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1. What is electrolyte? a compound which produces ions when dis-

solved in a solution such as water

2. What happens in a reduction Gains electrons

reaction?

3. What is one of the uses of Nitrogen base fertilises.

Ammonia?

4. What is the equation for the N2 + 3H2 + --- (iron cartalyst)----> 2NH3
haber process? (Formular )

5. What is the word equation Nitrogen + hydrogen = ammonia

for the haber process?

6. What are the raw materials nitrogen and hydrogen

for the Haber Process?

7. How is the raw materi- Nitrogen is extracted from the air whilst
als extracted in the Haber Hydrogen can be produced by reacting
process? methane with steam.

8. Harber process Nitrogen and hydrogen is purified and

passed over an iron catalyst at 450 degrees
and 200 atmospheres pressure. It is then
cooled and liquidfied ready to be transported.
This causes some of the nitrogen and hydro-
gen molecules to react to form ammonia

9. The haber process is a re- Some of the ammonia is broken down into
versible reaction what does nitrogen and hydrogen.
it mean for some of the am-
monia?

10. What does the Contact Sulphuric acid

Process produce?

11. Explain the Contact Process Sulfur is melted and combusted in oxygen
to produce sulferdioxied. Vanadium is added
oxidizing the reaction creating sulfertrioxied.
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It is then converted to sulfuric acid. Also
known as oleum.

12. What is brine? A saturated solution of sodium chloride.

13. Why do they use carbon So the electrodes don't react with the solution
electrodes in electrolysis of and become apart of the reaction.
brine?

14. What happens at the anode The anode attracts the negative chloride and
in electrolysis of brine? hydroxide ions The chloride ions give up their
electrons to become oxidized. And the chlo-
rine gas bubbles up to the surface.
(2Cl- ===> Cl2 + 2e-)

15. What happens at the cath- It attracts the positive sodium and hydrogen
ode in electrolysis of brine? ions. The hydrogen ions each gain an elec-
tron to become atoms.
2H+ 2e- ==> H2
The hydrogen gas is given off.

16. What happens to the ions left Positive sodium ions and negative hydroxide
in the solution of electrolysis ions which combined to form sodium hydrox-
of brine? ide.

17. What products are made in sodium hydroxide(ag) + Hydrogen (g)

the electrolysis of brine? + chlorine(g)

18. What does the kroll process Titanium

produce?

19. What is batch processing? the product comes out in groups and not
continuously

20. What is continuous process- the product comes out without interruption
ing? and not in groups

21. What is an argon environ- No oxygen present.

ment?

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22. What is a reducing agent? The electron donor in a redox reaction.

23. Why is the kroll process so it is a complex process that takes about 6
expensive? months

24. What is Electrolysis? Compounds are broken down into separate

parts using an electric charge.

25. What is the meaning of in- unreactive

ert?

26. What is Electrodes ? conductive rods which send an electrical

charge through the compound. They are inert
as the molecules made can quickly react with
anything they come into contact with.

27. What is an anode? Positive electrode.

28. What is a cathode? Negative electrode.

29. Why is the Hall heroult It acts as a cathode.

process done in a steel
tank?

30. What is the Hall-Heroult It is the Extraction of aluminium from alumini-

process? um oxide using electrolysis. This is done in
a steel tank and with carbon anodes. Cryo-
lite is added to the aluminium oxide and the
process beings. The aluminium ions are at-
tracted to the base of the tank, forming a layer
of aluminium on the bottom. Meanwhile, the
carbon anode attracts oxygen, which forms
oxygen gas. The oxygen can react with the
carbon anodes however they need to be re-
placed often.

31. Why is cryolite added in the Lowers melting point and saves energy.
hall heroult process?

32. What is cryolite?

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A chemical that reduces the melting point of
aluminum oxide, which helps save money.

33. What Issues may occur The titanium can crystallize the electrodes.
when doing the electrolysis Also, other reactions can occur with the elec-
of titanium ? trodes, which overall makes electrolysis of
titanium not worth it.

