^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ

KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI

^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

–FÖI HKC JADK@XK@FZAI HKC ^KZ[< :>> FÖIT HK A@HK^K@HK@DAF‟

KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAI@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI ^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^

OIV[KG[F

U TKOKTXZK FDFHÁOADI

^ZIOIDAÔ@ A@XKGZAHFH
^ZIGZFOFDAÔ@ ZKG[CFZ

XKOF < CF
CF KH[DFDAI@ UAFC TKGÜ@ CF ^@^

D[ZTI < XZF@TAXI Q TKG[ZAHFH UAFC

KTX[HAF@XK
KTX[HAF@XK ^@
^@^
^ < T4 ^@^ GIOK
GIOK\
\ UKCFTV
UKCFTV[K\
[K\ DZATX
DZATXBAFO
BAFO WACCAFO
WACCAFO

HIDK@XK < DF^AXF@ ^@^ D[KUF HAF\ EZKHHQ IZCF@HI

OIV[KG[F-^KZÜ-:>:6
^ æ g a ` f 6 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

Ï@HADK
HKHADFXIZAF >4
FGZFHKDAOAK@XI >8

A@XZIH[DDAÔ@ >;
DF^ÏX[CI A
^CF@XKFOAK@XI HKC ^ZIJCKOF
F. DFZFDXKZA\FDAÔ
DFZFDXKZA\FDAÔ@
@ HK CF ^ZIJCKOÆXADF >5
J. HKCAOAXFDAÔ@ HK CIT IJLKXAUIT >7

6. IJLKXAUI GK@KZFC >7

:. IJLKXAUIT KT^KDÏEADIT >7

D. L[TXAEADFDAÔ@ K AO^IZXF@DAF >7

6. L[TXAEADFDAÔ@ >2
:. AO^IZXF@DAF >1

H. CAOAXFDAI@KT >1

DF^ÏX[CI AA
OFZDI XKÔZADI — HIDXZA@FZAI
F. F@XKDKHKT >1
J. JF
JFTK
TK XK
XKIZ
IZAD
ADF
F 6:
D. HKEA@ADAÔ@ HK XÁZOA@IT 6;

DF^ÏX[CI AAA
F@ÆCATAT
F@FCATAT 62
DI@DC[TAI@KT 62
ZKDIOK@HFDAI@KT 62
JAJCAIGZFEÏF 61
F@KRI :>
^ æ g a ` f : | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

HKHADFXIZAF<
F tihis cis oærrks picadïfs dfïhis k`

hkek`sf hk cf pfz y kc irhk` a`tkr`i,

quak`ks di` su klkopci ok oivf` f

skr oklir dfhf hïf.

F Hais pir cf vahf quk `is hf hïf f hïf

y cfs ipirtu`ahfhks quk `is jra`hf.

F oa efoacaf pir su fpiyi

a`di`hadai`fc k` tihi oiok`ti, fü` k`

cis oæs hadacks.

^ æ g a ` f 4 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

FGZFHKDAOAK@XI<

Vuakri fgrfhkdkr f hais pir hfrok cf

vahf, cf sfcuh y cf eukrzf sudak`tk pfrf

sfcar fhkcf`tk, f oas pfhrks pirquk si`

kc oitir hk ci quk siy y pir kstfr hi`hk

kstiy f oa hidk`tk pir k`sköfrok

tihis sus di`idaoak`tis k aopfrr

tihis sus di`idaoak`tis k` `isitris.

^ æ g a ` f 8 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

A@XZIH[DDAI@
Kc fct
fctïsa
ïsaoi
oi `üo
`üokri
kri hk ouk
oukrti
rtiss y bk
bkrah
rahis
is hkjahi
hkjahi f fdd
fddahk
ahk`tk
`tkss hk træ
træ`sa
`sati
ti
di`s
di`statatu
tuyk
yk u` gr
grfv
fvk
k pr
prij
ijck
ckof
of fü`fü` sa
sa`
` rksi
rksicv
cvkr
kr k` kc ^krü
^krü.. Tk
Tkgü
gü`` cf
cfss
kstfhïstadfs kcfjirfhfs pir cf ^icadïf @fdai`fc, hkshk kc föi :>>> f cf ekdbf
sk bf rkgastrfhi u`f fcfrof`tk daerf hk oæs hk 7>>,>>> fddahk`tks.
Kc a`fhkdufhi eu`dai`foak`ti hk kstk skdtir kopakzf duf`hi sk di`vakrtk k`
rkeugai hk quak`ks pir efctf hk u` kopcki eirofc rkdurrk` f kstk ieadai, sa`
vidfdaô`, `a dfcaeadfdaô`. Ksti, suofhi f cf fusk`daf hk u`f dibkrk`tk picïtadf
kstftfc, f trfvás hk cis föis, sk bf di`vkrtahi k` u` dfôtadi sastkof duyfs
gf`f`dafs sk ijtak`k` -sfcvi fcgu`fs kxdkpdai`ks- sijrk cf jfsk hkc ofyir
takopi quk kc dbiekr kstæ fc vicf`tk, kc ofyir `üokri hk macôoktris rkdirrahis
y kc ofyir `üokri hk pfsflkr lkris. Bf hkvk`ah ahi
i k` u` okdf`asoi
a`trï`skdfok`tk pkrvkrsi, quk a`dcusi bf di`struahi u` sa`gucfr dôhagi hk
diop
di opir
irtf
tfoa
oak`
k`ti
ti hi`h
hi`hkk sk bf bf`
` rkrkcf
cftatava
vazf
zfhi
hi ci
ciss vf
vfci
cirk
rkss y fh
fhir
irok
okddah
ahi
i
di`dak`dafs, duyi ckof pfrkdk skr "vfck tihi", di`vartaá`hisk k` u`f tarf`ïf
quk sk aopi`k k` cfs pastfs y dfrrktkrfs. Oak`trfs `i sk rkkstrudturk kc
ksqukof koprksfrafc y cfjirfc hkc trf`spirtk püjcadi, ouy pidi sk pukhk
fvf`zfr.
Cf skgurahfh vafc di`sastk k` cf prkvk`daô` hk fddahk`tks hk træ`sati i cf
oa`aoazfdaô` hk sus kekdtis, kspkdafcok`tk pfrf cf vahf y cf sfcuh hk cfs
pkrsi`fs, duf`hi
duf`hi tuvakrf cugfr u`
u` bkdbi `i hkskfhi hk træ`sati. Xfojaá` sk
rkeakrk f cfs tkd`icigïfs kopckfhfs pfrf hadbi ea` k` dufcquakr okhai hk
hkspcfzfoak`ti tkrrkstrk (ôo`ajus, dfoaô`, futioôvac, oitidadcktf, jadadcktf y f
pak).
Itri tároa`i oæs diopckti ks kc quk hkea`k skgurahfh vafc dioi cfs rkgcfs y
fdtatuhks quk si` `kdksfrafs pfrf kstfr skguri sa cf pkrsi`f kstæ of`klf`hi
fcgü` vkbïduci i dfoa`f`hi k` u`f vïf.
Cfs `irofs rkgucfhirfs
rkgucfhirfs hk træ`s
træ`sati
ati y cf rkspi`sf
rkspi`sfjacahf
jacahfh
h hk cis usufr
usufrais
ais hk cf
vïf
püjcadf diopi`k` kc pra`dapfc pu`ti k` cf skgurahfh vafc. Ta` u`f irgf`azfdaô`
pir pfrtk hkc kstfhi, di` kc fpiyi hk rkgcfok`tfdai`ks pfrf kc træ`sati y sa` cf
oihkrf
oihk rfda
daô`
ô` hk cfcfss di
di`h
`hud
udtf
tfss buof
buof`f
`fss (khu
(khudf
dfda
daô`
ô` va
vafc
fc)) pfrta
pfrtadu
ducf
cfrk
rkss i
dickdtavfs, `i ks pisajck cigrfr u` ôptaoi rksuctfhi. Futirahfhks y prioitirks
vicu`tfrais hkjk` cckvfr f dfji k` eirof pkrof`k`tk dfopföfs, prigrfofs y
dursis hk skgurahfh y khudfdaô` vafc, k` cis quk sk hkjk prioivkr.

