INFOSHEET - SCI313-2 - Chemistry of Life

CHEMISTRY
OF
LIFE
Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

June 2020 Page 27 of
Office Management Polytechnic Date Revised: 150
College
Biological Science
Document No. Developed by: Revision #
SCI 313 Briann C. Marasigan, MAEd.
30-Sci 313 02
MODULE CONTENT
COURSE TITLE: Biological Science with HIV and SARS and AIDS
Education
MODULE TITLE Chemistry of Life
NOMINAL DURATION: 6 HRS
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this module you MUST be able to:
1. Understand the physical and chemical properties of matter; structures of an atom;
kinds of matter; types of chemical bonds; kinds of vitamins; and basic food groups
2. Complete the ionic bond worksheet
3. Create an art activity in doing the Nutrient Chain Foldable
TOPICS:
1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
2. Structures of an Atom
3. Kinds of Matter (Pure substances and Compounds)
4. Different types of Chemical Bonds
5. Kinds of Vitamins and it's health benefits
6. Basic Food Groups
ASSESSMENT METHOD/S:
After the reading activity, students should answer the reading comprehension test to
assess their understanding about the lesson. The student will watch videos from a given
video links to deepen their knowledge about atoms, kinds of matter, kinds of chemical
bonding. Online discussion via zoom will done to cater student queries about the lesson. At
the end of the lesson, students will be given worksheet to assess their learning about
chemical bonding. The student will be given another activity about basic food groups.
REFERENCE/S:
https://youtu.be/9TVOIToIKFA (4 States of Matter)
https://youtu.be/dggHQvFJ8Xs (Types of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures)
https://youtu.be/gH1R87ahFvA (Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter)
https://youtu.be/pWZIICXw3Ng (Pure Substances and Compounds)
https://youtu.be/dRfrvpVdKGM (Parts of an Atom)
https://youtu.be/WWc3k2723IM (Ions)

College
Biological Science
30-Sci 313 02
https://youtu.be/M22YQ1hHhEY (Finding the Ionic charge for elements on the Periodic
Table)
https://youtu.be/Qf07-8Jhhpc (Introduction to Ionic Bonds and Ionic Bonding Part 1)
https://youtu.be/5EwmedLuRmW (Introduction to Ionic Bonds and Ionic Bonding Part 2)
https://youtu.be/RkZNYuSho0M (Introduction to Ionic Bonds and Ionic Bonding Part 3)
https://youtu.be/g-tE6MN-wrE (Difference between Ionic Bonds and Covalent Bonds)

College
Biological Science
30-Sci 313 02
Information Sheet SCI 313-2
Chemistry of Life
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Understand the physical and chemical properties of matter; structures of an atom;
kinds of matter; types of chemical bonds; kinds of vitamins; and basic food groups
2. Complete the ionic bond worksheet
3. Create an art activity showing examples of 7 basic food groups
Introduction
Biologists nowadays have seen the importance of the contributions of

chemistry in biology. Although some aspects of biology can be
understood well without reference to chemistry, living organisms should
be viewed as integral parts of the physical universe to which the
fundamental laws have important applications as to atoms and
molecules, rocks and minerals, planets and stars. A person without any
background in chemistry or any branch of physical science is limited in
his voice of biological pursuits and his outlook is so narrow and restricted that he will never
achieve the insight and productivity his abilities must gain him.
Matter, Mass and Weight

===================================================
Matter is anything that occupies a space and has mass. Mass refers to the quantity of matter
in any body while weight refers to the gravitational attraction exerted by a large body of matter
on an object. Weight is dependent on gravity, therefore, it depends upon the distance of the
body from the center of the earth and so many vary from place to place, whereas mass of the
body is constant.
Properties of Matter
A. Physical Properties
Properties of matter which can be observed without changing the substance into some
new kind of matter are called physical properties. Physical properties like odor, taste,
transparency and physical states are determined by our senses and therefore they are
not always reliable. While density, boiling point and freezing point are physical
properties that are reliable because they can be measured and numerical values are
assigned to them.
B. Chemical Properties
Chemical properties are those properties that can be observed only when the substance
undergoes a change in composition. These are also the properties that determine the
ability of a substance to react with the other substances. The capacity of carbon to
combine with oxygen at elevated temperature to form carbon dioxide and iron oxide to
react with coke to produce metallic iron and carbon dioxide are chemical properties.

