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Procedia Manufacturing 49 (2020) 144–149

8th International Conference on Through-Life Engineering Service – TESConf 2019, October 27 – 29, 2019
8th
8th International
International Conference
Conference on
on Through-Life
Through-Life Engineering
Engineering Service
Service –– TESConf
TESConf 2019,
2019, October
October 27
27 –– 29,
29, 2019
2019
Lifelong Condition Monitoring Based on NB-IoT for Anomaly Detection of
Lifelong
Lifelong Condition
Condition Monitoring
Monitoring Based on
on NB-IoT
NB-IoT for
Based Equipment
Machinery for Anomaly
Anomaly Detection
Detection of
of
Machinery Equipment
Machinery Equipment
Chenyang Lia, Lingfei Moa,*, Hanru Tanga, Ruqiang Yanb
a a,
a,*, Hanru Tangaa, Ruqiang Yanb
a Chenyang
School Chenyang
Li
Lia,,andLingfei
of Instrument Science Lingfei Mo
Mo
Engineering, *, Hanru
Southeast Tang
University, , Ruqiang
No. 2, Sipailou, NanjingYan
b
210096, China
b
School
a of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China
aSchool of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2, Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
b
School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, No. 2, Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
b School
* Corresponding author. School of
of Mechanical
Mechanical Engineering,
Tel.: +86-025-837-51512; Xi’an
Xi’an Jiaotong
Jiaotong University,
fax: +86-025-837-51512.
Engineering, University, No.
No. 28, Xianning
Xianning West
West Road,
28,lfmo@seu.edu.cn
E-mail address: Road, Xi’an
Xi’an 710049,
710049, China
China
*
* Corresponding
Corresponding author.
author. Tel.:
Tel.: +86-025-837-51512;
+86-025-837-51512; fax:
fax: +86-025-837-51512.
+86-025-837-51512. E-mail address: lfmo@seu.edu.cn
E-mail address: lfmo@seu.edu.cn

Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
The condition monitoring for machinery equipment is vital for safe and economical production in the industry. In modern manufacturing, data-
driven methodsmonitoring
The for machine prognosis and health management (PHM) have been paid greater importance due to modern
the development of machine
The condition
condition monitoring for for machinery
machinery equipment
equipment isis vital
vital for
for safe
safe and
and economical
economical production
production in in the
the industry.
industry. In
In modern manufacturing,
manufacturing, data-
data-
learning.
driven For another, the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) technique makes it possible for large scale data collection using distributed IoT
driven methods for machine prognosis and health management (PHM) have been paid greater importance due to the development of
methods for machine prognosis and health management (PHM) have been paid greater importance due to the development of machine
machine
terminal devices.
learning. In this paper, a condition monitoring system for machinery equipment is for
designed baseddata
on Narrow Band Internet of Things
learning. For another, the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) technique makes it possible for large scale data collection using distributed IoT
For another, the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) technique makes it possible large scale collection using distributed IoT
(NB-IoT) technique.
terminal Combined awith the wavelet packetsystem
decomposition (WPD) and one-class support vectoronmachine (OCSVM) algorithm, the
terminal devices.
devices. In
In this
this paper,
paper, a condition
condition monitoring
monitoring system for for machinery
machinery equipment
equipment isis designed
designed based
based on Narrow
Narrow Band
Band Internet
Internet of
of Things
Things
abnormal
(NB-IoT) data can beCombined
effectivelywith
identified. The system is verified by a (WPD)
small fan working at two conditions: normal and blade imbalance. The
(NB-IoT) technique. Combined with the wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) and one-class support vector machine (OCSVM) algorithm, the
technique. the wavelet packet decomposition and one-class support vector machine (OCSVM) algorithm, the
experimentdata
abnormal results
can beprove
be that theidentified.
effectively system can Theachieve
systemreliable andby
is verified
verified stable online monitoring. What’s more, the low and
power design of the The
IoT
abnormal data can effectively identified. The system is by aa small
small fan working
fan working at two
at two conditions:
conditions: normal
normal blade
and blade imbalance.
imbalance. The
terminal
experimentensures theprove
system’s longtime operation.
experiment results
results prove that
that the
the system
system cancan achieve
achieve reliable
reliable and
and stable
stable online
online monitoring.
monitoring. What’s
What’s more,
more, the
the low
low power design of
power design of the
the IoT
IoT
terminal ensures
terminal ensures the
the system’s
system’s longtime
longtime operation.
operation.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open accessPublished
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
© 2019
©
© 2020
2019 The
The
The Authors.
Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by
by by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V.B.V.
B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of Elsevier
the scientific committee of the 8th International Conference on Through-Life Engineering Service –
This
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licenselicense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
TESConf 2019.
Peer-reviewunder
Peer-review
Peer-review under
under responsibility
responsibility
responsibility of theofscientific
of the the scientific
scientific committee
committee
committee of 8thofInternational
of the 8th
the the 8th International
International Conference
Conference on Conference
on Through-Life
Through-Lifeon Engineering
Through-Life
Engineering Engineering
Service
Service –
–
Service
TESConf –TESConf
2019.
TESConf 2019. 2019.
Keywords: lifelong condition monitoring; PHM; NB-IoT; WPD; OCSVM

