11th Botany Notes

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Winglish Tuition Centre Puduvayal 1 +1 Bio-Botany Q & A
PART A c. SARS d. Bacteriophage

BIODIVERSITY 14. Chlorophyll pigment in green sulphur bacteria
1. Basic unit of classification is a.bacteriochlorophyll b.bacterioviridin
a. genus b.species c.phycocyanin d.phycoerythrin
c.family d.taxon 15. Cell which keeps changing it’s shape is called
2. Unicellular plants in oceans and freshwater a. Spirilla b.Pleomorphic
a. algae b.zooplanktons c. Symbiont d. Gram negative
c.phytoplanktons d.epiphytes 16. The germ theory of disease was proposed by
3. Carolus Linnaeus proposed a. Ehrenberg b. Pasteur
a. Phylogenetic b. Two kingdoms c. Leeuwenhock d. Hooke
c. Five Kingdoms d. Natural 17. The term bacterium was first used by ..
4. Systema Naturae was written by a. Stanley b. Pasteur
a. Hippocrates b. Pliny the Elder c. Hooke d. Ehrenberg
c. Linnaeus d. Aristotle 18. Bacteria with flagella at both poles of the cell
5. The father of medicine is a. Monotrichous b. Lophotrichous
a. Linnaeus b. Hippocrates c. Amphitrichous d. Atrichous
c. R. H. Whittaker d. Aristotle 19. An example of a chemoautotrophic bacteria is ..
6. The term species was introduced first time by .. a. Chlorobium b. Escherichia
a. Linnaeus b. John Ray c. Rhizobium d. Nitrosomonas
c. Aristotle d. Theophrastu 20. Not evolved during bacterial photosynthesis.
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7. The word Taxonomy was coined by . a. Oxygen b. Carbon dioxide
a. Hippocrates b. Aristotle c. Hydrogen d.H2S
c. De Candolle d. Linnaeus 21. Vinegar is got by the activity of .....
8. T.M.V symmetry. a. Lactobacillus b. Clostridium
a. Cubical b. helical c. Acetobactor d. Streptococcus
c.atypical d.square 22. Study of Fungi
9. The infective nature of virus is due to a. phycology b. plant pathology
a. protein coat b. nucleic acid c. systematics d.mycology
c. envelope d.tail fibres. 23. Fungal cell wall
10. Developing vaccine forSARS is difficult because a. chitin b. cellulose
a. it spreads by infectious materials c. pectin d. peptidoglycan
b. it is an enveloped virus 24. Class Zygomycotina includes
c. it is constantly changing it’s form a. bread moulds b. mushroom
d. it has ssRNA c. agaricus d. yeast
11. The virus was isolated in crystalline form by 25. .............. is called hallucinogenic fungus.
a. Iwanowsky b. W. M. Stanley a. Aspergillus b. Claviceps
c. Mayer d. Beijerinck c. Agaricus d. Penicillium
12. ............... virus shows complex symmetry. 26. ............. plays a role in biochemical genetics.
a. Pox b. Influenza a. Volvariella b. Neurospora
c. HIV d. Adeno c. Agaricus d. Penicillium
13. Single stranded RNA is seen in .. 27. Phycology is the study
a. HIV b. SV 40 a. plants b.virus
c.Algae d.bacteria
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28. ............... is a unicellular alga. a.fungi b.bryophyte

