Horizons Exploring the Universe

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CHAPTER 8—THE FAMILY OF STARS

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The hydrogen lines in spectral type A stars

a. are most narrow for supergiants.
b. are most narrow for main-sequence stars.
c. can not be used to estimate the luminosity of the star.
d. are very weak and difficult to see.
e. are useful in determining the apparent magnitude of the star.
ANS: A PTS: 1

2. Parallax would be easier to measure if

a. Earth's orbit was larger.
b. the stars were farther away.
c. Earth moved faster along its orbit.
d. all of these
e. none of these
ANS: A PTS: 1

3. Absolute visual magnitude is

a. the apparent magnitude of a star observed from Earth.
b. the luminosity of a star observed from a distance of 1000 pc.
c. the apparent magnitude of a star observed from a distance of 10 pc.
d. the luminosity of a star observed from Earth.
e. c and d.
ANS: C PTS: 1

4. A star's luminosity depends only on the star's

a. distance and diameter.
b. temperature and distance.
c. distance.
d. temperature and diameter.
e. apparent magnitude.
ANS: D PTS: 1

5. In an H-R diagram, stars with the smallest radius are found in the ____ of the diagram.
a. center
b. upper left corner
c. upper right corner
d. lower left corner
e. lower right corner
ANS: D PTS: 1

6. In the H-R diagram, 90 percent of all stars are

a. in the giant region.
b. in the supergiant region.
c. among the B stars.
d. among the G stars.
 e. on the main sequence.
ANS: E PTS: 1

7. We know that giant stars are larger in diameter than the sun because
a. they are more luminous but have about the same temperature.
b. they are less luminous but have about the same temperature.
c. they are hotter but have about the same luminosity.
d. they are cooler but have about the same luminosity.
e. they have a larger absolute magnitude than the sun.
ANS: A PTS: 1

8. Red giant stars are

I. more luminous than the sun.

II. larger in diameter than the sun.
III. cooler than B stars.
IV. located above the main-sequence stars in the H-R diagram.

a. I & II
b. II & IV
c. I, II, & IV
d. II, III, & IV
e. I, II, III, & IV
ANS: E PTS: 1

9. Compared with the spectral lines in the solar spectrum, lines in a supergiant star’s spectrum are
a. more narrow.
b. broader.
c. weaker.
d. stronger.
e. b and c.
ANS: A PTS: 1

10. The most common stars are

a. supergiants.
b. giants.
c. upper (more luminous) main-sequence stars.
d. white dwarfs.
e. lower (less luminous) main-sequence stars.
ANS: E PTS: 1

11. The ____ of a star is a measure of the total energy radiated by the star in one second.
a. color
b. apparent visual magnitude
c. luminosity class
d. spectral type
e. luminosity
ANS: E PTS: 1
12. The star named Sheat is of M2 II spectral type and luminosity class. Based on this information, which
of the following are true?

I. Sheat has a surface temperature less than the sun.

II. Sheat has a diameter that is greater than that of the sun.
III. Sheat is more luminous than the sun.
IV. Sheat is located near the upper left-hand corner in the H-R diagram.

a. I & II
b. II & IV
c. II, III, & IV
d. I, II, & III
e. I, II, III, & IV
ANS: D PTS: 1

13. The star named Circini has the spectral type and luminosity class of O 8.5 V. Based on this
information, which of the following are true?

I. Circini has a surface temperature less than the sun.

II. Circini has a diameter that is greater than that of the sun.
III. Circini is more luminous than the sun.
IV. Circini is located near the upper left-hand corner in the H-R diagram.

a. I & II
b. II & IV
c. II, III, & IV
d. I, II, & III
e. I, II, III, & IV
ANS: C PTS: 1

14. To determine the orbital period of a visual binary, we must measure

a. brightness.
b. position on the sky.
c. wavelengths.
d. luminosity.
e. temperature.
ANS: B PTS: 1

15. In a binary system, the more massive star

a. is at the center of mass.
b. is farthest from the center of mass.
c. is nearest the center of mass.
d. follows the largest orbit.
e. shows a larger Doppler shift in its spectral lines.
ANS: C PTS: 1

16. The total mass of the pair of stars in spectroscopic binaries are difficult to estimate because
a. we can't measure the radial velocities of each star in the system.
b. we can't see the shape or tilt of the orbit.
c. we can't find the diameters of the stars.
d. we can't determine the luminosities of the stars.
 e. the Doppler shift is not measurable.
ANS: B PTS: 1

Diagram 8-1
Use the H-R diagram below to answer the following question(s).

