EFFINGHAM SECONDARY SCHOOL

PO Box 40205, Red Hill 4071

Telephone: (031) 564-0569 Fax: (031) 5645831
eMail:info@effinghamsecondary.co.za

Department of Geography
Workguide Grade 8 Geography
WORD MEANING

Account To explain why, by giving reasons.

(for)
Analyse To separate into parts or elements and to describe or examine each in detail.
Calculate To workout the value of an attribute, using a formula or known method.
Classify To divide into groups or types so that things with similar characteristics are in the same group.
Comment To give your opinion or to make a statement about something; to write about generally.
Compare To point out or show both similarities and differences.
Construct To build up either by using evidence or by drawing a conceptual diagram
Define To give the precise meaning of…
Describe To list the main characteristics of something; to give an account of. (Note a map or diagram maybe
part of a description)
Design To explain step-by-step a process or plan of action
Discuss To examine or to investigate by argument the various aspects of a statement.
Evaluate To make an appraisal or express an opinion; to define, analyse and discuss.
Examine To analyse and to discuss; to look at something carefully.
Explain To make clear or plain or to make sure the reader understands what is being said.
Explore To comment on something in detail.
Identify To give the essential characteristics of …
Illustrate To show the meaning of by means of a diagram or explanation
Justify To support an answer by giving reason, argument or evidence.
List To present a list of names, facts, aspects or items.
Name To state something; to list; to give; to identify; to mention.
Outline To give the main features or general principles of a subject.
Predict To use knowledge and understanding to forecast a possible outcome or expected turn of events
State To present information or details plainly, directly and simply, without discussion.
Suggest To propose an explanation or solution by way of a plan or a suggestion.
Tabulate To draw up a table

Glossary

Maps and Atlases

Class Exercise 1 – Latitude and Longitude
1. What do you understand by the term ‘map’?
2. What do lines of latitude and longitude represent?
3. Lines of latitude are drawn (vertically / horizontally)
4. Lines of longitude are drawn (vertically / horizontally)
5. State the direction of the lines of longitude.
6. The Greenwich Meridian is also known as ____________
7. Lines of longitude show distance from the Greenwich Meridian to ___________
8.How many degrees are there East and West from the Prime Meridian to the
International Date Line.
9. How many minutes equal one degree?
10. Convert the following longitude figures given in minutes to degrees and minutes.
Write your answer in the form of latitude that appears on the map.
10. 144 minutes
10.2 165 minutes
10.3 1800 minutes
10.4 120 minutes
10.5 67 minutes
11. Determine the lines of latitude and longitude of the points labelled A-E
23°15’ 23°2 23°25’ 23°30’ 23°35’
0’
33°20’ C D
33°25’ A
33°30’
33°35’ E B
33°40’ Homework Exercise 1-
Latitude and Longitude
Please ensure that your parent / guardian checks and signs your notebook
once you have completed your homework exercise and Activity 1.1 from
your textbook.
1. Lines of latitude show distance from the equator to the ________.
2. The lines of latitude are represented (horizontally / vertically)
3. How many degrees are there between the equator and the poles?
4. Why is it important to determine the lines of latitude and longitude?
5. Determine the latitude and longitude of the points labelled A,B,C, D and E
22°15’ 22°20’ 22°25’ 22°30’ 22°35’
29° 30’ C D
29°35’ A
29°40’
29°45’ E B
29°50’

6.You are given the latitude and longitude of a location in minutes, convert it to degrees
and minutes and write your answer as it would be found on a map.
6.1 1755minutes; 2060 minutes
 6.2 1393 minutes;1271 minutes
6.3 1754 minutes; 1274 minutes
6.4 1870 minutes; 1515 minutes
6.51531 minutes; 1630 minutes
Class Exercise 2 – Latitude and Longitude

1. State whether the following statements are true or false.

1.1 Longitude is the distance north or south of the Prime meridian.
1.2 Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator.
1.3 The equator is the line of 90° latitude.
1.4 The latitude of the North Pole is 0°N and 90° S.
1.5 Lines of longitude meet at the poles known as meridians.
1.6 The line of latitude that runs through Greenwich, England is accepted as the 0° line of
latitude.
2. State the latitude and longitude (to the nearest degree) of the places labelled A-E
29°00’E 10’ 20’ 30’ 40’ 50’ 30°00’E

