www.onlinedoctranslator.

com - naisreP ot hsilgnE morf detalsnarT

‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ‬
12-9 ‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬
1997-1998

!‫ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥﺭﺍ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥ‬
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov

EG-1997)09(-004-GSFC
 ‫ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥﺭﺍ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ!‬
‫ﻫﺪﯾﻪ‬

‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﮐﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﮐﺘﺮﻟﻮﺭﺍ ‪/GSFC/USRA‬‬

‫ﺳﯽ‪.‬ﮔﺮﻧﺠﺮ ﺑﺎﮎ ﻻﺝ‬ ‫&‬ ‫‪A. Whitlock NASA‬‬
‫ﺁﺩﻟﻔﯽ‪،‬ﺩﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪Greenbelt، MD‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ!ﻭﺏ ﺳﺎﯾﺖ‬
‫ﯾﺎ‪.CDROM‬‬

‫‪http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov‬‬
‫‪EG-1997)09(-004-GSFC‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪ ...... ................................................ .................................................‬ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻠﯽ ‪ ...... ......................................................‬ﺩﻭﻡ‬

‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ‪1 ................................ ................................‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪﻭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ‪I.‬‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﭘﺎﯾﺎﻥ ‪II.‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻥ ‪III. 2.. ................................................ ................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪.‬ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ‪ :‬ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺏ‪.‬ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻈﯿﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ! ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ‪...‬‬

‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ‪IV. 3 .............. ............................................‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪.‬ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ‪/‬ﺳﯿﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺏ‪.‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ‬
‫ﺝ‪.‬ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻃﯿﻒﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﮐﺎﻭﺷﮕﺮ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥ ‪4 ...................‬‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻫﯽ‪،‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ‪ ...‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﺖ! ‪6 ... ................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻝﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﭼﺎﻟﻪ ‪7 ...................................... ...................... ................................‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ‪7 ................................ ......................................‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎﺕﺑﺪﻥ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﯾﻦ ‪9 ................ ......................................‬‬

‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﺍﺯ ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﻧﺎﻥ؟‪10 ................................ ................................................‬‬

‫ﯾﮏﻗﺎﺷﻖ ﭼﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺭﯼ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ‪11 ................................. ......................................‬‬

‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﻖ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩ ‪12 ................................ ......................................‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﭘﻮﺳﺘﺮ ‪12 ...................................... .....................................................‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ ﻫﺎ ‪14.............................................. ................................................‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ‪17 ...................................................... ................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪21...................................... .....................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ‬
 ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼﻣﻠﯽ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﯼ ﺭﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ‬

‫ﻫﻤﻪﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻼﺱ ﻫﺎﯼ ‪ 12-9‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬

‫‪NCTM‬‬ ‫‪NSES‬‬

‫• ﻫﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ‪...LowMass‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺷﻤﺎﺳﺖ!‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :D‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥ‬

‫• ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺪﻝ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :D‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥ‬

‫• ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :1‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺉﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :2‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :D‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪:G‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :3‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :4‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :5‬ﺟﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :6‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :7‬ﺁﻣﺎﺭ‬

‫• ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :1‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺉﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :A‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :2‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :B‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :3‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :D‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪:G‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :4‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :5‬ﺟﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :7‬ﺁﻣﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :13‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﯾﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ‬

‫• ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﮐﺲ؟‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :1‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺉﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :A‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :2‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :B‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :3‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :D‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :4‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :5‬ﺟﺒﺮ‬

‫‪ii‬‬
 ‫ﻫﻤﻪﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻼﺱ ﻫﺎﯼ ‪ 12-9‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬

‫‪NCTM‬‬ ‫‪NSES‬‬

‫• ﯾﮏ ﻗﺎﺷﻖ ﭼﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺭﯼ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :1‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺉﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :A‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :2‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :B‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :3‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :D‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪:G‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :4‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :5‬ﺟﺒﺮ‬

‫• ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﻖ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :1‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺉﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :A‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :2‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :B‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :3‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :D‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :4‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :5‬ﺟﺒﺮ‬

‫‪III‬‬
 ‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪﻭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ‪I.‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﺮﻋﻈﯿﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻌﺖ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﻮﺭﯼ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺩﯾﮕﺮﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺗﻮﭖ ﻏﻮﻝ ﭘﯿﮑﺮ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﮐﻪﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﻮﭖ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ )ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ(‬
‫ﺑﻪ‪ 15‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺭﺳﺪ‪ . .‬ﯾﮏ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩ ﺷﮕﻔﺖ ﺍﻧﮕﯿﺰ ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪ ...‬ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺷﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﭖ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﺶ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦﺍﯾﻦ ﭼﯿﺰ ﺟﺎﺩﻭﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ "ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺷﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ" ﭼﯿﺴﺖ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻮﭖ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺥﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ؟ ﺍﯾﻨﻄﻮﺭﯼ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .....‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻥ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ‪ 15‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﻮﭖ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺘﺮ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﯾﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﯽ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﯾﺎﻓﯿﻮﺯ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺯﯾﺎﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺭﯾﺰﺩﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺁﻥ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺸﺶ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽﮐﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺗﻮﭖ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺭﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﭖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﺶ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﯽ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﻒ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 20‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﯼ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺧﺸﺎﻥ ﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻍ ﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺸﺶ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ‬
‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺨﻮﺭﺩﻩﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺫﺧﺎﯾﺮﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﭘﺎﯾﺎﻥ ‪II.‬‬

‫ﭘﺲﺍﺯ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ‪ -‬ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ‪ -‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﯿﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺶ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻﯾﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﭘﺎﺷﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞﮔﯿﺮﯼ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﻘﺒﺾ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶﺩﺍﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ -‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺻﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻏﻮﻝ ﺳﺮﺥ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ »ﺟﺮﻡ« )ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 5‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﯾﺎ‬
‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﺟﺮﻡ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﻣﺎ( ﯾﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ »ﮐﻢ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ« )ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 0.4‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 3.4‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﻣﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﯼﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻏﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻥ ‪III.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪.‬ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ‪ :‬ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ‬

‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﻣﺎ( ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻏﻮﻝ ﺳﺮﺥ ﺭﺳﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﻘﺒﺾ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻠﯿﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻭ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺷﯽ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻬﻠﺖ ﻣﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ‪،‬ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﮑﺸﺪ! ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﯽ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭﻗﻮﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺑﺮ ﭘﺮﺍﮐﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺭﯾﺨﺘﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 20‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻘﯿﻪ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻨﮏ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥﻭ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﯾﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﮐﺸﺶ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮﺭﺍ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﻍ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻧﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺩﯼ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﯾﮏ ﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﮏ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﻧﺸﯿﻨﺪﮐﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪.‬ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻈﯿﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ! ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ‪...‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖﭼﯿﺰ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﻣﺎﺗﯿﮑﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ‪ 5‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺑﺮﻏﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ )ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﯾﮏ ﻏﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ(‪ ،‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺷﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﻘﺒﺾ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻍ ﺗﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺗﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺮﯼ ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻭﭘﺎﺷﯽﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ ًﻓﻘﻂ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻧﻤﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ )ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺁﻫﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩﻧﻤﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ( ﻭ ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺷﯽ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺁﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﭘﺎﺷﯽ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺸﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 100‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺷﻮﮎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻭ ﺍﯾﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﺍﮐﺘﯿﻮ ﺫﻭﺏ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﺪﻧﯽ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮﮎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﻬﯿﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﺯ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ -‬ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﯾﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺳﯿﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻗﻤﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺬﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﯽ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻋﻤﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻭ ﺍﯾﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﺍﮐﺘﯿﻮ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﺪﻧﯽ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮﮎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﻬﯿﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ -‬ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺳﯿﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻗﻤﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺬﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺑﯽ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻋﻤﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻭ ﺍﯾﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﺍﮐﺘﯿﻮ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﺪﻧﯽ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮﮎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﻬﯿﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ -‬ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺳﯿﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻗﻤﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺬﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﯽ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻋﻤﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭼﯿﺰﯼ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ؟ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮ‪،‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ ًﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﻭ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﺑﺮﻏﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﻫﺎ )ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ( ﻭ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﮐﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺟﺰ ﯾﮏ ﺗﻮﭖ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺩﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺨﻮﺭﺩﻩﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ )ﻣﺜﻼ ً‪15‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﻣﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﯽ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻭﭘﺎﺷﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ!‬

‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ‪III.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪.‬ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ‪/‬ﺳﯿﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩﺍﯼ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻥﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ )ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﯼ( ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﻍ )‪ (T< 100000 K‬ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻡﯾﮏ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎﯼﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﭘﯿﺸﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﻫﯿﭻ ﺭﺍﻫﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ )ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺟﻤﻊ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪،‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻪ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻼ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻧﻤﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼﺍﺯ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﺍﯾﮑﺲ ﻧﺮﻡ )ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﺍﯾﮑﺲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼﮐﻤﺘﺮ( ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﺍﯾﮑﺲ ﻧﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﺩﺗﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺟﻮ ﻧﺎﺯﮎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪.‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ‬

‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ًﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﻩ ﻣﺎﯾﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ً‪ 1.4‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﻣﺎﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺮﯾﻊﻣﯽ ﭼﺮﺧﻨﺪ )ﯾﮏ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻓﻘﻂ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﯽ ﮐﺸﺪ!(‪ .‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺟﺬﺍﺏ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺯﯾﺮﺍﭼﮕﺎﻝ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﻭ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺪﺍﻥﮔﺮﺍﻧﺸﯽ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 300000‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺷﺪﯾﺪﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ‪ -‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 1,000,000,000,000‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻗﻮﯾﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺯﻣﯿﻦ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ‪،‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﻤﺴﻮ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪» ،‬ﺗﭙﺶ« ﺑﺰﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻤﺖﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺮﮐﺖﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﭽﺮﺧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﺸﯽﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﮑﺲ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﯿﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﻫﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﻪ ﻗﻄﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺑﯿﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺭﺳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﭗ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺝ‪.‬ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻣﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﯼ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺘﯽ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﯿﭻ ﭼﯿﺰ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﯿﭻ ﭼﯿﺰ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﺭﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺭﺻﺪﯼ ﺯﯾﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ :‬ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎﯾﯽﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ )‪ 4‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 15‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﻣﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﯾﮏ ﮐﻬﮑﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ‪.‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﺪﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﺪ!‬

‫ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﮐﻬﮑﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﮐﻬﮑﺸﺎﻧﯽ )‪ (AGN‬ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻡﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ 10‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 100‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎﺭﺩ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ! ﺟﺮﻡ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻼﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺧﯿﺮﺍ ًﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﺍﺯ ﻧﺠﻮﻡ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﯾﯽ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺍﯾﮑﺲ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﯾﺴﮏ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺸﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻈﯿﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﯿﻒﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﮐﺎﻭﺷﮕﺮ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺏ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺬﺏﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﯽ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ‬
‫ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯼﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻭ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ)ﻣﺜﻼ ًﺛﺒﺖ ﺩﻗﯿﻖ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﯽ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺩﻭﺗﺎﯾﯽ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ )ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻮﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻦﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺰء(‪ ،‬ﯾﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺿﺒﻂ ﮐﻨﺪ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﯾﻦﺳﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻫﯿﭻ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﯽ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﮐﻤﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺐ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺷﮕﻔﺘﯽ ﻭ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﻫﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯾﯽﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﻃﯿﻒ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ )‪ (EM‬ﻭ ﺩﯾﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻃﯿﻒ‬
‫ﻫﺎﯼﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﯿﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻮﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﯿﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﮔﺴﯿﻞ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎﯼﻓﺮﻭﺳﺮﺥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﺑﻨﻔﺶ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﺍﯾﮑﺲ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻣﯽ ﺭﺍ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﺮﺉﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﭼﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ(‪" .‬ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎ" ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝﻣﻮﺝ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﯿﻠﯽ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﯾﺎ ﺧﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﯾﺪﻥ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ "ﺭﻭﺷﻦ" ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺷﯿﺎء ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﯿﻒ ‪ EM‬ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭﮎ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺯﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﺎء ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺗﻤﯽ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺗﻤﯽ ﺷﮑﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺫﻭﺏ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺍﯾﮑﺲﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﯽ ﺍﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻣﯽ ﭼﺮﺧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻩﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺍﺑﻨﻔﺶ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺗﮑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ‪.‬ﻭ ﻣﺮﺉﯽ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﮑﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬

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 ‫ﺑﻪﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﯽ ﭼﺮﺧﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ )ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﺍﯾﮑﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﻣﺎﻭﺭﺍء ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭﯼ( ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻻﯾﻪ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﻔﺘﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻏﺎﯾﺐ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﯽ‬
‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺎ )ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ( ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﻢ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ‪ ...‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝﻣﻮﺝ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﯿﻒ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﻫﺎ )ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ(‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﯼ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺉﯽ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﯾﯽ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﮐﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻣﺎﯾﮑﺮﻭﻭﯾﻮ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﯾﯽ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪،‬ﻣﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﺑﻨﻔﺶ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﺍﯾﮑﺲ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻣﺎ‪.‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‪.hc/=νE = h‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻭ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﯾﮑﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ‪λ،‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻫﯽ‪،‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﻢ ﺗﻮﺩﻩ‪ ...‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﺖ!‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺠﺰﺍﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﻢ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻃﯽ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﯾﮏﺍﺑﺮ ﮔﺎﺯﯼ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺮﮔﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﯾﮏ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪:‬‬

‫* ﻧﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫* ﺩﺳﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﮐﺎﻏﺬﯼ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ‬
‫* ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺮﯾﺴﻤﺲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻻﻣﭗ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺠﯽ ﻭ ﺯﺭﺩ‬
‫* ﮐﺮﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻧﯽ ﮐﺮﻭﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﯾﺎ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ )ﺍﺯ ‪ 1‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 5‬ﺍﯾﻨﭻ ﻗﻄﺮ؛ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯽ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﺪ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩ(‬
‫* ﺗﻮﭖ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﺕ )ﯾﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﺪ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻧﯽ ﺭﻧﮓ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ(‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 6.1‬ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺗﮑﻪ ﻣﻘﻮﺍ ﯾﺎ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﻭ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﭽﺴﺒﺎﻧﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺑﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﻍ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺑﭙﯿﭽﯿﺪﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﻻﻣﭗ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪.3‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺠﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ‪ 3‬ﺍﯾﻨﭽﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪.4‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ‪ 2‬ﺍﯾﻨﭽﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪.5‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﻏﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ‪ 5‬ﺍﯾﻨﭽﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪.6‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ‪ 3‬ﺍﯾﻨﭽﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﮐﺎﻏﺬﯼ ﻣﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺮﻩ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﭙﯿﭽﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪.7‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ‪ 1‬ﺍﯾﻨﭽﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪.8‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ‪ 1‬ﺍﯾﻨﭽﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺍﻍ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﯾﮏ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺒﯿﻨﯿﺪ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺍ‪...‬ﺍﮔﺮﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ 1.4‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮﻥ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ‪ 2‬ﺍﯾﻨﭽﯽ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ(‪،‬‬
‫ﮐﺮﻩﻏﻮﻝ ﺳﺮﺥ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺪﻝﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﭼﺎﻟﻪ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺑﺼﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺗﺎﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺩ ﻓﻀﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮﺑﮑﺸﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﯼ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﯾﺎ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺑﺎﺩﮐﻨﮏ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻻﺗﮑﺲ ﺑﺮﯾﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺻﺎﻑ ﮐﺸﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﯾﺎ ﻭﺭﻕ ﻻﺗﮑﺲ‬
‫* ﮐﺎﺳﻪ ﮔﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ 4‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 5‬ﺍﯾﻨﭻ‬
‫* ﻧﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫* ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﺩ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬
‫* ﺑﻠﺒﺮﯾﻨﮓ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ‪ 1‬ﺍﯾﻨﭽﯽ )ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﮎ ﮐﻦ ﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ(‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ‪:‬‬

‫‪.1‬ﻭﺭﻗﻪ ﻻﺗﮑﺲ )ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﻀﺎ‪-‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﮑﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺴﻢ ﮔﺮﺩ ﺑﭽﺴﺒﺎﻧﯿﺪ‪ ...‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﯾﮏﮐﺎﺳﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﻠﺤﻔﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﺳﻔﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮐﺸﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﭘﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﮑﻢﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭼﯿﻦ ﻭ ﭼﺮﻭﮐﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ!‬

‫‪.2‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻭﺭﻗﻪ ﻻﺗﮑﺲ ﭘﺮﺍﮐﻨﺪﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ )ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪ .‬ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺭﻕ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪.3‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﯽ ﺑﻠﺒﺮﯾﻨﮓ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻭﺭﻗﻪ ﻻﺗﮑﺲ ﺑﯿﻨﺪﺍﺯﯾﺪ )ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪ .‬ﺳﻌﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ‬
‫ﻧﺪﻫﯿﺪﺟﻬﺶ ﮐﻨﺪ! ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻠﺒﺮﯾﻨﮓ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﯽ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﮔﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﺎﮎ ﮐﻦ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪.4‬ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ؟‬