Keywords: lifelong condition

Keywords: lifelong condition monitoring;
monitoring; PHM;
PHM; NB-IoT;
NB-IoT; WPD;
WPD; OCSVM
OCSVM

1. Introduction unable to been monitored easily for the inconvenience of wire

transmission
unable and power supply. With the rapid development
1.
1. Introduction
Introduction unable toto been
been monitored
monitored easily
easily for
for the
the inconvenience
inconvenience of of wire
wire
Large machinery equipment such as wind turbines widely of IoT, it has
transmission and injected
power new vitality
supply. With to rapid
the Industry 4.0 and
development
transmission and power supply. With the rapid development
used in metallurgy, electric
Large power, petroleum, and chemical intelligent manufacturing,newwhich furtherIndustry
improves and the
Large machinery
machinery equipment
equipment suchsuch asas wind
wind turbines
turbines widely
widely of
of IoT,
IoT, itit has
has injected
injected new vitality
vitality toto Industry 4.0 4.0 and
engineering
used plays anelectric
important role petroleum,
in industrialandproduction. automation level of modern which industrial production by more
used in metallurgy, electric power, petroleum, and chemical
in metallurgy, power, chemical intelligent
intelligent manufacturing, which further improves the
manufacturing, further improves the
Generally, the
engineering various important
components of in the equipment are prone efficient monitoring and control [2]. Some studies have taken
engineering plays
plays an
an important rolerole in industrial
industrial production.
production. automation
automation levellevel of of modern
modern industrial
industrial production
production by by more
more
to get damaged
Generally, due tocomponents
complex working condition areand long a beneficial quest for wireless condition monitoring [3][5].
Generally, the various components of the equipment are prone
the various of the equipment prone efficient
efficient monitoring
monitoring and and control
control [2].
[2]. Some
Some studies
studies have
have taken
taken
working
to get hours, which
get damaged
damaged due toto causes
complextheworking
production
working shutdown
condition and
and long
long Through IoT quest
and wireless sensorcondition
networksmonitoring
(WSNs) installed
to due complex condition and aa beneficial
beneficial quest forfor wireless
wireless condition monitoring [3][5].
[3][5].
huge economic
working hours, losses.causes
which The thestability operation
production and and
shutdown the in the crucial
Through components sensorof the equipment, the vibration,
working hours, which causes the production shutdown and Through IoT IoT and
and wireless
wireless sensor networks
networks (WSNs)
(WSNs) installed
installed
degradation
huge prediction of The
the equipment not only determine temperature, current, and other signals can be measured by the
huge economic losses. The stability operation and the
economic losses. stability operation and the in
in the crucial components of the equipment, the
the crucial components of the equipment, the vibration,
vibration,
the production capacity,ofproduct
degradation quality and production cost, sensor nodescurrent,
and transmitted to the server. Then, the byserver
degradation prediction
prediction of thethe equipment
equipment not not only
only determine
determine temperature,
temperature, current, and other signals can be measured by the
and other signals can be measured the
but also
the the production safety. deployed withand
the transmitted
physical or data-driven model performs the
the production
production capacity,
capacity, product
product quality
quality and
and production
production cost,
cost, sensor
sensor nodes and transmitted to the server. Then, the server
nodes to the server. Then, the server
butLots
also of
the efforts have safety.
production been made to promote the progress in anomaly
deployed detection, i.e., identifying the abnormal operation
but also the production safety. deployed withwith the
the physical
physical or or data-driven
data-driven model
model performs
performs the the
PHMLotsof theefforts
machinery equipment. Thepromote
majority of progress
the studies states in terms of sampled data sensorthe data.abnormal
Combingoperation
with the
Lots of
of efforts have
have been
been made
made to to promote the the progress inin anomaly detection, i.e., identifying
anomaly detection, i.e., identifying the abnormal operation
focus ofonthethe
PHM modeling and reasoning system and the causes of the failures, it will help to locate Combing
and eliminate the
PHM of the machinery equipment. The majority of the
machinery equipment. The majority of the studies
studies states
states in
in terms
terms ofof sampled
sampled datadata sensor
sensor data.
data. Combing with with the
conventional
focus wired monitoring system has been employedthe in faults inoftime and prejudge thehelp
underlying damage, which can
focus onon thethe modeling
modeling and and reasoning
reasoning system
system andand the causes
causes of the failures, it will help to locate and
the failures, it will to locate and eliminate
eliminate thethe
many applications
conventional 0.monitoring
However, some critical equipment is still furtherindecrease the safety the risks, extend equipment life and
conventional wired monitoring system has been employed in
wired system has been employed in faults
faults in time
time and
and prejudge
prejudge the underlying
underlying damage,
damage, which
which can can
many applications
applications 0.0. However,
However, some
some critical
critical equipment
equipment is is still
still further decrease
decrease thethe safety
safety risks,
risks, extend
extend equipment
equipment life life and
and
many
2351-9789 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
further
This
This is
isanan open
open
access
access
article
article under
under the CC BY-NC-ND
the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review
2351-9789
2351-9789
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© under
2019
©under
2019 Theresponsibility
The Authors.
Authors. of
responsibility
of
Published
Published
the
the
by scientific
by Elsevier
Elsevier
scientific
B.V.
B.V.
committee
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of the 8th
of the 8th International Conference on Through-Life Engineering Service –
International Conference on Through-Life Engineering Service – TESConf 2019.
TESConf
This
This is
is an 2019.
an open
open access
access article
article under
under the
the CC
CC BY-NC-ND
BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
10.1016/j.promfg.2020.07.010
Peer-review
Peer-review under
under responsibility
responsibility of
of the
the scientific
scientific committee
committee ofof the
the 8th
8th International
International Conference
Conference on
on Through-Life
Through-Life Engineering
Engineering Service – TESConf
Service – TESConf 2019.
2019.
 Chenyang Li et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 49 (2020) 144–149 145
2 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000