34°00’S
10’ A
0’S
20’ C
0’S
30’ D
0’S
40’
0’S
50’ B E
35 00’S 0’S
°

Homework Exercise 2- Latitude and Longitude

Please ensure that your parent / guardian checks and signs your notebooks
once you have completed your homework exercise.
1. Study the figure below and state the latitude and longitude of the places labelled F-I
34°00 W’ 10’ 20’ 30’ 40’ 50’ 33°00’W
32°00’N
10’ F G
0’S
20’
0’S
30’
0’S
40’
0’S
50’ I
H
0’S
31°00’N

Class Exercise 3 – Using the atlas index to find places on a map.

You require an atlas to answer this activity
1. Atlas Theory
1. 1 What is an atlas?
1.2 State the date that this atlas was published.
1.3 Why is it important to know the date that the atlas was published?
1.4 Where in the atlas is the index found?
1.5 What is the purpose of the index?
1.6 What order are the countries in the index of the atlas listed in?

2. Determine the latitude and longitude of the following places as well as the page you
would find these places in the atlas
2.1 Kenya
2.2 Gwanda
2.3 KwaMashu
2.4 Chatsworth
2.5 Ganga
2.6 Port Shepstone
2.7 Worcester
2.8 Somali
2.9 Durban
2.10 East London

Homework Exercise 3- Using the atlas index to find places on a map

Please ensure that your parent / guardian checks and signs your notebook
once you have completed your homework exercise and Activity 1.2 from
your textbook. Yourequire an atlas to answer this activity.

1. Refer to the index of an Atlas and find the latitude and longitude of the following
places:
1.1 Ceres
1.2 Boitumelong
1.3 Bloemfontein
1.4 Bremen
1.5 Chicago
1.6 Cape Town
1.7 Hopetown
1.8 Pietermaritzburg
1.9 Sierra Leone
1.10 Riversdale

Class Exercise 4 – Using the atlas index to find places on a map.

You require an atlas to answer this activity
1. Study the extract below taken from the index of an atlas and answer the questions
below.
 Johannesburg tn. SA 37 26 12S 28 02 E

From the above extract what do the following indicate?

1.1 tn.
1.2 37
1.3 26 12 S
1.4 28 02 E
1.5 SA

2.Study the extract below taken from the index of an atlas and answer the questions below.
Race c. Canada804640 N53 5 W

From the above extract what do the following indicate?

2.1 c.
2.2 80
2.3 53 5 W
2.4 46 40 N
2.5 Canada

3.Study the extract below taken from the index of an atlas and answer the questions below.
Kheta r. Russia 70 71 54 N 102 06 E

From the above extract what do the following indicate?

3.1 70
3.2 71 54 N
3.3 r.
3.4 Russia.
3.5 10206 E

Study the extract below taken from the index of an atlas and answer the questions below.

Boa Vista i. Atl Oc. 72 16 05 N 22 05 W

From the above extract what do the following indicate?

4.1 Atl Oc.
4.2 i.
4.3 72

Homework Exercise 4 – Using the atlas index to find places on a map.

Please ensure that your parent / guardian checks and signs your notebook
once you have completed your homework exercise, yourequire an atlas to
answer this activity.
1. Find the latitude, longitude, feature ( eg. town /river /island) and country/continent that
each of the following places are found in .

1.1 Durban
1.2 Austin
1.3 Hong Kong
1.4 Illionis
1.5 Himalaya
1.6 Ghana
1.7 Geographe
1.8Umlazi
1.9 Warsaw
1.10 Stellenbosch

Class Exercise 5 – Scale

1. Define the term scale.

2. Tabulate the differences between world regional and local scale.
3. Describe the detail shown by a regional map.
4. Why do maps in an atlas have different scales?

Homework Exercise 5 – Scale

Please ensure that your parent / guardian checks and signs your notebook
once you have completed your homework exercise and Activity 1.3 from
your textbook, you require an atlas to answer this activity.

1. Explain why it is important to understand the concept scale in geography.

2. Why is it not possible to see some features or places on a world map but they can be
seen on a local map.
3. Refer to an atlas and identify which map (world / regional / local) shows the most
detail.
4. In which type of map is land use and settlement patterns clearly visible.
5. In which type of map is provincial boundaries clearly visible.