‫‪.5‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻠﺒﺮﯾﻨﮓ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ )ﯾﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﮑﻢ ﺗﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ( ﭼﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ؟ ﭼﻪ ﺗﺸﺒﯿﻪ‬
‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽﺑﺎ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ؟‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺁﻧﯽﺟﺎﻣﭗ ﮐﺎﻧﻦ )‪ (1941 - 1863‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺍﻭ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻃﯿﻒ ﺳﻨﺠﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﯽﺟﺎﻣﭗ ﮐﺎﻧﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1880‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﻟﺰﻟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺳﺎﭼﻮﺳﺖ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻃﯿﻒ ﺳﻨﺠﯽﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺁﯾﻨﺪ ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﻤﻠﮏ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻨﻮﺍﯾﯽ ﺍﻭ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺭﮎ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻼﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﻟﺞ ﺭﺍﺩﮐﻠﯿﻒ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﯿﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺻﺪﺧﺎﻧﻪﮐﺎﻟﺞ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﺭﺻﺪﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻃﯿﻒ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﭘﺎﻧﺼﺪ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1911‬ﺍﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ًﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﯼ ﻫﯿﺉﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﯼﯾﮏ ﺯﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺧﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺘﺼﺪﯼ ﻋﮑﺲ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺠﻮﻣﯽ ﺷﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻭﯾﺴﺖ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،1936‬ﻫﺎﺭﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻀﻮ‬
‫ﻫﯿﺉﺖﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﺩﺍﺉﻤﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻔﺘﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺭﺳﺪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫‪-‬ﺩﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻨﺪﮔﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ًﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﯾﮏ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﻡ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‪.‬ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ HR‬ﯾﮏ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻠﯽ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﻓﮑﺮ‬
‫ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﭘﺮﺗﺮﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺯﯾﺮ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺮﺗﺴﺴﭙﺮﻭﻧﮓ‪-‬ﺭﺍﺳﻞ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻨﺪﮔﯽ‪،‬‬
‫ﮐﻼﺱﻃﯿﻔﯽ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻭ ﮐﻼﺱ ﻃﯿﻔﯽ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺭﺳﺪﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ :‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﻏﻮﻝ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺮﻏﻮﻝ ﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪.1‬ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﻫﺴﺘﯿﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺒﻌﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪3700‬‬
‫ﮐﻠﻮﯾﻦﻭ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 0.1‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬
‫ﭼﻪﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬

‫‪.2‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 10000‬ﮐﻠﻮﯾﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 10‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ؟‪ .3-‬ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ‬
‫ﺩﻫﯿﺪﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﭼﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﺒﻌﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺣﯿﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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‫‪.3‬ﯾﮏ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺧﻄﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ HR‬ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻞ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺭﺩﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﻢ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﺴﭙﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪.4‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ )ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ( ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﯾﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪):‬ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﯼ ‪ I، II‬ﻭ ‪ III‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﯿﺪ(‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ‪ O‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﯾﭗ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ‪ A‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﯾﭗ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ‪ G‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﯾﭗ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬

‫ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﯼ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﺑﯿﻦ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﺭﮎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺱﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬

‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎﺕﺑﺪﻥ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﯾﻦ‬

‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ "ﺭﺍﺩﯾﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺫﺏ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ" ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬
‫ﯾﮏﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﯾﺪﻩ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺳﯿﺎﻩﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻫﺎ ﮐﺎﻣﻼ ًﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮐﻞ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥﺗﻘﺮﯾﺐ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺍﻍ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩﺍﯼ ﺟﺬﺏ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﺪﺍﻥ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺎﮐﺲ ﭘﻼﻧﮏ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﯽ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ ﺍﺯ ‪ 1‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪2‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﺍﯾﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﭘﻼﻧﮏ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪22hc‬‬

‫‪E)λ,T( = -----------------------------‬‬
‫ﻩ‪1 -hc/λkT‬‬ ‫‪5λ‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‪ T ،‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﮐﻠﻮﯾﻦ‪ λ ،‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ‪ c ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮﺭ‪ k ،‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﻦﺍﺳﺖ )‪ x 1018-1.37*10‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﭘﻼﻧﮏ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ h 6.626‬ﻭ ‪،27-erg/K(،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐﮐﻠﻮﯾﻦ ‪، λ‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﯾﺎﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﯾﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽﯾﮏ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ‪erg sec(.‬‬

‫‪0.2897‬‬
‫= ‪-----------------‬‬ ‫‪λ‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ‬

‫ﺗﯽ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﯽﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪.1‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻃﯿﻔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻧﻮﺭﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﺪﺍﻣﻨﺪ؟ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ!‬

‫)ﺩ( ‪4-1.25*10‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫)ﺝ( ‪5-10 × 5.5‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫)ﺏ( ‪5-10 × 1.5‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻒ( ‪5-10×3‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ‬

‫‪.2‬ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﯿﻒ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﯾﮏ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦﻭﺟﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟‬

‫)ﺩ( ‪K 1,750,000‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ‪K 15000‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ‪K 800‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻒ( ‪K 001‬‬

‫ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﯼ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﯾﺎﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ًﺍﺟﺴﺎﻣﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪ 0.001‬ﮐﻠﻮﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻣﺎ ﭼﻪ ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﯿﺪ؟‬

‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﮐﺲ؟‬

‫ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﯾﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﮎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺍﺷﯿﺎء ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ )ﯾﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ( ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎﯼ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﮎ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ = ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺖ ﻃﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪ /‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﯿﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ=‪vt‬‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫‪dt=v‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ )ﺩ( ﻃﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮﺗﺎ ﻟﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ )‪ (v‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻤﺖﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﮎ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎﯼ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﯽ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﺖ ﭘﯿﺶ )ﺗﯽ( ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮﯼ ﻣﻨﻔﺠﺮ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﯾﺮﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ!‬

‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﻦ= ‪ 20000‬ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ = ‪ 1450‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﮕﻨﻮﺱ‬

‫ﺳﻦ= ‪ 943‬ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ = ‪ 1500‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﭼﻨﮓ‬

‫ﺳﻦ= ‪ 425‬ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ = ‪ 5200‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﮑﻮ‬

‫ﺳﻦ= ‪ 990‬ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ = ‪ 3000‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ‬ ‫‪SN1006‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺎﻻﺑﯿﺎﯾﯿﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺍﻭﯾﻪ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪3‬‬
‫ﮐﯿﻠﻮﭘﺎﺭﺳﮑﯽﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﭼﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻠﺴﮑﻮﭖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺁﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ‪ 8‬ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﻗﻮﺱ )‪ 480‬ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ ﻗﻮﺱ( ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ؟ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﺭﺍ ‪ 4800‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭼﻪﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩ؟ ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﯿﺪ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺭﺍﯾﺞ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎﯼ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﯿﺎﺑﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﯾﺪ؟‪...‬ﯾﻮﻫﺎﻧﺲ ﮐﭙﻠﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﮏﻗﺎﺷﻖ ﭼﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ‬

‫‪.‬ﺩﺭﻻﻫﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﮐﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﯿﺎ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺭﺳﯿﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﻤﺒﺮﯾﺞ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺪﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﮐﺘﺮﺍ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺭﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻓﮑﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻧﺴﺒﯿﺖ ﺍﻧﯿﺸﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﭘﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1934‬ﺩﮐﺘﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﺍ ًﻓﻌﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ‪.‬ﺍﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 1.44‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ )ﮐﻪ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﺪ ﭼﺎﻧﺪﺭﺍﺳﺨﺎﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ( ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺧﺮﺩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺮ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺩﯾﻨﮕﺘﻮﻥﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﭼﺎﻧﺪﺭﺍﺳﺨﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺣﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﺩﯾﻨﮕﺘﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺣﺪ ﭼﺎﻧﺪﺭﺍﺳﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻈﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺭﮎ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1983‬ﺑﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺟﺎﯾﺰﻩ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺣﺪ ﭼﺎﻧﺪﺭﺍﺳﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻈﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺭﮎ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1983‬ﺑﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺟﺎﯾﺰﻩ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺣﺪ ﭼﺎﻧﺪﺭﺍﺳﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻈﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺭﮎ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1983‬ﺑﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺟﺎﯾﺰﻩ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﺷﺪ (‪Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar )1910-1995‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺳﻔﯿﺪﻭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﯿﺪ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ!‬

‫ﺑﻪﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﯾﮏ ﻗﺎﺷﻖ ﭼﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻫﺮﺟﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﯾﮏ ﻗﺎﺷﻖ ﭼﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺭﯼ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 5‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﮑﻌﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺟﺎﯼ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻌﺎﻉ)ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ(‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻡ)ﮔﺮﻡ(‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‪ -‬ﺷﯽ‬

‫‪10‬‬‫‪10*7‬‬ ‫‪3310×2‬‬ ‫ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫‪8‬‬‫‪10*5‬‬ ‫‪3310*1‬‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪﺳﻔﯿﺪ‬
‫‪510*9‬‬ ‫‪3310×2‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ‬

‫ﺁﯾﺎﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﺪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯿﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ؟ ﻭﺯﻥ ﯾﮏ ﻗﺎﺷﻖ‬
‫ﭼﺎﯾﺨﻮﺭﯼﺁﺏ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﯾﺎ ﻫﻮﺍ؟ ﯾﺎ ﺁﻫﻦ؟‬

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 ‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﻖ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺍﯼ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﻥ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ؟ ﺧﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ًﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ‪ -‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ‪،‬ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﻣﯿﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﺩ! ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﻖ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰﺷﯿﻠﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﻝ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰﺷﯿﻠﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽﮐﻪ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﺗﺶ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1916‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﯿﻤﺎﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺒﻬﻪﺭﻭﺳﯿﻪ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺒﯿﻨﺪ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ‬
‫ﭼﻨﯿﻦﺟﺮﻡ ﻋﻈﯿﻤﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ‪ ( . .‬ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻓﻖ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ‬
‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻘﯿﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﯾﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰﺷﯿﻠﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺁﺭ=‪2‬ﺟﻨﺮﺍﻝ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﺯ ﺝ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺴﻢ ﮐﺮﻭﯼ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺎﺭﻩ ﯾﺎ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺣﺘﯽﺩﺭﮎ ﮐﺮﺩ‪2=v.‬ﺟﻨﺮﺍﻝ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﺯ ﺁﺭ‪،‬ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪﻡﻭﺁﺭﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺟﺴﻢ ﮐﺮﻭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ c‬ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪.1‬ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺳﯿﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ؟‬

‫‪.2‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ؟ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪﻫﺮﮔﺰﺑﻪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻦ!‬
‫‪.3‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﯾﮏ ﺗﻮﭖ ﮔﻠﻒ ﻓﺮﻭ ﺭﯾﺨﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ...‬ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪ 381500‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮﯼ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ؟ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﭘﯿﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻭﭘﺎﺷﯽﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 300‬ﻣﺘﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻣﮕﺴﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ‪0.5‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﯽ ﭼﺮﺧﺪ؟‬

‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﭘﻮﺳﺘﺮ ‪...‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﯾﺮﺭﻭﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺮ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﯾﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺕ ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﺎﻭﯾﺮ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﻢ ﺟﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻏﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫ﮐﻢﺟﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﮕﯽ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﯿﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﮐﺸﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ‬
‫ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪﺩﯾﺴﮏ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺸﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻭ ﺟﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺗﺼﺎﻭﯾﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﯿﺸﺘﯿﻦﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻣﺎﮐﯿﺎﻥ ‪ IPC‬ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪SNR:‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺭﻧﮕﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ 1‬ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﻏﺬ ‪ WH Ku‬ﺍﺳﺖﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،1984‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ،278‬ﺹ‪ 618-615 .‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ )ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮﯼ( ﺍﺭﺍﺉﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 2.5‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

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 ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﯾﺮ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕﺍﻓﻘﯽ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Betelgeuse‬ﺍﺯ ‪ HST‬ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪Betelgeuse:‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪، NASA :‬‬

‫(‪) A. Dupree )CfA(، R. Gilliland )STScI‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﯾﮏ ﮔﺮﺍﺩﯾﺎﻥ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬
‫ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﻣﻼ ًﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪(.‬‬

‫ﺳﺤﺎﺑﯽ‪:‬ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ‪ HST‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﯽ ﺟﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﯽ ﺷﮑﺎﺭﭼﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪ 1500‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﻮﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﻠﮑﯽ‬
‫ﺷﮑﺎﺭﭼﯽﺷﮑﺎﺭﭼﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺩﺭ ‪ 29‬ﺩﺳﺎﻣﺒﺮ ‪ 1993‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺳﯿﻊ ﻭ ﺳﯿﺎﺭﻩ ‪2‬‬
‫‪ HST‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪/CR O'Dell :‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺭﺍﯾﺲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺳﺎ‬

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 ‫ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﯽ‪،‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ‪ ...‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﺖ!‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮﻣﻘﯿﺎﺱ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﮐﺮﻩ ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻧﯽ ﻏﻮﻝ ﺳﺮﺥ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 5‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ!‬

‫ﻣﺪﻝﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﭼﺎﻟﻪ‬

‫ﺟﺴﻢﺳﻨﮕﯿﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻻﺗﮑﺲ )ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﻀﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ( ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺸﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ...‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﯿﻠﯽ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ ﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ‪،‬ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﭖ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﻭﺭﻗﻪ ﻻﺗﮑﺲ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ ...‬ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﯾﮏﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﭼﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺗﺮ ﺍﻋﻮﺟﺎﺝ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺗﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ‪-‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‬

‫‪.1‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ،K‬ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺁﻥ‬

‫‪.2‬ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺁﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﻢ ﺟﺮﻡ‬
‫‪.3‬ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﻣﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﯾﮏ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﮐﺸﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻤﺖﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ T ~ 100000 K‬ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪).4‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ; )ﺏ( ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ؛ ﺝ( ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ‬

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 ‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎﺕﺑﺪﻥ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﯾﻦ‬

‫‪.1‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﯾﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ‪ T‬ﺣﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﯾﺪ‪،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ HR‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﻼﺱ ﻃﯿﻔﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ( ‪ K 9656‬ﮐﻼﺱ ‪) ;A‬ﺏ( ‪ K 19,313‬ﮐﻼﺱ ‪) ;B‬ﺝ( ‪ K 5267.2‬ﮐﻼﺱ ‪) ;G‬ﺩ( ‪ K 2317‬ﮐﻼﺱ ‪M‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﯾﻦ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺍﻭﺝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻃﯿﻒ‬
‫‪ EM‬ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮ ‪ 289.7‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮﯼ؛ )ﺏ( ‪4-3.62x10‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ؛ )ﺝ( ‪5-1.93x10‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺎﻭﺭﺍء ﺑﻨﻔﺶ؛‬
‫)ﺩ( ‪7-1.65x10‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﺍﯾﮑﺲ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻧﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﯿﭻﺟﺮﻡ ﻧﺠﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ 0.001‬ﮐﻠﻮﯾﻦ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺴﯿﻞ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫ﮐﻪﺩﺭ ﻣﯿﺪﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺳﻨﮑﺮﻭﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﮐﺲ؟‬

‫ﺑﺎﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ x‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪،‬‬

‫‪13SN1006:‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﮕﻨﻮﺱ‪149.14x10:‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ؛ ﺧﺮﭼﻨﮓ‪134.46x10 :‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ؛ ﺗﯿﮑﻮ‪136.96x10 :‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ؛ ‪9.37x10‬‬

‫ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺍﯾﻦﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1604‬ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﮐﭙﻠﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺱﯾﻮﻫﺎﻧﺲ ﮐﭙﻠﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﮏﻗﺎﺷﻖ ﭼﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺭﯼ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﻡ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ‪ x‬ﺣﺠﻢ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﻪﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ‪ 5‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .3‬ﭘﺲ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ؟ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ‪/‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪3/4‬ﭖ‪ ،3r‬ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ‪ r‬ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﮐﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻭﺻﻞ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﺷﻖ ﭼﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺭﯼ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻭﯼ‪ 7.0‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ‪ 9.5x10‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪6‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻡ؛ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ‪ 3.3x10‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪15‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ‬
‫ﺁﺏ‪،‬ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺁﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ‪ 5.0‬ﮔﺮﻡ‪ 6.5x10 ،‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪3-.‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‬
‫‪39.4‬ﮔﺮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﻖ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫‪.1‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰﺷﯿﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﯼ )‪ (1.9x10‬ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪27.‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺸﯽ)‪11-G = 6.67x10‬ﻣﺘﺮ‪x103‬ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮﺭ )‪.8/kg-sec( 3‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺍﻓﻖ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩ ﯾﮏ‬
‫ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ‪ 2.96‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ (‪m/sec‬‬