^ æ g a ` f ; | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

DF^AX[CI A
^CF@XKFOAK@XI HKC ^ZIJCKOF
DFZFDXKZA\FDAI@ HK CF ^ZIJCKOÆXADF
6.6. TKG[ZAHFH UAFC
Di`sastk k` cf prkvk`daô` hk fddahk`tks hk træ`sati i cf oa`aoazfdaô` hk sus
kekdtis, kspkdafcok`tk pfrf cf vahf y cf sfcuh hk cfs pkrsi`fs, duf`hi tuvakrf
cugfr u` bkdbi `i hkskfhi hk træ`sati. Xfojaá` sk rkeakrk f cfs tkd`icigïfs
kopckf
kop ckfhfs
hfs pf
pfrf
rf hadbi
hadbi ea` k` du
dufcq
fcquak
uakrr okh
okhai
ai hk hks
hkspcf
pcfzf
zfoak
oak`ti
`ti tkr
tkrrks
rkstrk
trk
(ôo`ajus, dfoaô`, futioôvac, oitidadcktf, jadadcktf y f pak).
Itri tároa`i oæs diopckti ks kc quk hkea`k skgurahfh vafc dioi cfs rkgcfs y
fdtatuhks quk si` `kdksfrafs pfrf kstfr skguri sa cf pkrsi`f kstæ of`klf`hi
fcgü` vkbïduci i dfoa`f`hi k` u`f vïf.

Cfs `irofs rkgucfhirfs

rkgucfhirfs hk træ`s
træ`sati
ati y cf rkspi`sf
rkspi`sfjacahf
jacahfh h hk cis usufr
usufraisais hk cf
vïf
vïf pü
püjc
jcad
adf
f diop
diopi`
i`k`
k` kc prpra`
a`da
dapf
pfcc pu
pu`t
`ti
i k` cf skg kgururah
ahfh
fh vaf afc.c. Ta
Ta`
` u`
u`ff
irgf`azfdaô` pir pfrtk hkc kstfhi, di` kc fpiyi hk rkgcfok`tfdai`ks pfrf kc
træ`sa
træ`sati
ti y sa` cf oihkrf
oihkrfdaô
daô`` hk cfs di`hud
di`hudtfs
tfs bu
buof`
of`fs fs (kh
(khudf
udfdaô daô`
` vaf
vafc),
c),
pfrtaducfrks i dickdtavfs, `i ks pisajck cigrfr u` ôptaoi rksuctfhi. Futirahfhks
y prioitirks vicu`tfrais hkjk` cckvfr f dfji k` eirof pkrof`k`tk dfopföfs,
prig
prigrf
rfof
ofss y durs
dursis
is hk skskgu
gurarahf
hfhh y khkhud
udfd
fdaô
aô`
` va
vafc
fc,, k` ciciss qu
qukk sk hkjk hkjk
prioivkr<
 Cf dirtksïf y prkdfudaô` k` cf di`huddaô` hk vkbïducis.

 Kc rkspkti fc fgk`tk hk vafcahfh.

 Cf pritkddaô` f cis pkfti`ks, pkrsi`fs di` hasdfpfdahfh y dadcastfs.

 Cf prkvk`daô` hk fddahk`tks

 Kc usi rfdai`fc hkc futioôvac pfrtaducfr.

Cf prai
prairah
rahfh
fh k` kc us
usi
i hkc
hkc ks
kspf
pfda
dai
i pü
püjc
jcad
adi
i hk ciciss ha
haek
ekrk
rk`t
`tks
ks oi
oihi
hiss hk
hkspcfzfoak`ti skræ di`eirok f cf saguak`tk lkrfrquïf<
 ^kfti`ks.

 Dadcastfs.

 [sufrais y prkstfhirks hkc skrvadai hk trf`spirtk hk pfsflkris ofsavi,

dickdtavi i a`havahufc.
^ æ g a ` f 5 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

 [sufrais hk trf`spirtk pfrtaducfr futioitir.

 [sufrais y prkstfhirks hkc skrvadai hk trf`spirtk hk dfrgf.

6.:. DCFTKT HK TKG[ZAHFH UAFC
Tkgurahfh fdtavf
Ks fquk
fqukcccci
i qu
quk
k fsas
fsastk
tk fc di`h
di`hud
udti
tirr pf
pfrf
rf kv
kvatatfr
fr u` pi
pisa
sajc
jck
k fdda
fddahk
hk`t
`tk
k
a`tkrva`ak`hi hk of`krf pkrof`k`tk hurf`tk cf darducfdaô`, fcgu`is klkopcis
quk pihkois datfr si`<
Tastkof
Tastko f hk rktriv
rktrivasi
asirks
rks<< ^kr
^kroat
oatkk fc di`
di`hud
hudtir
tir,, cf vas
vasaja
ajacah
cahfh
fh pistkr
pistkrair
air hkc
hkc
vkbïduci y cf darducfdaô` quk idurrk hktræs, pfrf kcci sk duk`tf di`< kspklis,
kcao
kcaoa`
a`fd
fdaô
aô`
` hk pu pu`t
`tis
is da
dakg
kgis
is,, y it
itrf
rfss fy
fyuh
uhfs
fs hk di di`t
`tri
ricc di
dioi
oi rfhf
rfhfrk
rks,
s,
diou`adfdaô` hk skgurahfh a`fcæojradf hkc vkbïduci y vasaô` `idtur`f.
Tastkofs hk suspk`saô`< Cf suspk`saô` tak`k u`f cfjir ouy rkckvf`tk k` cf
skgura
skg urahf
hfh
h fdtavf
fdtavf.. Tarvk
Tarvk pfrf
pfrf hfr dio
dioiha
ihahfh
hfh fc vkb
vkbïdu
ïduci
ci y sus idupf`
idupf`tks
tks,,
has
hasoa`
oa`uyk
uyk`hi
`hikccffgfrrk
efvirkdak`hi trf
trf`so
`soasa
hkcasaô`
ô` hk arrk
arrkguc
futioôvac fcgucfrah
frahfhk
sukci fhks s hk
y, pir hkc
c tkrrk`
tkrsu
tf`ti, rk`i
i fc bf
bfjat
jatædu
kstfjacahfh.æduci
ci y

J. HKCAOAXFDAI@ HK CIT IJLKXAUIT

6. IJLKXAUI GK@KZFC
Di`idkr sijrk kc pridkhaoak`ti f rkfcazfr k` kc duahfhi hk cf
skgurahfh vafc dioi pfrtk hkc pkrsi`fc ^@^.

:. IJLKXAUIT K KT
T^KDAEADIT
Di`idkr cfs eu`dai`ks picadafcks rkspkdti f cf skgurahfh vafc.
· Hktkroa`fr cis frtïducis hksta`fhfs f cf skgurahfh vafc pfrf kc
fpiyi picadafc pkrta`k`tk.

D. L[TXAEADFDAI@ K AO^IZXF@DAF

Cf oasaô` hk cf skgurahfh vafc ks prkvk`ar fddahk`tks hk træ`sati, quk dioi `is

hkoukstrf` cfs kstfhïstadfs hkc ou`hi y hk dufcquakr `fdaô`, k` cf fdtufcahfh,
si`pkrsi`fs.
cfs u` ecfgkci y u`f hk cfs pra`dapfcks dfusfs hk oukrtks y hasdfpfdahfhks k`
^ æ g a ` f 7 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

Fpcadfr cfs `irofs y rkspktfrcfs,

rkspktfrcfs, cf dcfvk pfrf kvatfr oæs ou
oukrtks
krtks pir træ`sati

Kstk ijlktavi quk sk pripi`k cf skgurahfh vafc ks pcfusajck hk di`drktfrsk f

trfvás hk cf fpcadfdaô` hk cfs `irofs quk rkgucf` cf vafcahfh k` u`f `fdaô`, y
pir itri cfhi f trfvás hk cf di`dak`tazfdaô` y hk cf khudfdaô` hk tihis cis
fdti
fd tirk
rkss qu
quk
k a`
a`tk
tkrv
rvak
ak`k
`k`
` k` cfcfss vï
vïfs
fs,, dfc
fcck
ckss y ru
rutf
tfs,
s, i sk
skf,
f, pk
pkft
fti`
i`ks
ks,,
futioivacastfs, dadcastfs y oitidadcastfs.

Di`idkr sftasefdtirafok`tk cfs sköfcks y cfs `irofs hk træ`sati, rkspktfrcfs, y

cf haspisadaô` hk u`f cadk`daf pfrf di`hudar, si` dukstai`ks aoprksda`hajcks
pfrf kvatfr fddahk`tks, y skræ cf khudfdaô` cf pra`dapfc of`krf hk haeu`harcfs.

