Chemistry An Atoms Focused Approach 1st Edition Gilbert Test Bank

Chemistry An Atoms Focused
Approach 1st Edition Gilbert Test Bank

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Chapter 07: Stoichiometry-Mass Relationships and Chemical Reactions
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to produce water and oxygen. Which of the following statements is
NOT correct?
2 H2O2( ) → 2 H2O( ) + O2(g)
a. The products of the reaction are liquids.
b. Water and oxygen are the products of the reaction.
c. The chemical formula of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
d. The reaction is balanced.
e. Two molecules of H2O and one molecule of O2 are produced when two molecules of H2O2
react.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.1
OBJ: Know the components of a chemical equation: reactants, products, phases, and coefficients
MSC: Remembering
2. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to produce water and oxygen. Which relationship regarding the
quantities of reactants and products associated with this reaction is NOT correct?
2 H2O2( )→ 2 H2O( ) + O2(g)
a. 2 molecules → 2 molecules + 1 molecule
b. 2 mol → 2 mol + 1 mol
c. 68.0 g → 36.0 g + 32.0 g
d. 2x mol → 2x mol + x mol
e. y(34.0 g) → y(18.0 g) + y(32 g)
ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 7.1
OBJ: Understand the relationship between the laws of multiple proportions and conservation of mass
and balancing chemical equations MSC: Applying
3. Which relationship regarding the quantities of reactants and products associated with the following
reaction is NOT correct?
6 H2O( ) + P4O10 (s)→ 4 H3PO(aq)
a. 6 molecules + 1 molecule → 4 molecules
b. 18 mol + 6 mol → 12 mol
c. 324 g + 852 g → 1176 g
d. 6x mol + x mol → 4x mol
e. y(27 g) + y(71 g)→ y(98 g)
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1
and balancing chemical equations MSC: Evaluating
4. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

a. In the reaction, 3 NO2 + H2O→ 2 HNO3 + xO, x must be a nitrogen atom.
b. If 100.00 grams of C2H4 react with 7.20 grams of H2 to form C2H6, the final mass of the
product must be 107.20 grams.
c. If 32 grams of oxygen gas react with hydrogen to form water, the mass of the product
must be
32 grams.
d. When 2 moles of HNO3 form from the complete reaction of N2O5 and H2O, 108 grams of
N2O5 must have been used.
e. The mass of CO2 produced by the reaction CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O equals the sum of
the initial masses of CH4 and O2 minus the mass of water formed.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 7.1
and balancing chemical equations MSC: Analyzing
5. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to produce water and oxygen. Which relationship regarding the
quantities of reactants and products associated with this reaction is NOT correct?
2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2(g)
a. 68.0 g → 36.0 g + 32.0 g d. 2x g → 2x g + x g
b. 34.0 g → 18.0 g + 16.0 g e. y(34.0 g) → y(18.0 g) + (y/2)(32 g)
c. 90.4 g → 47.9 g + 42.6 g
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1
6. One mole is defined as __________

a. the number of particles equal to the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.
b. the number of particles equal to the number of atoms in exactly 16 g of oxygen-16.
c. the number of particles equal to the number of molecules in 1kg of water.
d. the number of particles equal to the number of atoms in exactly 1 g of hydrogen-1.
e. the number of particles equal to the number of atoms in exactly 1 kg of carbon at the
National Bureau of Standards.
OBJ: Recall (from Chapter 2) the definition of a mole and how to compute molar mass
MSC: Remembering
7. What is the molar mass of phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5)?

a. 177.3 g/mol d. 172.8 g/mol
b. 190.3 g/mol e. 202.8 g/mol
c. 208.2 g/mol
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.1
MSC: Remembering
8. What is the molar mass of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)?

a. 49.0 g/mol d. 98.1 g/mol
b. 24.5 g/mol e. 97.0 g/mol
c. 101 g/mol
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 7.1
MSC: Remembering
9. A sample of water (H2O) contains 1.81  1024 molecules. How many moles of atoms are there in this
sample?
a. 1.00 d. 6.00
b. 2.00 e. 9.00
c. 3.00
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 7.1
MSC: Remembering
10. How many moles of ammonia are there in a 346 g sample of pure NH3 (17.03 g/mol)?
a. 0.0496 mol d. 5930 mol
b. 20.3 mol e. 3.46 mol
c. 24.7 mol
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 7.1
MSC: Understanding
11. A gallon of water has a mass of 3.79 kg. How many moles of water is this?
a. 210 mol d. 68,300 mol
b. 0.210 mol e. 386 mol
c. 68.3 mol
MSC: Understanding
12. How many moles of chlorine are in 25.0 g of calcium chloride (CaCl2)?
a. 0.705 mol d. 0.225 mol
b. 0.451 mol e. 0.676 mol
c. 0.331 mol
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 7.1
MSC: Applying
13. Identify the correct statement regarding the mole.

a. A mole of oxygen gas contains 6.02  1023 atoms.
b. A mole of chlorine gas contains 2  6.02  1023 molecules.
c. A mole of carbon dioxide contains two moles of oxygen atoms.
d. A mole of ammonia gas (NH3) has a mass of 34.0 g.
e. A mole consists of the number of particles in exactly 12 g of naturally occurring carbon.
MSC: Analyzing
14. Which of the following contains the largest number of atoms?