College
Biological Science
30-Sci 313 02
Physical States of Matter
1. Gases are substances the neither have definite shape not definite volume.
2. Liquids are substances that have definite volume but no definite shape, they just
follow the shape of the container.
3. Solids are materials that have definite volume and definite shape.
4. Plasma is a mixture of sub-atomic particles nuclei and electrons.
Structure of an Atom
The basic building block of matter is called atom. An atom is extremely very small, it
measures only from less than one to two Angstrom. An Angstrom is equivalent to one
ten-thousandth of a micron.
Parts of an Atom
A. Nucleus is the tiny central part of an atom that contains the protons and the neutrons.
B. Sub-atomic Particles
1. Protons are the positively charged
particles of an atom. Each proton
carries an electronic charge of +1.
2. Neutrons are the neutral particles of
an atom since they have the charge.
Protons and neutrons have roughly the same

mass. The number of protons in the nucleus is
unique for each element and this number is called
the atomic number. While the total number of
protons and neutrons in a nucleus is called the
atomic mass.
3. Electrons are the negatively charged particles of an atom that are found outside
and revolving around the nucleus. Each electron carries a charge of -1, its charge
is exactly the opposite of that of a proton. Electrons have very little mass, as a
result, almost the total mass of atom is contributed by the protons and neutrons
in the nucleus, even through the extranuclear- region constitutes most of the
volume of the atom.
C. Shells contain electrons travelling at the same average distance from the nucleus. They
are named from the letters K,L,M,N,O,P,& Q starting from the innermost to the
outermost. As the atomic mass from an atom increases, the number of shells also
increase.

College
Biological Science
30-Sci 313 02
Kinds of Matter
Pure substances are defined as those whose composition in terms of its elemental
constituents does not change when subjected to process such as freezing, boiling,
condensation, evaporation, recrystallization, and solution. Copper, sugar cane and distilled
water are examples of pure substances. There are two kinds pure substances: elements and
compounds.
Elements are made up of only one kind of atom while compound is made up of two or more
different kinds of atoms. There are three kinds of element namely: non-metal and metalloid.
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity while non-metals are good insulators
against heat and electricity. Zinc, iron, aluminum, tungsten, gold and lead are some
examples of metals while sodium, hydrogen, oxygen, and helium are some examples of non-
metals. Metalloids are called borderline forms of elements of intermediate elements since
they possess both the characteristics of metals and non-metals. There are only four
metalloids, namely: arsenic, boron, germanium, and silicon.
Compounds may be organic and inorganic. Organic
compounds contain carbon atoms while inorganic compounds
usually do not have carbon atoms. Methane, carbohydrates,
ELEMENTS OF LIFE:
96% of living
organisms is made of:
◼ carbon (C)
◼ oxygen (O)
◼ hydrogen (H)
◼ nitrogen (N)
proteins, gasoline and sodium
chloride, water, sulfur dioxide
and ammonia are examples of inorganic compounds.
Mixture is made up of two or more pure substances jumbled together either

homogeneously or heterogeneously. Homogeneous mixture is made up of components
that cannot be easily distinguished even through the aid of a powerful microscope. Salt
and water, heterogeneous mixture meanwhile is made up of components that can be
easily identified. Oil and water or rock and water are two examples of heterogeneous
mixture.

College
Biological Science
30-Sci 313 02
Chemical Formula
We can write the

chemical formula either
in molecular and
structural format.
1. Molecular formula
indicates the number of
atoms present in a
molecule. Examples:
H2O, NH3, and CH4.
2. Structural formula shows the lines for the bond connecting one atom with another
atom.
Chemical Bond
1. Electrovalence or Ionic
Bond involves the transfer of
electrons from one atom to
another so the atom either
loses or gains electrons. Note:
the nucleus attracts electrons
varying inversely as the
square of their distance.
2. Covalence or Covalent Bond involves sharing of electrons. When 2 atoms both lack
electron in their outer shells they fill up their vacancies by sharing a pair of electrons.
3. Hydrogen Bond is extremely important in biological

systems. It forms only between a few small
electronegative atom like oxygen, fluorine and
nitrogen. It is a low energy bond in which a hydrogen
atom acts as though it were bonded simultaneously to
two other atoms; the hydrogen atom is shared between
two other atoms and forms a bridge between them.
Example: water molecules are commonly linked
together by hydrogen bonds between this oxygen atom
of the water, so that it is difficult to say where one