Tk ijskrvf, k` kstk ofrdi, cf fpcadfdaô` hk ouctfs hk træ`sati, quk si`

sf`dai`ks hasdapca`frafs quk jusdf` dirrkgar i a`stagfr fc di`hudtir hk hadbis
vkbïducis i fc rkspi`sfjck hkc oasoi f kvatfr u`f rkpktadaô` hk hadbi fdti.

Cfs sf
Cfs sf`d
`dai
ai`k
`kss pu
pukh
khk`
k` sk
skrr hk ï`
ï`hi
hick
ck fh
fhoa
oa`a
`ast
strf
rftatavi
vi,, f pf
pfrta
rtarr hk ha
hast
sta`
a`tf
tfss
oktihicigïfs quk pukhk` pir klkopci hkravfr k` cf suspk`saô` hk cf cadk`daf
quk pkroatk cf di`huddaô` hk vkbïducis, oak`trfs quk cis oæs diou`ks si` cis
dfstagis kdi`ôoadis quk aopcadf` fc pfgi hk u` oi`ti hk ha`kri kstaofhi.
Di`idkr cfs `irofs y haspi`kr hk cis kckok`tis prkvk`tavis

Cis pfhrks, cf ksdukcf, y pfrfckcfok`tk cfs fdfhkoafs hi`hk sk k`sköf f

of`klfr, k`trk itris, hkjk` jra`hfr tihfs cfs bkrrfoak`tfs, kxpcadfr ci quk sk
hkjk bfdkr y ci quk `i, oak`trfs sk hkskopkök dioi pkftô` i di`hudtir hk
vkbïduci.

Xfojaá` hkjkræ` jra`hfr a`eirofdaô` prkdasf sijrk cis kckok`tis jæsadis k

a`haspk`sfjcks pfrf gfrf`tazfr cf pripaf skgurahfh y cf hk tkrdkris tfcks dioi<
da`turô` hk skgurahfh, dfsdis, kspklis rktrivasirks, fpiyf dfjkzfs, jfcazf,
oftfeukgis.
Arrkspi`sfjacahfh hk di`hudtirks y pkfti`ks, dirrupdaô` y ofc kstfhi hk rutfs
y dfoa`is

K` cf fdfdtu
tufc
fcah
ahfh
fh `i`iss k`
k`erk
erk`t
`tfo
foisis f vf vfra
rais
is prprij
ijckckof
ofss qu
quk k kx
kxdk
dkhkhk`
` f cf
k`sk
k` sköf
öf`z
`zff va vafc
fc,, a`
a`dc
dcuy
uyk`
k`hi
hi kc di diop
opir
irtf
tfoa
oak`
k`titi ararrk
rksp
spi`
i`sfsfjc
jck
k hk ci ciss
di`hudtirks quk `i rkspktf` cfs vkcidahfhks oæxaofs `a oï`aofs, quk jkjk`
fcdi
fcdibi
bicc y cucukg
kgi i of
of`k`klf
lf`,
`, qu
qukk ut
utaca
acazf
zf`
` kc tk tkcá
cáei
ei`i
`i dk
dkcu
cucf
cfrr oa
oak`
k`tr
trfs
fs ks
kstæ
tæ``
di`h
di `hud
udak
ak`
`hi
hi,, ququkk dirirrk
rk`
` papaddfhf
hfss k` fu futi
tivvïf
ïfss y df dfccccks
ks hi
hi`h`hkk kstæ
fjsicutfok`tk pribajahi bfdkrci, pir ok`dai`fr cfs oæs rkdurrk`tks.

Q `i pihkois siscfyfr cis efdtirks quk bfdk` fc di`tric y fc of`tk`aoak`ti

di`eirok hk cfs vïfs hk darducfdaô`, cis fgk`tks hk træ`sati quk f dfojai hk
u` sijir`i `i fpcadf` cf cky, y kc hkeadak`tk kstfhi hk oudbfs dfccks y rutfs pir
cf efctctf
ef f hk pir
acuoa`fdaô`, ijrf
ij rfss hk rk
klkopci. rkpf
pfrf
rfda
daô`
ô`,, di
dirr
rrkd
kdtf
tf sk
sköf
öfcacazf
zfda
daô`
ô` y fu
fusk
sk`d
`daf
af hk
^ æ g a ` f 2 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

[` prijckof quk sici sk supkrf di` kc dioprioasi hk tihis

Ta` cf irgf`azfdaô` k a`tkrvk`daô` hkc kstfhi gfrf`tazf`hi kc duopcaoak`ti hk

cfs `irofs vagk`tks, kc dirrkdti kstfhi hk rutfs y dfccks y cf haeusaô` hk
dfopföfs hk di`dak`tazfdaô` oæs cf rkspi`sfjacahfh y oihkrfdaô` hk cis
a`havahuis oak`trfs sk hkskopköf` k` kc di`tkxti vafc skræ aopisajck kvatfr
fddahk`tks y oukrtks f dfusf hkc træ`sati.
Xf`ti cfs futirahfhks gujkr`fok`tfcks, cis trf`skü`tks y quak`ks of`klf`
fcgü` vkbïduci, hkjk` dioprioktkrsk hkshk kc cugfr quk idupf` f rkspktfr fc
prôlaoi, cfs `irofs vafcks y f cis fgk`tks quk sk k`duk`trf` k` cfs dfccks pfrf
fpcadfr cf cky hk træ`sati.

H. CAOAXFDAI@KT

6. CAOAXFDAI@KT HK XAKO^I

Kc takopi itirgfhi pfrf kc prksk`tk trfjfli, hkjahi f cf `fturfckzf

hkc dursi ks rkcftavfok`tk dirti.

:. CAOAXFDAI@KT J
JAAJCAIGZFEADFT
^ir f skr u` tkof trftfhi hk of`krf rkskrvfhf pir cf a`statudaô` picadafc
jajc
jajcai
aigr
grfe
feïf
ïf si
sijr
jrk
k kc tk
tkof
of ks ks
ksdf
dfzf
zf== k` di
di`s
`skd
kduk
uk`d
`daf
af,, sk tatak`
k`k
k
caoatfdaô`
jajcaigræeadf pfrf cf rkfcazfdaô` hkc prksk`tk trfjfli.

DF^AX[CI AA
OFZDI XKIZADI-HIDXZA@FZAI
F. F@XKDKHK@XKT<
F@XKDKHK@XKT<

6.6 Tkgu
Tkgurah
rahfh
fh Uafc k` kc ^krü
Kc hafg`ôstadi prksk`tfhi pir kc Di`skli @fdai`fc hk Tkgurahfh Uafc rkeakrk
quk cis fddahk`tks hk træ`sati di`statuyk` u` aopirtf`tk prijckof hk sfcuh
püjcadf, duyf prkvk`daô` keadfz y sistk`ajck kxagk kseukrzis di`dkrtfhis. Tk
kstaof quk dfhf föi k` kc ou`hi oukrk` 6.: oacci`ks hk pkrsi`fs y ;>
oacci`ks rksuctf` bkrahfs f di`skduk`daf hk haekrk`tks tapis hk fddahk`tks hk
^ æ g a ` f 1 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