a. 1 mol water
b. 1 mol phosphorus trichloride
c. 1 mol dinitrogen pentoxide
d. 2 mol carbon monoxide
e. All of these contain the same number of atoms.
MSC: Analyzing
15. The mass of 0.25 mol of some element is 8.0 g. What is the element?
a. O2 d. Br2
b. N2 e. H2
c. Cl2
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 7.1
MSC: Analyzing
16. The mass of 1.250 mol of an element is 88.64 g. What is the element?
a. Ge d. Cl2
b. Sr e. Ga
c. Br2
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 7.1
MSC: Analyzing
17. Which one of the following samples contains the fewest number of molecules? H is used as the symbol
for hydrogen-1, and D is used as the symbol for hydrogen-2.
a. 42 g of D2O d. 36 g of H2O
b. 2 moles of H2O e. 39 g of D2O
c. 2 moles of D2O
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1
MSC: Evaluating
18. Which statement about a balanced chemical reaction equation is always correct?
a. The total number of moles of the products equals the total number of moles of the
reactants.
b. The number of atoms of each kind is the same for the products as for the reactants.
c. The sum of the stoichiometric coefficients for the products equals the sum of the
stoichiometric coefficients for the reactants.
d. The sum of the masses of all gaseous products equals the sum of the masses of the gaseous
reactants.
e. The sum of the masses of solid products equals the sum of the masses of solid reactants.
OBJ: Understand the information contained in a balanced chemical equation
MSC: Remembering
19. Which statement about the following chemical reaction is NOT correct?
3 H2(g)+ N2(g) → 2 NH3(g)
a. For every two moles of nitrogen consumed, three moles of ammonia are produced.
b. For every mole of nitrogen consumed, two moles of ammonia are produced.
c. For every three moles of hydrogen consumed, two moles of ammonia are produced.
d. For every two moles of ammonia produced, three moles of hydrogen are consumed.
e. Three moles of hydrogen will react with one mole of nitrogen to produce ammonia.
MSC: Understanding
20. Which statement about the following chemical reaction is NOT correct? The molar masses of S8, O2,
and SO3 are 256, 32.0, and 80.1 g/mol, respectively.
S8(s) + 12 O2(g) → 8 SO3(g)
a. 1 mol S8 produces 8 mol SO3.
b. 256 g S8 requires 12 mol O2 in order to completely react.
c. In order to produce 8 mol SO3, 256 g S8 and 192 g O2 must react.
d. For every 6 mol O2 consumed, 4 mol SO3 are produced.
e. If 641 g SO3 are produced, a total mass of 641 g of S8 and O2 must react.
MSC: Analyzing
21. Which statement about the following chemical reaction is NOT correct?
3 H2(g) + N2(g) → 2 NH3(g)
a. For every nitrogen molecule consumed, two molecules of ammonia are produced.
b. For every 6.06 grams of H2 consumed, 2 moles of NH3 are produced.
c. If 34.0 grams of NH3 are produced, 28.0 grams of N2 were consumed.
d. In order for 56 grams of N2 to completely react, 18 grams of H2 would be required.
e. Three moles of nitrogen react with nine moles of hydrogen.
MSC: Analyzing
22. Fuming sulfuric acid is obtained by the addition of SO3 to concentrated H2SO4. The fumes result from
the reaction of SO3 gas with water vapor. What is the product when one molecule of SO3 reacts with
one molecule of water?
a. two molecules of sulfurous acid d. one molecule of sulfuric acid
b. one sulfate ion e. two molecules of sulfuric acid
c. two sulfite ions
OBJ: Use the inspection and inventory method to balance chemical equations
MSC: Understanding
23. Fe2O3(s) and powdered aluminum can react with great output of heat to form molten iron and Al2O3.
When this reaction equation is balanced, what are the stoichiometric coefficients in the following
order: Fe 2O3, Al, Fe, Al2O3?
a. 1, 1, 1, 1 d. 2, 1, 1, 2
b. 2, 2, 2, 2 e. 1, 1, 2, 2
c. 1, 2, 2, 1
MSC: Understanding
24. Air bags in cars inflate when an electrical spark activates sodium azide (NaN3), so that it decomposes
to sodium metal and nitrogen gas. In the balanced reaction equation, how many moles of N2 gas are
formed for each mole of NaN3?
a. 1 d. 3
b. 1.5 e. 2.5
c. 2
MSC: Understanding
25. Sulfur dioxide from coal-fired power plants combines with water in the atmosphere to produce acid
rain. What is the product when one molecule of SO2 reacts with one molecule of water?
a. two molecules of sulfurous acid d. one molecule of sulfuric acid
b. one sulfate ion e. one molecule of sulfurous acid
c. two sulfite ions
MSC: Applying
26. The acid–base reaction between phosphoric acid, H3PO4, and calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, yields
water and calcium phosphate. For each mole of calcium phosphate produced by this reaction, how
many moles of water are produced?
a. 1 d. 4
b. 2 e. 6
c. 3
MSC: Applying
27. One form of elemental sulfur is a ring of eight sulfur atoms. How many moles of molecular oxygen are
consumed when one mole of this allotrope burns to make sulfur trioxide?
a. 3 d. 18
b. 6 e. 24
c. 12
MSC: Applying
28. In an aqueous solution under basic conditions, ozone (O3) reacts with iodide (I–) and water to form
iodine (I2), hydroxide (OH–), and oxygen (O2). What is the sum of the stoichiometric coefficients in the
balanced reaction equation?
O3(g) + I–(aq) + H2O → I2(aq) + OH–(aq) + O2(g)
a. 6 d. 12
b. 8 e. 14
c. 10
MSC: Applying
29. Sulfuric acid reacts with a vanadium oxide compound according to the following unbalanced reaction.
What are the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation in the order in which it is written?
H2SO4(aq)+ V2O3(s)→ V2(SO4)3(s)+ H2O
a. 3, 1, 1, 3 d. 3, 2, 2, 6
b. 3, 2, 3, 3 e. 6, 3, 3, 12
c. 3, 1, 1, 6
MSC: Applying
30. Potassium perchlorate (KClO3) oxidizes sucrose (C12H22O11) according to the following unbalanced
reaction. What are the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation in the order in which it is
written?
KClO3(s)+ C12H22O11(s)→ KCl(s) + CO2(g)+ H2O
a. 4, 1, 4, 12, 11 d. 8, 1, 8, 12, 11
b. 4, 1, 4, 12, 22 e. 8, 2, 8, 12, 11
c. 2, 1, 2, 12, 11
MSC: Applying
31. Hydrazine (N2H4) can decompose to form nitrogen gas and ammonia gas. What is the sum of the
coefficients in the balanced chemical equation?
a. 4 d. 7
b. 5 e. 8
c. 6
MSC: Evaluating
32. During a fermentation process, sucrose (C12H22O11) can react with water to form ethanol (C2H5OH)
and carbon dioxide gas. What is the sum of the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation?
a. 8 d. 14
b. 10 e. 16
c. 12
MSC: Evaluating
33. What are the stoichiometric coefficients for oxygen and water, respectively, in the balanced chemical
reaction equation representing the combustion of butane (C4H10)?
a. 13, 10 d. , 10
b. 9, 5 e. 13, 5
c. 4, 5
OBJ: Write balanced chemical equations for combustion reactions
MSC: Understanding
34. The combustion of butane (C4H10) forms carbon dioxide and water. What is the stoichiometric
coefficient for oxygen in the balanced equation when 1 mol of butane undergoes combustion?
a. 9 d.
b. 13 e. 5
c.

MSC: Understanding
35. Identify the set of stoichiometric coefficients that balance the reaction equation for the combustion of
octane.
C8H18 + O2(g)→ CO2(g)+ H2O
a. 1, 25, 8, 9
b. 1, 17, 8, 9
c. 2, 34, 16, 18
d. 2, 25, 16, 18
e. None of the above coefficients balance the reaction equation
MSC: Understanding
36. Diesel fuel for automobiles and trucks is a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be modeled by C16H34.
Write the balanced reaction equation for the combustion of C16H34, and report the sum of the
stoichiometric coefficients.
a. 117 d. 83
b. 120 e. 4
c. 76
MSC: Applying
37. Glucose (C6H12O6) is oxidized by molecular oxygen to carbon dioxide and water. How many O2
molecules are needed for each molecule of glucose that is oxidized?
a. 1 d. 12
b. 2 e. 18
c. 6
MSC: Applying
38. In a demonstration of the complete combustion of propane (C3H8) with oxygen (O2), several balloons
were prepared with various proportions by volume of propane and oxygen. The loudest explosion
occurred for the balloon with the correct stoichiometric proportions of the gases. Which balloon had
the loudest explosion?
a. 1 portion propane to 1 portion oxygen
b. 1 portion propane to 3 portions oxygen
c. 1 portion propane to 4 portions oxygen
d. 1 portion propane to 5 portions oxygen
e. 2 portions propane to 3 portions oxygen
MSC: Applying
39. In a one type of fuel cell, methanol (CH3OH) enters on one side of the unit, and air enters on the other
side. Both circulate past electrodes and chemically react to produce carbon dioxide and water along
with electricity. Which chemical equation best represents the reaction that occurs?
a. CH3OH → CO2(g)+ 2 H2O
b. 2 CH3OH + 3 O2(g)→ 2 CO2(g)+ 4H2O
c. CH3OH → CH2(g)+ H2O
d. CH3OH + N2(g)→ CH3(g)+ NO(g)
e. CH3OH + O2(g)→ CO2(g)+ H2O
MSC: Applying
40. Chlorine atoms in the atmosphere can react with ozone. Mathematically combine the following two
reactions to create an overall balanced equation with the lowest whole-number coefficients and select
the statement that is NOT true. All chemical species in the reaction are gas-phase.
Cl + O3 → ClO + O2
ClO + O → Cl + O2
a. Chlorine atoms do not appear in the overall balanced reaction.
b. There is a net conversion of O3 to O2.
c. ClO does not appear in the overall balanced reaction.
d. Two chlorine atoms can cause the production of two oxygen atoms.
e. Oxygen atoms are produced by the overall reaction.
OBJ: Add stepwise equations to give an overall chemical equation
MSC: Applying
41. Extracting copper from sulfide ores can be performed by roasting the ore in oxygen, with a subsequent
reaction of copper (I) oxide with carbon. Simplified chemical equations for these steps are shown
below. Mathematically combine the two reactions to create an overall balanced equation. Eliminate
like terms from your final equation and use the lowest whole-number coefficients possible. Select the
statement regarding the overall balanced reaction that is NOT true.
2 Cu2S(s)+ 3 O2(g)→ 2 Cu2O(s) + 2 SO2(g)
Cu2O(s) + C(s) → 2 Cu(s)+ CO(g)
a. The balanced reaction requires three moles of oxygen gas.
b. Two moles of copper result when two moles of carbon react.
c. Cu2O does not appear in the final balanced equation.
d. Two moles of CO gas are produced in the overall balanced equation.
e. There are three reactants and three products in the overall balanced equation.
MSC: Applying
42. Which statement, A–D, regarding photosynthesis is NOT correct?