Class Exercise 6 – Scale

1. What purpose does a scale serve when drawing a map?

2. Differentiate between a line scale and a ratio scale.
3. Explain how you read a line scale.
4. Write the following ratio scales as word scales
4.1 1: 10 000
4.2 1: 30 000
4.3 1: 200
4.4 1: 40 000
4.5 1: 80 000
5. Explain the process used to calculate distance on a map

Homework Exercise 6 – Scale and Calculating Distance

Please ensure that your parent / guardian checks and signs your notebook
once you have completed your homework exercise and Activity 1.4 Part 1
from your textbook.

1. Given the scale of 1: 50 000, Calculate the real or actual distance between the following
points on a map .
1.1 The distance between a tree and a school gate that measures 3, 5 cm.
1.2 The distance of a main road measuring 12 cm.
1.3 The distance between the park and the school is 4 cm.
1.4 A river measuring 12 cm.
1.5 Two points on the map measuring 4, 2 cm.
1.6 The farm gate and the wind pump measuring 8 cm.
1.7 Two points on the map measuring 5 cm.
1.8 A road that measures 14 cm.
1.9 The tennis court and school parking lot measuring 6, 5 cm.
1.10. The distance between 2 points measuring 2.1cm.

Class Exercise 7 –Scale and Distance.

You require an atlas to answer this activity

1. Study the map of KwaZulu –Natal in your atlas.

1.1 State the scale of the map.
1.2 Write the scale of this map as a word scale
1.3 Calculate the real / actual distance between the following points:
1.3.1 Umhlanga Rocks and Tongaat
1.3.2 Madadeni and Ladysmith
1.3.3 Eshowe and Ulundi
1.3.4 Blythedale Beach and Bruntville
1.3.5 Hibberdane and KwaDelamuzi.

Homework Exercise 7– Scale and Distance

Please ensure that your parent / guardian checks and signs your notebook
once you have completed your homework exercise and Activity 1.4 Part 2
from your textbook, yourequire an atlas to answer this activity.
Refer to the atlas map of KwaZulu Natal and the political World Map and answer the
following questions.

1. Tabulate the differences between both these maps under the headings scale , and amount
of area covered.
2. Which map do you think has a larger scale ?
3. By how many times bigger is the scale mentioned in question 2. compared to the other
scale .
4. Which map is described as a more detailed map ?
5. The table below provides a map distance and scale of various points on a map ,
Calculate the straight line distance .
Map Distance Scale
5.1 13cm 1: 2 600 000
5.2 4 cm 1: 2 400 000
5.3 8cm 1: 100 000
5.4 12cm 1: 1 300 000
5.5 7cm 1: 96 500 000

The Globe
Class Exercise 8 – Hemispheres

1. Define the following terms

1.1 Globe
1.2 Sphere
1.3 Rotate
1.4 Season
1.5 Hemisphere

2. Which line of latitude divides the Earth into Northern and Southern hemispheres?

3. Which line of longitude divides the Earth into Western and Eastern hemispheres?

4. How long does it take for the Earth to complete one full rotation on its axis?

5. State the direction of the Earth’s rotation.

6. Discuss why different areas of the Earth experience day and night at different times.

Homework Exercise 8– Hemispheres

Please ensure that your parent / guardian checks and signs your notebook
once you have completed your homework exercise.

1. Fill in the missing words from the word box below .

The equator and prime meridian divide the Earth into 1.1. The earth takes 1.2
to rotate on its axis ; the Earth rotates in a 1.3 direction. The areas which the sun shines
experiences 1.4. Understanding how the globe operates also helps us to understand how
1.5 occur.

2. State the four seasons

that occur. 24 hours ; Seasons ; hemispheres ; anticlockwise; day

3. List the months that Durban experiences winter.

4. List the months that Durban experiences summer.

5. Why do you think the North Pole experiences winter throughout the year?

6. Why do geographers refer to the shape of the Earth as geoid?

Class Exercise 9– International Date Line and Time Zones.

1. How many degrees of latitude are there in total?

2. For every hour how many degrees longitude has the Earth moved?
3. Places to the east are ahead/behind time with the rest of the world?
4. Places to the west are ahead/behind time with the rest of the world ?
Please complete Activity 1.7 from your textbook.