reduce enterprise cost. Bluetooth [6] and ZigBee [7][8] 2.1. IoT terminal
commonly used techniques for wireless monitoring suffer
from short transmission distance and high power consumption. 2.1.1. Terminal controller
NB technique can realize long distance transmission and is For a variety of IoT applications, power consumption has
less energy demand, thereby overcoming the deficiencies of always been a sensitive issue. Since most IoT devices are
current art. powered by batteries, some equipment may need to be shut
In this paper, a lifelong condition monitoring system for down when replacing the battery, resulting in economic losses.
machinery equipment is proposed. An IoT terminal device is For the sake of minimizing the number of battery replacement
designed to measure and transmit the vibration data based on and prolonged running time, it is especially important to
the NB-IoT module. The NB-IoT module and the terminal select a suitable MCU and its operating mode. In this system,
controller are selected and work in a low power consumption STM32L0 MCU produced by STMicroelectronics is selected
way. The node energy of the last layer is extracted by WPD as the controller of the terminal and intermittent working
and normalized as the input of OCSVM model. And the mode is adopted for longer working hours. The STM32L0 is
diagnosis model is trained only using the normal data, which specifically designed to meet the IoT application requirement
can overcome the imbalance of anomaly data. Besides, the of low power consumption. In consideration of the large
effectiveness of the presented system is evaluated by a small transmission power of NB-IoT module when uploading data,
fan in both normal and blade imbalance conditions. the terminal developed in this study works in intermittent
mode. Collecting the acceleration data and sending it at
2. Systematic design intervals can avoid the NB-IoT module continually running
for a long time and save terminal energy effectively.
As demonstrated in Fig. 1, the developed monitoring
system is composed of three parts: data collection terminal, 2.1.2. Acceleration sensor
server, and local client. The vibration signal is measured by a The subsequent experiments are conducted using a small
tri-axial acceleration sensor, and the acceleration data is sent fan with low rotate speed. MPU-6050 is suitable for low-
to the low-power microprogrammed control unit (MCU) by frequency vibration measurement and easy to implement by
I2C communication. Then, NB-IoT module uploads the connecting with the MCU through an I2C bus. The MPU6050
vibration data stored in the MCU to the server using the UDP is the world’s first Motion Tracking device which combines a
protocol. The server mainly receives the compressed data 3-axis gyroscope and a 3-axis accelerometer on the same
from the IoT terminal and transmits the decompressed data to silicon die together with an onboard Digital Motion Processor.
the client. The client performs the fault detection procedure Compared to the multi-component solution, MPU6050
and displays the diagnosis results as well as the waveform in eliminates the time difference between the integrated
the time domain (TD) and frequency domain (FD) at the user gyroscope and the accelerator and reduces the packaging size.
interface. However, MEMS sensors, such as ADXL 1001/1002, can
deliver high-resolution measurements in the real plant where
User local interface
Diagnosis TD & FD the vibration frequencies are comparatively higher.
results waveform
2.1.3. NB-IoT module
Diagnosis Downloaded
FFT
The issues of data communication such as transmission
model data bandwidth, stability and construction cost, etc. need to be
Data
concerned in IoT applications. In consideration of the
Request Vibration complicated working environment, the wireless
data communication technique is employed in the presented
Server
monitoring system. At present, the short-range wireless
communication technologies, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and
Data Data Request ZigBee, widely used in smart home applications. To connect
reception uncompress waiting
to the public network, it is necessary to build the based station,
which will lead to higher construction cost.
Focusing on the Low Power Wide Area IoT fields, NB-IoT
Data compression and
transmission
is an emerging communication technology built on the
cellular network with the support for cellular data connection
Data collection terminal of low-power devices in the Wide Area Network. NB-IoT has
Acceleration Vibration
Acceleration data Low-power data NB-IoT four characteristics: Firstly, wide coverage can provide
sensor MCU module extended indoor coverage. In the same frequency band, NB-
IoT gains 20dB more than the existing networks, which is
Battery equivalent to increase the coverage ability of by 100 times;
Secondly, NB-IoT has a stronger ability to support the device
connections; The third is NB-IoT has lower power
Fig. 1. Monitoring system architecture.
consumption with a standby time up to 10 years; Finally, it is
cost-efficient to deploy the NB-IoT system [9]. It can be
146 Chenyang Li et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 49 (2020) 144–149
Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000 3