In the process of photosynthesis, __________
a. light energy is converted into carbon-based fuels.
b. oxygen is produced.
c. atmospheric carbon dioxide is consumed.
d. the sugar glucose is produced.
e. A–D are all correct.
OBJ: Distinguish between photosynthesis and respiration MSC: Remembering
43. The average adult exhales about 1.0 kg of carbon dioxide each day. How much oxygen is needed in
metabolizing glucose (C6H12O6, 180 g/mol) to make that much carbon dioxide?
a. 180 g d. 730 g
b. 1800 g e. 1500 g
c. 360 g
OBJ: Distinguish between photosynthesis and respiration MSC: Applying
44. The average adult exhales about 1.0 kg of carbon dioxide each day. How much glucose (C6H12O6,
180 g/mol) is consumed to make that much carbon dioxide?
a. 3.8 kg d. 0.68 kg
b. 4.1 kg e. 0.18 kg
c. 0.43 kg
OBJ: Distinguish between photosynthesis and respiration MSC: Applying
45. Which statement, A–D, regarding the carbon cycle is NOT correct?
a. Petroleum, coal, and other carbon sediments are produced.
b. Respiration produces atmospheric carbon dioxide.
c. Water is a reactant in photosynthesis.
d. Forest fires are part of the carbon cycle.
e. A–D are all correct.
OBJ: Describe the carbon cycle and the effects on it from burning fossil fuels
MSC: Remembering
46. Suppose the combustion of fossil fuels adds about 8.0  1012 kg of carbon to the atmosphere per year
in the form of CO2. How much oxygen gas is required to produce this amount of carbon dioxide?
a. about 2.1  1013 kg d. about 1.1  1013 kg
b. about 5.8  10 kg
12 e. about 4.8  1013 kg
c. about 4.3  1012 kg
MSC: Understanding
47. Global carbon emissions in 2010 were estimated to be on the order of 9.0  1012 metric tons carbon
(1 metric ton = 1000 kg) in the form of CO2. This is equivalent to __________ kg C.
a. about 2.5  1015 kg d. about 1.7  1013 kg
b. about 7.5  1014 kg e. about 1.2  1015 kg
c. about 2.0  10 kg
14

MSC: Understanding
48. Water can be separated into its elements according to the following equation by electrolysis. If 20.0 g
of water is decomposed by this method, how much oxygen gas is produced?
2 H2O( ) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
a. 10.0 g d. 16.0 g
b. 8.90 g e. 17.8 g
c. 35.6 g
OBJ: Calculate the mass (and moles) of a product that would be formed from a given mass of a
reactant using stoichiometric relations. MSC: Understanding
49. The combustion of ethanol (CH3CH2OH, 46.1 g/mol) results in the formation of water and carbon
dioxide. How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced when 46.1 g of ethanol burns?
a. 88.0 g d. 22.0 g
b. 44.0 g e. 11.0 g
c. 176 g
reactant using stoichiometric relations. MSC: Applying
50. How many grams of CO2 would result from the complete combustion of 4.00 mol butane (C4H10)?
a. 24.2 g d. 96.9 g
b. 176 g e. 1410 g
c. 704 g
51. As ammonium hydrogen carbonate (NH4HCO3, 79.1 g/mol) is heated, it breaks down into three gases:
ammonia, water, and carbon dioxide. For each 20.0 g of ammonium hydrogen carbonate heated (about
4 tsp), how many grams of carbon dioxide are produced?
a. 15.9 g d. 11.1 g
b. 6.67 g e. 20.0 g
c. 5.06 g
52. How much CO2 is produced by a car driven 20,000 mi in one year?
Assume the following:
• A car gets 20 mi/4.0 L of gasoline.
• Gasoline has the chemical formula of octane: C8H18.
• One liter of gasoline has a mass of 0.8 kg.
• Gasoline is completely burned to carbon dioxide and water.
a. 1,500 kg d. 20,000 kg
b. 9,900 kg e. 4,900 kg
c. 15,000 kg
reactant using stoichiometric relations. MSC: Evaluating
53. Arizona was the site of a 400,000-acre wildfire in June 2002. How much carbon dioxide was produced
by this fire? Assume that the density of carbon on the acreage was 10 kg/m2 and that 50% of the
biomass burned (10,000 m2 = 2.47 acre).
a. 3  1010 kg d. 3  109 kg
b. 3  10 kg6 e. 3  1013 kg
c. 3  1030 kg
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 7.4
54. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposes catalytically in the presence of metal ions and enzymes called
peroxidases. If a 250 mL bottle of hydrogen peroxide solution containing 3.0% H2O2 (by mass)
decomposes completely, how many liters of oxygen gas would it generate? Assume that 1 mol of gas
occupies a volume of 22.4 L and that the density of the solution is 1.0 g/mL. The reaction is
2 H2O2(aq) → 2 H2O( ) + O2(g)
a. 2.5 L d. 7.4 L
b. 4.9 L e. 0.22 L
c. 9.9 L
55. The space shuttle uses liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen to produce thrust for liftoff in the following
reaction:
2 H2(l) + O2( ) → 2 H2O(g)
If the liquid oxygen supply is set to provide 420 kg/s during a launch, what does the rate of liquid
hydrogen supply need to be in kilograms per second?
a. 840 kg/s d. 52.9 kg/s
b. 210 kg/s e. 63.4 kg/s
c. 106 kg/s
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 7.4
56. Aluminum can form clusters that behave similarly to certain atoms. The “superatom,” Al13, is thought
to mimic chlorine. Suppose you create a process that generates KAl13 (389.86 g/mol) and oxygen gas
from aluminum oxide (101.96 g/mol) and potassium metal. How many grams of KAl13 could be
produced by the reaction of 102 grams of Al2O3? You will need to write a balanced chemical reaction.
a. 390. g d. 15.00 g
b. 97.5 g e. 141 g
c. 60.0 g
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 7.4
reactant using stoichiometric relations. MSC: Creating
57. Copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) can be used to control algae growth. Aqueous CuSO4 solutions that come
in contact with the surface of galvanized (zinc-plated) steel pails undergo the following reaction:
CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
How many grams of zinc would react with 454 g (1 lb) of CuSO4 (160 g/mol)?
a. 467 g d. 234 g
b. 186 g e. 454 g
c. 93 g
OBJ: Calculate the mass of a reactant needed to produce a given amount of a product based on
stoichiometric relations MSC: Understanding
How many grams of O2 are needed to react with 0.500 mol C16H34?
a. 458 g d. 295g
b. 392 g e. 196 g
c. 784 g
stoichiometric relations MSC: Applying
59. Assuming complete combustion, how many grams of butane (C4H10) would be required to consume
32.0 g O2?
a. 1.82 g d. 4.47g
b. 16.6 g e. 8.94 g
c. 8.30 g
60. If 20.0 kg CO2 are produced from the combustion of butane (C4H10), calculate the mass of oxygen gas
that was consumed.
a. 23.6 kg d. 739 g
b. 18.2 kg e. 454 g
c. 11.8 kg
How many mL of C16H34 are needed to react with 1.00 mol O2? The density of C16H34 is 0.773 g/mL
and its molar mass is 226 g/mol.
a. 9.23 mL d. 4.61 mL
b. 11.9 mL e. 0.140 mL
c. 0.561 mL
stoichiometric relations MSC: Evaluating
62. The most abundant metal in Earth’s crust is aluminum, found mostly in the form of clays. Bauxite ore,
impure hydrated aluminum oxide, can be purified and refined to make the metal. After the first
purification step, hydrated aluminum oxide (Al2O3  xH2O) is obtained. When 100.0 g of this solid was
heated and the water driven off, 65.36 g of Al2O3 remained. How many water molecules (x in the
molecular formula) were there in the hydrate?
a. 1 d. 4
b. 2 e. 5
c. 3
63. Some ionic compounds can include water molecules in their solid structures in specific proportions.
For example, anhydrous copper(II) sulfate forms a hydrate according to the following reaction
equation:
CuSO4(s) + xH2O( ) → CuSO4  xH2O(s)
Determine the number of water molecules in the hydrate (x in the equation) from the following
information: A 1.000 g sample of anhydrous CuSO4 adsorbed water and became completely hydrated.
This sample then weighed 1.565 g.
a. 1 d. 4
b. 2 e. 5
c. 3
64. Copper was the first metal to be produced from its ore because it is the easiest to smelt, that is, to
refine by heating in the presence of carbon. The ore was likely malachite [Cu2(OH)2CO3]. What is the
mass percent of copper in malachite?
a. 28.7% d. 40.3%
b. 45.2% e. 74.6%
c. 57.5%
OBJ: Define percent composition and calculate it from a chemical formula
MSC: Understanding
65. Metallic copper can be obtained from the mineral chalcocite (Cu2S). What is the mass percent of
copper in chalcocite?
a. 79.85% d. 33.54%
b. 66.46% e. 57.47%
c. 20.15%
MSC: Understanding
66. Han purple, a synthetic inorganic pigment developed in China in ancient times, has the chemical
formula BaCuSi2O6. What is its percent by mass silicon?
a. 18.0% d. 38.9%
b. 15.9% e. 7.96%
c. 27.2%
MSC: Understanding
67. Paris green is a highly toxic emerald green compound with the formula Cu(C2H3O2)2  3Cu(AsO2)2.
What is its percent by mass arsenic?
a. 31.99% d. 7.389%
b. 14.78% e. 44.34%
c. 22.17%
MSC: Analyzing
68. From 1962 to 1982, the composition of the U.S. penny was 95.0% copper and 5.00% zinc by mass,
and the average penny had a mass of 3.10 g. How many grams of the mineral smithsonite (ZnCO3,
125.4 g/mol) are required to obtain enough zinc for 1000 pennies?
a. 298 g d. 310 g
b. 155 g e. 596 g
c. 522 g
MSC: Evaluating
69. An iron ore, magnetite, contains only iron and oxygen. In refining 100.0 g of the ore, 72.35 g of iron
are obtained. What is the empirical formula of the ore?
a. Fe2O3 d. Fe3O4
b. FeO2 e. FeO
c. Fe2O5
OBJ: Define empirical formula and determine it from percent composition data
MSC: Understanding
70. A compound known to contain platinum, nitrogen, and hydrogen was analyzed and found to contain
74.1% Pt and 21.3% N; the remainder was hydrogen. What is the empirical formula for the
compound?
a. Pt(NH3)4 d. Pt(NH4)2
b. Pt(NH3)3 e. Pt(NH3)6
c. Pt2(NH3)2
MSC: Understanding
71. A uranium oxide compound is found to be 88.15% U by mass. What is the empirical formula for the
compound?
a. U2O3 d. UO2
b. UO3 e. UO
c. U3O4
MSC: Understanding
72. A compound containing bromine and fluorine used in the production of UF6 is 58.37% Br by mass.
What is the empirical formula for the compound?
a. BrF d. BrF5
b. Br2F3 e. Br3F2
c. BrF3
MSC: Understanding
73. Ibuprofen is 75.69% C, 8.80% H, and 15.51% O by mass. What is its empirical formula?
a. C6H9O d. C7H9O2
b. C9H9O2 e. C13H18O2
c. C7H18O2
MSC: Understanding
74. A 2.00 g sample of methamphetamine was found to contain 1.61 g C, 0.203 g H, and 0.188 g N. What
is its empirical formula?
a. C10H15N d. C13H20N
b. C4H6N e. C8H10N
c. C4H9N
MSC: Understanding
75. A hydrocarbon is found to be 85.63% C by mass. What is its empirical formula?

