Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park Antonio J.
Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

Introduction to World
Religions & Belief
Systems
The Dynamics of Geography,
Culture, and Religion

Quarter 1- Week 2
Module 2
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Analyze the interconnectedness of geography, culture, and religion
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 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while enjoying
the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have
fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances
learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key card.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply whatyou have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the lessons in the
module.
• Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be mastered throughout
the lesson.
• Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what learnings and skills did you
understand from the previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction - This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
• Discussion - This section provides a short discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you
discover and understand new concepts and skills.
• Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.
• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the lessons.
• Check your understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.
• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire module.

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 EXPECTATIONS

You will analyze the interconnectedness of geography, culture and religion.

Specifically, this module will help you to
• Distinguish the relationship of the given concepts above
• Appreciate the interplay of these concepts all throughout human history and;
• Observe the continuous influences brought by these concepts in every facet of our life.

Let us start your journey in learning more on geography, culture

and religion. I am sure you are ready and excited to answer the
Pretest. Smile!

PRETEST
Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to your answer and write it in the
space provided.

1. Various religions flourished all over the world carrying with them their religious traditions
and practices. One of those practices is worshipping their God. What is the term for a
particular space where they communicate or pray to their God or gods?
A. sacred place C. holy altar
B. sacred images D. sacred symbols
2. Its concern is land and people. Its features are things like continents, seas, rivers and mountains.
It is the fertile ground for the proliferation of religion. It refers to what term?
A. Culture C. Religion
B. Geography D. Landscape
3. Whose belief is this: “Religion is philosophy and philosophy is religion.
A. Western belief C. Eastern belief
B. Southern belief D. Northern belief

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 4. Each particular religion has particular places where believers go and pray to their God. What
particular religion that considers temples as its places of worship.
A. Judaism C. Hinduism
B. Christianity D. Islam
5. There is a special relationship between religion and geography. Religion needs the other in
order to develop. What is the term appropriate for this kind of relationship?
A. Religious geography C. Cultural geography
B. Religious anthropology D. all of the above

Great, you finished answering the questions. You may request your facilitator to
check your work. Congratulations and keep on learning!

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

To prove your understanding of the past lesson, you should be ready to accomplish this task. You may
do the following.

Directions: Mix and Match.

1. Arrange the juggled letters at the end of each sentences and place the correct word in the space
provided.

Questions:

1. It is a set of beliefs used to understand the world. rowldwive

Your ans.:

2. It is a belief that the world is inhabited by spirit beings who govern earthly activities. Mistipris
Your ans.:
3. One of the basic characteristics of religion. fulnis cat
Your ans:

4. This is a belief of many gods or deities. misthepoly

Your ans.:

5. It is a belief that an infinite personal God exists. misthe

Your ans.:

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 BRIEF INTRODUCTION
This lesson will guide you in understanding the relationship between religion and geography.
How geography enhances the proliferation of religion and affects the mindset of people particularly
their beliefs to something divine.

Lesson

The Interplay of Religion and

1 Geography

DISCUSSIONS
Religion and Geography
How did religion develop? Religion flourishes in space and time not in a vacuum. Geography
is the fertile ground for religion to flourish. Geography is the study of earth and its people. Its features
are things like continents, seas, rivers and mountains. (www.Wikipedia). The relationship between
religion and geography can be termed as Religious Geography by which geographical ideas are influenced
by religion such as early map-making, and biblical geography that developed in the 16th century to identify
places from the Bible.(Kong, 1990). Spreading the faith has been shaped by geographical context. For
example, for the Jews the land of Canaan, is the land promised to them by their God Yahweh through
Abraham. In the book of Genesis God said to Abraham, “Go from your land, from your birthplace, and
from your father’s house to the land that I will show you.” (Genesis 12:1). This passage is central to
their belief. They have to defend the land at all cost because it was given to them by Yahweh, their God.
Do you know that major religions of the world have their origins in Asia? Asia is the largest
and most populous continent and the birthplace of many religions including Buddhism,
Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Shinto, Sikhism, Taoism, and
Zoroastrianism. Some of them spread in other grounds like Europe hence they were branded as
Western