‫‪15‬‬
 ‫‪.2‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻧﻤﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪).3‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻩ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ 27.3 ~ ،‬ﺭﻭﺯ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻀﺎﭘﯿﻤﺎ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ‪24 ،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﮕﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻓﻖ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ‪ ...‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺁﻥﻣﯽ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ!‬

‫‪16‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭﻣﻄﻠﻖ ‪-‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪ 10‬ﭘﺎﺭﺳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﺭ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ‪-‬ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺠﯽ ﺟﺮﻡ‬

‫ﺩﯾﺴﮏﺑﺮﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ‪-‬ﻗﺮﺻﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻋﻈﯿﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺍﻓﺘﺪ )ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﯾﺴﮏ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﮑﺎﻧﻪ ﺯﺍﻭﯾﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ(‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﮐﻬﮑﺸﺎﻧﯽ ‪-‬ﮐﻬﮑﺸﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﯾﺮ ﺯﯾﺎﺩﯼ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻗﺪﺭﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ ‪-‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺷﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ‬

‫‪Arc Minutes-‬ﯾﮏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺯﻭﺍﯾﺎﯼ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ 60 .‬ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﻮﺱ ‪-‬ﯾﮏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺯﻭﺍﯾﺎﯼ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﻗﻮﺱ ‪ 60‬ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ ﻗﻮﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪﺳﯿﺎﻩ ‪-‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﻓﺮﺿﯽ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﻢ ﺟﺮﻡ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻫﯿﭻ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﯽ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺎﻩﭼﺎﻟﻪ ‪-‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﯿﭻ‬
‫ﭼﯿﺰ)ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ( ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻪﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ‪-‬ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺩﻓﻊ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ‪-‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﯿﺪﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ﻭ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﺑﺮ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﯿﻒﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ‪-‬ﻃﯿﻒ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﭘﺨﺶ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﺍﯾﮑﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﻣﺎﻭﺭﺍء ﺑﻨﻔﺶ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺭ ﻧﻮﺭﯼ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝﻣﺎﯾﮑﺮﻭﻭﯾﻮ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﯾﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ‪-‬ﯾﮏ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺍﺗﻤﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺗﻢ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻓﺮﺍﺭ ‪-‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ‪،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﯽ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺸﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‬

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 ‫ﺍﻓﻖﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩ )ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰﺷﯿﻠﺪ( ‪-‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﯼ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﯾﮏ‬
‫ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ)ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ( ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺸﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻫﺮ ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ‪-‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺖﻋﺎﻡ ‪-‬ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻟﺒﺮﺕ ﺍﻧﯿﺸﺘﯿﻦ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺉﻮﺭﯼ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺖ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺸﯽ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻨﺮﺳﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼﮔﺮﺍﻧﺸﯽ‪-‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻓﺮﻭﭘﺎﺷﯽ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺸﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺮﺗﺰﺳﭙﺮﻭﻧﮓ‪-‬ﺭﺍﺳﻞ‪-‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻃﯿﻔﯽ )ﯾﺎ ﺩﻣﺎ( ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﯽ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﯾﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖ‪-‬ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼﺟﻨﺒﺸﯽ‪-‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ؛ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮﺏ ﺟﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﺳﺎﻝﺭﻭﺷﻦ ‪-‬ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﻃﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 9.46*10‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪12‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻨﺪﮔﯽ‪-‬ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﯾﺎ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‬

‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪﺍﺻﻠﯽ ‪-‬ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺮﺗﺴﺴﭙﺮﻭﻧﮓ‪-‬ﺭﺍﺳﻞ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﮐﻠﯽﺍﯾﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﯾﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ‪-‬ﯾﮏ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺍﺗﻤﯽ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ؛ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺗﻢ‬

‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻧﯽ ‪-‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ًﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ًﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻥ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ ‪-‬ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺸﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﮑﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺷﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻭﺍﭘﺎﺷﯽ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﺍﮐﺘﯿﻮ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﯾﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺗﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﺭﺳﮏ‪-‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 3.2616‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﻮﺭﯼ )ﺍﻟﻒﮐﯿﻠﻮﭘﺎﺭﺳﮏ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺑﺎ ‪ 1000‬ﭘﺎﺭﺳﮏ ﺍﺳﺖ(‬

‫ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻥ‪-‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ﺧﺎﺹ‬

‫ﺳﺤﺎﺑﯽﺳﯿﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ‪-‬ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ‬

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 ‫ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‪-‬ﯾﮏ ﮔﺎﺯ ﯾﻮﻧﯿﺰﻩ ﺩﺍﻍ‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺗﻤﯽ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ‪-‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺫﺧﯿﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﮑﺎﻝ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼﮔﺮﺍﻧﺸﯽ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ‪-‬ﯾﮏ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺍﺗﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﯾﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﺍﮐﺘﯿﻮ ‪-‬ﺍﯾﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﮔﺴﯿﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﯾﺮﺍﺗﻤﯽ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻣﺎﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﯾﺎ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻏﻮﻝﺳﺮﺥ ‪-‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ًﺧﻨﮑﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﯽ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﯿﻦﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﯼ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺮﺗﺴﺴﭙﺮﻭﻧﮓ‪-‬ﺭﺍﺳﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺿﻮﺡ‪-‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺰﺉﯿﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﯿﻖ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻞ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ ﮐﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺷﻌﺎﻉﺷﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰﺷﯿﻠﺪ ‪-‬ﺩﯾﺪﻥﺍﻓﻖ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ‪-‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪-‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﮑﺎﻥﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﯾﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺖﺧﺎﺹ ‪-‬ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻟﺒﺮﺕ ﺍﻧﯿﺸﺘﯿﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﮎ ﯾﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ، .‬ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﯾﺎ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﭼﻘﺪﺭﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﯾﺎ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬

‫ﮐﻼﺱﻃﯿﻔﯽ ‪-‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﯿﻒ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﻃﯿﻒ‪-‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﺍﮐﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﯾﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻥﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻮﺭﯼ‬

‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‪-‬ﯾﮏ ﮐﺮﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﺯ‬

‫ﻃﯿﻒﺳﻨﺠﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ‪-‬ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ‬
‫ﻫﺎﯼﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻏﻮﻝﺑﺰﺭﮒ ‪-‬ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺯﯾﺎﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻏﻮﻝ ﭘﯿﮑﺮ‬

‫ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ‪-‬ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻓﺎﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﯾﮏﮐﻬﮑﺸﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪-‬ﺍﺑﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮﺍﮐﺘﯿﻮ ﮐﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ)ﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ( ﻣﻨﻔﺠﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮐﻮﺗﻮﻟﻪﺳﻔﯿﺪ ‪-‬ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺍﯼ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻘﻮﻁﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫‪20‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬

‫ﮐﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪-‬‬

‫ﺁﭘﻔﻞ‪،‬ﻧﺴﯿﺎ‪،‬ﺳﺤﺎﺑﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ‪.‬ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﺑﯿﺮﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪, 1988, Lothrop, Lee and Shepard, ISBN 0-688-07229-1.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻧﻠﯽ‪،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﮑﻠﯿﻦ‪،‬ﺳﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﻩ ﭼﺎﻟﻪ‪.‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻈﯿﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬
‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥﺩﺑﺴﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪, 1986, Crowell, ISBN 0-690-04544-1.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻧﻠﯽ‪،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﮑﻠﯿﻦ‪.Superstar: The Supernova of 1987،‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‬

‫ﻋﻈﯿﻢﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﺑﯿﺮﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ ‪0-690 04839-4.‬‬
‫‪, 1990, HarperCollins, ISBN‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﯼ‪،‬ﺩﯾﻮﯾﺪ ﺍﭺ‪.‬ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯼ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ‪ ،1995 ،Skywatching :‬ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺎﯾﻢ‪-‬ﻻﯾﻒ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﯾﮏﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﮐﻠﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻧﺠﻮﻣﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺍﺉﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﯿﺘﻮﻥ‪،‬ﮊﺍﮐﻠﯿﻦ ﻭ ﺳﺎﯾﻤﻮﻥ‪،‬ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﺠﻮﻡ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﮐﺴﻔﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،1995 ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﮐﺴﻔﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ‬
‫ﮐﺘﺎﺏﻋﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﻪ ﺷﻤﺴﯽ ﺗﺎ ﮐﻬﮑﺸﺎﻥ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮐﯿﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺩﺑﯿﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻼﺕ‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺷﺘﺎﯾﻦ‪،‬ﺟﺮﻣﯽ‪» ،‬ﭘﺪﺭ ﺑﯽ ﻣﯿﻞ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ«‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﯾﻨﺘﯿﻔﯿﮏ ﺍﻣﺮﯾﮑﻦ‪ ،‬ﮊﻭﺉﻦ ‪ ،1996‬ﺵ‪ ،274 .‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫‪.6‬ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺟﺰﺉﯿﺎﺕ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﺍﯾﻨﺸﺘﯿﻦ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﯾﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﺳﯿﺎﻫﭽﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﺑﯿﺮﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ )ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ( ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪.‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‪ .2‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﭼﯿﺰﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺎﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬
‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥﺩﺑﯿﺮﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ )ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ( ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪, vol. 93،‬ﻓﻮﺭﯾﻪ ‪Telescope, 1997‬‬
‫‪Kirshner, Robert P., SN 1987A: The First Ten Years, Sky and‬‬

‫ﻫﺮﺳﺖ‪،‬ﮔﺎﯼ ﺍﻡ‪» ،.‬ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﯼ ﻃﻐﯿﺎﻥ«‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺘﺎﻣﺒﺮ ‪ ،1995‬ﺵ‪ ،9 .‬ﻧﻪ ‪ .10‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥﺁﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﯼ ﺍﺑﺮﻧﻮﺍﺧﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﺑﯿﺮﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ )ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ( ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺏﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﻫﺎ‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻤﺎﯼ ﮐﻠﯽ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺭﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﮓ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﯾﺖ "ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ" ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻭﺏ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ‪/Termprojects/Projects/Stars‬‬
‫‪ /http://suhep.phy.syr.edu/courses/PHY106‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼﮐﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﯾﺖ "‪the Universe‬‬
‫‪ "!Imagine‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻭﺏ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﺎﯾﺖ‬
‫‪ /http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﯾﺪﺉﻮ‬

‫‪.‬ﻣﺤﻠﯽﺷﻤﺎ ﺿﺒﻂ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﮐﻢ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺟﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ)ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ( ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ PBS‬ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﯾﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩ **‪ CORE‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﯾﺪﺉﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮﮒ ‪of a Star"، Starfinder Series #11، Maryland Instructional Technology، 1990.‬‬
‫‪"Evolution‬‬

‫* * ﻣﺮﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺳﺮﺑﺮﮒ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺯﯾﺮﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻧﺎﺳﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥﻟﻮﺭﯾﻦ ‪JVS‬‬
‫‪Oberlin, OH44074‬‬
‫‪15181 Route 58 South‬‬
‫‪ 216/774-1051‬ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ‪ 293‬ﯾﺎ ‪) 294‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺷﻨﺒﻪ‪-‬ﺟﻤﻌﻪ( ‪ 4:00-8‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻇﻬﺮ‬
‫‪EST FAX 216/774-2144‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﺳﻼﯾﺪ‪-‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﺳﻼﯾﺪﻫﺎﯼ ‪ ASP #AS238، Stellar Evolution‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﺟﯿﻤﺰ ﮐﺎﻟﺮ‪ 27 ،‬ﺍﺳﻼﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺡ‪32.95 ،‬‬
‫ﺩﻻﺭ‪.3412-962-800-1،‬‬

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