HomeworkExercise 9– International Date Line and Time Zones

Please ensure that your parent / guardian checks and signs your notebooks
once you have completed your homework exercise and Activity 1.8 from
your textbook.

1. Define the term time zone.

2. Why do some countries like America have more than one time zone?
3. What do you understand by the term standard time?
4. How many time zones is the world map divided into?
5. State the line of latitude which South Africa’s time is taken from.
6. Define the term universal time
7. Is South Africa ahead/ behind universal time?
8. How many hours ahead/ behind is South Africa compared to universal time?
Class Exercise 10– International Date Line and Time Zones.
You may require an atlas to do this activity.
Refer to the map below and an atlasto answer the questions that follow.
1. If at South Africa 30°E it is 18:00 what is the time at:
1.1 London
1.2 Brazil
1.3 Australia
1.4 Zimbabwe
1.5 Madagascar

2. List 3 other countries that have the same standard time as Brazil.

3. How many hours ahead of time is South Africa compared to

3.1 Brazil
3.2 India
3.3 China
3.4 Mexico
3.5 United States of America

Homework Exercise 10– International Date Line and Time Zones

Please ensure that your parent / guardian checks and signs your notebooks
once you have completed your homework exercise, you require an atlas to
complete this activity.

1. Refer to the map from your class activity and at atlas and determine how many hours
ahead is South Africa and what is the time in the following countries , if it is 20:00 in
South Africa.
1.1 Nigeria
1.2 Morocco
1.3 Nairobi
1.4 Chad
1.5 Egypt
1.6 Alaska
1.7 Kazakstan
1.8 Netherlands
1.9 Scotland
1.10 Russia

Class Exercise 11– The Earths revolution around the Sun.

1. What is the term used to describe the circular movement of the Earth around the sun?

2. How long does it take the Earth to rotate around the sun?

3. Define the term elliptical?

4. Explain how the size of the sun causes seasons and different temperatures on the Earth.

5. State whether the following statements are true / false, if false correct the statement.
5.1 Solstices occur in early summer and mid winter.
5.2 The tilt of the Earth is responsible for seasons occurring.
5.3 Summer solstice is when the Earth experiences the longest night shortest day.
5.4 Equinox is the time of the year when the length of the day and length of night is equal.
5.5The solstices take place on 20 March and 22 September.
5.6 An equinox occurs halfway between a solstice in midsummer and mid winter.
5.7 Equinoxes occur in June and December.

6. Explain how the position of the sun in relation to the Earth affects the lengths in each
day and night.

7. State the 2 factors that cause seasonal temperature changes.

Homework Exercise 11– The Earths revolution around the Sun.

Please ensure that your parent / guardian checks and signs your notebook
once you have completed your homework exercise and Activity 1.9 from
your textbook.

1.Refer to the diagram below and answer this activity

1.1 What process is the above diagram depicting?

1.2 In which month does the summer equinox occur?
1.3 Explain what happens during a winter solstice?
1.4 Explain how the tilt of the Earth on the axis affects the temperature and seasons.
1.5 Discuss how the curved shape of the Earth affects the seasonal temperature changes?

2. Discuss the phenomenon that is occurring in the diagram below

Satellite Images
Class Exercise 12– Satellite Images

1. What are satellite images?

2. What is the purpose of a satellite image?

3. What is meant by true colours and false colours?

4. What is an infrared satellite image?

5. State what features the following colours describe on a satellite image.

5.1 Grey
5.2 Blue
5.3 Red
5.4 White
5.5 Brown
Homework Exercise 12–Satellite Images .
Please ensure that your parent / guardian checks and signs your notebook
once you have completed your homework exercise and Activity 1.10 from
your textbook.

1. Explain why satellite images are important.

2. What are thermal images?

3. Describe what information can be obtained from a satellite image regarding the
following features.
3.1 Land Use
3.2 Water
3.3. Vegetation
3.4 Cloud Patterns
4. State the feature that the following satellite images are showing.
4.1

4.2
4.3

Please ensure that your parent / guardian checks and signs your notebook
once you have completed the revision activity from your textbook.

What are you doing as a

geographer to save your
planet?
A Ellan
Subject Teacher: Geography
Grades 8-10