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religions like Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Those that remained in Asia are called the –Eastern
Religions which are Hinduism, Buddhism, , Taoism, Shintoism to name a few. There is a significant
disparity between Western and Eastern religions in terms of belief systems, worldview and philosophy
about life. The mindset of the West is different from the mindset of the East. It is possible that the
difference in mindset is brought by geographical influence.
Let us look at the specific characteristics between the western (occidental) and eastern (oriental)
paradigm as discussed by Christine Carmela R. Ramos in her book, “Introduction to the Philosophy of
the Human Person.” 2016. In gist the disparity of mindset can be summarized as follows;

Western (Occidental) Eastern (Oriental)

• Religion and Philosophy are different • Religion is philosophy and
disciplines philosophy is religion
• Mindset is linear which means there is a • Mindset is circular. The end
beginning and end. conjoins the beginning in a cyclic
• Speculate and theorize, no application manner
to life is necessary • Acceptance of the validity of
intuition and mysticism

Western minds were influenced mainly by the Greek culture spreading through the Roman
Empire which was termed Hellenism or the influenced of Greek culture among the Romans. Then the
Roman Empire extended all over Europe which was termed as the western hemisphere of the globe.
Sacred Places
Religious experiences and the belief in religious meanings
transformed physical spaces into sacred places.(Serapio, 2016)
The Hindus consider the Ganges river as sacred, the Jews
consider Mt. Sinai as holy. Temples, churches and mosques are
some of the sacred places for Buddhists, Christians and Muslims
respectively. There are plenty of geographical places that are
considered holy or
Regina Rica, Tanay, Rizal
Pinterest com

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sacred because of religion. The interplay of geography and religion not only highlights the role of
religion in affecting landscape changes and in assigning sacred meanings to specific places, but also
acknowledges how religious ideology and practices at specific spaces are guided and transformed by
their location (Kong, 1990). The above picture is the Regina Rica (Regina Rosarii Institute for
Contemplation in Asia) located in a thirteen and half )13.5) hectares along Marilaque or Marcos
Highway at Sitio Aguho, Sampaloc Tanay, Rizal. It used to be a mountainous, serene, and peaceful
location very close to nature overlooking Laguna lake. Now it is transformed into a pilgrimage site
especially for Catholic Christian believers. This is a concrete example of how religion changes the
landscape of a geographic location and context. Filipinos are very religious people and their dependence
to God can be traced to the numerous sacred images and places around the country. Regina Rica in
Tanay, Rizal is just one of them.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1. Step out! This place is holy

Objective: Determine the different sacred places from various religious beliefs. Directions: 1. Reflect
on the religious beliefs of sacred places in the pictures and then answer the following questions below.

Kamay ni Hesus, Lucban, Buddha under a Bodhi tree Sacred mountain, Saudi, Moses in Mt. Sinai
Quezon (Christians) (Buddhists) Arabia (Muslims) (Judaism)
Asianews.it Alamy.com Dunyanews.tv Co.pinterest.com

Critical Thinking Questions:

1. Describe the religious beliefs of each pictures in a separate sheet of paper.
2. In terms of geographical location, find out what are their commonalities or similarities.
3. What are your realizations upon doing the task?

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 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Oh My God! Where Art Thou?
Directions: Go to a place which you considered as holy or sacred. It could be a church, temple,
mosque, or synagogue or any place. Write your experience with the guide questions below.
Critical Thinking Questions:
1. Write a brief reflection with the title: “My Experience with God in a Sacred Place”

REMEMBER
• Geography is the study of earth and its people. Its features are things like continents, seas,
rivers and mountains
• Religious Geography by which geographical ideas are influenced by religion such as early map-
making, and biblical geography that developed in the 16th century to identify places from the
Bible.
• Western religions – are religions that flourish in the Western hemisphere of the globe or
sometimes called the Occidental religions like Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
• Eastern Religions are religions from the Eastern hemisphere which are also called the Oriental
religions that include Hinduism, Buddhism, , Taoism, Shintoism to name a few.
• Sacred places - is a place that is thought of as sacred (or holy) to a particular religion. Every one of
the world's major religions has sacred sites.
• Paradigm – is a worldview, belief or a model of thought.
• Hellenism - is the term used to describe the influence of Greek culture on the entire Roman
Empires. The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death
of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire .

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 POST TEST
Directions: Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to your answer and write it in the space
provided.
1. Various Religions developed in time and spaces all over the world carrying with them their
religious traditions and practices. One of those practices are particular places where the
believers enable to communicate to a divine entity. How do they call these places?
A. sacred places C. holy altar
B. sacred images D. holy war
2. Its concern is land and people. Its features are things like continents, seas, rivers and mountains. It
is the fertile ground for the proliferation of religion. It refers to what term?
A. Culture C. Religion
B. Geography D. Landscape
3. Whose belief is this: “Religion is philosophy and philosophy is religion.
A. Western belief C. Eastern belief
B. Southern belief D. Northern belief
4. Each particular religion has particular places where they go and pray to their God. What
particular religion which considers temples as their places of worship.
A. Judaism C. Hinduism
B. Christianity D. Islam
5. There is a special relationship between religion and geography. Religion needs the other in
order to develop. What is the term appropriate for this kind of relationship?
A. Religious geography C. Cultural geography
B. Religious anthropology D. all of the above
6. Your friends encouraged you to join a pilgrimage in Antipolo’s our Lady of Good Voyage
church during Holy Week. What will you say?
A. I am not a religious person so I don’t need to go.
B. Yes, I will join because it strengthens my faith when I go to a holy or sacred place.
C. Yes, I will join because of my friends.
D. No because I pray alone in my room.
7. Asia is the birthplace of the major religions in the world. The Philippines is situated in Asia and
it was Christianized by the Spaniards. What kind of religious influence did we embrace?
A. Western religions C. Eastern religions
B. Asian Religions D. African Religions
8. There are places of worship that are considered sacred by religious traditions. What place of
worship is considered sacred by Muslims?
A. Churches c. Synagogues
b. Mosques d. Temples

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 9. The site where any Muslims all over the world go for a pilgrimage once in their lifetime.
A. Mecca in Saudi Arabia C. the Kaaba
B. Middle East D. In Iran
10. Every Holy Week Catholic Christians commemorate the crucifixion of Christ. The crucifixion
was made possible through the fourteen Stations of the Cross or even individuals literally
reenact the event by themselves being crucified. What place mentioned in the bible where
Jesus was crucified?
A. Golgotha C. Mt. Tabor
B. Calvary D. Mt. Sinai

Lesson
The Symbiosis of Religion &
2 Culture

EXPECTATIONS
You will analyze the interconnectedness of culture and religions.
Specifically, this module will help you to
• Understand the development of the different religions in a specific culture
• Appreciate the role of culture in the development of religion and ;
• Observe their influence in your interaction with your fellowmen, the world, nature and God.

PRETEST
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it the space provided before the number.
1. It is referred to as “ordinary way of life” in its broadest sense by Raymond Williams. What is
it?
A. Society C. Politics
B. Culture D. Science
2. Perhaps you may encounter people who considered their own culture as superior than others.
Some of us laugh when a person we talk to has a Visayan accent. What do you call this
kind of attitude?
A. Monotheism C. Cultural Relativism
B. Ethnocentrism D. Polytheism

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 3. Culture is dynamic. This means that culture
A. is genetically structured in man’s biological component.
B. can be accumulated throughout the lifetime of a person.
C. is diverse, and we adjust to other culture.
D. is never stagnant and keep on changing due to new social experiences of people.
4. Which statement reflects the relationship between religion, culture and geography?
A. Religion influenced culture and geography.
B. Culture influenced religion and geography
C. Geography influenced culture and religion.
D. All of the above
5. One of the statements reflects the beliefs of the Filipinos before Christianity was
introduced?
A. Nabati C. nabalis
B. Nausog D. all of the above

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

A-MAZE-ING
To prove your understanding of the past lesson, you should be ready to accomplish this task. You may
do the following.

Directions: Explain the relationship between religion and geography as shown in the diagram below.

Religion

Culture Geography

Your answer here:

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 BRIEF INTRODUCTION
The above activity introduces us to the possible relationship of the three concepts which are
religion, geography and culture. The first two concepts are already discussed from the previous lesson.
This lesson will focus on the concept of culture and its influence towards religious beliefs or vice versa.