a. Spirogyra b. Laminaria c. seed plant d.pteridophyte
c. Chlorella d. Fucus 4. Extrachromosomal DNA the bacterium E.coli
29. Star shaped chloroplast is seen in a. mesosome b. nucleoid
a. Spirogyra b. Zygnema c. incipient nucleus d. plasmid
c. Chlorella d. Chlamydomonas 5. Bacterial cell wall is made up of
30. .............. is used as fodder. a. cellulose b. lignin
a. Chlorella b. Fucus c. peptidoglycan d. lipid
c. Chlamydomonas d. Zygnema 6. Addition of wall materials within existing one
31. .............. is used in space travel. a. accretion b.intussusception
a. Gelidium b. Chlorella c.apposition d. deposition
c. Fucus d. Laminaria 7. First layer, deposited at the time of cytokinesis.
32. Production of gametes in Bryophytes involve a. Primary wall b. Middle lamella
a. Meiosis b. Mitosis c. Secondary wall d. Plasma membrane
c. fertilization d. reduction division 8. Concept of micellae in cell wall was proposed by .
33. Sporophyte differentiated into foot, seta capsule in a. Nageli b. Muhlethaler
a. Anthoceros b. Riccia c. Frey d. Robert Hook
c. Funaria d. Marchantia 9. Active transport of molecules take place
34. ............... is used in nurseries. a. along the concentration gradient
a. Riccia b. Sphagnum b. along the electric gradient
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c. Funaria d. Liverworts c. along the pressure gradient
35. In Bryophytes sexual reproduction is described as d. against the concentration gradient
a. Anisogamy b. Oogamy 10. Phagocytosis is also known as
c. Isogamy d. Heterogamy a. cell eating b.cell death
36. ............... are called vascular cryptogams. c.cell drinking d.cell lysis
a. Bryophytes b. Pteridophytes 11. Spaces inside ER membrane folds
c. Algae d. Fungi a. thylakoids b.cisternae
37. ............... are pteridophytes with large leaves. c.mesosomes d.periplasmic spac
a. Psilotum b. Lycopodium 12. These are colourless plastids
c. Marsilea d. Selaginella a. chromoplasts b. chloroplasts
38. Characteristic feature of pteridophytes. c. elaioplasts d. leucoplasts
a. Heterospory b. No vascular tissues 13. Interconnected membrane system in chloroplast
c. Protonema d. Capsule a. grana b.stroma
CELL BIOLOGY c.thylakoids d.cisternae
1. The process in which DNA is constantly read out 14. During this phase there is a duplication of DNA
into a particular set of mRNA is called a. G1 Phase b. S phase
a. translation b.protein synthesis c . G2 Phase d. interphase
c.DNA duplication d.transcription 15. Cytokinesis is the division of
2. The process of changing the form in order to carry a. cytoplasm b.nucleus
out a specialized function is called c.chloroplast d. centriole
a. differentiation b.growth 16. Terminalisation takes place during
c. cell division d. cell elongation a. pachytene b. zygotene
3. An exception to cell theory is c. leptotene d. diakinesis

PLANT MORPHOLOGY 14. Compound head inflorescence is seen in ..

1. The type of phyllotaxy found in Calotropis is a. Tridax b. Launaea
a. alternate b.opposite decussate c. Lagasca d. Onion
c. opposite superposed d. ternate 15. Type of mixed inflorescence.
2. Respiratory roots are seen is a. Spike b. Umbel
a. Carrot b. Radish c. Thyrsus d. Cyathium
c. Beet root d. Avicennia 16. Conspicuouscharacteristic structure of angiosperm
3. Type of root in turmeric is a. Flower b. Seeds
a. Tuberous b. Fasciculated c. Fruits d. leaves
c. Nodulose d. Storage 17. No. of whorls present in a bisexual flower is
4. Example of parasitic root. a. One b. Three
a. Tinospora b. Vanda c. Two d. Four
c. Maize d. Cuscuta 18. A flower is said to be complete when it has
5. is not a subaerial modification of stem. a. One whorl b. Three whorls
a. Phyllode b. Runner c. Two whorls d. Four Whorls
c. Stolon d. Offset 19. Timerous Flowers are common among
6. In Lathyrus . is modified into tendril. a. Dicots b. Xerophytes
a. leaf tip b. entire leaf c. Monocots d. Gymnosperms
c. stipule d. petiole 20. In deciduous type of calyx, the sepals fall off
7. Spike is a type of a. As soon as flower opens
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a. Racemose inflorescence b. After fertilization
b. Cymose inflorescence c. In the bud condition d. All the above
c. Mixed inflorescence 21. When anthers have two chambers, they are
d. Special inflorescence a. Dioecious b. Dithecous
8. Dorstenia an example for c. Diadelphous d. Dimorphic
a.raceme b. panicle 22. Gynoecium with united carpels is termed as
c. spadix d. coenanthium a. Apocarpous b. Multicarpellary
9. This is a homogamous head with ray florets c. Syncarpous d. None of the above.
a. Vernonia b. Tridax 23. Type of placentation seen in cucumber is
c. Launaea d. Helianthus a. Basal b. Parietal
10. Musa in an example for c. Axile d. Marginal
a. spadix b. mixed spadix 24. Seeds are produced from the
c. compound spadix d. none of the a a. Ovary b. Carpels
11. Flowers are unisexual in c. Ovules d. Locules
a. cyathium b. thyrsus 25. Seedless Grapes are the
c. verticillaster d. cyme a. Simple Dry fruits b. Multiple fruits
12. Scape is seen in c. Aggregate fruits d.Parthenocarpic Fruits
a. lotus b. vernonia 26. Edible portion in berry
c. crotalaria d. sunflower a. Epicarp b. Endocarp
13. Not seen in Racemose inflorescence c. Mesocarp d. All the above
a. unlimited growth b. centrifugal 27. Coconut belongs to
c. acropetal succession d. pedicels a. Drupe b. Syconus
c. Baccate d. Aggregate

