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4 ODI Report
1 Introduction
Covid-19. Cost of living. Climate. Conflict. Our *LYHQDŒQHZ&ROG:DUIRUIRUHLJQDLGœLV
world today is like a cake layered with crises that QRZPRUHWKDQPHUHO\K\SRWKHWLFDO .XPDU
are anything but vanilla. Radical uncertainty DQXDQFHGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHZD\V
envelops all countries irrespective of wealth, GHYHORSPHQWFRRSHUDWLRQLQWHUIDFHVZLWKVWDWH
with stark effects on human development, social SRZHUFDSDELOLWLHVZRXOGVHHPWLPHO\7KHEDWWHO
stability and political polarisation (UNDP, 2022a). to win allies, defend democracy and safeguard
There is both frosty suspicion of states, and deep supply chains will be fought on many foreign
mistrust among states. Global politics, already policy battlefields, and will almost certainly
struggling with messy multipolarity, is now HQVQDUHGHYHORSPHQWFRRSHUDWLRQLILWKDVQRW
gridlocked by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine that GRQHVRDOUHDG\'HYHORSPHQWFRRSHUDWLRQ
exacerbates the rift between China, the United PD\EHXVHGWRIXUWKHUQDWLRQDOREMHFWLYHVEXW
States and their allies (Foa et al., 2022). such instrumentalisation also poses real threats
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filters through which global policy now percolates. WHUPLQWHUHVWVRIDOOVWDWHV7KHDLPLQWKLVSDSHU
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security perimeters to ensure access to energy national power, illustrate the emerging strategies
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and secure digital infrastructures. In such a *HUPDQ\DQG6ZHGHQ DQGGUDZDWWHQWLRQWRWKH
ZRUOGZHDUHWROGHYHU\WKLQJŐIURPSLSHOLQHV consequences that instrumentalisation may bring.
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a potential weapon to be deployed by states
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the intersection of power conflicts and polycrisis +RZGRVHQLRUSROLF\RƀFLDOVDQGREVHUYHUV
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contested policy arena for nations wrestling :KDWDUHWKHHPHUJLQJGRQRUVWUDWHJLHVIRU
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glory; rather, the blunt use of aid as a strategic 7KLVSDSHUH[SORUHVWKHFRQFHSWXDODQGHPSLULFDO
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LPSDFWHYHQIDLOXUH .HQQ\DQG<DQJ and different forms of national power.
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5 ODI Report
Section 2SUHVHQWVDQRYHUYLHZRQLQWHUQDWLRQDO
relations (IR) conceptualisations of power and
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FDQFXOWLYDWHSRZHUFDSDELOLWLHVSections
3 to 6 focus on specific instruments in the
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cooperation, multilateralism and global public
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GHYHORSPHQWV1HYHUWKHOHVVSection 7 collates
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that helps us understand the emerging strategies
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in Section 8 the authors offer a considered
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