34. Explain the Kroll process
Titanium ore(coal coke, chlorine and titani-
um)are added together and heated to 900
degrees, which forms titanium oxide. Magne-
sium is then added to be used as a reducing
agent, producing pure titanium.

35. What is Rutile? The main type of titanium ore.

36. What are the Issues with us- 1) The process is extremely expensive be-
ing the Kroll process cause it is heated at a high temperature
which takes a lot of energy.
2) Magnesium is an expensive material

3) The entire batch of titanium needs to cool

completely before the product can be ac-
cessed, making it extremely inefficient.

37. What are the Advantages Aluminum can be durable, lightweight,

and disadvantages of be- strong, rigid and cheap. However, titanium
tween aluminium and titani- is stronger, denser, nearly twice as stiff and
um ? therefore more rigid. However, more expen-
sive.

38. What is the main job of any To prevent products reacting with each other.
membrane separation?

39. Draw a membrane cell here cl2

are the key words 26% NaCl
24% NaCl
NaOH
H2O
H2
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Na+
cl-
cl-
na+ membrane cell

40. What is the membrane cell Ion selective membrane.

made of?

41. What does ion selective It allows positive ions to pass through.
membranes do?

42. What will happen to sodi- Sodium and hydrogen can pass through but
um,hydrogen and chloride chloride ions cant.
ions at the membrane.

43. In electrolysis of brine what It is oxidized to chlorine.

happens to chloride at the
anode?

44. Why does the level of brine It stops the hydroxide from flowing back and
solution going into the an- mixing with the chlorine that is being pro-
ode must be higher than the duced.
sodium hydroxide solution
on the cathode side of the
cell.

45. In electrolysis of brine what Chlorine gas

gas is produced at the an-
ode?

46. In electrolysis of brine what Hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide

are the 3 useful products
produced at the anode what
are they?

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47. In the electrolysis of brine, H+, OH-, Na+ and Cl-.
sodium chloride is dissolved (The negative ions are attracted to the posi-
in water which ions are pre- tive electrode.)
sent?

48. What happens to a metal will lose an electrons to the water and be-
when placed in water ? come positive. This in turn attracts the neg-
ative electrons back to the metal

49. What happens to the metal it will be produced at the cathode.

if its lower than hydrogen in
the reactivity series?

50. What happens to the metal if Hydrogen will be produced

the metal is higher in reactiv-
ity than the hydrogen?

51. In electrolysis of brine Which At the anode because the chloride is a neg-
electrode is the chlorine pro- ative ion.
duced at and why?

52. Why does the cathode in the H2(g) and Cl2(g) might recombine explosive-
electrolysis of brine need to ly should they come in contact.
be surrounded by a porous
asbestos membrane?

53. Explain why the sodium hy-
droxide formed in the mem-
brane cell is of greater purity
than that formed in the dia-
gram cell.
chloride ions can pass through the diagram
cell but not the membrane so sodium hydrox-
ide from the diagram cell is contaminated
with sodium chloride.

54. What is the Bayer process Extracting alumina from bauxite

used for?

55. Explain the bayer process? Bauxite is crushed it reacts with sodium hy-
droxide at a temperature of 170 degrees to
make sodium aluminum hydroxide the solid
impurities are filtered leaving you with sodi-
um aluminate it is then cooled. Once cooled
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it forms crystals of aluminum hydroxide. It is
then heated on a rotational klin making the
product alumina filter out. The liquid is cooled
Heat in a rotary kiln

56. Why do we crush the baux- To reduce the particle size and increase the
ite? available surface area

57. What is the formula for sodi- NaOH

um hydroxide?

58. What temperature is the 170 degrees celcius

sodium hydroxide reacted
with the bauxite in the sec-
ond stage?

59. Does bauxite react with sodi- High pressure

um hydroxide at low or high
pressure?

60. What does the second stage NaAl(OH)4

form when sodium hydrox-
ide is reacted with bauxite
at high pressure and 170 de-
grees celsius?