28. Type of fruit seen in Jack is a.Intermediate inheritance b.Blending inheritance

a. Multiple fruit b. Syconus c. Partial dominance d. All the above
c. Sorosis d. Aggregate 13. Intermediate inheritancePhenomenon observed in
29. Androphore is seen in a. Lathyrus b. Antirrhinum
a. Capparis b. Passiflora c. Cucurbita d. Maize
c. Onion d. Calotropis 14. Phenotypic ratio of incomplete dominance is
GENETICS a.1:2:1 b.3:1
1. Moist vapour theory was given by c.9:3:3:1 d.1:1
a. Aristotle b.Pythagoras 15. Inheritance of flower colour in Lathyrus was
c. Delepatius d. Darwin studied by
2. Blending theory replaced by particulate theory of a. Morgan & Bridges b. Bateson & Punnett
a. Kolreuter b.Gaertner c. Sutton & Boveri d.Schleiden & Schwann
c. Mendel d.Darwin 16. Inheritance of fruit colour in Cucurbita pepo ratio
3. Grand children may exhibit a feature of an earlier a. 13:3 b. 12:3:1
generation not seen in parents. c.9:7 d.9:3:4
a. Homunculus b. Pangenesis 17. A ratio of 15:1 is observed in
c. Atavism d. Blending a. Sweet pea b. Cucurbita pepo
4. Fluid theory was proposed by c. Rice d. Sorghum
a. Pythagoras b. Aristotle PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
c. Maupertius d. Mendel 1. Protoplasm considered as polyphase colloid
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5. The village where Mendel was born is a. Altmann b. Hemming
a. Heizendors b.Silisian c. Wilson Fisher d. Butschili
c. Brunn d. Austria 2. Movement of water into and out of cells is
6. Sex has no influence on inheritance is proved by controlled by
a. Back cross b. Test cross a. Water potential b. Endosmosis
c. Reciprocal cross d. Monohybrid cross c. Exosmosis d. Plasmolysis
7. Recessive state for seed coat colour is 3. Flow of matter from a region of higher
a. Green b. Grey concentration to a region of lower concentration
c. Yellow d. White a. Imbibition b.Osmosis
8. Smallest unit of gene which codes for amino acid c. Diffusion d. Plasmolysis
a. Cistron b. Muton 4. The principle used in pickling is
c. Recon d. Codon a. Imbibition b. Endosmosis
9. Functional unit of a gene which can synthesize c. Plasmolysis d. None of the above
one polypeptide is called 5. Turgor pressure or hydrostatic pressure developed
a. Codon b. Cistron inside cell on cell wall is due to
c. Muton d. Recon a. Endosmosis b. Exosmosis
10. Gene present at specific position on chromosome c. Osmosis d. Plasmolysis
a. Locus b.Nucleotide 6. The matric potential is denoted as
c. Nucleoside d. Allele a. ψm b. ψs
11. Chromosomal basis of inheritance was given by c. ψp d. ψw
a. Schleiden & Schwann b. Sutton & Boveri 7. Organelle connected with cell secretion in plants
c. Singer & Nicholson d. Morgan & Bridges a. Golgi body b. Dictyosome
12. Incomplete dominance is also called c. Chloroplast d. Mitochondria