introduced to diverse applications, such as the remote meter

reading, asset tracking, intelligent parking, intelligent
agriculture, and so on.
Compared to the existing GPRS network and LTE network,
the power consumption of NB-IoT is much better [10]. Except
for traditional Discontinuous Reception (DRX) mode, Power
Saving Mode (PSM) and Extended DRX (eDRX) mode are BC95-B5
introduced to reduce the terminal power consumption and module
extend the battery lifetime. When working in DRX mode, the
terminal is always online detecting the downlink data, thus it (a)
has high power consumption. eDRX mode is the extension of
NB sim
the LTE network, which allows lower the frequency for
card
listening to the network. For some IoT applications, it is
acceptable for the device to be unavailable for a few seconds
or longer. Combining with PSM mode, eDRX can provide a
good balance between device performance and power
consumption.
For NB-IoT module in our system, PSM mode is set to
monitor the mechanical component. PSM is designed to save (b)
battery power and potentially achieve 10 years of battery life.
As shown in Fig. 2, the downlink data can only be received Fig. 3. NB-IoT module (a) front side; (b) back side.
when the terminal actively sends the uplink data. In the PSM
state, the terminal goes to sleep to conserve battery power 2.2. Anomaly detection algorithm
is not
accessible at this time, which is suitable for the services with The WPD and OCSVM are combined to detect the
no delay requirement for downlink data. However, the device abnormal conditions as demonstrated in Fig. 4. Before the
needs to reconnect to the network when it turns back on. feature extraction, the raw vibration signal is preprocessed by
Therefore, the cumulative energy consumption of the the high pass filter to remove the low-frequency noise
reattachment process may become significant during the components. The filtered vibration data is decomposed by
device lifetime [10]. By setting appropriate active time, the wavelet packet, and then the energy of each node in the last
network can retain the status information and the device is layer is normalized to form the feature vector. The data set in
able to remain registered in the network. In this way, there is normal condition is fed to the OCSVM model to learn the
no need to reconnect to the network if the device wakes up optimum separating hyperplane. After that, the trained model
and sends data before the expiration of active time interval. In can be applied to diagnose the newly acquired data.
the proposed application, the PSM mode is enabled and Raw vibration
configured the sustain time of 24 hours, i.e., the device reports data
the status to the monitoring server daily. And if the device
detects the abnormal condition before the agreed sleep Pre-collected normal data for training Diagnosis
interval, it will immediately wake up and send the important Real-time data for test result
information to the monitoring server, without performing the
reconnection process.
OCSVM
Zero-mean
Connected model
State
Connected State
Idle State Paging Wavelet packet Extracted
(Active Timer)
Idle State decomposition feature vector

PSM State Calculate the energy of

Normalization
Time each node in the last layer
Up to 310 hours

Fig. 4. Flowchart of the anomaly detection algorithm.