61. What is NaAl(OH)4? Sodium aluminium hydroxide

62. Finish the formular Al(OH)3 NaAl(OH)4

+ NaO=>

63. What remains in the solution Sodium aluminate

after solid impurities?

64. What happens when the Crystals of Aluminium Hydroxide (Al(OH)3)

sodium aluminate is cooled? start to form

65. 2Al(OH)3 => Al2O3 + 3H2O

66. To form Al2O3

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Why is aluminium hydroxide
heated in a rotary kiln?

67. What is Al2O3? Alumina

68. What does alumina look A white powder

like?

69. What is the alumina formed Produce aluminium, refractory materials in

by the Bayer process used kilns
for?

70. How is aluminium formed Hall-heroult electrolysis

from alumina?

71. Why is alumina used as a re- Properties of strength, chemical stability at

fractory material in kilns? high temperatures and a high melting point

72. What are the formulae for X2O3.

metal oxides & hydroxides?

73. What are some uses for cal- Uses for Calcium oxide: neutralizes acidic
cium oxide & calcium hy- soil
droxide & alumina? Uses for calcium hydroxide: neutralizes
acidic effluent in chemical industry e.g waste-
water
Uses for Alumina: ceramics

74. Write out the general word Acid + Base = Salt + water
equation for a neutralization
reaction

75. Write word equations for acid + metal oxide ’ salt + water
acid with metal oxides

76. Write the word equation for acid + metal ’ salt + hydrogen gas
acids with metals

77. acid + metal hydroxide ’ salt + water

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Write the word equation for
acids with metal hydroxides
acid

78. Write the word equation for acid + metal carbonate ’ salt + carbon dioxide
acids with metal carbonates + water

79. Write balanced symbol

equations for the reactions
between metal oxides/hy-
droxides and acids e.g. cal-
cium hydroxide and hy-
drochloric acid.

80. What is a base? A substance that can neutralize an acid and

produce a salt.

81. Describe the basic behavior Accept protons and neutralize acids
of oxides & hydroxides.

82. Explain how calcium hydrox- When limestone is heated strongly, the calci-
ide neutralises acids. um carbonate it contains is decomposes to
form calcium oxide. This reacts with water to
form calcium hydroxide, which is an alkali .
Calcium hydroxide is used to neutralise ex-
cess acidity, for example, in lakes and soils
affected by acid rain.

83. What does amphoteric Can act as an Acid and a Base

mean?

84. Describe the amphoteric be- insoluble to water but will react with acids.
havior of some oxides

85. What is bauxite? An impure mixture of earthy hydrous alu-

minum oxides and hydroxides

86. How is Alumina extracted Bauxite is crushed and reacts with sodium
using the Bayer process? hydroxide at a temperature of 170 degrees to
make sodium aluminum hydroxide the solid
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impurities are filtered leaving you with sodi-
um aluminate it is then cooled.

87. What are the steps for the
purification and manufac-
ture of alumina from bauxite
using the Bayer process?
Bauxite is crushed and reacts with sodium
hydroxide at a temperature of 170 degrees to
make sodium aluminum hydroxide the solid
impurities are filtered leaving you with sodi-
um aluminate it is then cooled. Once cooled
it forms crystals of aluminum hydroxide. It is
then heated on a rotational klin making the
product alumina

88. Write equations for the Al2O3 3H2O(s) ’ Al2O3(s) + 3H2O(g)

processes of calcination in
the Bayer process.

89. What is the formula for alu- Al‚Oƒ

minium oxide?

90. How is aluminium purified in alumina is dissolved at 950 °C in a molten

the Hall Heroult process? electrolyte composed of aluminum, sodium,
and fluorine; this is electrolyzed to give alu-
minum metal at the cathode and oxygen gas
at the anode.

91. What ions are found in Al3+ + 3e- = Al

molten aluminium oxide?
(Hall Heroult process?)

92. What are the conditions for
electrolysis of aluminium ox-
ide?
(Hall Heroult process?)
The ions in the aluminium oxide must be free
to move so that electricity can pass through
it. Aluminium oxide has a very high melting
point (over 2000°C) so it would be expensive
to melt it. Aluminium oxide does not dissolve
in water, but it does dissolve in molten cryo-
lite.