8. Type of water readily absorbed by root hairs a. Stem b. Bud

a. Rain water b. Gravitational water c. Rhizome d. Leaf.
c. Hygroscopic water d. Capillary water. 2. Plant which propagate with the help of its leaves
9. Large amount of transpirational water loss occurs a. Onion b. Cactus
through ..... c. Potato d. Bryophyllum
a. cuticle b. hydathode 3. Adventitious buds develop on the roots of
c. lenticel d. stomata a. carrot b. Onion
10. Cell wall absorbs water by ..... c. Guava d. Yam
a. Osmosis b. Imbibition 4. Offset is known as ...............
c. Diffusion d. Plasmolysis a. Runner b. Condensed runner
11. During the day the guard cells experience c. Bulbil d. Turion
a. exosmosis b. endosmosis 5. Special type of fleshy buds that develop in aquatic
c. fall in turgor d. loss of water plants are called ...............
12. Starch sugar interconversion theory was given by a. Bulbils b. Tunicate Buds
a. Steward b. Scarth c. Scaly bulbs d. Turions
c. Levitt d. Raschke 6. Fragment flowers with welldeveloped nectaries
13. The relay pump theory was put forward by are an adaptation for
a. Godslewski b. J.C.Bose a. Zoophily b. Entomophily
c. Stocking d. Dixon. c. anemophily d. Hydrophily
14. J.C. Bose gave the 7. Hydrophily occurs
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a. relay pump theory b. root pressure theory a. Vallisneria b. Ceratophyllum
c. pulsation theory d. cohesion tension theory. c. Hydrilla d. All the above
15. Lignin and cellulose have affinity for water. 8. Myrmecophily is a benefical association between
a. adhesion b. cohesion some flowering plants and
c. root pressure d. none of the above . Bats b. Birds
16. Transpiration pull theory was supported by c. Ants d. Bees
a. Renner b. Curtis 9. Pollination by bat is called
c. Clark d. All the above . Autogamy b. Chiropterophily
17. Hydroponics is otherwise called c. Homogamy d. Dichogamy
a soilless agriculture b tank farming 10. If pollen and stigma at different time it iscalled
c chemical gardening d all the above . Autogamy b. Cleistogamy
18. This element is a constituent of chlorophyll c. Homogamy d. Dichogamy
a Manganese b Magnesium 11. Flowers are pollinated by birds in
c Potassium d Zinc . Yucca b. Bombax
19. Passive absorption of mineral salts theory c. Mango d. Litchi
a. Ion exchange b. Carrier Concept 12. Plants in which pollination takes place inside the
c. Cytochrome pump d. None of the above bud is
20. Contact exchange theory was put forward by : a. Rice b. Oxalis
a. Jenny and Overstreet b. Hylmo and Kramer c. Papaya d. Bajra
c. Bennet and Clark d. De Vries and Curtis 13. Cross pollination is known as
REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY a. Dichogmay b. Protogamy
1. In hibiscus vegetative reproduction takesplace by c. Protandry d. Xenogamy
14. Embryo sac in typical dicot during fertilization

a. 8 celled b. 6 celled 4. Soil erosion can be checked by

c. 7 celled d. 5 celled a. Wind screen alone b.Restricted human activity
15. Process of fusion between male and egg nuclei c. Checking movement of animals
a.Syngamy b.Conjugation d. Good plant cover
c.Double fertilization d. Triple fusion 5. Common sources of energy in Indian villages is
16. Micropyle occurs in a. Electricity b. Sun
a. Ovary b.Seeds c. Coal d. Wood ,animal dung
c.Ovule d. Both a. and c. 6. Which of the following is non renewable?
17. The Micropyle in a seed helps in the entry of a. Water b. Coal
a. Water b. Male gamete c. Forests d. Wild life
c. Pollen tube d. None of these CREATED USING FILL UPS & MATCH
18. Single cotyledon of a monocot seed is BIO-DIVERSITY
a.Plumule b. Epicotyl 1. Father of Ayurveda.
c. Scutellum d. Coleorrhiza Charaka
19. Hypogeal germination of albuminous seed is in 2. First attempt to classify organisms.
a.Maize b.Castor Aristotle and Theophrastus
3. First artificial system of classification
c.Gram d.Bean
Pliny the Elder
20. Vivipary is a characteristic feature of
4. Pliny book,
a.Mesophytes b.Halophytes
‘Historia Naturalis’.
c.Xerophytes d.Hydrophytes. 5. Binomial System of Nomenclature.
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21. Germination of the seed is promoted by Carolus Linnaeus
a. Green light b.Red light 6. Species Plantarum
c.Blue light d.Infra red light Carolus Linnaeus
22. Which generally increases during senescence? 7. Five kingdom System
a.Protein b.Chlorophyll Whittaker
8. Fossil records
c.Photosynthesis d.None of these
Phylogenetic studies
23. Senescence of detached leaves can be delayed by
9. mostly predatory.
a.Auxin b.Giberellin
Zooplanktons
c.Cytokinin d.Ethylene 10. Cuscuta is a
24. Yellowing and shedding of leaves in autumn parasite.
a.Over all senescence b.Deciduous senescence 11. Insectivorous plants
c.Top senescence d.Progressive Senescence Nepenthes and Drosera
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 12. Study of virus
1. Finely dissected leaves are common in virology.
13. Virus that infects bacteria
a. Submerged plants b. amphibious plants
bacteriophage
c. Free floating plants d. Rooted floating plants
14. Integrated phage nucleic acid is
2. Root pockets are present instead of root caps in prophage.
a. Utricularia b. Eichhornia 15. Bacterium that carries prophage within genome
c. Hydrilla d. Limnophylla Lysogenic bacterium.
3. Deforestation may reduce the chances of 16. Disease caused by Banana bunchy top virus.
a. Rainfall b. Landslides Bunchy top of banana
c. Soil erosion d. Frequent cyclones 17. HIV belongs to
retroviruses.