17. Which star in Diagram 8-1 is most like the sun?

a. Alnilam
b. Antares
c. Arcturus
d. HR 5337
e. Sirius B
ANS: D PTS: 1

18. Which star in Diagram 8-1 has the greatest surface temperature?
a. Alnilam
b. Antares
c. Arcturus
d. HR 5337
e. Sirius B
ANS: A PTS: 1

19. Which of the stars in Diagram 8-1 has the largest absolute visual magnitude?
a. Alnilam
b. Antares
c. Arcturus
d. HR 5337
e. Sirius B
ANS: E PTS: 1

20. An eclipsing binary will

a. be more luminous than a visual binary.
b. also be observed as a spectroscopic binary.
c. give off most of its light in the infrared.
 d. show a constant Doppler shift in its spectral lines.
e. show two stars with variable proper motion.
ANS: B PTS: 1

21. If we can solve the orbital motion of an eclipsing binary, we can find
a. the mass of each star.
b. the diameter of each star.
c. the distance to the binary.
d. all of the above.
e. both a and b.
ANS: E PTS: 1

22. Which of the following kinds of stars best obey the mass-luminosity relation?
a. main-sequence stars
b. giant stars
c. supergiant stars
d. white dwarfs
e. all of the above
ANS: A PTS: 1

23. Which of the following kind of stars is most dense?

a. a supergiant star
b. a main sequence star
c. a giant star
d. a white dwarf
e. the sun
ANS: D PTS: 1

24. A spectroscopic binary shows periodic variations in its

a. radial velocity.
b. proper motion.
c. brightness.
d. mass.
e. spectral type.
ANS: A PTS: 1

25. Stars on the main sequence with the greatest mass

a. are spectral type M stars.
b. are spectral type O stars.
c. are located at the bottom of the main sequence in the H-R diagram.
d. have masses very similar to the sun.
e. both b and c.
ANS: B PTS: 1

26. The star Algol is

a. an astrometric binary.
b. a spectroscopic binary.
c. a visual binary.
d. an eclipsing binary.
e. both b and d.
 ANS: E PTS: 1

27. The total mass of a binary system can be calculated from

a. the ratio of the angular separation from the center of mass of each of the stars.
b. the distance to the binary and its radial velocity.
c. the semimajor axis and period of the orbit.
d. the radial velocities of the two stars.
e. the time required for the smaller star to eclipse the larger star.
ANS: C PTS: 1

28. The diagram below illustrates two stars in a visual binary system and the center of mass of this system.
Based on this diagram, what is the ratio of the mass of star A to the mass of star B?

a. 2 to 1
b. 1 to 2
c. 2 to 3
d. 3 to 2
e. 1 to 3
ANS: B PTS: 1

29. If a star has a parallax of 0.02 seconds of arc, then its distance is
a. 20 pc.
b. 50 pc.
c. 2 pc.
d. 5 pc.
e. 500 pc.
ANS: B PTS: 1

30. If a star with an absolute magnitude of −5 has an apparent magnitude of +5, then its distance is
a. 1 pc.
b. 10 pc.
c. 100 pc.
d. 1000 pc.
e. 10,000 pc.
ANS: D PTS: 1

31. An eclipsing binary has been analyzed and it has been determined that the ratio of the mass of star A to
the mass of star B is 6 and the total mass of the two stars is 26 solar masses. What are the masses of
star A and star B?
a. Star A has a mass of 1 solar mass and star B has a mass of 6 solar masses.
b. Star A has a mass of 20 solar mass and star B has a mass of 6 solar masses.
c. Star A has a mass of 31.2 solar mass and star B has a mass of 5.2 solar masses.
 d. Star A has a mass of 22.3 solar mass and star B has a mass of 3.7 solar masses.
e. The masses of star A and star B cannot be determined from the information given.
ANS: D PTS: 1