College
Biological Science
30-Sci 313 02
water molecule ends and another begins. Similarly, hydrogen bond often serves to bind
water molecule loosely to the molecule many other compounds.
Some Important Inorganic Molecules
Water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, mineral, and organic salts are the five most
common inorganic molecules found in an organism’s body.
1. Water makes up form 60-90 percent of the protoplasm. Water is called as the
universal solvent because it can dissolve inorganic compounds and many organic
compounds better than any other substance. It can also retain heat well.
2. Oxygen and 3. Carbon Dioxide are present as gases in the respiratory organs of the
organism and in the tissue fluids such as the blood and the lymph.
4. Mineral and 5. Organic Salts are present in skeletons. Examples are calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2). Sodium chloride (NaCl) and
other salts are also present in very small amounts.
Some Important Organic Compounds

There are four important organic compounds in the organism’s body: carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids.
1. Carbohydrates are the simplest and the most

abundant organic compounds. They are composed
of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen where
the proportion of hydrogen and oxygen is the same
as in water that is 2 to 1. Carbohydrates are the
primary products of photosynthesis is green plants.
They provide food for the animals and are sources of
energy for the activities of the cell.
There are three classes of carbohydrates namely:
sugars, starches and cellulose. Sugars meanwhile,
are of three kinds. The simplest form is the:

College
Biological Science
30-Sci 313 02
1. Monosaccharide or simple sugar.
Monosaccharide are the building
blocks of more complex carbohydrates.
Some simple sugars that are important
to living things: glucose(dextrose or
blood sugar) is the end product in the
digestion of carbohydrates: fructose
(fruit sugar); galactose (milk sugar)
and mannose. All have the same
molecular formal C6H12O6 but they
have different structural formula.
2. Disaccharides or double sugars are

two simple sugars bonded together.
Some of the disaccharides are sucrose
(table sugar) is made up of one glucose
molecule and one fructose molecule;
lactose (milk sugar) is made up of one
glucose and one galactose molecule;
maltose (malt sugar) is made up of two
glucose molecules, they must be
broken down into their
monosaccharide units. The disaccharides have the molecular formula
C12H22O11.
3. Polysaccharides or complex sugar are made up of many glucose

molecules bonded together in a long chain. There are three kinds of
polysaccharides: starches are stored in potatoes, beans and grains;
glycogen (animal starch) is stored in the animal’s liver and cellulose is
found in the cell wall of the plant cells. In order to utilize the
polysaccharides, they must be broken down by hydrolysis (breaking down
of molecules by water) into monosaccharides.
Examples:
1. glycogen – animals use to store excess sugar
2. plant starch – plants use to store excess sugar
3. cellulose – fibers that give plants their rigidity &
strength

College
Biological Science
30-Sci 313 02
2. Proteins are the most important organic compound that contain carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen. They also contain nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and iron. Proteins are
large and complex molecules that consist of amino acids linked together. About 20
amino acids are the building blocks of protein. When two amino acids join together
form compounds called polypeptides. Polypeptides join to form a protein. We eat
different kinds of proteins and digest them into their component amino acids. After
being absorbed by our cells, we use these amino acids to synthesize our own kind
of proteins. No two species of living organisms (except identical twins) have exactly
the same types of proteins, this is called protein specificity. There are three
important function of protein in the body: a. they provide energy; b. enzymes and
hormones are protein; and c. antigens and antibodies are protein.
3. Lipids are fats and other related substances that contain elements like carbon,
hydrogen with less oxygen than in carbohydrates. They are insoluble in water and are
soluble only in organic liquids like other, chloroform and acetone. These are 2 kinds
of lipids: a. simple lipids which includes the
fats and oils and waxes; b. complex lipids
which includes steroids and other
phospholipids. As foods, fats of plant and
animal origin yield twice as much energy per
gram as do carbohydrates and proteins. In our
body, carbohydrates can be converted to fat
and stored under the skin, between muscles
and internal organs. Thus, excess sugars and
starches are fattening because they are stored
as fat. Glycerol and fatty acids are the building
blocks of lipids. They recombine and lose
water molecules to form fat. During digestion, fat is broken down into these simple
molecules.
3. Nucleic acids are the large and the