Fig. 2. PSM mode.

2.2.1. Wavelet packet decomposition

The NB-IoT module used in this system is the BC95-B5
Wavelet analysis has attracted great attention and acts a
module produced by Quectel. The BC95-B5 module is a
significant role in the signal processing filed. Due to its
compact NB-IoT wireless communication module with ultra-
adaptive, multi-resolution capability, wavelet transform has
low power consumption and ultra-high sensitivity. It can
been extensively studied and enormous researches and
directly communicate with the MCU through the serial port
application have been exploited in the areas of fault diagnosis
using Quectel Enhanced AT command set. The picture of NB-
[11]. The WPD is employed to extract the feature of the
IoT module is shown in Fig. 3.
vibration signal, which is the more refined processing of
 Chenyang Li et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 49 (2020) 144–149
4 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
wavelet decomposition (WD). Unlike WD, WPD not only
decomposes the low-frequency signal but also decomposes
the high frequency. WPD has neither redundancy nor
omissions so that it can perform better time-frequency
localization analysis on signal and more helpful information
of medium and high frequency.
Commonly used wavelet packet bases are Haar wavelet,
Daubechies (DB) n wavelet, Morlet wavelet, etc. Different
wavelet packet bases can affect the performance of the fault
diagnosis [12]. However, a consensus has not been reached
yet which is wavelet is superior for the diagnosis task.
Generally, the wavelet can be determined by the
characteristics of the signal and the choices of the existing
research. The DB 2 is selected as the wavelet packet base for
five layers decomposition to get the coefficients in term of the
maximization of the energy to Shannon entropy ratio [13]. As
the energy of each node is correlated to the fault characteristic,
it is an effective condition monitoring indicator [14]. The
node energy can be calculated based on the corresponding
wavelet coefficients, as defined in:
N j 1
2
E ( j , n)  
k 0
W ( j , n, k ) ,
where E (j, n) denotes the energy of the n-th node at depth of j,
W(j, n, k) is the wavelet coefficient vector, Nj is the length of
coefficients vector W(j, n) at level j. Furthermore, the energy
of the terminal nodes is normalized as the percentage of total
energy to constitute a 32(25)-dimensional feature vector. The
normalization procedure can be expressed as follows:
p( j, n)  E ( j, n) /  E ( j, n) .
n
2.2.2. One-class SVM
The OCSVM is a kind of domain-based methods for
anomaly detection as depicted in Fig. 5. To identify the outlier
data, a separating hyperplane is constructed by the nominal
data. Thus, any data points falling outside the trained
boundary will be flagged to the anomaly class [15]. The fact
that the fault samples are scarce and hard to collect causes
heavily imbalanced class distribution in the real applications.
Since only data in normal condition is needed to train
OCSVM model, it is conducive to deal with the imbalanced
data issue, reduce the data collection cost and improve the
efficiency of the model training [16]. The feature vector
extracted by WPD is utilized as the input of OCSVM model.
Normal samples
Abnormal samples
Delimited boundary
Fig. 5. Illustration of the OCSVM model.
147
3. System test and experiment
3.1. Experiment deployment
Constrained by the experiment environment, a small fan is
used to simulate and test the condition monitoring system. As
described in the previous section, pattern recognition is the
core of fault diagnosis. The large fan and the small fan have
similar mechanical structures, and the faults are basically the
same. Therefore, the vibration signal has many similarities,
which makes it feasible to use a small fan to verify the system
and diagnosis model. The experimental deployment is
demonstrated as Fig. 6. The acceleration sensor is mounted on
the back of the motor. Considering the rotational frequency of
the fan is around 25 Hz, the sampling frequency is designed
as 80 Hz to meet the Shannon’s sampling theorem. Ultimately,
the real sampling frequency is about 76 Hz due to the delay of
I2C communication between the sensor and the MCU.
x
(1)
y
Acceleration sensor
MCU
NB-IoT module
Fig. 6. Illustration of the experimental deployment.
(2)
3.2. TD and FD analysis
The analysis mainly focuses on two working conditions:
normal running and the imbalance of the fan blade. And the
imbalance of the fan blade is manmade by sticking a block on
the fan blade so that the blade with the block is out-of-balance
compared with other blades. After preprocessed by
subtracting the mean value of the single, the zero-centered
vibration signal of normal and anomalous data is processed by
FFT, and the waveforms in TD and FD are drawn in Fig. 7. It
can be seen from the waveforms that the fan blade imbalance
results in an obvious change in the FD. And the vibration
signal can represent the machine working condition, which
provides the theoretical basis for the fault diagnosis using
OCSVM.
The abnormal vibration signal is decomposed to five layers
by WPD, as shown in Fig. 8, the darker the color, the greater
the energy of the sub-band. A distinct frequency component
can be observed, which differs from the main rotational
frequency of the experimental fan. The sub-band width is
1.1875 Hz, and thus the feature of the normal and abnormal
data can be effectively distinguished by means of the energy
of the 32 terminal nodes.
148 Chenyang Li et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 49 (2020) 144–149
Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000 5