træ`sati, di` u` disti kdi`ôoadi fprixaofhi hk ;62 oac oacci`ks hk hôcfrks

f`ufcks, ci quk rkprksk`tf pfrf dfhf pfïs u` priokhai hkc 6.;% hkc prihudti
jruti a`tkr`i (^JA). Cfs priykddai`ks a`hadf` quk kstfs daerfs fuok`tfræ` k`
tir`i fc 5;% k` cis
prôxaois :> föis, hk `i kxastar u` rk`ivfhi dioprioasi di` cf prkvk`daô`.
K` `ukstri pfïs, dioi di`skduk`daf hkc pridksi hk a`hustrafcazfdaô` y cf
oagr
oa grfd
fdaô
aô`
` hk
hkcc df
dfop
opi
i f cf dadauh
uhfh
fh,, cf
cfss zi
zi`f
`fss urjf
urjf`f
`fss kx
kxpk
pkrao
raok`
k`tf
tfri
ri`
` u`
drkdaoak`ti fdkckrfhi y fctfok`tk hksirhk`fhi k` cfs üctaofs hádfhfs. Hfhf
cf drkdak`tk `kdksahfh hk trfscfhfrsk fpfrkdakri`, y cukgi pricaekrfri`, k`
`ukstri sastkof hk trf`spirtk urjf`i, y kspkdafcok`tk k` kc a`tkrurjf`i, cis
vkbïducis di`idahis dioi –diojas" y "difstkr", hkc oasoi oihi quk cis
vkbï
vk bïdu
duci
ciss cagk
cagkri
riss (t
(tad
adis
is)) y oi
oiti
titf
tfxa
xas,
s, qu
quk
k jra`
jra`hf
hf`
` skskrv
rvad
adai
aiss hk tfxa
tfxa,,
a`dursai`f`hi k` kc sastkof hk trf`spirtk cidfc.
K` kstk di`tkxti, kc trf`spirtk püjcadi, urjf`i k a`tkrurjf`i, ks pkrdajahi
dioi u`i hk cis pra`dapfcks prijckofs kxastk`tks, quk hafrafok`tk fgrfvf` cf
skgurahfh vafc hk tihfs cfs cidfcahfhks hkc pfïs. Fu`fhi f kcci, surgakri`
`ukv
`ukvfs
fs ha
hast
stir
di`tfoa`fdaô`irsa
sai`
i`ks
ks si
sida
fojak`tfc,dafc
fcks
cfks,
, di
dioi
oi cfhkca`
f`tagókhfh a`ei
eiro
rofc
fcah
pfrqukahfh
fh k` kc cf
futioitir, trf`
trf`sp
spir
irtk
tk,, cf
sijrkiekrtf
hk trf`spirtk püjcadi, kc ræpahi hktkrairi hk cfs vïfs hk darducfdaô`, kc dfis vafc,
pir ok`dai`fr fcgu`is quk rkpkrdutk` k` cf dfcahfh hk vahf hk cf pijcfdaô`.
Cis fdfdtuf
tufcks
cks ï`hadk
ï`hadkss hk fddfddahk
ahk`tf
`tfcah
cahfh
fh k` kc ^krü
^krü di`
di`sta
statuy
tuyk`
k` u`f rfz
rfzô`
ô`
sueada
sueadak`t
k`tk
k pfr
pfrf
f hfr a`a
a`adai
dai fc pridks
pridksii hk rks
rkstfu
tfurfd
rfdaô`
aô` hk cf skgura
skgurahfh
hfh vaf
vafcc
`fdai`fc.
Kc prijckof hk cis fddahk`tks hk træ`sati ks diopckli y, pir ci gk`krfc, sk
pukhk`
puk hk` fpcadf
fpcadfrr vfr
vfrafs
afs si
sicud
cudai`
ai`ks
ks f u` oas
oasoi
oi pri
prijck
jckof.
of. Ta` kojfrg
kojfrgi, i, ks
aopirtf`tk rkdi`idkr quk cf ofyirïf hk kstis fddahk`tks `i si` ftrajuajcks f
u`f sicf dfusf, sa`i quk si` kc rksuctfhi hk cf rkcfdaô` k`trk cis diopi`k`tks
quk di`eirof` kc sastkof hk skgurahfh vafc.
6.: Zic hk cfs A`statudai`ks
A`stat udai`ks hkc Kstfhi k` cf Tkgurahfh Uafc
Ks suofok`tk aopirtf`tk ahk`taeadfr y prkdasfr kc ric quk dirrkspi`hk f cfs
a`
a`st
statatud
udai
ai`
`ks hkc Ks
Kstf
tfhi
hi,, cf diirh
iirha`
a`f
fda
daô
ô` k`trk
`trk kc
kccf
cfss, su grfh
grfhi
i hk
hksdk`trfcazfdaô` y sus eu`dai`ks, fsï dioi cfs rkspi`sfjacahfhks quk cks
diopktk` di` rkspkdti f cf skgurahfh vafc. Kc Kstfhi ks quak` hkjk frtaducfr
kstfs kstrftkgafs pfrf aopckok`tfr cfs picïtadfs `kdksfrafs k` jüsqukhf hkc
jak`kstfr hk cf pijcfdaô`.
K` kstk æojati, ks `kdksfrai di`vidfr f tihfs cfs a`statudai`ks
a `statudai`ks hkc Kstfhi pfrf
gfrf
gfrf`t
`taz
azfr
fr kc hk
hksf
sfrri
rricci
cci hk cf skgu
skgura
rahf
hfh
h va
vafc
fc,, tk`a
tk`ak`
k`hi
hi di
dioi
oi u`u`i
i hk sususs
ijlktavis cf ahk`taeadfdaô` hk cis fddahk`tks hk træ`sati dioi u` prijckof hk
sfcu
sfcuh
h püjc
püjcad
adf
f qu
quk
k rk
rkqu
quak
akrk
rk ft
ftk`
k`da
daô`
ô` ou
ouctctas
askd
kdti
tiraf
rafcc y pf
pfrt
rtad
adap
apfd
fdaô
aô`
` hk cf
dickdtavahfh.
^ æ g a ` f 6> | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

Zkekraois f di`ta`ufdaô` cfs a`statudai`ks quk pfrtadapf` k` cf prijckoætadf hk

of`krf pkrof`k`tk, di` cf ea`fcahfh hk kstfjckdkr cf oklir dioprk`saô` hk cf
a`statudai`fcahfh hk cf skgurahfh vafc.
6.:.6 Oa`as
Oa`astkrai
tkrai hk ttrf`sp
rf`spirtks
irtks y diou`
diou`adfd
adfdai`ks
ai`ks

Ks kc quk pcf`aeadf,
k` froi`ïf eiroucf,gk`krfc
di` cf picïtadf haragk, hkc
diirha`f y kvfcüf
gijakr`i y cis cf picïtadf
pcf`ks hk hk trf`spirtks
hksfrricci hkc
pfïs, rfzô` pir cf dufc ks kc k`dfrgfhi hk rkgucfr cis fspkdtis rkcfdai`fhis
di` kc trf`spirtk urjf`i k a`tkrurjf`i, tf`ti k` cf a`erfkstrudturf dioi k` cis
hkoæs diopi`k`tks quk a`tkrvak`k` k` cf ftk`daô` hk cf hkof`hf hk kstk
skrvadai.
6.:.:
6.:.: Oa`
Oa`ast
astkrai
krai hkc A`t
A`tkra
krair
ir
Tu pfrtadapfdaô` dirrkspi`hk fc di`tric hkc træ`sati
tr æ`sati y cf skgurahfh vafc. Fhkoæs,
a`tkrvak`k dioi futirahfh pfrf di`tricfr kc duopcaoak`ti hk cfs `irofs ckgfcks
y haspisadai`ks koatahfs pir cfs a`statudai`ks rkcfdai`fhfs di` kc trf`spirtk
urjf`i.

Kc Oa`astkrai hkc A`tkrair fdtüf f trfvás hk cf ^icadïf @fdai`fc hkc ^krü<

 Cf Lkefturf hk cf ^icadïf hk Xræ`sati, ôrgf`i k`dfrgfhi hk pcf`kfr,

irgf`azfr, haragar, di`tricfr y klkdutfr cfs fdtavahfhks rkekrahfs fc cajrk
træ`sati hk vkbïducis, pfsflkris y dfrgf, di`tric hk træ`sati y skgurahfh
k` vïfs urjf`fs, fsï dioi hk cf c f fhoa`astrfdaô` hk cis hkpôsatis ieadafcks
hk vkbïducis.

 Klkrdk eu`dai`ks hk di`tric, haragak`hi y vagacf`hi kc `irofc hksfrricci hk

tr
træ`
æ`sa
sati
ti k` cfs
cfs vïfs
vïfs püjc
püjcad
adfs
fs,, cf hk
hk`u
`u`d
`daf
af f`
f`tk
tk cf
cfss fu
futi
tira
rahf
hfhk
hkss
dirrkspi`hak`tks, sijrk cfs a`erfddai`ks hk træ`sati y cis fddahk`tks hk
træ`sati.

 Cf Harkddaô` hk A`vkstagfdaô` hk Fddahk`tks hk Xræ`sati a`vkstagf cfs

dfusfs hk cis a`dahk`tks k` cfs vïfs hk darducfdaô`.