most complex organic molecules. The
2 functions of nucleic acid are for
protein synthesis and heredity. There
are two kinds of nucleic acids: a DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
which is found only inside
found only the nucleus of
the cell; and b. RNA
(ribonucleic acid) which is
found only inside and
outside of the nucleus. Polypeptides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
College
Biological Science
30-Sci 313 02
VITAMINS are inorganic compounds, usually of plant origin, needed by man and animals for
normal growth and development. There 13 vitamins available but the body produces only
three of them which are not even sufficient to meet the body’s needs. Each vitamin has
specific uses that one of the compounds cannot replace, or act for, another. But the lack of
one vitamin can interfere with the function of another.
KINDS OF VITAMINS
Vitamin A (retinol or anti-xeropthalmia) B6 (pyridoxine) helps the body use amino

are found in liver, eggyolk, milk cheese, acids. It is also needed for healthy teeth
butter, cream, green and yellow vegetables. and gums, blood vessels, nervous system,
Vitamin A is essential for normal bone and and red blood cells. Yeast, whole grain,
skeletal growth. It is also needed for cereals, meat, poultry, fish, and most
healthy skin and for normal vision. People vegetables are good sources of this vitamin.
who do not get enough vitamin A may B12 (cyanocobalamine) is essential for
develop condition called xeropthalmia, in proper development of red blood cells. It
which the surface of the eye becomes dry also helps for the proper function of the
and likely to develop infection. Night nervous system. B12 are found in eggs,
blindness is an early symptom of vitamin A meat, milk, and milk products. A deficiency
deficiency. of either B12 or folic acid results in anemia.
Folic acid is needed for the production of
Vitamin B Complex was the first to believe red blood cells. They are found on green
to be only one vitamin. Researchers later and leafy vegetables, yeast, meat, poultry
discovered that it consists of 8 vitamin- and fish.
thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, Panthothenic acid helps the body convert
pantothenic acid, biotin, cyanocobalamine carbohydrates, fats and proteins into
and folic acid. energy. Eggyolk, meat, nuts, liver, milk and
B1 (thiamine) prevents beri-beri and legumes are good sources of this vitamin.
diseases of the nervous systems. It is Biotin is needed for healthy circulatory
necessary for good appetite, good muscle system and for maintaining healthy and
tones and for the carbohydrates beautiful skin. Foods rich in biotin include
metabolism. Sources of thiamine includes eggyolk, nuts, liver, kidney, legumes, and
yeast, meat, whole-grain, enriched breads most fresh vegetables.
and cereals, nuts, peas, potatoes, and most
vegetables. Niacin is essential for cell metabolism and
absorption of carbohydrates. It also helps
maintain healthy skin. Liver, yeast, lean
B2 (riboflavin) is most abundant in milk, meat, whole-grains, enriched breads and
cheese, liver, fish, poultry, and green cereals are good sources of niacin.
vegetables. This vitamin is needed for the Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is very essential
growth and healthy skin and eyes. It for sound bones and teeth. It also needed
promotes the body’s use of oxygen on for tissue metabolism and wound healing.
converting food into energy. If a person Good sources of vitamin C include citrus
does not get enough riboflavin, cracks may fruits, tomatoes, raw cabbage, potatoes,
develop in the skin corners of the mouth. guavas, strawberries, papaya, mangoes,
The person also may have inflamed lips and and green leafy vegetables. A deficiency in
a sore tongue. vitamin C results into a disease called
scurvy.

College
Biological Science
30-Sci 313 02
Vitamin D helps prevent rickets. It has proper functioning of the red blood cells,
been called the sunshine vitamin because muscles, and other tissues. The best
it forms ion the skin when the body is sources of this vitamin are vegetable oil,
exposed to sunlight. Cod-liver oil, milk, mayonnaise, salad dressing, margarine,
cheese, liver, sardines, tuna, salmon, nuts, legumes, lettuce, and whole-grain
eggyolk, and fortified margarine contain cereals.
large amount of vitamin D.
Vitamin K is essential for normal blood