a. CH d. C2H
b. CH2 e. CH4
c. CH3
MSC: Understanding
76. Hydroxylamine contains 42.41% N and 9.15% H by mass, with the remainder being oxygen.
Determine its empirical formula.
a. N14H3O16 d. N3H9O
b. N4.6HO5.3 e. NH3O
c. N5HO5
MSC: Applying
77. Analysis of two uranium fluoride compounds yields the following data: Compound I is 75.80% U by
mass; compound II has an F-to-U mass ratio that is 1.5 times that of compound I. What is the empirical
formula for compound II?
a. UF4 d. UF3
b. UF6 e. UF2
c. U2F3
MSC: Evaluating
78. When are an empirical formula and a molecular formula the same?
a. Always
b. When the mass of the empirical formula unit is equal to the molecular mass
c. When the mass percentages of all of the elements in the two formulas are the same
d. Never
e. When the molecular mass is an integer multiple of formula unit mass
OBJ: Differentiate between the empirical and the molecular formula
MSC: Remembering
79. Which of the following does NOT share the same empirical formula as the others?
a. formaldehyde, CH2O d. butyric acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH
b. acetic acid, CH3COOH e. glucose, C6H12O6
c. lactic acid, CH3CH(OH)COOH
OBJ: Write empirical formulas given the molecular formulas MSC: Understanding
80. Alkanes share a general chemical formula of CnH2n+2. What is n of an alkane with a molar mass in the
range of 125–130 g/mol?
a. 10 d. 11
b. 9 e. 12
c. 8
OBJ: Write empirical formulas given the molecular formulas MSC: Applying
81. Putrescine, a foul-smelling compound produced by decaying tissue, has the empirical formula C2H6N,
and its molecular mass is found to be between 87 and 90 amu. How many empirical units are in the
actual molecular formula?
a. 1 d. 4
b. 2 e. 6
c. 3
OBJ: Determine the molecular formula for a compound given the empirical formula and the
molecular mass MSC: Understanding
82. The empirical formula for buckminsterfullerene is C1, and its molar mass is 720.6 g/mol. What is its
molecular formula?
a. C60 d. C1
b. C72 e. C720
c. C12
83. A gas that is produced when fruit ripens contains 85.62% C and 14.38% H by mass. The molecular
mass was found to be twice the empirical formula unit molecular mass. What is the molecular formula
of this gas?
a. CH2 d. C2H6
b. C2H2 e. C4H4
c. C2H4
84. Phthalocyanine is a large molecule used in printing inks and dyes. Elemental analysis showed that it
consists of 74.69% C, 3.525% H, and 21.77 % N, and has a molar mass of 514.54 g/mol. What is its
molecular formula?
a. C16H9N4 d. C32H4N9
b. C30H8N10 e. C16H18N4
c. C32H18N8
85. Caffeine has an elemental analysis of 49.48% C, 5.190% H, 16.47% O, and 28.85% N. It has a molar
mass of 194.19 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of caffeine?
a. C4H5N2O d. C6H6NO2
b. C8H10N4O2 e. C5H7NO
c. C10H14N2O2
86. A hydrocarbon molecule contains carbon and hydrogen atoms in equal numbers. Its molar mass is
130.18 g/mol. What is the molecular formula for the hydrocarbon?
a. C7H7 d. C10H10
b. C12H12 e. CH
c. C8H8
87. Chemical analysis of an organic compound found the following composition: 40.0% C, 53.5% O, and
6.7% H. If the molar mass is 180.2 g/mol, how many empirical formula units are there in the
molecular formula?
a. 2 d. 6
b. 4 e. 7
c. 8
molecular mass MSC: Applying
88. Chemical analysis of a natural organic compound important in the synthesis of cholesterol, steroids,
and vitamin D in the human body is found to be 87.73% C and 12.27% H by mass. Mass spectrometry
data give its molecular mass as 410 amu. How many empirical formula units are there in the molecular
formula?
a. 6 d. 8
b. 7 e. 10
c. 4
molecular mass MSC: Applying
89. Which of the following statements regarding mass spectrometry is NOT true?
a. Mass spectrometers ionize molecules.
b. Mass spectrometry can be used to determine empirical and molecular formulas.
c. The height (intensity) of the signal observed is proportional to the number of ions at that
mass-to-charge ratio.
d. The signal detected at the highest mass-to-charge ratio is often the smallest fragment of
the molecule.
e. Distinctive fragmentation patterns can be used to identify molecules.
OBJ: Describe how a mass spectrometer works and what information is given by the mass spectrum
MSC: Remembering
90. Combustion analysis of an organic compound to determine the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in the compound depends on which of the following assumptions?
a. The compound burns completely to form carbon dioxide and water.
b. All the oxygen in the products comes from the added oxygen gas.
c. The mass of the carbon dioxide produced equals the mass of the carbon in the sample.
d. The moles of water produced equal the moles of hydrogen in the sample.
e. The mass of oxygen in the sample is the difference between the mass of the sample and
the sum of the masses of carbon dioxide and water produced.
OBJ: Describe how combustion analysis provides information about elemental composition
MSC: Remembering
91. A 10.00 g sample of a hydrocarbon (which is a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen)
was burned in oxygen, and the carbon dioxide and water produced were carefully collected and
weighed. The mass of the carbon dioxide was 30.50 g, and the mass of the water was 14.98 g. What
was the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon?
a. C1H2 d. C5H6
b. C1H6 e. C5H12
c. C1H3
OBJ: Use the mass of carbon dioxide and water from combustion analysis to calculate the mole ratio
of C:H in hydrocarbons and to determine an empirical formula MSC: Applying
92. The mass of water obtained in a combustion analysis of a 1.000 g sample of an organic compound
containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is 0.6662 g. What is the mass percent of hydrogen in the
compound?
a. 3.699% d. 3.728%
b. 7.456% e. 14.92%
c. 66.62%
OBJ: Use the information from combustion analysis and the molar mass of a compound to determine
the empirical formula for compounds containing C, H, and O MSC: Applying
93. Allicin is a potent antibacterial compound that is produced by an enzyme when garlic is chopped.
Allicin contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms. In combustion analysis, 10.00 mg allicin
produced 16.27 mg of CO2, 5.55 mg of water, and 7.90 mg of SO2. What is the empirical formula of
allicin?
a. C6H10S2O
b. C3H5SO
c. C12H20S4O
d. C6H10SO
e. The moles of oxygen in the sample cannot be determined, so the empirical formula cannot
be determined.
the empirical formula for compounds containing C, H, and O MSC: Evaluating
94. You are given a liquid sample that contains methanol, ethanol, or a mixture of both. You use
combustion analysis of a 0.336 g sample and obtain 0.462 g of CO2. What did you learn about your
sample?
a. It is methanol.
b. It is ethanol.
c. It is more methanol than ethanol.
d. It is more ethanol than methanol.
e. It contains equal amounts of methanol and ethanol.
95. Hemlock contains a number of toxins, one of which is coniine. In a combustion experiment, 2.0000 g
coniine was burned in excess oxygen to give 5.5343 g CO2 and 2.4080 g H2O. In a second experiment,
it was determined that the compound is composed of only carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen, and its
molar mass is less than 200 g/mol. Using the empirical formula of coniine, indicate how many atoms
are in one molecule. For example, if the molecular formula were CNH2, you would respond 4.
a. 19 d. 29
b. 25 e. 30
c. 26
OBJ: Use the molecular mass along with the empirical formula to determine the molecular formula
for a compound MSC: Evaluating
96. You create a process to be used in conjunction with combustion analysis using chlorine gas to
determine the amount of selenium in certain organic compounds. If there is selenium in the molecule,
SeCl2 (149.87 g/mol) is produced. Analysis of 28.20 grams of an unknown compound produces 36.21
g CO2, 18.53 g H2O, and 30.83 g SeCl2. The molar mass of the compound is about 137 g/mol. What is
its molecular formula?
a. C4H10Se d. C3H12Se
b. C8H2Se e. C2H8Se
c. C9H18Se
for a compound MSC: Creating
97. What is the theoretical yield of phosphoric acid (H3PO4, 98.0 g/mol) when 10.0 g P4O10 (284 g/mol)
reacts with excess water (18.02 g/mol)?
P4O10(s)+ 6 H2O → 4 H3P4O4(aq)
a. 10.9 g d. 13.8 g
b. 40.0 g e. 2.50 g
c. 10.0 g
OBJ: Understand the concepts of limiting reactant, theoretical yield, and percent yield
MSC: Understanding