18. Used to increase life span of AIDS patients microphyllous pteridophytes

Azidothymidine 41. Nephrolepis, Ophioglossum, Osmunda, Pteris,
19. Severe Acute Respitatory Syndrome (SARS) is a Adiantum, Marsilea, Azolla, Salvinia are
respiratory disease. ferns
20. Prions are unique because 42. Most successful and advanced land plants are
they contain no genetic materials.(DNA/ RNA) spermatophytes (sperma – seed).
21. Important components of viruses 43. Primitive group of seed bearing plants
Nucleic acid and Protein coat Gymnosperms (Spermotophytes).
22. All fungal viruses have 44. In Gymnosperms pollination is mostly by
ds.RNA. wind (anemophilous).
23. Viruses that cause diseases in fungi 45. Cell movement response to chemical signals
Mycophage Chemotaxis
24. SARS is a 46. Storage products of fungi
Corona virus glycogen and oil.
25. Bacteria requiring CO2 for growth . 47. Evolution of seed habit is associated with
Capnophilic Heterophory
26. Algae are autotrophic organisms as they have 48. Dominant phase changed from Gametophyte to
chlorophyll. Sporophyte as in all
27. Most algae have filamentous thallus. Eg: Pteridophytes,Gymnosperm and Angiosperms
Spirogyra. 49. All seed plants are
28. Organs of locomotion in alga Heterosporous
Flagella or cilia 50. Most extreme reduction of gametophyte is in
29. Iincrease soil fertility by fixing nitrogen. Angiosperms
30.
31.
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Blue green algae
Species attached to the bottom of shallow water
Benthic
Species live on another plant or another alga
51.
52.
Equivalent structure to a mega sporangium
Ovule
Equivalent structure to a microsporangium,
Pollen sac
Epiphyte CELL BIOLOGY
32. Growing attached to rocks 1. Structural and functional unit of living organisms
Lithophyte Cell
33. Red colour pigment found in algae. 2. Studied structure of bacteria, protozoa etc.
Phycoerythrin Anton van Leewenhoek
34. Blue colour pigment found in algae. 3. coined the word cell for the first time.
Phycocyanin Robert Hooke
35. Lack motile cells. 4. Cell theory was again rewritten
Red algae and B lue green Rudolf Virchow
36. Blue green algae 5. Discovered presence of nucleus in cells.
Cyanophage Robert Brown
37. Alkaloid obtained from Ephedra, is used in curing 6. Protoplasm coined
asthma and respiratory problems. Prukinje
Ephedrine 7. Plastids is in
38. Algae having filamentous thallus Plant cell
Spirogyra 8. Plastids are absent in
39. Simplest group of land plants. Animal cells
Bryophyta 9. All plants are made up of cells proposed by
40. Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Isoetes, Schleiden
Equisetum etc are examples of 10. All animals are also composed of cells proposed

Theodor Schwann in 1839. 34. Power house of the cell.

