
to settle in Italy, gathered all the inhabitants, and made them all one
society. There were some games celebrated in honour of Augustus,
and called Palatine, because kept on the hill. Dio Cassius, bk. 53.—
Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 709.—Livy, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 33.—Ovid,
Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 822.—Juvenal, satire 9, li. 23.—Martial,
bk. 1, ltr. 71.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 3.—Cicero,
Against Catiline, bk. 1.――Apollo, who was worshipped on the
Palatine hill, was also called Palatinus. His temple there had been
built, or rather repaired, by Augustus, who had enriched it with a
library, valuable for the various collections of Greek and Latin
manuscripts which it contained, as also for the Sibylline books
deposited there. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 17.

Palantium, a town of Arcadia.

Palēis, or Palæ, a town in the island of Cephallenia. Pausanias, bk. 6,

ch. 15.

Pales, the goddess of sheepfolds and of pastures among the Romans. She
was worshipped with great solemnity at Rome, and her festivals,
called Palilia, were celebrated the very day that Romulus began to
lay the foundation of the city of Rome. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, lis. 1
& 294.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 722, &c.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Palfurius Sura, a writer, removed from the senate by Domitian, who

suspected him of attachment to Vitellius, &c. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 53.

Palibothra, a city of India, supposed now to be Patna, or, according to

others, Allahabad. Strabo, bk. 15.
Palīci, or Palisci, two deities, sons of Jupiter by Thalia, whom Æschylus
calls Ætna, in a tragedy which is now lost, according to the words of
Macrobius. The nymph Ætna, when pregnant, entreated her lover to
remove her from the pursuit of Juno. The god concealed her in the
bowels of the earth, and when the time of her delivery was come, the
earth opened, and brought into the world two children, who received
the name of Palici, ἀπο του παλιν ἰκεσθαι, because they came
again into the world from the bowels of the earth. These deities were
worshipped with great ceremonies by the Sicilians, and near their
temple were two small lakes of sulphureous water, which were
supposed to have sprung out of the earth at the same time that they
were born. Near these pools it was usual to take the most solemn
oaths, by those who wished to decide controversies and quarrels. If
any of the persons who took the oaths perjured themselves, they were
immediately punished in a supernatural manner; and those whose
oath, by the deities of the place, was sincere, departed unhurt. The
Palici had also an oracle, which was consulted upon great
emergencies, and which rendered the truest and most unequivocal
answers. In a superstitious age, the altars of the Palici were stained
with the blood of human sacrifices, but this barbarous custom was
soon abolished, and the deities were satisfied with their usual
offerings. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 585.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5,
li. 506.—Diodorus, bk. 2.—Macrobius, Saturnalia, bk. 5, ch. 10.—
Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 219.

Palīlia, a festival celebrated by the Romans, in honour of the goddess

Pales. The ceremony consisted in burning heaps of straw, and leaping
over them. No sacrifices were offered, but the purifications were
made with the smoke of horses’ blood, and with the ashes of a calf
that had been taken from the belly of his mother, after it had been
sacrificed, and with the ashes of beans. The purification of the flocks
was also made with the smoke of sulphur, of the olive, the pine, the
laurel, and the rosemary. Offerings of mild cheese, boiled wine, and
cakes of millet, were afterwards made to the goddess. This festival
was observed on the 21st of April, and it was during the celebration
that Romulus first began to build his city. Some call this festival
Parilia quasi a pariendo, because the sacrifices were offered to the
divinity for the fecundity of the flocks. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14,
li. 774; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 721, &c.; bk. 6, li. 257.—Propertius, bk. 4,
poem 1, li. 19.—Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 87.
Pălĭnūrus, a skilful pilot of the ship of Æneas. He fell into the sea in his
sleep, and was three days exposed to the tempests and the waves of
the sea, and at last came safe to the sea-shore near Velia, where the
cruel inhabitants of the place murdered him to obtain his clothes. His
body was left unburied on the sea-shore, and as, according to the
religion of the ancient Romans, no person was suffered to cross the
Stygian lake before 100 years were elapsed, if his remains had not
been decently buried, we find Æneas, when he visited the infernal
regions, speaking to Palinurus, and assuring him, that though his
bones were deprived of a funeral, yet the place were his body was
exposed should soon be adorned with a monument and bear his
name, and accordingly a promontory was called Palinurus, now
Palinuro. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 513; bk. 5, li. 840, &c.; bk. 6,
li. 341.—Ovid, de Remedia Amoris, li. 577.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—
Strabo.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 28.

Paliscōrum, or Palīcōrum stagnum, a sulphureous pool in Sicily. See:

Palici.