98. An important intermediate reaction in the industrial production process of nitric acid is shown. What is
the theoretical yield of H2O (18.02 g/mol) if 45.0 kg of NH3 (17.04g/mol) reacts with excess O2 (32.00
g/mol)?
4 NH3(g)+ 5 O2(g)→ 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O
a. 42.6 kg d. 17.8 kg
b. 54.1 kg e. 71.4 kg
c. 47.6 kg
MSC: Understanding
99. Potassium superoxide (KO2, 71.10 g/mol) can be used to generate oxygen gas. What is the theoretical
yield of O2 (32.00 g/mol) if 500.0 g KO2 reacts with excess H2O (18.02 g/mol)?
4 KO2(s)+ 2 H2O → 4 KOH(s)+ 3 O2(g)
a. 225.0 g d. 675.1g
b. 168.8 g e. 56.26 g
c. 375.0 g
MSC: Understanding
100. A U.S. penny, which is composed of copper-plated zinc (97.5% Zn, 2.5% Cu), has a mass of 2.500 g.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) does not react with copper but it does react with zinc. How many moles of H2
are formed by reacting the zinc in a penny with excess HCl?
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
a. 0.0149 mol d. 0.00038 mol
b. 0.0382 mol e. 0.0746 mol
c. 0.0373 mol
MSC: Understanding
101. Baking soda (NaHCO3, 84.0 g/mol) can react with acids such as lactic acid (HC3H5O3, 90.1 g/mol) to
generate the carbon dioxide gas needed to make baked goods rise. If sufficient lactic acid is present to
completely react with 20.4 g NaHCO3, how many moles of CO2 (44.01 g/mol) are generated?
HC3H5O3(aq)+ NaHCO3(s)→ H2O + CO2(g)+ NaC3H5O3(aq)
a. 0.464 mol d. 0.204 mol
b. 0.243 mol e. 0.232 mol
c. 0.334 mol
MSC: Understanding
102. How many grams of iron(II, III) oxide (Fe3O4, 231.53 g/mol) must react in the presence of excess
carbon monoxide (28.01 g/mol) if the theoretical yield of iron metal in the following reaction is 1.50
kg?
Fe3O4(s)+ 4 CO(g) → 3 Fe(s) + 4 CO2(g)
a. 6.22 kg d. 1.16 kg
b. 1.55 kg e. 2.07 kg
c. 6.48 kg
MSC: Applying
103. Potassium superoxide (KO2, 71.10 g/mol) can be used to generate oxygen gas. If the theoretical yield
of O2 (32.00 g/mol) must be 12.0 g, how many grams of KO2 should be used? Assume the reaction
occurs in the presence of excess H2O (18.02 g/mol).
4 KO2(s)+ 2 H2O → 4 KOH(s) + 3 O2(g)
a. 26.7 g d. 35.6 g
b. 107 g e. 20.0 g
c. 28.1 g
MSC: Applying
104. A reaction vessel contains equal masses of iron and oxygen. How much FeO could theoretically be
produced?
a. an amount equal to the sum of the masses of iron and oxygen
b. an amount greater than the sum of the masses of iron and oxygen
c. an amount less than the sum of the masses of iron and oxygen
d. There is no way to tell.
e. It depends on the reaction conditions.
OBJ: Given the masses of reactants in a chemical reaction, determine the limiting reactant and
calculate the theoretical yield of a product using either the product-yield or the mole-ratio approaches
MSC: Analyzing
105. What mass of phosphoric acid (H3PO4, 98.00 g/mol) is produced from the reaction of 10.00 g of P4O10
(283.89 g/mol) with 12.00 g water (18.02 g/mol)?
a. 10.90 g d. 0.14 g
b. 13.81 g e. 14.52 g
c. 43.52 g
MSC: Applying
106. What mass of nitrogen gas (28.02 g/mol) is produced when 0.500 kg I2 (253.8 g/mol) is combined with
35.0 g N2H4 (32.06 g/mol)?
2 I2(s)+ N2H4(g)→ 4 HI(g) + N2(g)
a. 27.6 g d. 32.6 g
b. 34.0 g e. 16.3 g
c. 55.2 g
MSC: Applying
107. Rather than combine 4.00 g of Na2SO4 (142.04 g/mol) with a solution containing 10.0 g of H2SO4
(98.08 g/mol), a student accidentally uses 4.00 g of sodium sulfide (78.05 g/mol) with the acid. The
acid reacted with the sodium sulfide to produce highly toxic hydrogen sulfide gas. How many moles of
hydrogen sulfide (34.08 g/mol) were produced?
Na2S(s) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2S(g)
a. 0.0510 mol d. 0.0257 mol
b. 0.102 mol e. 0.0315 mol
c. 0.0512 mol
MSC: Applying
108. Al2Cl6 (a dimer of AlCl3, 266.7 g/mol) is made by treating scrap aluminum with chlorine gas. If a
reaction is run with 270 g of aluminum and 710 grams of chlorine, the limiting reactant is
__________, and the theoretical yield is __________ grams of Al2Cl6.
2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g) → Al2Cl6(s)
a. Al, 890 g d. Cl2, 1335 g
b. Cl2, 890 g e. Cl2, 2670 g
c. Al, 1335 g
MSC: Analyzing
109. 15.00 g of aluminum sulfide (150.1 g/mol) and 10.00 g of water (18.02 g/mol) react until the limiting
reactant is used up. Calculate the mass of H2S (34.08 g/mol) that can be produced from these reactants.
Notice that you will need to balance the reaction equation.
___Al2S3(s)+ ___H2O → ___Al(OH)3(s)+ ___H2S(g)
a. 13.89 g d. 9.456 g
b. 10.21 g e. 1.108 g
c. 19.67 g
MSC: Analyzing
110. Household bleach contains 5.0% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 74.44 g/mol) by mass. Household
ammonia contains 5.0% NH3 (17.04 g/mol) by mass. If they are mixed, toxic chloramine gas (NH2Cl;
51.48 g/mol) is produced. What volume of NH2Cl gas results when 50.00 g of bleach and 50.00 g of
5.0% ammonia are combined? Assume 1 mol NH2Cl occupies 24.4 L.
NaOCl(aq) + NH3(aq) → NH2Cl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
a. 2.4 L d. 3.6 L
b. 1.2 L e. 1.5 L
c. 0.82 L
MSC: Evaluating
111. Calcium hydride (CaH2, 42.10 g/mol) is so reactive with water (18.02 g/mol) that it can be used to
remove traces of water from nonaqueous solvents. What mass of the excess reactant will be left over if
24.6 g CaH2 is added to a large volume of solvent that contains 14.0 g H2O?
CaH2(s) + 2H2O( ) → Ca(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)
a. 8.24 g CaH2 will be left over. d. 3.45 g H2O will be left over.
b. 5.26 g H2O will be left over. e. Both are completely comsumed.
c. 16.4 g CaH2 will be left over.
OBJ: Calculate how much of a reactant present in excess is theoretically present at the end of a
reaction MSC: Analyzing
112. If 98.0 g B2O3 (69.62 g/mol) and 125 g HF (20.01 g/mol) are combined and allowed to react according
to the given equation, what mass of the excess reactant will be left over?
B2O3(s)+ 6 HF(aq) → 2 BF3(g)+ 3 H2O
a. 72.5 g B2O3 will be left over. d. 7.34 g HF will be left over.
b. 25.5 g B2O3 will be left over. e. Both are completely comsumed.
c. 28.2 g HF will be left over.
113. A 2.0 kg bottle of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, 106.0 g/mol) is available to clean up a 1665 g sulfuric
acid spill (H2SO4, 98.08 g/mol). Is this enough sodium carbonate to neutralize the acid according to the
following reaction?
H2SO4(aq) + Na2CO3(s) → Na2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O( )
a. Yes, there is about 50% more than what is needed.
b. Yes, there is exactly enough sodium carbonate, but no excess.
c. No, there is not enough sodium carbonate, but the amount is only about 10% too small.
d. No, there is not nearly enough sodium carbonate.
e. Yes, but there is only about 10% excess.
114. A mass of 11.60 g of phosphoric acid (98.00 g/mol) was produced from the reaction of 10.00 g of
P4O10 (283.9 g/mol) with 12.0 g water (18.02 g/mol). What was the percent yield for this reaction?
a. 78.62% d. 84.00%
b. 101.1% e. 52.70%
c. 92.70%
OBJ: Calculate the percent yield for a reaction given the actual experimental yield
MSC: Applying
115. Quicklime, CaO, can be produced by heating calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2. What is the percent yield if
45 grams of quicklime are obtained from 1 mole of calcium hydroxide?
a. 61% d. 100%
b. 80% e. 90%
c. 45%
MSC: Applying
116. A copper ore consisting of 12.5% copper(II) sulfide (95.61 g/mol), when heated and reacted with
oxygen gas (32.00 g/mol), produces copper(II) oxide (79.55 g/mol) and sulfur dioxide (64.06 g/mol).
If the reaction has a 90.0% yield, how many grams of copper(II) oxide are produced when 1.00 kg of
the copper ore is processed?
2 CuS(s) + 3 O2(g)→ 2 CuO(s) + 2 SO2(g)
a. 93.7 g d. 150 g
b. 104 g e. 749 g
c. 116 g
MSC: Applying
117. Ammonia, NH3, is industrially produced from N2 and H2 using the Haber process. How much
ammonia can be produced from 28 kg of nitrogen and 2 kg of hydrogen, assuming the reaction yield is
90%?
a. 10.2 kg d. 34.0 kg
b. 11.3 kg e. 9.95 kg
c. 17.0 kg
MSC: Applying
118. Ammonia (NH3, 17.04 g/mol) is industrially produced from N2 and H2 using the Haber process. What
mass of H2 should be used if 34.0 kg NH3 must be the final yield when the reaction is run under
conditions that produce only a 33.0% yield?
a. 6.05 kg d. 3.03 kg
b. 9.07 kg e. 2.00 kg
c. 18.3 kg
MSC: Evaluating
SHORT ANSWER
1. Fill in the following table regarding the following reaction.
UO2(s) 4HF(aq)→ UF4(s) 2H2O