 Cf Hark
Harkdd
ddaô
aô`
` hk cf ^i ^icacadï
dïf
f hk Df
Dfrrk
rrktk
tkrf
rfss sk k` k`df
dfrg
rgf
f hk pcpcf`
f`kf
kfr,
r,
irgf`
irg f`azf
azfr,
r, haraga
haragar,
r, di`
di`tri
tricfr
cfr y klkdut
klkdutfr
fr fdt
fdtava
avahfh
hfhks
ks rke
rkekra
krahfs
hfs fc caj
cajrk
rk
træ`sati y cf skgurahfh vafc k` cfs dfrrktkrfs.

^ æ g a ` f 66 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

 Cf ^icadïf Kdicôgadf di`tricf cf koasaô` hk di`tfoa`f`tks hkc trf`spirtk

y fpcadf cfs sf`dai`ks dirrkspi`hak`tks
dirrkspi`hak`tks..

J. JFTK XKIZADF<
6.4 Di`skli @fdai`fc hk Tkgurahfh Uafc
Ks kc k`tk rkdtir k`dfrgfhi hk prioivkr y diirha`fr cfs fddai`ks va`ducfhfs f
cf skgurahfh vafc k` kc pfïs.
Cf drkfdaô` hkc Di`skli (H.T. @¼ >6>-15-OXD) ks eruti hk cf rkdiok`hfdaô`
hkc
–Kstuhai a`tkgrfc sijrk skgurahfh vafc‟ hkc Oa`astkrai hk Xrf`spirtks y

Diou`adfdai`ks, quk kxprksf cf `kdksahfh hk drkfr u` k`tk quk diirha`k cfs

fddai`
fddai`ks
ks quk rkfcaz
rkfcazf`
f` cfs k`tahf
k`tahfhks
hks,, püj
püjcad
cadfs
fs y pra
pravf
vfhfs
hfs,, va`
va`duc
ducfhf
fhfss f cf
skgurahfh vafc, fsï dioi cfs okhahfs rkqukrahfs pfrf kc cigri hk cis ea`ks.
Kc D@TU
D@TU ks kstæ
tæ pr
prks
ksah
ahah
ahi
i pi
pirr kc tatatu
tucf
cfrr hk
hkcc Oa`a
Oa`ast
stkr
krai
ai hk Xrf`
Xrf`sp
spir
irtk
tkss y
Diou`a
Dio u`adfd
dfdai`
ai`ks,
ks, k a`tkgr
a`tkgrfhi
fhi,, fhkoæs
fhkoæs hkc oa`ast oa`astkra
krai
i ok`
ok`dai
dai`fh
`fhi,
i, pir kc
Oa`astkrai hkc A`tkrair, kc Oa`astkrai hk Khudfdaô`, kc Oa`astkrai hk Tfcuh, kc
Oa`astkrai hk Xrfjfli, kc rkprksk`tf`tk hk cf Fsfojckf @fdai`fc hk Gijakr`is
Zkgai`fcks, kc rkprksk`tf`tk hk cf Ou`adapfcahfh Oktripicatf`f hk Caof, kc
rkprksk`tf
rkprksk`tf`tk
`tk hk cf T[@FX
T[@FX (Tupk
(Tupkra`tk`
ra`tk`hk`dhk`daf
af @fdai`fc
@fdai`fc hk Fhoa
Fhoa`astrf
`astrfdaô`
daô`
Xrajutfraf), kc rkprksk`tf`tk hk A@HKDI^A (A`statuti @fdai`fc hk Hkek`sf hk cf
Diopktk`daf y hk cf ^ritkddaô` hk cf ^ripakhfh A`tkckdtufc) y kc Harkdtir
Gk`krfc hk Xrf`spirtk Xkrrkstrk hkc Oa`astkrai rai hk Xrf`spirtk rtks y
Diou`adfdai`ks.
^ripi`kr pcf`ks, oktfs y ijlktavis k` skgurahfh vafc, eiroucf`hi picïtadfs hk
prkvk`daô` hk fddahk`tks, y diirha`fr cf klkdudaô` hk pcf`ks hk fddaô` f dirti,
okhaf`i y cfrgi pcfzi.

 Hasköfr, aopucsfr y kvfcufr cf rkfcazfdaô` hk fddai`ks pfrf cf skgurahfh

vafc.

 ^rioivkr y irgf`azfr kvk`tis y dfopföfs quk rkeukrdk` cf skgurahfh

vafc. Kvfcufr y pripi`kr `irofs ckgfcks y rkgcfok`tfrafs quk cckvk` fc

^ æ g a ` f 6: | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

oklirfoak`ti hk cf skgurahfh vafc, fsï dioi kc duopcaoak`ti hk cfs

oasofs.

 ^rioivkr cf pfrtadapfdaô` y dicfjirfdaô` hk k`tahfhks hk cf fdtavahfh

pü
püjc
jcad
adf
f y vafc.
skgurahfh pr
prav
avfh
fhf
f `f
`fda
dai`
i`fc
fcks
ks y kx
kxtr
trf`
f`lk
lkrf
rfss k` ci
ciss prig
prigrf
rfof
ofss hk

 ^rioivkr y hksfrriccfr cf a`vkstagfdaô` sijrk fddahk`tks hk træ`sati.

 ^rioivkr y diirha`fr cf oklirf hk cis sastkofs hk ftk`daô` hk bkrahis f

di`skduk`daf
di`skduk`d af hk cfs dicasai`ks vafcks.

 Diirha`fr kc trfjfli hk cfs irgf`azfdai`ks quk pfrtadapf` k` fddai`ks hk

skgurahfh vafc.
 Aopucsfr cf aopckok`tfdaô` hk prigrfofs hk khudfdaô`, sk`sajacazfdaô`
y itris quk di`trajuyf` f cf eirofdaô` hk u`f ducturf vafc.

6.8 ^icadïf @fdai`fc tiof okhahfs pfrf oklirfr kc rkspkti hk cfs `irofs hk
trf`sati
Kc harkdtir hk Xræ`sati, Xrf`spirtk y Tkgurahfh Uafc hk cf ^icadïf @fdai`fc hkc
^krü, Gk`krfc ^@^ Lirgk Cfo, a`eiroô quk su harkddaô` kstæ tiof`hi okhahfs
pfrf oklirfr kc rkspkti hk cfs `irofs hk træ`sati pir pfrtk hk pkfti`ks y
di`hudtirks. K` u`f k`trkvastf jra`hfhf f Zfhai @fdai`fc hkc ^krü, Cfo
prkd
prkdas
asô
ô quk sk kst stæ
æ` fpca
fpcaddf`h
`hi
i pfpkck
pkcktf
tfss kh
khud
udft
ftav
avf
fs f pkf kfti
ti`k
`kss y

di`hudtirks,
cfs `irofs hkk` kc ofrdi hk u`f dfopföf quk jusdf sk`sajacazfr fc rkspkti f
træ`sati.
–Cf skgu`hf dfusf hk cis fddahk`tks hk træ`sati ks cf aopruhk`daf hkc pkftô`.
F`tk kcci, cf ^icadïf hk Xræ`sati di`ta`üf di` dfopföfs quk jusdf` dfojafr cf
ok`tfcahfh hk pkfti`ks y di`hudtirks bfdaf kc duopcaoak`ti hk cfs `irofs. K`
cis üctaois hïfs bkois fpcadfhi u`f grf` df`tahfh hk pfpkcktfs khudftavfs
quk cks k`sköf` kc rkspkti f cf `iroftavf‟, hali Cfo.
Kc harkdtir hk Xræ`sati kxpcadô quk k` kc dfsi hk cis pkfti`ks sk cks a`ducdf
druzfr pir cis puk`tks pkfti`fcks, usfr cis pfsis hk dkjrf hkjahfok`tk
rkofrdfhis k` cfs ksqua`fs, y kvatfr sujar i jflfr hk u` vkbïduci k` dufcquakr
cugfr hk cf vïf.