32. What is the total mass of a binary star system with P = 20 yr and a = 10 AU?
a. 2 solar masses
b. 2.5 solar masses
c. 0.5 solar mass
d. 80 solar masses
e. 0.4 solar mass
ANS: B PTS: 1

33. The diagram below shows the radial velocity curve of a double-line spectroscopic binary. Based on
this radial velocity curve, which of the following statements is correct?

a. Star A is twice the mass of star B.

b. Star B is twice the mass of star A.
c. Star A is ten times the mass of star B.
d. Star B is ten times the mass of star A.
e. Star A and Star B have the same mass.
ANS: B PTS: 1

34. In the light curve below, what is the period of the eclipsing binary?

a. 5 days
b. 32.5 days
c. 7.5 days
d. 42.5 days
e. 50 days
 ANS: B PTS: 1

35. At what point in the light curve below is the cooler star in front of the hotter star?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
ANS: D PTS: 1

Table 8-1
Use the chart below to answer the following question(s).

Parallax Spectral
Star mv Mv d (pc) (sec of arc) Type
65 Tau 4.2 0.025 A7 IV
HR 4621 2.6 −0.3 B2 IV
α Pic 1.8 20 A7 V
58 Ori −6.0 0.005 M2 I
HR 2491 −1.5 2.5 A1 V

36. From the data given, which star in Table 8-1 would appear the faintest in the night sky?
a. 65 Tau
b. HR 4621
c. α Pic
d. 58 Ori
e. HR 2491
ANS: A PTS: 1

37. From the data given,, which star in Table 8-1 has the greatest luminosity?
a. 65 Tau
b. HR 4621
c. α Pic
d. 58 Ori
e. HR 2491
ANS: D PTS: 1

38. From the data given, which star in Table 8-1 is the closest to Earth?
a. 65 Tau
 b. HR 4621
c. α Pic
d. 58 Ori
e. HR 2491
ANS: E PTS: 1

39. From the data given,, which star in Table 8-1 has the greatest surface temperature?
a. 65 Tau
b. HR 4621
c. α Pic
d. 58 Ori
e. HR 2491
ANS: B PTS: 1

40. From the data given,, which star in Table 8-1 has the greatest diameter?
a. 65 Tau
b. HR 4621
c. α Pic
d. 58 Ori
e. HR 2491
ANS: D PTS: 1

Table 8-2
Use the chart below to answer the following question(s).

Parallax Spectral
Star d (pc) (sec of arc) Type
δ Cen 0.026 B2 IV
HR 4607 0.039 G8 III
HR 4758 20 G0 V
HD 39801 0.005 M2 I
9 CMa 2.5 A1 V

41. Which star in Table 8-2 is the closest to Earth?

a. δ Cen
b. HR 4607
c. HR 4758
d. HD 39801
e. 9 CMa
ANS: E PTS: 1

42. Which star in Table 8-2 has the greatest surface temperature?
a. δ Cen
b. HR 4607
c. HR 4758
d. HD 39801
e. 9 CMa
ANS: A PTS: 1
43. Which star in Table 8-2 has the greatest diameter?
a. δ Cen
b. HR 4607
c. HR 4758
d. HD 39801
e. 9 CMa
ANS: D PTS: 1

44. If the orbital velocity of an eclipsing binary is 97 km/s and the smaller star is completely eclipsed in 2
hours, what is the diameter of the smaller star?
a. 175,000 km
b. 350,000 km
c. 194 km
d. 700,000 km
e. 4656 km
ANS: D PTS: 1

45. From the mass-luminosity relation, a 2-solar-mass star on the main sequence would have a luminosity
of approximately ____ solar luminosities.
a. 2
b. 4
c. 11
d. 0.5
e. 0.25
ANS: C PTS: 1