Paliurus, now Nahil, a river of Africa, with a town of the same name at
its mouth, at the west of Egypt, on the Mediterranean. Strabo, bk. 17.

Pallădes, certain virgins of illustrious parents, who were consecrated to

Jupiter by the Thebans of Egypt. It was required that they should
prostitute themselves, an infamous custom which was considered as a
purification, during which they were publicly mourned, and
afterwards they were permitted to marry. Strabo, bk. 17.

Pallădium, a celebrated statue of Pallas. It was about three cubits high,

and represented the goddess as sitting and holding a pike in her right
hand, and in her left a distaff and a spindle. It fell down from heaven
near the tent of Ilus, as that prince was building the citadel of Ilium.
Some, nevertheless, suppose that it fell at Pessinus in Phrygia, or,
according to others, Dardanus received it as a present from his
mother Electra. There are some authors who maintain that the
Palladium was made with the bones of Pelops by Abaris; but
Apollodorus seems to say that it was no more than a piece of clock-
work, which moved of itself. However discordant the opinions of
ancient authors be about this famous statue, it is universally agreed
that on its preservation depended the safety of Troy. This fatality was
 well known to the Greeks during the Trojan war, and therefore
Ulysses and Diomedes were commissioned to steal it away. They
effected their purpose; and if we rely upon the authority of some
authors, they were directed how to carry it away by Helenus the son
of Priam, who proved in this unfaithful to his country, because his
brother Deiphobus, at the death of Paris, had married Helen, of
whom he was enamoured. Minerva was displeased with the violence
which was offered to her statue, and, according to Virgil, the
Palladium itself appeared to have received life and motion, and by
the flashes which started from its eyes, and its sudden springs from
the earth, it seemed to show the resentment of the goddess. The true
Palladium, as some authors observe, was not carried away from Troy
by the Greeks, but only one of the statues of similar size and shape,
which were placed near it, to deceive whatever sacrilegious persons
attempted to steal it. The Palladium, therefore, as they say, was
conveyed safe from Troy to Italy by Æneas, and it was afterwards
preserved by the Romans with the greatest secrecy and veneration, in
the temple of Vesta, a circumstance which none but the vestal virgins
knew. Herodian, bk. 1, ch. 14, &c.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 442, &c.;
Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 336.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 1, ch. 5.—
Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, &c.
—Homer, Iliad, bk. 10.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 166; bk. 9, li. 151.
—Plutarch, Parallela minora.—Lucan, bk. 9.—Dares Phrygius.—
Juvenal, satire 3, li. 139.

Palladius, a Greek physician, whose treatise on fevers was edited 8vo,

Leiden, 1745.――A learned Roman under Adrian, &c.

Pallantēum, a town of Italy, or perhaps more properly a citadel built by

Evander, on mount Palatine, from whence its name originates. Virgil
says it was called after Pallas the grandfather of Evander; but
Dionysius derives its name from Palantium, a town of Arcadia.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 31.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, lis.
54 & 341.

Pallantia, a town of Spain, now Palencia, on the river Cea. Mela, bk. 2,
ch. 6.

Pallantias, a patronymic of Aurora, as being related to the giant Pallas.

Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 12.
Pallantides, the 50 sons of Pallas the son of Pandion and the brother of
Ægeus. They were all killed by Theseus the son of Ægeus, whom
they opposed when he came to take possession of his father’s
kingdom. This opposition they showed in hopes of succeeding to the
throne, as Ægeus left no children except Theseus, whose legitimacy
was even disputed, as he was born at Trœzene. Plutarch, Theseus.—
Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 22.

Pallas (ădis), a daughter of Jupiter, the same as Minerva. The goddess

received this name either because she killed the giant Pallas, or
perhaps from the spear which she seems to brandish in her hands
(παλλειν). For the functions, power, and character of the goddess,
See: Minerva.

Pallas (antis), a son of king Evander, sent with some troops to assist
Æneas. He was killed by Turnus the king of the Rutuli, after he had
made a great slaughter of the enemy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 104,
&c.――One of the giants, son of Tartarus and Terra. He was killed
by Minerva, who covered herself with his skin, whence, as some
suppose, she is called Pallas. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――A son of
Crius and Eurybia, who married the nymph Styx, by whom he had
Victory, Valour, &c. Hesiod, Theogony.――A son of Lycaon.――A
son of Pandion, father of Clytus and Butes. Ovid, Metamorphoses,
bk. 7, fable 17.—Apollodorus.――A freedman of Claudius, famous
for the power and the riches he obtained. He advised the emperor, his
master, to marry Agrippina, and to adopt her son Nero for his
successor. It was by his means, and those of Agrippina, that the death
of Claudius was hastened, and that Nero was raised to the throne.
Nero forgot to whom he was indebted for the crown. He discarded
Pallas, and some time after caused him to be put to death, that he
might make himself master of his great riches, A.D. 61. Tacitus,
Annals, bk. 12, ch. 53.