^ æ g a ` f 64 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

K` duf`ti f cis di`hudtirks, Cfo prkdasô quk sk bf` k`eidfhi k` kc rkspkti

hk cis di`hudtirks f dadcivïfs. –K` cis üctaois hïfs bkois fprkdafhi pir cis
okhais hk diou`adfdaô` quk fcgu`is futis a`vfhk` cfs dadcivïfs. ^ir ksi,
kstfois sak`hi hræstadis y bkois sf`dai`fhi di` oæs hk 6>> pfpkcktfs f cis
di`hudtirks quk sk kstfdai`k` sijrk cfs dadcivïfs i trf`satk` sijrk kccfs. ^frf
kcci,
hafrafo
haf di`tfois
rafok`t
k`tk
k dar di`
darducf kc
ducf pirKsdufhrô`
pi r tihfs cfshkdadciv
tihfs dadDadcastfs
civïfs k`kdtf`h
ïfs hkt cff`hi
hktkdt ^icadïf hk is
i f kst Xræ`sati,
kstis vkb
vkbïdu quk
ïducis
cis‟,
‟,
kxprksô. Tijrk cis vkbïducis quk tak`k` vfrafs pfpkcktfs pir pfgfr, pkri fü`
saguk` darducf`hi, Cfo ok`dai`ô quk cf ^icadïf hk Xræ`sati aopi`k pfpkcktfs y
cfs trfoatf f`tk kc Tkrvadai hk Fhoa`astrfdaô` Xrajutfraf (TFX) pfrf quk a`adak kc
pridkhaoak`ti fhoa`astrftavi. –Ci quk bfdk cf ^icadïf hk Xræ`sati ks aopi`kr cf
pfpk
pfpkck
cktf
tf fc a`er
a`erfd
fdti
tirr y ks kc TF
TFXX kc qu
qukk a`
a`ad
adaf
af cf kl
klkd
kdud
udaô
aô`
` di
difd
fdtatavf
vf f
di`hudtirks,
quk tak`k` pfpkcktfs y `i cfs pfgf`. Kccis dfpturf` fc vkbïduci y kc OXD
pridkhk f cf f`ucfdaô` y df`dkcfdaô` hk cfs cadk`dafs hk di`hudar hk kstfs
pkrsi`fs‟, hktfccô.

6.; K`tk hk di`tric hk cis okhais y okhahfs hk skgurahfh vafc

Cf ^icadïf @fdai`fc hkc ^krü fsag`fhf fc Xræ`sati ks cf a`statudaô` k`dfrgfhf hk
bfddkr duo
bf uoppcar
car kc ZkZkgc
gcf
fok`
ok`ti @fdfdai
ai`
`fc hk Xræ`Xræ`sa
sati
ti,, eaeasd
sdf
fcacazzf`h
`hi
i su
duopca
duo pcaoak
oak`ti
`ti,, gfrf`t
gfrf`tazf
azf`hi
`hi y di`tri
di`tricf`
cf`hi
hi cf caj
cajrk
rk dar
dardu
ducfd
cfdaô`
aô` vkbvkbaduaducfr
cfr y
pkfti`fc k` cf vïf
püjcadf,
püjcadf, Haf
Hafraf
rafok`
ok`tk,
tk, cf rkf
rkfcaz
cazf
f fdd
fddai`
ai`ks
ks pfr
pfrf
f di`
di`tri
tricfr
cfr i di
di`tr
`trfrr
frrkst
kstfr
fr kc
di`gkstai`foak`ti vkbaducfr
vkbaducfr y hasoa`uar kc ï`hadk hk fddahk`tks hk træ`sati.
Duf`hi
Duf` hi u` ^i^icacadï
dïf
f ks
kstæ
tæ hara
haraga
gak`
k`hi
hi kc træ`
træ`sa
sati
ti,, ci
ciss us
usuf
ufrai
raiss hk cf
cfss vïfs
vïfs
(di`hudtir y pkftô`) kstæ` ijcagfhis f ijkhkdkr y ftk`hkr sus a`hadfdai`ks.
Cfs a`hadfdai`ks hk cis oakojris hk cf prkvfckdk` sijrk cfs a`hadfdai`ks hkc
skoæeiri, cfs sköfcks hk træ`sati y itris haspisatavis hk di`tric quk rkgucf` cf
darducfdaô` vafc.
6.5 ZkdZkdi`i
i`idao
daoak`
ak`ti
ti cfs a`s
a`stru
trudd
ddai`
ai`ks
ks hk cf ^ic
^icadï
adïf
f @fdai
@fdai`fc
`fc hkc ^krü
^krü
fsag`fhf fc trf`sati
Cis oakojris hk cf ^icadïf @fdai`fc hkc ^krü fsag`fhf fc Xræ`sati kstæ` f
dfrgi hk cf skgurahfh vafc. ^ir ksi tk`kois quk di`idkr kc sag`aeadfhi hk cfs
a`struddai`ks quk hf`, cfs dufcks vf` haragahfs `i sici f cis di`hudtirks hk
vkbïducis, sa`i tfojaá` f cis pkfti`ks y f cis usufrais hk cfs vïfs, k` gk`krfc.
Qf skf u`i di`hudtir hk vkbïduci i pkftô`, pfrf ftrfvksfr u`f dfcck hi`hk
bfyf ^icadïf hk Xræ`sati (biojrk i oulkr), sk hkjk` skguar cfs a`struddai`ks
quk a`hadf` duf`hi bfdkrci. Cf ^icadïf hk Xræ`sati utacazf u` ck`guflk hk sköfs
of`ufcks y fdüstadfs pfrf trf`soatar sus a`struddai`ks.
6.7 Hasp
Haspisa
isatavi
taviss hk di`tric
di`t ric hk trf`sa
trf `sati
ti
^ æ g a ` f 68 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

Tkgü` kc Zkgcfok`ti @fdai`fc hk Xræ`sati, cis kckok`tis quk a`tkrvak`k` k` cf

rkgucfdaô`, fhoa`astrfdaô` y/i easdfcazfdaô` hkc træ`sati tkrrkstrk si` cis
haspisatavis hk di`tric hk træ`sati, quk kstæ` diopukstis pir<

 Cfs sköfcks hk træ`sati.

 Cis skoæeiris.

Cf ^icadïf @fdai`fc hkc ^krü fsag`fhf fc træ`sati ks itri hk cis kckok`tis quk
a`tkrv
a`tkrvak`
ak`k`
k` k` cf rkgucf
rkgucfdaô
daô`,
`, fho
fhoa`a
a`astr
strfda
fdaô`
ô` y/i eas
easdfc
dfcazf
azfdaô
daô`
` hkc træ
træ`sa
`sati
ti
tkrrkstrk y quk duopck u`f eu`daô` dioi k`tk hk di`tric hk cis okhais y
okhahfs hk skgurahfh.
Cis haspisatavis hk di`tric si` u`f skrak hk haspisadai`ks quk rkgucf` kc
træ`sati k` cf vïf püjcadf okhaf`tk sköfcks vkrtadfcks, sköfcks birazi`tfcks y cis
skoæeiris.
Cfs `irofs pfrf kc hasköi y utacazfdaô` hk cis haspisatavis hk di`tric sk
kstfjckdk` k` kc Of`ufc hk Haspisatavis hk Di`tric hk Xræ`sati Futioitir pfrf
Dfcck
ccks y Dfrrrrk
ktkrfs, quk fprukjf kc Oa`as asttkrai hk Xrf`
rf`spirtks y
Diou`adfdai`ks k` di`dirhf`daf di` cis Di`vk`ais A`tkr`fdai`fcks susdratis
pir kc ^krü.
Cf a`stfcfdaô`, of`tk`aoak`ti y rk`ivfdaô` hk cis haspisatavis hk di`tric hkc
træ`sati hkpk`hkræ` hk su ujadfdaô`<

 Cf rkh vafc `fdai`fc ks diopktk`daf hkc Oa`astkrai hk Xrf`spirtks y

Diou`adfdai`ks.

 Cfs vïfs rkgai`fcks si` hk diopktk`daf hk cis gijakr`is rkgai`fcks.

 Cfs fvk`ahfs si` hk diopktk`daf hk cf ou`adapfcahfh priva`dafc

 Cfs dfccks y lari`ks si` hk diopktk`daf hk cis ou`adapais hastratfcks.

Cis di`hudtirks y cis pkfti`ks kstæ` ijcagfhis f ijkhkdkr cis haspisatavis hk

di`tric hkc træ`sati, sfcvi quk rkdajf` a`struddai`ks hasta`tfs hk u` kekdtavi hk
^ æ g a ` f 6; | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

cf ^icadïf @fdai`fc hkc ^krü, i quk sk trftk hk cfs kxdkpdai`ks di`tkopcfhfs

k` kc
Zkgcfok`ti, k` ci quk rkspkdtf f cis vkbïducis ieadafcks y hk kokrgk`daf.