DISCUSSIONS
What is Culture
Culture is “a whole way of life” The way we think, act or speak. It is “ordinary.” (Williams,
1958). Culture can be also dynamic, it can be shared, learned, transmitted from one generation to
another, adaptive and integrated (Bodley,1999). UNESCO defines culture as :
“The whole complex of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional
features that characterize a society or social group. It includes not
only the arts and letters, but also modes of life, the fundamental rights of the human being, value
systems, traditions and beliefs.”

By the way, if you consider your own culture as superior from the rest, then your belief is termed
as ethnocentrism. On the other hand, if you are open minded towards other culture without judging them
and respect the diverse culture around you then you believe in cultural relativism. In our present age
of technology wherein the world is one-big community and every human beings communicate
through the internet from different cultural backgrounds, we cannot help but become a cultural
relativist. We should respect the culture of others because we are all citizens of this world and we are all
equal. As a member of a society, we have no choice but to interact with our fellowmen. In so doing, we can
encounter people with different beliefs, practices or even have different philosophy in life. We are in a
multi-cultural society or simply we live amidst a multiculturalist world wherein multiculturalism
should prevail. The word “multi” implies many. According to Harrison (1994) multiculturalism is a
theory about the foundations of a culture rather than a practice which subsumes cultural ideas. In a
broader sense, the term is often use to describe societies which have many distinct cultural groups,
usually as a result of immigration. (Vega, et al, 2009). Although we can still observe people who are
ethno centrists. In the course of time there are people who are ethno centrists and there are those who
are cultural relativists. In terms of religious beliefs, there are people who are fundamentalists who
defend their beliefs at all costs, and there are people who are open minded enough to respect the beliefs
of others.

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Religion and Culture

What is the role of culture in the development of religion? The evolution of culture is
simultaneous with the evolution of man. As man progresses from homo habilis to homo sapiens, from
Old Stone Age to New Stone Age then to Iron Age, Industrial Age and Technological age, significant
changes in the way human acts, lives, or use tools have been observed. This is true in all dimensions of
human life including religion. It was believed that man’s consciousness of the divine can be traced
back to the time of the Neanderthals. Lawrence McKinney observed that, “the discovery of bear
skulls with unusual markings indicates the basis of a primitive religion while others, noting the
existence of flower petals and pollen in ancient burial sites, have speculated on the possibility of
Neanderthal funeral rites (McKinney,1994). The reality of death developed into a cultural funeral rite as
a way of respecting the dead. This reality is taken seriously by religion and sought divine aide to solve
the riddle of life.

Our experience of the Covid-19 pandemic can attest to this. The sight of people dying left and
right in hospitals, coffins paraded in the streets and millions of people all over the world struggling to
survive from this malady triggered humans to depend on some divine power to intercede. The pandemic as
of June , 2020, hit a record high of almost ten (10) million people affected all over the world and
hundreds of thousands of deaths. Since no vaccine is in sight, posts in Facebook, messenger,
Instagram, Twitter and even mainstream media are all dominated by God-related shares in a form of
prayers and pleas for divine intervention. The “new normal culture” is our way of coping our
vulnerability. The new normal
culture changes the landscape of our daily lives including religious practices. “New
normal” is a word of mouth now that the whole world is experiencing the Covid-19 pandemic but the
phrase “new normal culture” is used for the first time in this module. This is not found yet in any
dictionary or in a sociology book. What does it mean? It means a deviation from the “normal” to the “not
normal” way of life. It is more of an awareness and prevention against the pandemic. This is one
characteristic of culture, being dynamic and adaptive and so we adjust and adapt to the new culture. In
the church for example, one important law is, Thou shalt keep Holy the Lord’s day. If one violates this
commandment a believer commits a grievous sin. Under the new normal culture this is not relevant
anymore. The church now can accommodate only a few. We can now attend masses or services at home.
The church has to adjust to the new culture. This is how culture influences religion and vice versa.
There are certain periods in history that the intermarriage between culture and religion, the latter
dominates in shaping the way of life of the people. Let us take for example the functions of religion laid
down by Calderon. He assumed that religion also influence not just the religious life but also social,
economic and even political way of life of people. Among the many functions of religion identified by
Calderon (1998) are the following:
1. Religion serves as a means of social control.
2. It exerts a great influence upon personality development.
3. Religion allays fear of the unknown.