46. If two stars are emitting the same amount of light, the star that is farther will appear
a. brighter.
b. dimmer.
c. redder.
d. bluer.
e. They will have the same brightness as seen from Earth.
ANS: B PTS: 1

47. We can determine the surface temperature of a star from

a. studying its continuous spectrum.
b. studying its line absorption spectrum.
c. measuring the star's luminosity.
d. both a and c.
e. all of a, b, and c.
ANS: E PTS: 1

48. Which stars always have large positive absolute magnitude?

a. stars of high luminosity
b. stars of low luminosity
c. nearby stars
d. distant stars
e. not enough information given
ANS: B PTS: 1
49. How do humans use their eyes to measure relative distance by parallax?
a. By continuously focusing our eyes on distant objects, we can determine distance.
b. Since our eyes are separated, the brain interprets the relative look angles of these eyes in
terms of distance to the object viewed.
c. Our eyes can measure the time it takes light to travel from an object and from this we get
distance.
d. By moving our heads from side to side our brain compares look angles from each of these
positions to obtain the distance to the object viewed.
ANS: B PTS: 1

50. How can we tell that some stars are relatively close to us in the sky?
a. Some stars are occasionally eclipsed by the moon, so they must be nearby.
b. Some stars vary in brightness caused by sunspots we can see because they are so close.
c. Some stars appear to be extremely bright and must therefore be very close to us.
d. Some stars appear to move periodically back and forth against the background stars
because of Earth's movement around the sun.
ANS: D PTS: 1

51. The most accurate way to determine the surface temperature of a star is to study
a. the pattern of absorption lines from various atoms.
b. the relative intensities of light measured through different photometric filters.
c. the peak wavelength of the star's continuous blackbody spectrum.
d. pattern of emission lines that are on the star's spectrum.
ANS: A PTS: 1

52. If you compare two stars,

a. the one with the larger radius will always have the greater luminosity.
b. the one with the higher surface temperature will always have the greater luminosity.
c. the one with the smaller absolute magnitude will always have the greater luminosity.
d. the one with the larger surface area has the greater energy flux from its surface.
ANS: C PTS: 1

53. Stars in the upper right part of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram are always ____ when compared to
stars near the middle of the diagram.
a. cooler
b. brighter as seen from Earth
c. larger
d. smaller
e. more massive
ANS: C PTS: 1

54. How is a luminosity class assigned to a star?

a. by combining the apparent magnitude with the star's parallax
b. by measuring the period of variability in the star's apparent magnitude
c. by studying the absorption line width in the spectrum of the star
d. by observing the angular size of the star's image in a photograph or digital image
ANS: C PTS: 1

55. Why don't we see hydrogen Balmer lines in the spectra of stars with temperatures of 3,200 K?
a. There is no hydrogen in stars this cool.
 b. The stars are hot enough that most of the hydrogen is ionized and the atoms cannot absorb
energy.
c. These stars are so cool that nearly all of the hydrogen atoms are in the ground state.
d. Stars of this temperature are too cool to produce an absorption spectrum.
e. Stars of this temperature are too hot to produce an absorption spectrum.
ANS: C PTS: 1

56. Why don't we see hydrogen Balmer lines in the spectra of stars with temperatures of 45,000 K?
a. There is no hydrogen in stars this hot.
b. The stars are hot enough that most of the hydrogen is ionized and the atoms cannot absorb
energy.
c. These stars are so cool that nearly all of the electrons in the hydrogen atom are in the
ground state.
d. Stars of this temperature are too cool to produce an absorption spectrum.
e. Stars of this temperature are too hot to produce an absorption spectrum.
ANS: B PTS: 1

57. The absorption lines in the visible portion of the spectrum of a star that are produced by hydrogen are
from the
a. Lyman series.
b. Balmer series.
c. Paschen series.
d. isotopes of hydrogen.
e. ions of hydrogen.
ANS: B PTS: 1

58. Five stars and their spectral types are given below. Which star would have the lowest surface
temperature?
a. α For; F8
b. ο Cet; M7
c. 35 Ari; B3
d. γ Tri; A0
e. ξ Per; O7
ANS: B PTS: 1

