Topic 4 – Past Tense and Past Perfect Tense

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

A verb is a kind of word (part of speech) that talks about an action or a state. It is the
main part of a sentence: every sentence has a verb. In English, verbs are the only kind
of word that changes to show past or present tense. Tense is the time described by a
verb, shown by its grammatical form.

Simple Past tense is used to express activities or conditions that occurred at a definite
time in the past. Time expressions which indicate past time are usually used.
1. Isabela flew to Cebu yesterday.
2. First she checked in, then she went to the gate.
3. Finally the plane was ready for boarding and Isabela got on the plane.
4. When her plane landed at the airport, she sighed with relief.

Past perfect tense, or also called the pluperfect, is used to describe an action that was
completed at a certain time in the past or before another action was completed. To form
the past perfect tense, use had as an auxiliary verb with the past participle of the main
verb. The time expressions used with past perfect tense are:

- when, before, by the time (used with the clause in the simple past)
- after (used with the clause in the past perfect tense)

1. As she had never travelled by plane before, she was a little nervous.
2. She had already fastened her seatbelt when the flight attendants gave the safety
demonstration.
3. After the flight attendant had completed the safety demonstration, the plane
took off.
4. She had reached Cebu before the sun set.

These two tenses are both used to talk about things that happened in the past. However,
we use past perfect to talk about something that happened before another action in the
past, which is usually expressed by the past time.

REMEMBER THIS
How do we use the Simple Past Tense?
We use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a
specific time in the past.

- Regular verbs are verbs that end with –ed.

Simple Form Past Tense
walk walked
 study studied

- Irregular verbs are verbs that DON’T end with –ed.

- Some irregular verbs have a vowel change in the past tense:
Simple Form Past Tense
become became
give gave
fight fought

Examples:
I saw Maria yesterday.
Last Friday, the students took their spelling and vocabulary tests.

- And some irregular verbs don’t change at all.

Simple Form Past Tense
hit hit
Examples:
The children set the table every Sunday.
The children set the table last night.

How do we use the Past Perfect Tense?

The past perfect tense expresses action in the past before another action in the
past. This is the past in the past.

Example:
The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. When we arrived, the train had left.

Check Your Understanding:

Activity 1. Write the correct form of the verb (simple past).

Last year, I (spend) 1. ________my holiday in Palawan. It (be) 2. ________ great. I

(travel) 3. ___________ around the city by car with two friends and we (visit) 4.
________lots of interesting places. Before evenings, we usually (go) 5. _______ to the
beach.
We (be) 6. ________very lucky with the weather. It (not/rain)_7. __________ a lot. We
(see) 8. ________some beautiful marine creatures
I (have) 9. ______ an amazing holiday! We (enjoy) 10. _________ our trip in Palawan!

Activity 2. Change the form of the verb inside the parentheses into past tense or past
perfect tense form.

1. The sun (set) _____ before they (leave) _____ the place.
2. We (go)_____ back to work when we (eat) _____ our snacks.
3. Vince (live) _____ in Caloocan City for six months after he (leave) the place.
4. He (wash) _____ the dishes by the time he (go) _____ to bed.
5. Rosette (walk) _____ for two hours when she (see) _____ the house.
6. Cyril (arrive) _____ when his team (win) the game.
 7. The students (clean) _____ their classroom by the time their adviser
(arrive)_____.
8. Kristoffer (memorize) _____ the lines before the teacher (call) _____ him for
recitation.
9. I (submit) _____ my test paper when I (remember) _____ the correct answer to
the question.
10. The children (play) _____ again after the rain (stop) _____.

Written Work: In the space provided or in a whole sheet of paper, write a short paragraph
(3-5 sentences) about your experience when you visited your most unforgettable place,
Use the past tense and past perfect tense form of the verb.

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Topic 5 – Direct and Reported Speech

In English language, there are 2 ways to narrate the spoken words of a person.

These 2 ways are as follows: 1. Direct Speech and 2. Indirect Speech which is also called
reported speech.

- Direct Speech or Quoted Speech uses the exact words someone says, set within
quotation marks.
Example: Lizel said, “I like your story book.”
Hera said, “I forgot to call my sister.”

- Indirect Speech or Reported Speech is the reporting of what someone has said,
not using his or her exact words (re-phrasing).
Example: Lizel said that she liked my story book.
Hera said that she forgot to call her sister.

- Reporting Verbs are used to indicate quoted or reported speech. Examples

include: said, mentioned, stated, inquired, implied, etc.

How are direct speech and reported speech different?

There are 4 things that are different:

1. Direct speech has quotation marks; reported speech does not use quotation
marks.
2. In reported speech, the pronoun often changes. For example, in the above
Sentence no.1 with direct speech, the pronoun I is used, whereas the sentence
with reported speech uses the pronoun she.
3. In reported speech, the word that is often used after said, but that is optional.
4. The verb in reported speech changes in tense.

Let’s look at more examples for you to clearly see these differences and the rules in
changing a direct speech to reported speech.
Activity 1: Classify the statements whether it is direct or reported speech. Write your
answer in the space provided.

1. Jane said that she had worked late last night.

2. Mom asked, “Are you done with your task?”
3. The child shouted, “I want some ice cream!”
4. The police told me that they had caught the robber.
5. “Wow! This chicken is delicious,” Tony exclaimed.
6. People said that the movie was really good.
7. “We won the game”, the coach reported.

Activity 2: Ask someone through text or face to face the following questions in column 1.
Copy the table below and list down the answers in column 2. Make sure to write the
answers in direct speech. Ready? Let’s do this.
Activity 3: Copy the table below and change the following direct speech sentences in
column 1 to reported speech and write it down in column 2.

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