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 4. Religion explains events or situations which are beyond the
comprehension of man.
5. It gives man comfort, strength and hope in times of crisis and despair.
6. It preserves and transmits knowledge, skills, spiritual and cultural values and practices.
7. It serves as an instrument of change.
8. It promotes closeness, love, cooperation, friendliness and helpfulness.
9. Religion alleviates sufferings from major calamities.
10. It provides hope for a blissful life after death.

The above functions show that religion penetrates the whole dimension of one’s life and society
even to non-believers. When the Spaniards brought Christianity in the Philippines, it changes the
social, economic and political life of the people. The Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, the two
famous novels of our national hero Dr. Jose Rizal reflect how religion dictates the way of life of the
people. How religion became an instrument of power to control the Indios or the Filipinos.
Christianity was used as a sword or weapon to make the natives obey from the whims and caprices of
the Spaniards. As history goes by, the perspective of religion changes. Religion today is used as a
weapon not of oppression but of
compassion and solidarity with the poor. From the perspective of Christianity,
this is the original intention of the founder, Jesus Christ. The Bible, the sacred book of the Christians is
very specific that Christ’s leaning is towards the poor and the oppressed. Plenty of parables in the New
Testament can attest to this. What happened when Christianity embraced different cultures along the
way?

Historically, in 313 AD, the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, which accepted
Christianity: 10 years later, it became the official religion of the Roman Empire.
(www.pbs.org>empires>romans>empire>christians) The sudden shift of attitudes and lifestyles among the
Christians was observable among which;
a) being powerless, they become powerful; b) being persecuted, they become persecutors. We have a
long list of abuses since then especially during the Dark Ages of the church. What does this mean? The
development of religion is influenced by the cultural milieu where it belongs. When Christianity was
embraced by the Greeks and Romans, it became a religion of the mind. It became and academic
subject devoid of compassion and mercy. Compassion and mercy are the original values of Jesus
Christ. Thanks to Vatican II which happened in the 1960’s the church realized that there was a need to
retrieve the real spirit of the Bible. The Vatican Council II of the Catholic Church discussed about the
urgency of the spiritual renewal of the church. It became the marching order from the top echelon of
the Catholic Church from the Pope to the Cardinals, bishops and priests all over the world. This
movement caught fire and duplicated by other Christian denominations and sects. Hence we have now
the term, ecumenical movement or ecumenism.
Ecumenism- is a movement or
tendency foward worldwide Christian unity or
cooperation. The ecumenical movement

13
seeks to recover the apostolic sense of the early church for unity in diversity, and it confronts the
frustrations, difficulties, and ironies of the modern pluralistic world. It is a lively reassessment of the
historical sources and destiny of what followers perceive to be the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic
church of Jesus Christ. (www.britannica.com/topic/ecumenism). If you look at the picture of Ghandi,
he has a perfect reminder for everyone. He said, “Nobody in this world possesses absolute truth. This
is God’s attribute alone. Relative truth is all we know.” Today, ecumenism is not only exclusive
among Christian churches but it extends towards other religions through the principles of “unity in
diversity” and “many paths yet only one destiny.” Ecumenism simply means that no religion
possesses the whole truth as Gandhi reiterates.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 2.1. Picture Analysis
Objective: Compare and contrast the cultural and religious influences to our society.

SAATCHIART.COM
Directions:
1. Analyze the picture and answer the following questions.
2. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.

Critical Thinking Questions:

1. What did you feel upon seeing the pictures?
2. Does it mean that there are only negative effects of culture and religion? Elaborate your answer?
3. Based from your own experience, think of the positive effects of culture and religion.

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Activity 2.2. SUSMARYOSEP

Directions: Below are pictures of “Kamay ni Jesus” and “Regina Rica” as discussed in Lesson 1. They
are located in Lucban, Quezon and Tanay, Rizal respectively. In essay type, answer the following
questions below:

Critical Thinking Questions:

1. How geography, culture and religion interplay in these examples? Particularly concerning
geographical location, the traditions or rituals being practiced or associated with it.

Activity 2.3. DRAW-OUT

Direction: Choose one activity from the following applying the principle below: poster/ caricature/
comic strip /sketch/ symbolism

“Unity in diversity” and “Many paths yet only one destiny.”