Table 1. Estimated power consumption.

Working Transmitting Sleep

Component
current current current
STM32L0 7 mA 7 mA 10 A
MPU6050 3.6 mA 3.6 mA 6 A
NB-IoT 6 mA 80 mA 6.7 A

The terminal works in intermittent mode, the data is

collected every five minutes. During each period, the terminal
works 7 s, and the connection status for data transmission
lasts 16 s. Then, the NB-IoT module enters the PSM mode 2s
after the MCU sleeps. Supposing the terminal battery
(a)
mounted is 10000mAh regardless of the self-discharging
effect. The terminal duration can be estimated by the average
power and battery capacity:

10000  300s
Duration 
16.6  7  90.6 16  6.016  2+0.0227  275 . (3)
 1894h

The calculated terminal duration is around 79 days, which

basically meets the requirement of practical applications. If
the data is uploaded once an hour, the terminal will work
longer, about 904 days, which can meet the requirement of the
long life cycle.
(b)

Fig. 7. Waveforms in TD and FD at different conditions (a) Normal working

3.4. System verification
condition; (b) Fan blade imbalance condition.
As shown in Fig. 9, a MATLAB GUI is designed as the
local interface to verify the performance of the system online.
Aforementioned OCSVM model is trained offline using the
normalized WPD energy as the input feature vector. The
connection between the NB-IoT module and the server is
established in advance. The server starts the data receiving
program and receives the vibration data transmitted by the

Fig. 8. The WPD of abnormal vibration data (x-axis).

3.3. Terminal duration estimation (a)

Power consumption is a major consideration of the IoT

device. Hence, the STM32L0 MCU and NB-IoT module are
applied in the condition monitoring terminal for energy
efficiency. The total power consumption of the three main
components was measured by the oscilloscope, and Table I is
given combined the theoretical value with the measurements
showing the energy consumption of each component in
different working states. The total operating current of the
terminal in the working state is about 16.6 mA, the (b)
transmitting current is about 90.6 mA, and the total current in
the sleep state is about 22.7 A. Fig. 9. Client local interface (a) Identified as normal condition; (b)
Identified as abnormal condition.
 Chenyang Li et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 49 (2020) 144–149
6 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
NB-IoT module. The server converts the received binary data
stream into string format and waits for the client’s data
request. After clicking the “Start” button, the data request is
sent to the server. Then, the real-time vibration data is
downloaded to the client. Click the “Diagnose” button, the
received data is processed by the implanted diagnosis model.
At last, the detection results and the waveforms in TD and FD
are displayed in the GUI. Through repeated experiments, the
stability and accuracy of the whole system are verified. The
system can realize full-automatic and lifelong condition
monitoring and diagnosis.
4. Conclusion
An anomaly detection system is proposed in this paper for
machinery equipment based on NB-IoT, WPD, and OCSVM.
The feature extraction of the vibration signal is performed
using WPD, and the trained OCSVM is implemented on a
local interface programmed by MATLAB GUI. Testified by a
small fan, the presented system works stably with correct the
data transmission and satisfactory identification precision,
thereby meeting the requirements of real fault detection. The
greatest strength of the system is that it can realize lifelong
condition monitoring because of the introduction of NB-IoT
technology. In future research, a more integrated terminal will
be developed and an extended data set of more faults types,
larger amount, and different sensor signals will be collected to
optimize the diagnosis model.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Southeast University & Red Sun Group Smart
Industrial Research Center for the support of this research.
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