59. The spectral types for each of five stars are given. Which star in would have the greatest surface
temperature?
a. α For; F8
b. ο Cet; M7
c. 35 Ari; B3
d. γ Tri; A0
e. ξ Per; O7
ANS: E PTS: 1

60. The star HR 4621 has an apparent magnitude of 2.6 and an absolute magnitude of -0.3. This star is
at a distance
a. closer than 10 pc.
b. farther than 10 pc.
c. No way to tell.
 ANS: B PTS: 1

61. A star's absolute magnitude depends only on the star's

a. distance and diameter.
b. temperature and distance.
c. distance.
d. temperature and diameter.
e. apparent magnitude.
ANS: D PTS: 1

62. The absorption lines in the infrared portion of the spectrum of a star that are produced by hydrogen are
from the
a. Lyman series.
b. Balmer series.
c. Paschen series.
d. isotopes of hydrogen.
e. ions of hydrogen.
ANS: C PTS: 1

63. The absorption lines in the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum of a star that are produced by hydrogen
are from the
a. Lyman series.
b. Balmer series.
c. Paschen series.
d. isotopes of hydrogen.
e. ions of hydrogen.
ANS: A PTS: 1

64. The correct sequence of spectral type letters from hot on the left to cool on the right is
a. M, K, G, F, A, B, O c. G, K, M, F, O, B, A
b. O, B, A, F, G, K, M d. A, B, O, F, G, K, M
ANS: B PTS: 1

65. The spectra of the coolest stars contain strong absorption features (or lines) of
a. TiO molecules.
b. ionized helium.
c. helium.
d. hydrogen.
e. all of the above.
ANS: A PTS: 1

66. Compared with the spectral lines in the solar spectrum, lines in a supergiant spectrum are
a. sharper.
b. broader.
c. weaker.
d. stronger.
e. b and c.
ANS: A PTS: 1

67. Vega is an A0 V star. Based on this information, which of the following are true?
 I. Vega has a surface temperature less than the sun.
II. Vega has a mass that is greater than that of the sun.
III. Vega is more luminous than the sun.
IV. Vega is located near the upper left hand corner in the H-R diagram.

a. I & II
b. II & III
c. II, III, & IV
d. I, II, & III
e. I, II, III, & IV
ANS: B PTS: 1

68. Groombridge 34 is an M1 V star. Based on this information, which of the following are true?
I. Groombridge 34 has a surface temperature that is less than the sun.
II. Groombridge 34 has a mass that is greater than that of the sun.
III. Groombridge 34 is less luminous than the sun.
IV. Groombridge 34 is located near the middle of the H-R diagram.

a. I & II
b. II & IV
c. I & IV
d. I & III
e. II & III
ANS: D PTS: 1

69. Spectroscopic and eclipse duration observations of an eclipsing binary star can enable astronomers to
calculate____ of its individual stars.
a. the masses
b. the sizes
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
ANS: C PTS: 1

70. A pair of stars orbit around one another in an elliptical orbit with a semimajor axis, a, of 1 AU with an
orbital period, P, of 1 year. What is the mass of the pair of stars?
a. 1 solar masses
b. 2 solar masses
c. 4 solar masses
d. 8 solar masses
e. 16 solar masses
ANS: A PTS: 1

71. Doppler-shift observations of a spectroscopic binary star can enable astronomers to calculate ____ of
its individual stars.
a. the masses
b. the sizes
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
ANS: A PTS: 1
72. Binary (double) stars can be detected by
a. being seen as two separate stars with a telescope.
b. one star traveling a wiggly proper-motion path across the sky.
c. one star dimming abruptly as another passes in front of it.
d. pairs of absorption lines seen in the spectrum of what appears to be one star.
e. all of the above.
ANS: E PTS: 1

73. The mass of a visual binary pair of stars can be obtained from
a. the time in years for them to orbit one another.
b. the size of their orbit.
c. their apparent magnitudes.
d. both a and b.
ANS: D PTS: 1