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 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Sensitivity Check
Directions:
1. Apply the values of compassion and solidarity of religion to the ethnic identity issues below.

2. Answer the following questions in a separate sheet of paper in an essay form

Tagibo Watershed Advocacy

(An Excerpt)

Source: Odchigue, R. (2010). Bibo Ergo Sum: Theo-Social Reflections of the Taguibo Watershed Advocacy.
Hapag 7.No.1, 79-71.

“Tagibo is a watershed area found in Butuan in the province of Agusan in Mindanao. For
years, exploitations of the forest have been looming over the Watershed of Butuan. A
presidential decree was enacted by President Ramos in 1995 supposedly to ensure that the
Watershed is protected from all forms of environmental exploitation including mining and
logging. In the meantime, thousands of board feet of logs and timber are transported
through the river and the contamination of the water supply from manganese mining
poses a big problem to the natives.”

Critical Thinking Questions:

1. What are the possible effects of forest degradation in the area?
2. How can religion be a starting point to examine this particular ethnic issue utilizing one of its
functions which is compassion and solidarity with the poor?

REMEMBER
• Culture – is the whole way of life. It is ‘ordinary” according to Raymond Williams which
means all we do from sunrise to sunset is part of our culture.
• New Normal Culture-is a deviation from the “normal” way of life to the “not normal” due to
the Covid-19 pandemic. It is more of awareness and prevention against the pandemic which
includes social distancing, wearing masks and washing of hands or using alcohol to avoid the
virus.

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 • Ecumenism- is a movement or tendency toward worldwide Christian unity or cooperation
• Renewal - Second Vatican Council, also called Vatican II, (1962–65), 21st ecumenical council
of the Roman Catholic Church, announced by Pope John XXIII on January 25, 1959, as a
means of spiritual renewal for the church and as an occasion for Christians separated from
Rome to join in a search for Christian unity.

POST TEST
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is referred to as “ordinary way of life” in its broadest sense. It is the way how we wake up in
the morning, fold our bed, brush our teeth, take a bath and pray before and after meals, the
way we dress for work, the way we mingle with friends, etc. It is the way we do or act in our
everyday life from morning to sunrise. What is this?
A. Society C. Politics
B. Culture D. Science
2. Within Christianity there are a lot of divisions among themselves. History is a witness to the
numerous wars brought by religion. Towards the middle of the 20th century a movement was
formed by both Catholic and their Protestant counterparts to heed to the original gospel
message of Unity, Holiness, Universality and Apostolic. What movement is this?
A. New Age Movement C. Renewal
B. Ecumenism D. Activism
3. “Culture is adaptive, “is one of the characteristics of culture. One of the statements does not
reflect this characteristic. Which statement are we referring to?
A. is genetically structured in man’s biological component
B. can be accumulated throughout the lifetime of a person
C. is diverse, and we should adjust to other culture
D. is never stagnant and keep on changing due to new social experiences of people
4. There is a symbiotic relationship between these three (3) concepts; geography, culture
and religion. Which statement reflects this kind of relationship?
A. Religion influenced culture and geography.
B. Culture influenced religion and geography
C. Geography influenced culture and religion.
D. All of the above

17
5. Amidst our modern lifestyles and technology, a Filipino superstition that attributes its illness to
the greeting of a stranger still prevails. This belief is called .
A. Filipinos are polytheistic.
B. Filipinos are monotheistic?
C. Filipinos are animistic?
D. Filipinos are polytheistic, monotheistic and animistic?
6. The Western and Eastern religions have different mindset in terms of worldview, beliefs
and philosophy in life. Which statement does not reflect the difference between the two?
A. Western religions are linear while Eastern religions are cyclical.
B. Western religion separates religion and philosophy while Eastern religion treats religion and
philosophy as one.
C. Eastern religion believes in Incarnation while Eastern religion believes in Re-incarnation.
D. all of the above.
7. Identify which group of religions traces their history from Abraham?
A. Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism
B. Christianity, Islam, Hinduism
C. Judaism, Christianity, Islam
D. Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism
8. A certain guy approached you and asked this question, how can I be saved?
What will be your best answer?
A. You should be a member of any of the religions?
B. Don’t worry about salvation, just enjoy life and be happy?
C. Go to Quiapo and your prayers will be answered?
D. You should go beyond religions in believing God.
9. What characteristic of culture applies when Filipinos adapted and embraced the Christian religion
from the Spaniards?
A. Culture can be shared and learned
B. Culture is transmitted from generation to another
C. Culture is adaptive and integrated.
D. All of the above.
10. Find out which phrases below is not an element of religion?
A. Belief in supernatural powers
B. Belief in the holy or sacred?
C. Curing the sick
D. Mode of worship