11. Without nuclei. Mitochondria
RBC and sieve tube cells 35. Site of protein synthesis.
12. Incipient nucleus knows as Ribosomes
nucleoid. 36. A string of ribosomes
13. Extra chromosomal DNA found in E.Coli. polysome.
Plasmid 37. 3 kinds of Cell division in living things
14. SEM has a lower resolving power than 1. Amitosis, 2. Mitosis, 3. Meiosis.
TEM. 38. 4 substages Mitosis
15. Gives definite shape to the cell. Prophase, Metaphase, Anasphase, Telophase.
Cell wall 39. Helps in regeneration of lost or damaged tissue
16. All the biological (Plasma) membranes are Mitosis
Seletively permeable 40. known as reduction division.
17. Discovered microbial world by Microscope. Meiosis
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 41. Meiosis takes place only in
18. The decrease value of D, the better will be Reproductive cells.
resolution. 42. Heterotypic division is a
19. Resolution of a microscope lens is equivalent to Meiosis- I division.
Resolution power . 43. Homotypic division is a
20. Compound microscope uses Optical lenses to Meiosis - II division.
magnify the objects. 44. Homologous chromosomes coming together
21. Fluid mosaic model was proposed by pairing or synapsis.
Singer and Nicholson 45. Crossing over takes place in
22.
23.
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DNA is organized into linear structures called
chromosomes
Ribosomes that exist in groups are called
Polysomes or. Polyribosomes
Pachytene.
PLANT MORPHOLOGY
1. Branch of biology that deals with form, size and
structure of various organs of living organisms.
24. Responsible for Protein in a cell Morphology
Endoplasmic reticulum 2. Flowering plants are otherwise known as
25. Carrier molecules In the plasma membrane Angiosperms.
permeases or translocases present. 3. Has a stem, a system of branches and leaves.
26. Passive transport of molecules takes palce shoot system
Along the concentration gradient 4. Root, stem and leaves together constitute
27. sites of photosynthesis. vegetative organs
Chloroplasts 5. Flowering plants on attaining maturity produce
28. form about 75% of the plant cell. flowers, fruits and seeds. These are called
Vacuoles reproductive organs
29. Ribosomes are found in all cells except in 6. Do not have nodes and internodes.
mature sperm cells and RBCs. Roots
30. Microbodies are spherical organelles bound by a 7. Taproot system develops from
single membrane. radicle of the embryo.
31. Largest organelle in eukaryotic cells. 8. Breathing roots are called
Nucleus pneumatophores.
32. Physical basis of heredity. 9. Breathing pores are called
Chromosomes pneumatothodes.
33. Chemical basis of here dity. 10. Epiphytic roots are adventitious roots found in
Genes orchids.

11. Special sponge like tissue in the aerial roots. 34. Arrangement of veins in the leaf blade or lamina.
Velamen Venation
12. Has photosynthetic roots or assimilatory roots. 35. Pinnately type in Moringa
Tinospora Tripinnate
13. Cuscuta has parasitic roots called 36. Palmately type in lemon
haustoria. Unifoliate
14. Grows into the stem which forms the main axis of 37. Leaf modification type in acasia
the plant. Phyllode
Plumule of the embryo 38. Bladder leaf modification
15. Phylloclade is found in Utricularia
Opuntia. 39. Anthers united, filaments free
16. Asparagus possess Syngenesious
cladode. 40. Stamens attached to petals
17. Sucker is a modified Epipetalous
runner. 41. .Basal Placentation
18. Three leaflets become stiff, claw like hooks in Asteraceae
Bignonia unguiscati 42. Caryopsis
19. Tuberous roots which have no definite shape in Paddy
Sweet potato 43. Unfertilized Ovary
20. A special leaf at whose axil the flower develops Parthenocarpic Fruit
Bract 44. Ovary Wall
21. Thalamus is otherwise called Pericarp
Receptacle or. torus 45. Fertilized Ovary
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22. Flower having uniform number of all floral parts
Homomerous
23. Microsporangia are otherwise called
Pollen sac
True Fruit
46. Apocarpous Ovary
Aggregate fruit
GENETICS
24. After fertilization, the ovary becomes 1. Deals with mechanisms responsible for
Fruit inheritance similarities -differences in a species.
25. Characteristic fruit of Fabaceae Family. Genetics
Legume 2. Occurrence of extra fingers or toes.
26. Edible part of the Jack fruit is Polydactyly
Perianth 3. Observed human sperms for the first time.
27. Horizontal, thick, stout underground stem. Anton von Leewenhoek
Rhizome 4. Propounded Particulate theory.
28. Small depressions on potato are called the Maupertius
eye of the potato. 5. proposed Pangenesis Theory.
29. Green, thin flattened lateral outgrowths of stem. Aristotle
Leaves 6. Deals with mixture of characters of both parents.
30. Borne at the nodes of the stem. Blending Theory
Leaves 7. Group of ramets is called a
31. Chief organs of photosynthesis. clone.
Leaves 8. ‘Father of Genetics’.
32. Lateral appendages of the leaf. Mendel
Stipules 9. Mendel started his famous experiments on
33. Leaf blade is also known as Garden peaplant (Pisum sativum).
lamina. 10. The phenotypic ratio of Dihybrid cross is