74. We know the white dwarf star Sirius B has a mass comparable to the sun because
a. of its measured color.
b. of its measured temperature compared to Sirius A.
c. it is part of binary star system with Sirius A.
ANS: C PTS: 1

75. The best sample of the true numbers of the different types of stars consists of
a. stars that appear brightest in the sky to an observer on Earth.
b. all of the stars within our solar system.
c. all the stars within a given distance from Earth.
ANS: C PTS: 1

76. In the list below, the LEAST common stars in our sun’s neighborhood are
a. upper main-sequence stars.
b. white dwarfs.
c. lower main-sequence stars.
ANS: A PTS: 1
77. The two stars near one another are shown. Positions of one member are shown relative to the other
star at different times. From plots like this one, astronomers conclude that

a. the stars are in an elliptical orbit around one another.

b. the mass of the pair can be estimated.
c. one star is passing by the other never to return.
d. both a and b.
ANS: D PTS: 1

78. A star's apparent magnitude is a measure of ...

a. how bright it appears to us if it is at its actual distance.
b. how bright it appears to us at a standard distance of 10 pc.
c. its energy output per second compared to the sun.
d. its mass in solar masses.
e. its surface temperature in Kelvin.
ANS: A PTS: 1

79. Which one of the methods below enables astronomers to measure the distance of a star near the sun in
our galaxy?
a. sound echoes knowing the speed of sound and time
b. parallax using Earth's orbit
c. human binocular vision
d. Balmer series
e. none of the above
ANS: B PTS: 1

80. Two stars of the same spectral class must have the same
a. radius.
b. temperature.
c. mass.
d. distance.
 e. all of the above.
ANS: B PTS: 1

COMPLETION

1. The parallax of the star 75 Leo is 0.10 and its apparent visual magnitude is +5.18. The absolute visual
magnitude of 75 Leo is ____________________.

ANS: +5.18

PTS: 1

2. A G2 I star is ____________________ in diameter and ____________________ luminous than the

sun.

ANS: larger; more

PTS: 1

3. ____________________ can be used to determine the distance to a star when the spectrum of the star
can be used to determine its spectral type and luminosity class.

ANS: Spectroscopic parallax

PTS: 1

4. Luminosity class IV objects are known as ____________________.

ANS: subgiants

PTS: 1

5. On the H-R diagram below, indicate the location of the white dwarf stars.

ANS: An elongated region should be indicated that stretches from a luminosity of about 10−2 and
 spectral type B to luminosity of about 10−4 and spectral type G.

PTS: 1

6. For stars on the main sequence, the luminosity can be estimated by the formula L =
____________________.

ANS: M 3.5

PTS: 1

7. The masses and diameters of each star in a binary can be determined from ____________________
binaries.

ANS: eclipsing

PTS: 1

8. Below is a radial velocity curve for a spectroscopic binary. Which of the stars is most massive?
____________________

ANS: Star B

PTS: 1

9. If we divide the mass of a star by its volume we calculate the star's ____________________.

ANS: average density

PTS: 1

10. Most stars on the H-R diagram are on the ____________________.

ANS: main sequence

PTS: 1

11. The largest of the red stars are the ____________________ stars.

ANS: supergiant

PTS: 1
TRUE/FALSE

1. A star whose parallax is 0.01 seconds arc is at a distance of 1000 pc.

ANS: F PTS: 1

2. The absolute magnitude of a star is the apparent magnitude it would have if it were 10 pc from Earth.

ANS: T PTS: 1

3. The location of a star in the H-R diagram indicates its temperature and intrinsic brightness.

ANS: T PTS: 1

4. Absorption lines in the spectra of supergiant stars are broader than the same spectral lines in
main-sequence stars of the same spectral type.