Vitamin E (tocopherol or anti-sterility) clotting. Liver, eggyolk, legumes, tomatoes,
helps the body convert fatty acids into and leafy vegetables are good sources of
energy. It is essential in the formation and vitamin K
MINERALS: THE TRACE ELEMENTS
Minerals are trace elements needed in small amounts by plants, animals, and human
beings. The major elements that form a part of the make-up of all living things are:
iron, calcium, phosphorus, copper, cobalt, manganese, magnesium, zinc, iodine, chlorine,
and fluorine.
The body needs iron to carry away carbon dioxide form the lungs to the cell. It is also
necessary for hemoglobin formation. Wheat germ, soybean, flour, beef, kidney, liver,
clams, peaches, and molasses are good sources of iron. Copper is needed by the body
so it can use iron to build hemoglobin. Cobalt is needed for the normal function of all
cells especially cells of the bone narrow, nervous system and gastrointestinal system.
The good sources of cobalt are liver, kidney, oyster, clam, lean meat, poultry, salt,
water, fish and milk.
Magnesium helps regulate muscle reaction and keeps the muscle in good working
condition. Plant needs magnesium to build chlorophyll. Manganese and zinc are
required for the normal action of certain enzymes. Without these two minerals, certain
reactions in the body cells would stop. Manganese plays a role in the formation of urea.
Nuts, whole grains, tea, and dried legumes are good sources of manganese, zinc is an
important factor in host immune defense and in the acceleration of wound healing and
normal sense of taste. Good sources of zinc include milk, meat, liver, oyster, eggs, nuts,
legumes, and cereals.
Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroxine (hormone in the thyroid gland) and
stimulates cell oxidation. Seafoods, kelp dairy products, and seaweeds are good
sources of iodine. Chlorine is found in sodium chloride (table salt) while fluorine is
found in water, tea, soybean and sea fishes.

College
Biological Science
30-Sci 313 02
BASIC FOOD GROUPS
The key to good nutrition is a varied diet that includes every kind of nutrient. Nutritionists
have grouped foods according to nutrient content to simplify the planning of a varied diet.
The basic seven system of classification divides foods into seven groups.
Group I. Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dried beans, peas, and nuts. This group is a chief source
of protein and also provides vitamin B1, iron phosphorus and some starch. One to two daily
servings are recommended.
Group II. Leafy, green and yellow vegetables. This group includes green of all kinds, such as
asparagus, broccoli, green peas, and string beans. It also includes carrots, squash, sweet,
potatoes, and beans. They supply large amount of vitamin A, phosphorus, carbon, calcium,
and iron. It also provides fiber, which helps regulates the intestine. One or more daily servings
are recommended.
Group III. Citrus fruits, raw cabbage, salad greens and tomatoes. They are good sources of
vitamin C and also vitamin A, calcium, and iron. One or daily servings are recommended.
Group IV. Potatoes, other vegetables and non-citrus fruits. It includes all vegetables and
fruits not found in group two or three. At least one potato a day is recommended for active
people both children and adults. Potatoes are good source of vitamin C if baled or boiled. This
group supply carbohydrates, minerals and small amounts of most vitamins.
Group V. bread, breakfast cereals and flour. This group also includes biscuits and crackers.
These foods consist of whole grains or enriched flour. Enriching is important because milling
removes much of the grain’s outer coat, which is rich in vitamins and minerals. At least four
daily servings are recommended.
Group VI. Butter and fortified margarine. Margarine must be fortified with vitamin A to equal
the amount of this vitamin found in butter. These foods are chiefly energy giving and sources
of vitamin A. butter and margarine should be included in the daily diet, but no specific
amount is recommended.
Group VII. Milk and milk products. A child needs three of four cups of milk daily and an
adult should have at least two cups. Milk in any form, it may be fresh, dried, or made into
cheese or ice cream, makes, up this group. Milk and cheese are good sources of vitamin A,
B2, calcium and proteins.

College
Biological Science
30-Sci 313 02
OLD FOOD PYRAMID
NEW FOOD PYRAMID

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Biological Science
30-Sci 313 02
College
Biological Science
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CHEMISTRY

Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

MODULE TITLE Chemistry of Life

NOMINAL DURATION: 6 HRS

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

Biologists nowadays have seen the importance of the contributions of

Matter, Mass and Weight

Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

Protons and neutrons have roughly the same

Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

Mixture is made up of two or more pure substances jumbled together either

Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

We can write the

3. Hydrogen Bond is extremely important in biological

Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

Some Important Inorganic Molecules

Some Important Organic Compounds

1. Carbohydrates are the simplest and the most

Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

2. Disaccharides or double sugars are

3. Polysaccharides or complex sugar are made up of many glucose

Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

3. Nucleic acids are the large and the

Vitamin A (retinol or anti-xeropthalmia) B6 (pyridoxine) helps the body use amino

Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

Vitamin K is essential for normal blood

MINERALS: THE TRACE ELEMENTS

Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

NEW FOOD PYRAMID

Bachelor of Science in Bulacan Date Developed:

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