D. HKEA@DAI@ HK XKZOA@IT
Cf khu
khudfd
dfdaô`
aô` vaf
vafcc (di
(di`sa
`sahkr
hkrfhf
fhf pfrtk
pfrtk hk cf khudf
khudfdaô
daô`
` dau
dauhfh
hfhf`f
f`f8)
8) ks hk
dfrædtkr oucta k a`tkrhasdapca`frai, `utraá`hisk hk kstuhais, a`vkstagfdai`ks y
fpirtk
fpi rtkss hk vfr
vfrafs
afs hasdap
hasdapca`
ca`fs,
fs, dio
dioii kc hkrkdb
hkrkdbi,
i, cf átadf,
átadf, cf sidaic
sidaicigï
igïf,
f, cf
psadicigïf, cf kstfhïstadf, cf okdæ`adf, cf kdi`ioïf, cf a`gk`akrïf y cfs dak`dafs
hk cf sfcuh, k`trk itrfs.
Tk irak`tf` f cf eirofdaô` fdkrdf hk ci quk kstá va`ducfhi f ccis
is trf`skü`tks, cf
di`hudtf vafc, cis trf`spirtks y cfs vïfs hk diou`adfdaô`. Fcgu`is hk sus
tkofs prairatfrais si`<
 Cf tracigïf vafc.

 Uïf püjcadf< tapis, eu`dai`ks, dfrfdtkrïstadfs y pfrtks.

 Ekraf hk Dak`dafs-Khudfdaô` vafc-Uaccf Zkga`f. Zïi @kgri.

 Khudfdaô` vafc k` @avkc a`adafc.

 Tkgura
Tkgu rahf
hfh
h va
vafc
fc<< pr
prao
aofr
fraf
af i fdta
fdtavf
vf,, sk
skdu
du`h
`hfr
fraf
af i pf
pfsa
savf
vf,, tkrd
tkrdaf
afraf
raf y
duftkr`fraf.

 Ckgascfdaô
Ckgascfdaô`
` vaf
vafcc y hkrkd
hkrkdbis
bis di`kx
di`kxis
is (a`
(a`tkr
tkr`fd
`fdai`
ai`fck
fcks,
s, rkg
rkgai`
ai`fck
fcks,
s,
`fdai`fcks y cidfcks).

 Tköfcks
fuhatavfs hk træ`sati y sköfcazfdaô`< vkrtadfcks, birazi`tfcks, cuoa`isfs,
y of`ufcks.

 Di`huddaô` hk vkbïducis< oitis, futioôvacks, vkbïducis hk kokrgk`daf

y kspkdafcks, ôo`ajus, ktd.

 Di`vavk`daf, di`hudtf y átadf k` kc træ`sati< cf khudfdaô` vafc sk`sajacazf

sida
si dafc
fcok
ok`t
`tk
k rkrksp
spkd
kdti
ti f cis cis di
diop
opir
irtf
tfoa
oak`
k`ti
tiss qu
qukk eiok
eiok`t
`tf`
f` cf
di`vavk`daf, cf tickrf`daf, cf sicahfrahfh, kc rkspkti y cf rkspi`sfjacahfh,
y efvirkdk` cfs rkcfdai`ks buof`fs pfdïeadfs k` cf vïf püjcadf.

 Ta`akstri
Ta`akstriss i fd
fddah
dahk`t
k`tks
ks hk træ
træead
eadi<
i< prk
prkvk`
vk`daô
daô`,
`, efd
efdtir
tirks
ks hk rak
raksgi
sgi,,
dfusfs, di`skduk`dafs y fdtufdaô`.

^ æ g a ` f 65 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

 ^raokris fuxacais k` kc træ`sati, di` sus hasta`tis oiok`tis.

 Oivacahfh sistk`ajck y di`huddaô` kdicôgadf.

 Okhaif
Okhaifoja
ojak`t
k`tk
k y vaf
vafcah
cahfhk
fhks<
s< dca
dcaof,
of, f`
f`aof
aofcks
cks y pcf
pcf`tf
`tfss k` cfs vïfs,
vïfs,
drudks
ktd. hk f`aofcks, dirrkhirks jaicôgadis, di`tfoa`fdaô` y picudaô`,
 Cis tkofs hkc ærkf trftf` pra`dapfcok`tk sijrk kc træ`sati tkrrkstrk, pkri
tfojaá` pukhk` a`dcuar -fu`quk skf k` ok`ir pripirdaô`- fc trf`spirtk
ecuvafc, ofrïtaoi y fárki.
Xracigïf vafc
Tk hk`ioa`f fsï f cis trks efdtirks hkc træ`sati, dfhf u`i hk cis dufcks di`stf,
f su vkz, hk u`f skrak hk kckok`tis di` sus pfrtaducfrahfhks kspkdïeadfs<
 Kc efdtir buof`i< a`dcuyk f cfs pkrsi`fs k` træ`sati, cis trfjflfhirks y
skrvahirks hk cfs vïfs, y f cis kckok`tis a`tf`gajcks (`irofs ckgfcks,
skguris, a`vkrsai`ks, distis, pcf`ks hk træ`sati, ktd.).

 Kc efdtir vkbaducfr< si` oivahis pir oitirks, pir f`aofcks i pir skrks
buof`is. ^ukhk dcfsaeadfrsk skgü` havkrsis pra`dapais dioi pksi, klks,
eu`dai`ks, ktd.

 Kc ef
efdt
dtir
ir fo
foja
jak`
k`tf
tfc<c< diop
dioprk
rk`h
`hk
k f cf cfss vïfs
vïfs i kc sa
sast
stko
koff vafafc,c, ci
ciss
haspisatav
hasp isatavis
is hk di`tric
di`tric i hk sköfcazfdaô`
sköfcazfdaô` y f cf `fturfckz
`fturfckzf
f (kc dcaof
dcaof,, cfs
pcf`tfs, cis f`aofcks, ktd.).
Ducturf vafc
Tk hk`ioa`f ducturf vafc f cf of`krf k` «dôoi cis skrks buof`is vavk`,
sak`tk`, pak`sf` y fdtüf` k`, hkshk y pfrf kc ditahaf`i hk cis kspfdais hk
oivacazfdaô` y hkspcfzfoak`ti½,5 ci quk a`dcuyk f fdkrfs, dfczfhfs, pfskis y
pfsis pkfti`fcks, dadcivïfs, pfrquks püjcadis, pcfzfs, ktd. Ks hkdar, ks kc oihi
hk pridkhkr a`tkrfdtuf`hi k` cf vïf püjcadf, oasoi quk hkjkrïf jfsfrsk k` kc
rkspkt
rkspkti
i y cf dirtks
dirtksïf,
ïf, k`
k`trk
trk itris
itris vf
vfcir
cirks
ks dauhfh
dauhfhf`i
f`is.
s. Xi
Xihf
hf dio
diou`u`ahf
ahfh
h i
sidakhfh «piskk su pripaf ducturf vafc½, cf dufc `i ks juk`f `a ofcf hk pir sï,
sa`i susdkptajck hk skr pkrekddai`fhf.5 Cf ducturf vafc tak`k dioi pripôsati 7
fyuhfr f tihfs fqukccfs pkrsi`fs quk trf`satf` f di`idkr sus hkrkdbis y
ijcagfdai`ks pfrf quk cf vïdtaof `i skf pkrluhadfhf pir `i sfjkr cfs `irofs
quk ci pritkgk` y ijcagf`. Fhkoæs, ks `kdksfrai quk sk a`ducquk hkshk cis
bigfrks okhaf`tk u`f khudfdaô` rkspi`sfjck rkcfdai`fhf di` cf oivacahfh.
Kc ijlktavi hk cf ducturf vafc ks prkvk`ar sa`akstris k`trk cis oasois vkbïducis i
pkrsi`fs quk trf`satf` k` cf dfcck. Ksti sk cigrf f trfvás hk cf khudfdaô`, cf
di`dak`dafdaô` y cfs `irofs, pra`dapfcok`tk k`eidfhis k` cf vahf hk dfhf