9 : 3 : 3 : l. Osmosis
11. Monohybrid Test cross ratio is 13. Helps to understand the living nature of a cell.
1 : 1. Plasmolysis
12. Dihybrid Test cross ratio is 14. Pressure exerted by diffusing particles is called
1 : 1 : 1 : 1. diffusion pressure.
13. Introduced the gene concept. 15. Particles of colloid carry
Sutton a uniform electric charge.
14. Smallest portion of gene undergo crossing over. 16. Cohesion - Tension theory was put forward by
Recon Dixon and Joly.
15. Incomplete dominance was observed by 17. Mutual attraction between water molecules.
Correns in Mirabilis jalapa. Cohesion
16. Suppression of gene on one locus of a 18. Openings on epidermis of leaves and stems.
chromosome by the gene present at some other Stomata
locus. 19. Modified epidermal cell showing a prominent
Epistasis nucleus, cytoplasm and plastids.
17. Dominant Epistasis was observed in Guard cell
Cucurbita pepo. 20. Causes opening of stomata.
18. Dominant Epistasis ratio is Accumulation of Potassium Chloride
12 : 3 : 1. 21. Stimulates closure of stomata.
19. Recessive epistasis ratio is Abscissic acid (ABA)
9 : 3 : 4. 22. Major elements are called
20. Dominant recessive epistasis ratio is macronurients.
13 : 3. 23. Trace elements are called
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Cell wall
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
1. Provides shape and rigidity to the cell.
2. Principal seat of metabolic events.

micronutrients.
24. Constituent of chlorophyll molecule.
Magnesium
25. require Boron for uptake and utilisation of Ca++
Cell Leaves and seeds
3. Most important among cell organelles 26. causes brown heart-rot disease in beetroots.
chloroplast Boron deficiency
4. Source of food for life on earth. 27. Manganese deficiency causes greyspot disease in
Photosynthesis oat.
5. Cell Organelle involved in cellular respiration 28. Copper deficiency causes die back of shoots in
mitochondrion. citrus
6. During respiration, energy releases in the form of 29. Sulphur containing amino acids is
A.T.P. (Adenosine Tri Phosphate). Cystine and cysteine
7. Proteins Synthesis and transport is carried out by 30. Occurs between male gamete & Secondary
Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum. nucleus
8. Referred as the dictyosome in plants. Triple fusion
Golgi bodies 31. causes whiptail disease in cauliflowers
9. Living component of the plant cell. Molybdenum deficiency
Protoplasm 32. Yellow spot disease of citrus.
10. Physical and chemical basis of life. Molybdenum deficiency
Protoplasm 33. H.Lundegardh proposed
11. Absorption of water occurs in plants through Cytochrome Pump Theory.
roots. 34. Soluble food materials in phloem show mass
12. Special type of diffusion of liquids. flow.

