Popular Information appeals to general

MODULE III interest and is usually found in general

INFORMATION LITERACY circulation materials.

Information typology establishes a

characterization of information theory
functions, allowing for a precise
expression of information structures and
patterns.

1. Factual vs. Analytical

Factual Information is based on evidences

and findings provided by reliable sources.

Analytical Information is an analysis or

interpretation of facts by an individual ,
usually an expert on the subject .
2. Subjective vs. Objective
Subjective Information is about the
discussion and elaboration of a thesis
statement which is still anchored on
facts.
Objective Information unbiased and does
not lead you to judge the information in a
certain way.
a. Primary vs. Secondary
vs Tertiary
Primary Information
Original; first-hand information
Secondary Information One or more
steps removed from a primary source.
Tertiary Information Provide access to
materials on specific topics.

3. Current vs. Historical b. Stable vs. Unstable

Current Information refers to how up-to- Information may be stable or unstable.

date or how recent the information is.
Historical Information are those
information that are old but are very
helpful in providing insights and
comparison of events.
4. Scholarly vs. Popular
Scholarly Information are information
come from academic sources.
Stability becomes a consideration
especially when the information you have
obtained is published digitally over the
Internet.
- It is often difficult to know how
long a certain Web site or page will
last.
Type of Media

Media- The main means of mass

communication (broadcasting,
publishing, and the internet) regarded
collectively.
MASS MEDIA AND MEDIA EFFECTS
Film/Cinema
■ The film as a media form is one
that is considered
impressionable and has a
cathartic effect to its audience.

■ Films are very important

cultural artifacts because like
books, they reflect the desires,
ideologies, and sensibilities of
the culture to which they
originate from.

Broadcast Media

One of the most distinctive characteristics

of the broadcast media is their ubiquity.
They are considered “household” media
because they can be found in practically
any corner of a home. The broadcast
media come in two forms – radio and
television.

■ In the Philippines, you

Types of Media
Print Media
It is also known as press, this type of
media refers to materials that are
written and are physically
distributed.
Print media can either be in the form
of a book, a newspaper, or a
magazine.
JOHANNES GENSFLEISCH ZUR LADEN
ZUM GUTENBERG (June 24, 1400 -
February 3, 1468)
He was a German blacksmith,
goldsmith, inventor, printer, and
publisher who introduced printing to
Europe with the printing press.
customarily expect FM
programming to be format
radio, whereas AM
programming is dominated by
a news format.
■ The landscape is slowly
changing as news format has
already gone into frequency
modulation.
■ Broadcasting has also started
to conquer the Internet and
mobile technology through
Internet-based radio and
television.
■ The production of foreign films
may be more advanced in
terms of visual effects, given
their advanced technology.
WHAT IS PROPAGANDA?
Propaganda Model of Media Control
(Herman & Chomsky )
The model tries to understand how the
population is manipulated, and how the
social, economic, political attitudes are
fashioned in the minds of people through
propaganda.
effect is greater than the sum of their
individual effects.” It is the rationale
behind the concentration of media in one
company or organization.
Convergence
It is the combination of various elements
to create a new whole. It is a trend that
cannot be done away with, because the
audiences are getting more fragmented.

THE ESSENCE OF PROPAGANDA

Convergence Among Different Types of

Media

Media Type/Form Converge

• E-books
Book • Print on
deman
d (POD)
Video Games
• Online
Newspaper Version
Video games continue to grow popular to
both young and old, because of their • Mobile
increased interactivity and Applica
interconnectivity, “from game consoles to tion
personal computers to the Internet to cell Version
phones (Baran, 2010) ”

The Internet, on the other hand, is a • Online

development in media technology that is Magazine Publishi
at the heart of all the convergence that ng
you see occurring in traditional media.
• Custom
Pointers of Intersection among Media Publishi
Forms ng
•
Synergy Movem
ent
It is an “interaction of two or more
from
agents or forces, so that their combined
print to
 • • Radio
Televisi on
on (or televisi
vice on (and
versa) vice
• versa)
Adverto
rial
• Video
Television Cassett
e
Record
• Concept
Film ers
Movies
(VCR)
•
• Digital
Sequels
Video
,
Disc
remake
(DVD)
s, and
• Digital
franchis
Video
es
Record
•
er
Televisi
(DVR)
on,
• Digital
comic
Televisi
book,
on or
and
High-
video
•
games
Definiti
remake
on
s
Televisi
on
• Digital •
Radio Radio Internet
• -based
Internet televisi
-based on
radio • Video
and on the
podcast Internet
ing
 • •
Interact Internet Functio
ive nalities
and the
televisi of the
on World Wide Web traditio
• Phone- nal
over- media
cable moving
• Mobile to the
Video Web
platfor
Television m
Recording •
Internet
technol
ogy
incorpo
rated to
mobile
technol
• Online
Video Game ogy
Interact
(e.g.,
ive
smart
Gaming
phones
•
and
Internet
tablets)
-
.
capable
Internet
handhel
connect
d game
ed,
devices
WIFI.
•
•
Adverg
aming
•
Advoca Media And Information Sources
cy
Indigenous Knowledge
Gaming
q It is unconventional source for
information.
 q It is relayed either through
people media
q As the “knowledge that is unique
to a given culture or society.
(Warren) 1991
q It is relayed either through
people media or through
indigenous media ( AIPP) 2014.
q The ASEAN media landscape is
generally characterized by an
urban-centric media system in
flow, content, consumption
and ownership that limits
indigenous people’ access to
media and information and
new coverage of their own
issues and conditions.
Some of the other observations of the
group includes the following:
q Flow of information starting
from metropolitan areas,
tending to be one-way as no
effective mechanisms are in
place for media organizations
to gather news from rural
indigenous areas.
q Distant locations of many
indigenous territories and poor
infrastructures as big obstacles
to indigenous peoples’ access
to information from mass
media.
q Complex biases and serious lack
of interest in the lives of
indigenous communities in
news coverage and selection of
mainstream media.
q Privately owned mainstream
media catering more to
interests of urban consumers
rather than the needs of rural
communities, particularly
indigenous ones.
Indigenous Media
Owned, controlled and managed by
indigenous peoples in order for them
to develop and produce culturally
appropriate information in the
languages understood by the
community by utilizing indigenous
materials and resources, reflecting
community needs and interests,
visions and aspirations, and
independent from vested interest
groups.
Indigenous Media As Tool For Expression
And Participation
q Information offered by
indigenous media is primarily
to “open up other spaces for
the discussion of indigenous
peoples issues (AIPP, 2005).”
q New media and ICT
infrastructure have
dramatically helped boost
community media in certain
parts of the ASEAN region
“providing the opportunity for
extending communication
outreach in remote rural
areas,”
q An example in the Philippines
are:
 ü The Northern Dispatch Weekly, q Libraries are no longer limited to
NORDIS-weekly newspaper being repositories for
covering the Ilocos region. informational materials.