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 REFERENCES
Online Sources

Newberg, Andrew (2010). Principles of Neuroethology retrieved

from www.npr.org>2010/12/15>nuerotheology-where-religi...

Kong, Lily (1990). Geography and Religion: Trends and Prospects retrieved from
https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/2239/

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, (2007). Ecumenism retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/topic/ecumenism

Calderon, J. Foundations of Education. Retrieved from

https://www.books.google.com>books>about?Foundations_of_Educatio n

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannca,(2007) . Second Vatican Council ROMAN

CATHOLIC HISTORY [1962–1965] retrieved
from https://www.britannica.com/event/Second-Vatican-Council

Books:
McKinney, Laurence O. (1994). Nuerotheology: Virtual Religion in the 21 st Century retrieved from
https://www. Amazon.com>Nuerotheology-Virtual-2

Ramos, Christine Carmela R. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person.Rex

Bookstore.2016

Cornejo, Nigel L., et al. Fundamentals of World Religions. MaxCor Publishing House, Inc., 2019

Serapio, Maria Perpetua Arcilla. Introduction to World Religions for Senior High School.
Mindshapers Co., Inc. 2016

Vega, Violeta A. et al. Social Dimensions of Education. Lorimar Publishing Inc., 2009

Ramos, Christine Carmela, PhD. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Rex
Bookstore.2016

Articles:

Odchigue, R. (2010). Bibo Ergo Sum: Theo-Social Reflections of the Taguibo Watershed Advocacy.
Hapag 7.No.1, 79-

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 Acknowledgements Writers:
Paciano B. Ferrer – MT II
Editors : Amalia C. Solis – EPS
Reviewers : Gener Irinco –MT II, Aldrin C. Alac –T-III, Jeriel
Apurillo-TIII, (Content) ; Virginia A. Pike-TIII (Language)
Management Team : Maria Magdalena M. Lim –Schools Division
Superintendent-Manila, Aida H. Rondilla –Chief Education
Supervisor, Lucky S. Carpio-EPS and Lady Hannah C.
Gillo, Librarian II-LRMS

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 REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET
Name Grade and Section
School: Date: Subj. Teacher:

Quarter: 1 Module No.: 2 Week No.: 2

MELC: Analyze the interconnectedness of geography, culture, and religion
Objectives: Defend that the fertile ground of spreading religion is the whole world. Topic: The Interplay
of Religion and Geography

Reflection

Directions: Meditate on the phrase below and reason out against the claim or opinion about the world.

“The world is corrupt and evil. It is a perennial a source of temptations and a constant
distraction on our way to heaven. Needs to be avoided.”

Your answer in essay form:

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 REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET
Name Grade and Section
School: Date: Subj. Teacher:

Quarter: 1 Module No.: 2 Week No.: 2

MELC: Analyze the interconnectedness of geography, culture, and religion Objectives:
Appreciate a specific religious practice in your locality.
Topic: The Symbiosis of Religion and Culture

Directions:
1. Christian or not, you are going to observe and analyze the behaviors of the believers as they
honor the black Nazarene in Quiapo, Manila and answer the following questions below.
2. Submit your task in a separate folder

Critical Thinking Questions:

a. Research on the different attitudes, behaviors, gestures and other practices of devotees
during the celebration. If possible take pictures of the things that are relevant to your research
for your documentation.
b. Interview some believers and ask them why they do such behaviors? Record their
answers.
c. Based from the activity, what is/are your realizations in relation to our topic about culture
and religion?

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 ANSWER KEY
Module 2:
Lesson 1
PRETEST POSTTEST

MODULE 2: Lesson 2
PRETEST POSTTEST

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