Pallēne, a small peninsula of Macedonia, formerly called Phlegra,

situate above the bay of Thermæ on the Ægean sea, and containing
five cities, the principal of which is called Pallene. It was in this
place, according to some of the ancients, that an engagement
happened between the gods and the giants. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 45;
bk. 45, ch. 30.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 391.—Ovid,
Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 357.――A village of Attica, where
 Minerva had a temple, and where the Pallantides chiefly resided.
Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 1, 161.—Plutarch, Theseus.

Pallenses, a people of Cephallenia, whose chief town was called Pala or

Palæa. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 18.—Polybius, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Palma, a governor of Syria.

Palmaria, a small island opposite Tarracina in Latium. Pliny, bk. 3,

ch. 6.

Palmȳra, the capital of Palmyrene, a country on the eastern boundaries

of Syria, now called Theudemor, or Tadmor. It is famous for being
the seat of the celebrated Zenobia and Odenatus, in the reign of the
emperor Aurelian. It is now in ruins, and the splendour and
magnificence of its porticoes, temples, and palaces, are now
frequently examined by the curious and the learned. Pliny, bk. 6, chs.
26 & 30.

Palphurius, one of the flatterers of Domitian. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 53.

Palumbinum, a town of Samnium. Livy, bk. 10, ch. 45.

Pamīsos, a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. Herodotus, bk. 7,

ch. 129.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 8.――Another of Messenia in
Peloponnesus.

Pammēnes, an Athenian general, sent to assist Megalopolis against the

Mantineans, &c.――An astrologer.――A learned Grecian, who was
preceptor to Brutus. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 97, Orator, ch. 9.

Pammon, a son of Priam and Hecuba. Apollodorus.

Pampa, a village near Tentyra in Thrace. Juvenal, satire 15, li. 76.

Pamphĭlus, a celebrated painter of Macedonia in the age of Philip,

distinguished above his rivals by a superior knowledge of literature,
and the cultivation of those studies which taught him to infuse more
successfully grace and dignity into his pieces. He was founder of the
school for painting at Sicyon, and he made a law which was observed
not only in Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but the children of
 noble and dignified persons should be permitted to learn painting.
Apelles was one of his pupils. Diogenes Laërtius.――A son of
Neoclides, among the pupils of Plato. Diogenes Laërtius.

Pamphos, a Greek poet, supposed to have lived before Hesiod’s age.

Pamphy̆la, a Greek woman who wrote a general history in 33 books, in

Nero’s reign. This history, so much commended by the ancients, is
lost.

Pamphy̆lia, a province of Asia Minor, anciently called Mopsopia, and

bounded on the south by a part of the Mediterranean, called the
Pamphylian sea, west by Lycia, north by Pisidia, and east by Cilicia.
It abounded with pastures, vines, and olives, and was peopled by a
Grecian colony. Strabo, bk. 14.—Mela, bk. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 7,
ch. 3.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 26.—Livy, bk. 37, chs. 23 & 40.

Pan was the god of shepherds, of huntsmen, and of all the inhabitants of
the country. He was the son of Mercury by Dryope, according to
Homer. Some give him Jupiter and Callisto for parents, others Jupiter
and Ybis or Oneis. Lucian, Hyginus, &c., support that he was the son
of Mercury and Penelope the daughter of Icarius, and that the god
gained the affections of the princess under the form of a goat, as she
tended her father’s flocks on mount Taygetus, before her marriage
with the king of Ithaca. Some authors maintain that Penelope became
mother of Pan during the absence of Ulysses in the Trojan war, and
that he was the offspring of all the suitors that frequented the palace
of Penelope, whence he received the name of Pan, which signifies all
or everything. Pan was a monster in appearance; he had two small
horns on his head, his complexion was ruddy, his nose flat, and his
legs, thighs, tail, and feet were those of a goat. The education of Pan
was entrusted to a nymph of Arcadia, called Sinoe, but the nurse,
according to Homer, terrified at the sight of such a monster, fled
away and left him. He was wrapped up in the skin of beasts by his
father, and carried to heaven, where Jupiter and the gods long
entertained themselves with the oddity of his appearance. Bacchus
was greatly pleased with him, and gave him the name of Pan. The
god of shepherds chiefly resided in Arcadia, where the woods and the
most rugged mountains were his habitation. He invented the flute
with seven reeds, which he called Syrinx, in honour of a beautiful