^ æ g a ` f 67 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

a`havahui
a`havahui k` træ`sa
træ`sati,
ti, yf skf
skf` ` di`
di`hud
hudtir
tirks,
ks, pf
pfsfl
sflkri
kris,
s, pkf
pkfti`
ti`ks,
ks, dad
dadcas
castfs
tfs,,
trfjflfhirks vafcks, fgk`tks, ktd.
Tkgurahfh vafc
Fhkoæs hk cfs okhahfs ckgfcks, okdæ`adfs, tád`adfs y hk a`erfkstrudturf
rkqukrahfs,
cf skgurahfhcfvafc.
khudfdaô` bf tk`ahi trfhadai`fcok`tk u` pfpkc prkpi`hkrf`tk k`

 Cf prk
prkvk
vk`da
`daô`
ô` y oa`aoaz
oa`aoazfda
fdaô`
ô` hk sa`
sa`aks
akstri
triss vaf
vafcks
cks (a`
(a`dcu
dcuyk`
yk`hi
hi f cis
fddahk`tks) sk rkfcazf f trfvás hk cis duftri `avkcks hk skgurahfh vafc<
 Cf skgurahfh praofraf (tfojaá` ccfofhf fdtavf)< jusdf prkvk`arcis i
kvatfrcis okhaf`tk havkrsis okdf`asois, fddai`ks y `irofs.
 Cf skgurahfh skdu`hfraf (i pfsavf)< sk haragk f pritkgkr f cfs pkrsi`fs
hurf`tk cf idurrk`daf, f ea` hk kvatfr i oa`aoazfr cfs di`skduk`dafs,
dioi hföis y cksai`ks.
 Cf skgurahfh tkrdafraf< kstæ hksta`fhf f cukgi hk quk sudkhf` (tfojaá`
ks oa`aoa
oa`aoazfd
zfdaô`
aô`),
), f ea` hk oa`
oa`aoa
aoazfr
zfr cfs di`sk
di`skduduk`d
k`dafs
afs y hk kv
kvatf
atfrr
`ukvis sa`akstris.
 Cf
cfs skgurahfh duftkr`fraf<
tkrfpafs eïsadfs bfdk rkekrk`daf
y psadicôgadfs f cf rkdupkrfdaô`, ks hkdar f
hk cfs pkrsi`fs.
Kstf dcfsaeadfdaô` gufrhf rkcfdaô` di` cf oftraz hksfrriccfhf pir Bfhhi` k` cis
föis hk 617>, quak` fc kstuhafr f cis sa`akstris pripusi havahar k` trks cis
oiok`tis hk fdtufdaô`< f`tks, hurf`tk y hkspuás hk su idurrk`daf. Kstis
takopis sk dioja`f` di` cis trks efdtirks hkc træ`sati (tracigïf vafc) pfrf eirofr
u`f oftraz hk `ukvk dfsaccfs, di`idahf di` kc `iojrk hk su drkfhir.

DF^AX[CI AAA
F@FCATAT
DI@DC[DAI@KT Q F@FCATAT<
Cis fddahk`tks hk træ`sati si` cf skgu`hf hk cfs pra`dapfcks dfusfs hk oukrtk
f `avkc ou`hafc k`trk cis lôvk`ks hk >; f :1 föis hk khfh, y cf tkrdkrf k`trk cf
pijcfdaô` hk 4> f 88 föis.
Zkfcazfr kstuhais hk skgurahfh vafc y f`æcasas hk cf prijckoætadf hkc træ`sati,
pripi`ak`hi pcf`ks, `irofs, kstrftkgafs y pridkhaoak`tis `kdksfrais pfrf su
sicudaô` k` kc æojati hk su diopktk`daf
Cf skgurahfh vafc ks kc ôrgf`i kspkdafcazfhi, hk dfrædtkr tád`adi y sastáoadi,
`iroftavi y ipkrftavi= rkspi`sfjck hk easdfcazfr kc duopcaoak`ti hk cfs `irofs
hk træ`sati pir pfrtk hk cis usufrais hk cf a`erfkstrudturf vafc= y hk of`krf
sujsahafraf cfs `irofs hk trf`spirtk k` cf rkh vafc `fdai`fc= fsï dioi, hk
^ æ g a ` f 62 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

klkd
klkdut
utfr
fr ipkr
ipkrfd
fdai
ai`k
`kss picad
picadaf
afck
ckss pfrf
pfrf gfrf
gfrf`t
`taz
azfr
fr kc irhk
irhk`
` y cf skgu
skgura
rahf
hfh
h
dauhfhf`f k` cis sastkofs hk trf`spirtk ofsavi (ekrrivafrai, oktris, y itris).
Fsaoasoi, sk k`dfrgf hk prkvk`ar, a`vkstagfr y hk`u`dafr cis fddahk`tks hk
træ`sati di` di`skduk`dafs eftfcks y kc riji i burti hk vkbïducis y sus hkcatis
di`kxis, fdtuf`hi jfli cf di`huddaô` lurïhadf hkc easdfc= y, jra`hf skgurahfh,
vagacf`daf,
ofrdi hk cffuxacai y di`tric
`iroftavf sijrkpicadafc k` cfs dfrrktkrfs hk cf rkh vafc `fdai`fc= k` kc
cf oftkraf.

JAJCAIGZFEAF<

 Jratasb Diu`dac ^krü — ^i`taeadaf [`avkrsahfh Dftôcadf hkc ^krü (:>>7). –Kc
ck`guflk vafc — kc ck`guflk hk cf vahf‟. Caof — ^krü.

 Di`grksi
Di`grk si hk cf Zkp
Zkpüjc
üjcadf
adf (61
(6117)
17).. Cky Gk`
Gk`krf
krfcc hk Tfcu
Tfcuh
h @¾ :5
:528:
28:..
Zkdu
Zk dupk
pkrf
rfhi
hi k`<
k`<
bttp<//www.di`grksi.gij.pk/`tcky/Aofgk`ks/Cky
bttp<//www.di`grksi.gij .pk/`tcky/Aofgk`ks/Ckyks/:528:.phe
ks/:528:.phe.

 Di`skli
Di`skl i @fd
@fdai`
ai`fc
fc hk Tk
Tkgur
gurahf
ahfh
h Uaf
Uafcc (:>
(:>>5)
>5).. Guï
Guïf f hk khud
khudfda
fdaô`
ô` k`
skgurahfh vafc pfrf khudfdaô` skdu`hfraf. (:hf. kh). Caof - ^krü.

 Oa`astkrai hk Xrf`spirtks y Diou`adfdai`ks (:>>6). Zkgcfok`ti

@fdai`fc hk Xræ`sati. Caof - ^krü (s.`.)<
www.otd.gij.pk/a`hadk/j.sujskdtirtrf`spirtks/j.trf`spirtktræ`sati
tkrrkstrk/darducfdaô`tkrrkstrkofrdigk`krfc/j.`irofshktræ`satitkrrkstrk/H.
T.>44-:>>6- otdrgti`fdai`fchktrf`s
otdrgti`fdai`fchktrf`sati.phe.
ati.phe.

 Oa`astkrai hk Xrf`spirtks y Diou`adfdai`ks (:>>2). Zkgcfok`ti

@fddai`f
@f ai`fcc hk Ca
Cadk
dk`d
`daf
afss hk DiDi`h
`hud
udar
ar vk
vkbï
bïdu
duci
ciss fu
futi
tioi
oiti
tirk
rkss y `i
futioitirks hk trf`spirtktkrrkstrk. Caof — ^krü (s.`.)
www.otd.gij.pk/a`hadk/J.--
sujskdtirtrf`spirtks/j.trf`spirtktræ`satitkrrkstrk/j.darducfdaô`tkrrkstrk.
ofrdigk`krfc/j.rkgcfok`tihkcadk`dafshkd
ofrdigk`krfc/j.rkgcfok `tihkcadk`dafshkdi`hudar/hs>8>-:>>
i`hudar/hs>8>-:>>2-2- otd.phe.

 ^irtidfrrkri, G. (:>>6). Cf trf`sgrksaô`

trf`sgrksaô` dioi eirof kspkdïeadf hk gidk
 hkc ou`hi draicci< Zkh pfrf kc hksfrricci hk cfs dak`dafs sidafcks. Caof

^krü< (s.`.)
^ æ g a ` f 61 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

F@KRI<

^ æ g a ` f :> | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

^ æ g a ` f :6 | ::
 ^ICADÏF @FDAI@FC HKC ^KZÜ
KTD[KCF HK KH[DFDAÔ@ T[^KZAIZ XÁD@ADI
^ZIEKTAI@FC ^@^ OIV[KG[F

^ æ g a ` f :: | ::