+ +
molecular ratio 200

mole ratio 22
mass ratio 18.0
general (moles) x
general (mass) y(20.0)
ANS:
UO2(s) 4HF(aq)→ UF4(s) 2H2O

+ +
molecular ratio 200 800 200 400
mole ratio 22 88 22 44
mass ratio 135 40.0 157 18.0
general (moles) x 4x x 2x
general (mass) (y/4)(270.) y(20.0) (y/4)(314) (y/2)(18.0)
DIF: Medium REF: 7.1

and balancing chemical equations MSC: Applying
2. Nitrogen and oxygen can react to form a number of compounds. If x grams of O2 combine with y
grams of N2 to form NO, how many grams of O2 combine with y grams of N2 to make N2O? Give
your answers in terms of x.
ANS:
x

and balancing chemical equations MSC: Analyzing
3. Nitrogen and oxygen can react to form a number of compounds. If x grams of O2 combine with y
grams of N2 to form NO2, how many grams of O2 combine with y grams of N2 to make N2O? Give
your answers in terms of x.
ANS:
x
DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1

4. Write a definition of the phrase “stoichiometry of a chemical reaction.”
ANS:
Stoichiometry of a chemical reaction refers to the quantitative relationships between the amounts of
reactants and products involved in the reaction.
DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: Define stoichiometry

MSC: Remembering
5. Write the balanced reaction equation for the decomposition of solid ammonium nitrate into nitrogen
gas, oxygen gas, and water vapor.
ANS:
2 NH4NO3(s) → 2 N2(g) + O2(g) + 4 H2O(g)
DIF: Easy REF: 7.2

MSC: Understanding
6. Gold metal will dissolve in an aqueous sodium cyanide solution in the presence of O2. Balance the
equation showing this process.
______Au(s) + ______NaCN(aq) + ______O2(g)+ ______H2O →______NaAu(CN)2(aq)+
______NaOH(aq)
ANS:
4 Au(s) + 8 NaCN(aq) + O2(g)+ 2 H2O → 4 NaAu(CN)2(aq)+ 4 NaOH(aq)

MSC: Applying
7. Solid nickel(II) phosphate and aqueous sodium chloride are produced when aqueous solutions of
nickel chloride and sodium phosphate are mixed. Write the balanced chemical equation. Include states
of matter.
ANS:
3 NiCl2(aq) + 2 Na3PO4(aq) → Ni3(PO4)2(s) + 6 NaCl(aq)

MSC: Applying
8. Copper metal reacts with nitric acid to form aqueous copper(II) nitrate, nitrogen monoxide gas, and
water. Write the balanced chemical equation. Include states of matter.
ANS:
3 Cu(s) + 8HNO3 (aq) → 3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NO(g) + 4 H2O( )

MSC: Applying
9. Write the balanced reaction equation for the combustion of isooctane (C8H18), which is found in
gasoline.
ANS:
2 C8H18 + 25 O2(g)→ 16 CO2(g)+ 18 H2O
DIF: Easy REF: 7.3