ANS: F PTS: 1

5. Giant stars are members of luminosity class III.

ANS: T PTS: 1

6. If a star is twice as hot as the sun and only half the sun's diameter, it will be less luminous than the sun.

ANS: F PTS: 1

7. The method of spectroscopic parallax cannot be applied to stars beyond about 100 pc.

ANS: F PTS: 1

8. The most common kinds of stars are low-luminosity stars.

ANS: T PTS: 1

9. Supergiants are about as common as the sun.

ANS: F PTS: 1

10. White dwarfs have such a low luminosity that even the nearest white dwarfs are not visible to the
naked eye.

ANS: T PTS: 1

11. To observe a visual binary, we must measure radial velocities.

ANS: F PTS: 1

12. The more massive star in a binary system is always farthest from the center of mass.

ANS: F PTS: 1
 13. If a binary system has a period of 4 years and a separation of 5 AU, then the total mass is 7.8 solar
masses.

ANS: T PTS: 1

14. To observe a spectroscopic binary, we must be able to see both stars individually.

ANS: F PTS: 1

15. We can find the masses and diameters of stars that are in eclipsing binary systems.

ANS: T PTS: 1

16. When we see a binary system producing eclipses, we know that the orbit is nearly edge-on.

ANS: T PTS: 1

17. The most massive main-sequence stars are the M stars.

ANS: F PTS: 1

18. The densest stars in the H-R diagram are the white dwarfs.

ANS: T PTS: 1

19. An M star is hotter than an O star.

ANS: F PTS: 1

20. On the H-R diagram, lines of constant radius slants down from left to right.

ANS: T PTS: 1

21. The luminosity of a star is the total amount of energy it radiates each second.

ANS: T PTS: 1

22. The Lyman series lines of hydrogen all lie in the infrared.

ANS: F PTS: 1

23. Stars of spectra type K have strong Balmer lines.

ANS: F PTS: 1

24. Hydrogen lines are weak in the spectra of hot stars because many of the hydrogen atoms have their
electrons in levels above the second level.

ANS: T PTS: 1

ESSAY

1. Why would parallaxes be easier to observe if Earth were farther from the sun?
 ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

2. How does absolute visual magnitude tell us the intrinsic brightness of a star?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

3. How do absolute visual magnitude and luminosity differ?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

4. How does an H-R diagram make it clear that giant stars are larger than main-sequence stars of the
same temperature?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

5. How does the luminosity depend on temperature for stars of the same size?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

6. How can we be certain that white dwarfs are very small?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

7. How do the spectra of giants, supergiants, and main-sequence stars differ?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

8. How can we find the distance to a star that is too distant to have a measurable parallax?

ANS:
Answer not provided.
 PTS: 1

9. What is the most common kind of star? What measurements must be made to discover this
information?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

10. Why is it difficult to decide how common hot stars are?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

11. Describe the measurements needed to determine the orbit of a visual binary star.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

12. What measurements are needed to determine the orbital motion of a spectroscopic binary star?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

13. What information can we get from eclipsing binaries that we cannot get from visual binaries?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

14. What information about orbital inclination can we get from visual binaries, spectroscopic binaries, and
eclipsing binaries?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

15. For what kinds of stars are the masses of stars in the H-R diagram “orderly”? For what kinds of stars
are they disorderly? In other words, could you guess the mass of a star from its location (luminosity,
temperature) on the H-R diagram?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1
16. How does density divide the stars in the H-R diagram into three groups?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

17. Which are the most common stars, massive stars or low-mass stars (relative to the sun)? High
luminosity or low luminosity (relative to the sun)?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

18. Why is spectroscopy of binary stars such an important aspect of astronomy?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

19. Describe two methods that could be used to determine the temperature of a star.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

20. Why do molecular bands only occur in the spectra of the coolest stars?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

21. Why are the Balmer lines weak in the spectra of hot and cool stars, but strong in the spectra of
intermediate-temperature stars?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

22. If a star's spectrum does not contain spectral lines characteristic of a certain element, can we conclude
that the star does not contain that element? Why or why not?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1
23. Explain why the presence of spectral lines of a given element in the solar spectrum tells us that
element is present in the sun, but the absence of the lines would not mean the element was absent from
the sun?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

24. What would the spectrum of hydrogen look like if we could see into the ultraviolet?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

25. How do astronomers know that the newly found L and T spectral types represent objects cooler than M
spectral class?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1