93. Where do the ions move to The Al3+ ions are attracted to the cathode
and from in the electrolysis while the O2- ions are attracted to the anode.

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of aluminium oxide?
(Hall Heroult process?)

94. Write half equations for the 2O 2- ’ O 2 + 4e -.

reactions at each electrode
for the electrolysis of alu-
minum oxide.

95. What happens in an oxida- Loses an electron

tion reaction?

96. Identify cations and anions Anion is O2-

in aluminium oxide. Cation is Al3+

(Aluminium oxide contains Al 3+ and O2-

ions:
There are three positive charges and two
negative charges.
to balance)

97. Which ions are oxidized and at the cathode aluminium ions gain electrons
which ions are reduced in and form aluminium atoms.
the electrolysis of aluminum at the anode , oxide ions lose electrons and
oxide? form oxygen gas.

98. Why is cryolite added to To lower the melting point and save energy
bauxite?

99. Why does bauxite need to be so that electricity can pass through it
molten in electrolysis?

100. Explain the conditions of the the ions in the aluminium oxide must be free
Hall Heroult conditions. to move so that electricity can pass through
it. Aluminium oxide has a very high melting
point (over 2000°C) so it would be expensive
to melt it. Aluminium oxide does not dissolve
in water, but it does dissolve in molten cryo-
lite.

101. sodium hydroxide, hydrogen and chlorine

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Name some uses of the
products of the electrolysis
of brine.

102. What are the different types diaphragm cell, membrane cell and non bar-
of cells rier dividing cell.

103. What happens to the condi-

tions of electrolysis as the
reactivity of the metal in-
creases?

104. What is the formula for titani- TiO2

um dioxide (rutile)?

105. What is ilmenite? A titanium Ore

106. Name one or more uses for Build air machines

titanium.

107. Write equations for the TiO2 + 2C + 2Cl2’TiCl4 + 2CO

processes that extract titani-
um from its ore.

108. What is the catalyst for the Vanadium oxide

contact process?

109. In the electrolysis of brine, Positive cations and sodium ions

what do you expect to be
formed at the cathode?

110. The reduction of titanium(IV) Argon is inert so it wont react with any of the
chloride to titanium cannot reactants.
be carried out in air. The The oxygen will react with the metal making
air has to be replaced with it brittle or rust.
argon gas. Explain why air
needs to be replaced with ar-
gon gas for this reaction.

111.
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Why is electrolysis a more - quicker
efficient method of extrac- can be run continuously
tion of titanium than the Kroll - uses lower temperature
process. - has a lower energy requirement
- will give a purer product
- gives a higher yield

112. What is yield? the amount of useful product obtained from a

chemical reaction

113. How do exothermic process- releases heat and energy from the system to
es affect their surroundings. the surroundings.
The temperature of the surroundings will in-
crease

114. Explain the effect of us- It speeds up the reaction

ing a catalyst in the Haber the catalyst provides an alternative pathway
process. lowering the activation energy
activation energy leads to more successful
collisions
the reaction can be performed at a lower
temperature
It is more efficient
cheaper and is more sustainable

115. When brine is electrolysed, hydrogen is formed at the cathode

three useful products are chlorine is formed at the anode
formed: hydrogen, chlorine sodium hydroxide is left behind it is in the
and sodium hydroxide. De- solution that remains in the cell
scribe where each product is
formed during the electroly-
sis of brine.

116. What is the advantages and It is more expensive to construct

disadvantages of the mem- However, needs little maintenance.
brane cell? The purity of the sodium hydroxide formed is
high and uses slightly less energy per tonne
of chlorine produces

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117. What is the advantages and It is cheaper to construct
disadvantages of the dia- However, needs replacing regularly (high
gram cell? maintenance)
The purity of the sodium hydroxide formed
is lower and uses slightly more energy per
tonne of chlorine produces

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