MSC: Understanding
10. Mathematically combine the following three reactions to arrive at the following overall balanced
equation for the complete combustion of the tricyclic antidepressant, imipramine (C19H24N2). Show
your work and write your final equation with whole-number coefficients. Assume nitrogen is
completely oxidized to NO2.
(i) C(s) + O2(g)→ CO2(g)
(ii) H2(g)+ O2(g)→ H2O
(iii) N2(g)+ 2 O2(g)→ 2 NO2(g)
ANS:
C19H24N2(s)+ 27 O2(g)→ 19 CO2(g)+ 12 H2O + 2 NO2(g)
19  (i) 19 C(s) + 19 O2(g)→ 19 CO2(g)

12  (ii) 12 H2(g)+ 6 O2(g) → 12 H2O
1  (iii) N2(g)+ 2 O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)
________________________________________________________________________________
C19H24N2(s)+ 27 O2(g)→ 19 CO2(g)+ 12 H2O + 2 NO2(g)

MSC: Applying
11. Mathematically combine the following three reactions to arrive at the following overall balanced
equation for the combustion of the psychostimulant drug methamphetamine (C10H15N). Show your
work and write final your equation with whole-number coefficients.
(i) C(s) + O2(g)→ CO2(g)
(ii) H2(g)+ O2(g)→ H2O
(iii) N2(g)+ 2 O2(g)→ 2 NO2(g)
ANS:
4 C10H15N(s) + 59 O2(g)→ 40 CO2(g)+ 30 H2O + 4 NO2(g)
10  (i) 10 C(s) + 10 O2(g)→ 10 CO2(g)

 (ii) H2(g)+ O2(g)→ H2O
 (iii) N2(g)+ O2 (g)→ NO2
________________________________________________________________________________
C10H15N(s) + O2(g)→ 10 CO2(g)+ H2O + NO2(g)

4 4 C10H15N(s) + 59 O2(g)→ 40 CO2(g)+ 30 H2O + 4 NO2(g)

MSC: Evaluating
12. What is the difference in the chemistry between photosynthesis and respiration? Show the chemical
equations for each. Which one releases energy? Which one stores energy?
ANS:
In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are combined to produce glucose. In respiration, glucose
is decomposed into carbon dioxide and water. The two processes are the reverse of each other.
Photosynthesis: 6 CO2(g)+ 6 H2O → C6H12O6(S)+ 6 O2(g) stores energy
Respiration: C6H12O6(S)+ 6 O2(g)→ 6 CO2(g)+ 6 H2O releases energy
OBJ: Distinguish between photosynthesis and respiration MSC: Analyzing
13. Carbon emissions by China in 2012 were estimated at approximately 2.6  109 metric tons
(1 metric ton = 1000 kg). This is equivalent to how many kilograms of CO2?
ANS:
9.5  1012 kg CO2 (9.5 trillion kilograms)

MSC: Applying
14. Calcium carbide (CaC2, 64.10 g/mol) reacts with water (18.02 g/mol) to produce acetylene gas
(C2H2, 26.04 g/mol), which is used in welding applications. The other reaction product is calcium
hydroxide (Ca(OH)2, 74.10 g/mol). How many kilograms of C2H2 can be produced from 75.0 kg
CaC2?
ANS:
30.5 kg

15. n-Heptane (C7H14, 98.19 g/mol) is an undesirable component of gasoline because it burns explosively
and contributes to engine “knocking.” Write the balanced combustion reaction of C7H14. Calculate the
number of grams of C7H14 that react if 125 g CO2 (44.01 g/mol) are produced.
ANS:
C7H16 + 11 O2(g)→ 7 CO2(g)+ 8 H2O
39.8 (g)

16. Na2B4O5(OH)4  8 H2O, commonly known as borax, is used in a variety of applications, including as a
fire retardant, an antifungal agent, a flux in metallurgy, a texturing agent in cooking, and a precursor
for other boron compounds. How many cubic meters of borax (381.37 g/mol; 1.73 g/cm3) would be
required to produce 250 kg elemental boron?
ANS:
1.3 m3

17. In addition to Rb2S, rubidium forms a number of compounds with sulfur. Find the mass percent Rb in
Rb2S, Rb2S3, and Rb2S6 to two decimal places.
ANS:
84.20%, 63.99%, and 47.05%
DIF: Easy REF: 7.5

MSC: Understanding
18. Without doing any calculations, identify which of the following compounds has the largest percent
sodium by mass and which has the smallest. Explain your logic.
sodium oxide, Na2O; sodium hydroxide, NaOH; sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3,
sodium carbonate, Na2CO3; sodium peroxide, Na2O2
ANS:
Largest: Na2O. One molecule has two Na atoms and one O atom, and oxygen has a lower mass than
any of the anions in the other compounds.
Smallest: NaHCO3. One molecule has only one Na atom and the anion has a larger mass than any of
the anions in the other compounds.
DIF: Easy REF: 7.5

MSC: Understanding
19. Angelic acid is 59.98% C, 8.05% H, and 31.96% O by mass. Find its empirical formula.
ANS:
C5H8O2
DIF: Easy REF: 7.6

MSC: Understanding
20. Cadaverine is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. A 20.000 g sample was found to contain
11.754 g C and 2.762 g H. Find the empirical formula of cadaverine.
ANS:
C5H14N2
DIF: Easy REF: 7.5

MSC: Understanding
21. For which of the following compounds are the empirical and molecular formulas the same?
Acetic acid, found in vinegar, CH3COOH
Formaldehyde, used to preserve biological specimens, CH2O
Ethanol, found in beer and wine, CH3CH2OH
ANS:
Formaldehyde and ethanol
DIF: Easy REF: 7.6

MSC: Understanding
22. Which of the following oxides of nitrogen have the same empirical formulas?
N2O, NO, NO2, N2O2, N2O4
ANS:
Both NO and N2O2 have the empirical formula NO, and both NO2 and N2O4 have the empirical
formula NO2.
DIF: Easy REF: 7.6

MSC: Understanding
23. Give the empirical formula for each of the following compounds: H2O, H2O2, NH3, N2H4, C12H22O11,
Al2Cl6.
ANS:
H2O, HO, NH3, NH2, C12H22O11, AlCl3
DIF: Easy REF: 7.6

OBJ: Write empirical formulas given the molecular formulas MSC: Understanding
24. Diethyl azodicarboxylate, or DEAD, is an explosive compound with the empirical formula C3H5NO2
and a molecular mass of approximately 174 amu. Find its molecular formula.
ANS:
C6H10N2O4
DIF: Easy REF: 7.6

25. Bullvalene is 92.26% C and 7.74% H; its molar mass is 130.19 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?
ANS:
C10H10
DIF: Easy REF: 7.6

26. Traumatic acid, an organic acid with a molar mass of 228 g/mol, is composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen. Analysis of a 10.000 g sample yielded 6.314 g C and 0.883 g H. What is its molecular
formula?
ANS:
C12H20O4

27. Mesitylene is a liquid hydrocarbon. If 0.115 g of this compound is burned in pure oxygen to give
0.3790 g CO2 and 0.1035 g H2O, what is the empirical formula of the compound?
ANS:
C3H4

OBJ: Use the mass of carbon dioxide and water from combustion analysis to calculate the mole ratio
of C:H in hydrocarbons and to determine an empirical formula MSC: Analyzing
28. Methylheptenone (MHP), which is used in producing lemon fragrances and flavors, contains carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. The complete combustion of 192 mg MHP produces 536 mg CO2 and 192 mg
H2O. Mass spectrometry experiments showed that its molar mass is less than 200 g/mol. What is the
molecular formula of MHP?
ANS:
C8H14O

29. Megaphone, a cytotoxic molecule isolated from a flowering plant of the laurel family, contains carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. The complete combustion of a 2.0000 g sample in excess O2 produces 4.9590 g
CO2 and 1.3837 g H2O. Mass spectrometry experiments showed that megaphone’s molecular mass is
approximately 390 amu. What is the molecular formula of megaphone?
ANS:
C22H30O6

for a compound MSC: Evaluating
30. List three reasons why the actual yield for a chemical reaction may differ from the theoretical yield.
ANS:
(1) The reactants and products reach an equilibrium situation in which not all the reactants are
consumed but are in equilibrium with the products. (2) The reaction is very slow and not enough time
was allowed for all the reactants to be converted to products. (3) Some of the product was lost through
careless processing, which lowers the yield. (4) Some impurities were included with the product,
which appears to increase the yield. (5) Other reactions (side reactions) consumed some of the
reactants.
DIF: Easy REF: 7.8