ü The Cordilleras, and the Cagayan Media As Information Tools

Valley region-places where
indigenous communities in DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDIA AS
Northern Luzon Live. SOURCES OF INFORMATION

ü Libraries came into existence

Media Pros Cons
because of the birth of the
printing press. Type/For
m
q Libraries are evaluated on the
extent of their collection of
materials and the kinds and
quality of services they offer to Books Portable/trans “Print is
information seekers. ferable dead” or
information is it?
ü The main role of the library is to
organize and provide you
access to information.
Magazines Loyal (but Newspape
ü Libraries are no longer limited to and shrinking) r valid
being repositories of readership only for a
informational materials. Newspape day
rs
The Library as Repository of Information

q Libraries come from the

existence because of the birth Radio Trusted Niche
of the printing press. medium with market:
loyal followers stations
q Libraries are evaluated on the
cater to
extent of their collection of
materials and the kinds and specific
quality of service they offer to types of
information seekers. listeners.

q The main role of the library is to

organize and provide you
access to information. This
role is no longer static or
limited to purely colleting
physical materials for
archiving.
 Codes are better understood when
Television Improves Expensive, you have a good grasp of what the
credibility genres in media are and how they
Short
are classified and interpreted using
message codes and conventional.
that must
be Codes -are systems of signs, which
repeated create meaning.
to sink in.
Conventional - are the generally
accepted ways of doing something

Cinema Reaches many Expansive • Genre It comes from the

demographics, productio
literate or n
illiterate
Evaluating Your Information Sources
ü The information provided by a
source is credible and reliable.
One aspect of judging
credibility of information is the
reputation of the source.
ü Breadth and depth of the
discussion on a topic is also a
consideration
ü The information can be cross-
referenced.
ü The manner on how the
information has been deal with
by the source is ethical and
legal.
Module and Information
Languages
French word meaning type or
kind.
• Genre has been a major
component in understanding
literature, theatre, fil,
television, and other art and
media forms.
• It can be recognized by its
common set of distinguishing
features (codes and
conventions).
Communicative Event
It is referred to the nature if your
media exposure such as reading a
book or a newspaper, watching a
film or television show, or surfing
the Internet.
Role of Genre in Understanding
Media Messages
Genre helps audiences-readers
and viewers—to understand the
text by merely looking at those
signs that you can recognize and
interpret.

Differentiate Media Message Oftentimes, you may not

through Genres understand the whole film you are
 watching but because there are Chandler’s Typology of Genre
clues in context that these codes Codes
and signs provided, you are able to
form interpretation.

Factors that may influence how

message may be understood Social Verbal Phonological
Codes Language
• One’s role in the society. Syntactical

• Group purpose Lexical,

Prosodic
• Professional and
Organizational Preferences. Paralinguisti
c
• Cultural Constraints

Hart (1986)
Social Bodily Bodily
Point out that “genre analysis is
Codes Codes Contact
pattern-seeking rather than
pattern-imposing.” Proximity
Bhatia (1993)
Facial
It means that the genre already Expression
has embedded patterns of codes
Head Nods
or sign that you will have to merely
identify, rather than having to
Gesture
force your own particular pattern
just for you to be able to Posture
understand the message of the
genre. Appearance

Tips that Bhatia suggest when you

analyze genre that you may be
unfamiliar with Social Commodity Fashion,
Codes Codes Clothing
1. Place the given genre-text in a
situational context. Cars
2. Survey existing literature.
3. Refine the situational or
contextual analysis of the text.
4. Select “corpus” or body of works Behavioral Protocols,
that characterize the genre. Codes Rituals
5. Study the institutional context.
 Role Playing,
Games

Types of Codes

Technical Codes

It is ways in which equipment is used to

tell the story (camera techniques,
framing, depth of fields, lighting and etc.)

Written Codes