MSC: Remembering
31. Manganese reacts with halogens to give metal halides. How many grams of MnF3 (111.9 g/mol) can be
produced using excess fluorine (38.0 g/mol) and 5.49 g Mn (54.9 g/mol)?
2 Mn(s) + 3 F2(g) → 2 MnF3(s)
ANS:
11.2 g

MSC: Applying
32. White phosphorus (123.88 g/mol) is produced by the reaction of calcium phosphate (310.18 g/mol),
silicon dioxide (60.09 g/mol), and carbon (12.01 g/mol). How many grams of P4 are produced when
750 g Ca3(PO4)2 reacts with excess SiO2 and C? Assume 100% yield.
2 Ca3(PO4)2(s)+ 6 SiO2(s)+ 10 C(s) → P4(s)+ 6 CaSiO3(s)+ 10 CO(g)
ANS:
150 g

MSC: Applying
33. White phosphorus (123.88 g/mol) is produced by the reaction of calcium phosphate (310.18 g/mol),
silicon dioxide(60.09 g/mol), and carbon (12.01 g/mol). How many grams of CO (28.01 g/mol) are
produced as a by-product when 1.500  103 g SiO2 reacts with excess Ca3(PO4)2 and C? Assume 100%
yield.
2 Ca3(PO4)2(s)+ 6 SiO2(s)+ 10 C(s) → P4(s)+ 6 CaSiO3(s)+ 10 CO(g)
ANS:
1165 g, or 1.165  103 g

MSC: Applying
34. Carbon monoxide (28.01 g/mol) is used in refining iron(III) oxide (159.7 g/mol) to produce the metal.
Assuming 100% yield, how many grams of Fe would be produced if 1.40  102 g CO and 8.00  102 g
Fe2O3 are allowed to react?
Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) → 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)
ANS:
186 g Fe, or 1.86  102 g Fe

MSC: Applying
35. TiCl4 (189.68 g/mol), a source of Ti metal, can be produced from titantium dioxide (79.87 g/mol),
carbon (12.01 g/mol), and chlorine gas (70.90 g/mol). Identify the limiting reactant if 195 g TiO2 and
325 g Cl2 react in the presence of excess C. Assuming 100% yield, calculate the mass of TiCl4
produced.
3 TiO2(s)+ 4 C(s) + 6 Cl2(g)→ 3 TiCl4(s)+ 2 CO2(g)+ 2 CO(g)
ANS:
Cl2; 435 g

MSC: Applying
36. A burner in a gas grill mixes 20 volumes of air for every one volume of propane (C3H8). Is the mixture
produced by this burner rich (excess propane), lean (excess oxygen), or just right (a stoichiometric
mixture of propane and oxygen)? Assume that the volume of gas is directly proportional to the number
of moles of gas and that air is 21% oxygen by volume.
ANS:
The mixture is too rich. The required mixture is 5:1 oxygen to propane; the mixture in the problem is
(20  0.21):1 = 4.2:1.

37. Nitric oxide (30.01 g/mol) can be produced from ammonia (17.04 g/mol) and oxygen (32.00 g/mol).
Identify the limiting reactant if 75 g NH3 and 150 g O2 react. Assuming 100% yield, calculate the mass
of excess reactant left over.
4 NH3(g)+ 5 O2(g)→ 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O
ANS:
O2; 11 g NH3 remain

reaction MSC: Evaluating
38. Acrylonitrile (53.07 g/mol) can be produced from propylene (42.09 g/mol) according to the reaction
shown below. Find the percent yield if 1250 g C3H6 produces 722 g H2O (18.02 g/mol) as a
by-product.
4 C3H6(g)+ 6 NO(g) → 4 C3H3N + 6 H2O + N2(g)
ANS:
Percent yield = 89.9%

MSC: Applying
39. Acrylonitrile (53.07 g/mol) can be produced from propylene (42.09 g/mol) according to the reaction
shown below. If the percent yield of the reaction is only 45.7%, how many grams of C3H6 should be
used if 1250 g C3H3N must actually be produced?
4 C3H6(g)+ 6 NO(g) → 4 C3H3N + 6 H2O + N2(g)
ANS:
2170 g

MSC: Evaluating
40. During fermentation, yeast converts glucose (180.2 g/mol) into ethanol (46.08 g/mol) and carbon
dioxide (44.01 g/mol). The unbalanced reaction equation is given below. Balance the equation and find
the percent yield for the reaction if 150.0 g of glucose yields 75.0 mL of ethanol (d = 0.789 g/mL).
C6H12O6(aq) → C2H5OH(aq) + CO2(g)
ANS:
C6H12O6(aq) → 2 C2H5OH(aq) + 2 CO2(g), percent yield = 77.1%

MSC: Evaluating
41. Some indoor air purification systems work by converting some of the oxygen in the air to ozone,
which oxidizes mold, mildew spores, and other biological pollutants. One such system supposedly
generates 5.0 g O3 per hour by passing dry air through the purifier at a rate of 5.0 L/min. If 1.0 L of air
contains 0.28 g of oxygen, what percent of the O2 molecules are converted to O3 molecules?
ANS:
5.9%

MSC: Evaluating

Chemistry An Atoms Focused Approach 1st Edition Gilbert Test Bank

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Chemistry An Atoms Focused

Approach 1st Edition Gilbert Test Bank

4. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

6. One mole is defined as __________

7. What is the molar mass of phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5)?

8. What is the molar mass of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)?

13. Identify the correct statement regarding the mole.

14. Which of the following contains the largest number of atoms?

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 7.3

42. Which statement, A–D, regarding photosynthesis is NOT correct?

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 7.4

75. A hydrocarbon is found to be 85.63% C by mass. What is its empirical formula?

1. Fill in the following table regarding the following reaction.

UO2(s) 4HF(aq)→ UF4(s) 2H2O

molecular ratio 200

UO2(s) 4HF(aq)→ UF4(s) 2H2O

DIF: Medium REF: 7.1

DIF: Medium REF: 7.1

DIF: Difficult REF: 7.1

4. Write a definition of the phrase “stoichiometry of a chemical reaction.”

DIF: Easy REF: 7.1 OBJ: Define stoichiometry

DIF: Easy REF: 7.2

DIF: Medium REF: 7.2

DIF: Medium REF: 7.2

DIF: Medium REF: 7.2

DIF: Easy REF: 7.3

19  (i) 19 C(s) + 19 O2(g)→ 19 CO2(g)

C19H24N2(s)+ 27 O2(g)→ 19 CO2(g)+ 12 H2O + 2 NO2(g)

DIF: Medium REF: 7.3

10  (i) 10 C(s) + 10 O2(g)→ 10 CO2(g)

C10H15N(s) + O2(g)→ 10 CO2(g)+ H2O + NO2(g)

DIF: Difficult REF: 7.3

DIF: Medium REF: 7.4

DIF: Medium REF: 7.4

DIF: Medium REF: 7.4

DIF: Difficult REF: 7.4

DIF: Easy REF: 7.5

DIF: Easy REF: 7.5

DIF: Easy REF: 7.6

DIF: Easy REF: 7.5

DIF: Easy REF: 7.6

DIF: Easy REF: 7.6

DIF: Easy REF: 7.6

DIF: Easy REF: 7.6

DIF: Easy REF: 7.6

DIF: Medium REF: 7.6

DIF: Medium REF: 7.7

DIF: Difficult REF: 7.7

DIF: Difficult REF: 7.7

DIF: Easy REF: 7.8

DIF: Medium REF: 7.8

DIF: Medium REF: 7.8

DIF: Medium REF: 7.8

DIF: Medium REF: 7.8

DIF: Medium REF: 7.8

DIF: Medium REF: 7.8

DIF: Difficult REF: 7.8

4 C3H6(g)+ 6 NO(g) → 4 C3H3N + 6 H2O + N2(g)

DIF: Medium REF: 7.8

4 C3H6(g)+ 6 NO(g) → 4 C3H3N + 6 H2O + N2(g)

DIF: Difficult REF: 7.8

DIF: Difficult REF: 7.8

DIF: Difficult REF: 7.8