Munch Theory 9. Transfer and deposition of pollen grains from

35. Causes cycling of ammonia from amino acids, another to stigmatic surface of the flower
purines and pyrimidines. pollination.
Death and decay of organic systems 10. Cross pollination is also called
36. Maintain constant amount of nitrogen in Xenogamy or Allogamy.
atmosphere, by physical and biological processes 11. Herkogamy is found in
Nitrogen cycle. Hibiscus.
37. Blue-green algae like Nostoc establish symbiotic 12. Protography is seen in
relationships in the corolloid roots of Bajra
Cycas.. 13. Protandry is seen in
38. The nitrifying bacteria are . Maize.
Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacteria 14. Heterostyly is found in
39. Smmonifying bacteria Linum.
Bacillus ramosus 15. A single flower of Cannabis produces
40. Yeast which fix nitrogen. 5,00,000 pollen grains.
Rhodotorula 16. Hydrophily occurs only in
41. Bacterium in symbiotic nitrogen fixation aquatic plants.
Rhizobium 17. Pollen sacs are called
42. Translocation of Carbohydrate pollen baskets.
Boron 18. flowers are protandrous in
43. Stomatal Movements Salvia
Potassium 19. Mode of pollination performed by birds.
44. Infects roots of leguminous plants and forms the Ornithophily
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root nodules.
Rhizobium
REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY
1. Angiosperms propagate by producing seeds,
20. Mode of pollination performed by bats.
Chiropterophily
21. Fusion of the male and female gamates is called
fertilization.
which is the result of 22. Fertilization process was first discovered by
sexual reproduction. Strasburger in Monotropa.
2. Modified stems perform 3 distinct functions - 23. Process of gametic fusion.
1. Perennation, Syngamy
2. Vegetative Propagation, 24. Triple fusion is also called
3. Storage of food. Vegetative fertilization.
3. The various types of underground stems are 25. Double fertilization is universal occurrence
1. Rhizome, 2. Tuber, among
3. Bulb, 4. Corm. angiosperms.
4. More or less a condensed form of rhizome. 26. Ripened ovule wit embryo or mini plant body
Corm Seed
5. Offsets are known as 27. Outer coat of seed is called
condensed runners. Testa
6. Ability to reproduce by leaves. 28. Every seed has an outer covering called
Bryophyllum seed coat.
7. Potato tuber can form a new plant if it has 29. Cotyledons remain below soil due to rapid
Buds or. Eye spot elongation of epicotyl.
8. Micropropagation is done in In hypogeal germination
Potato, Bananas and Begonias. 30. Germination of seeds inside fruit itself
vivipary

31. Vivipary occurs in 1. Hydrophytes, 2. Xerophytes, 3. Mesophytes.

mangrove plant. 15. Hydrophytes are grouped into
32. Essential for aerobic respiration to release energy four categories.
for the metabolic activities. 16. Eichhornia, Pistia, Lemna are the examples for
Oxygen free floating hydrophytes.
33. Abscission is controlled by 17. Victoria regia, Nymphaea, Nelumbium and
Abscisic Acid (ABA). Marsila are the examples for
34. Delays ageing of plant organs. ‘Floating but rooted hydrophytes’.
Cytokinins 18. Examples for Submerged hydrophytes (floating).
35. Leaf fall starts, when the amount of RNA, Starch, Ceratophyllum and Utricularia
Amino acids or. Chlorophyll 19. Examples for Submerged hydrophytes (Rooted).
decreases. Hydrilla, Vallisneria, Potamogeton
36. Recognized 4 types of senescence patterns. 20. Grow in shallow waters adapted to both aquatic
Leopold and terrestrial
37. Apparent in evergreen plants (Eucalyptus, Pinus) Amphibious hydrophytes
Sequential senescence 21. Eg for Amphibious hydrophytes modes of life
38. Shed leaves in autumn and develop new leaves Sagittaria, Typha.
synchronous. 22. In Jussiaea repens two types of roots develop
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY Normal and floating roots.
1. Ecology was first introduced by 23. In Nymphaea and Nelumbium the stem is
Reiter. rhizome.
2. Factor of great physiological importance. 24. Give mechanical support to the plants.
Light Asterosclereids
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3. Photoperiod is an important factor in
flowering of plants.
4. Protoplasm of a cell contains
80-90% of water.
25. Drought resisting plants are
true xerophytes.
26. Casuarina, Nerium are
xerophytes
5. Plants of aquatic habitats (growing in water) 27. Light is necessary for plants to do
hydrophytes. Photosynthesis
6. Essential for growth of root and micro-organisms. 28. Soil provides water and
Soil air Minerals Salts and Anchorages to plants
7. Contact is close and permanent and obligatory. 29. Common land plants, which grow in situations
mutualism that are neither too wet nor too dry.
8. Examples for mutualism Mesophytes
Lichens 30. Lives in nature and depends on nature.
9. Common in moist tropical climate dense forests Man
Lianes 31. Used in Biogas plant to produce odourless gas.
10. Plants growing perched on other plants. Cattle dung
Epiphytes 32. Forest Research Institute is situated at
11. Green algae grow on the long, grooved hairs of Dehradun.
sloth. 33. Main source for rivers, lakes and underground
12. Rafflesia is found on roots of water.
vitis. Rainwater
13. Classified the plants into three ecological groups 34. Understanding importance of rainwater and using
on the basis of water requirement. in all the catchment areas without wasting.
Warming Rainwater Harvest
14. three ecological groups

2 AND 3 MARK Q & A Monerans like Archaebacteria can live in

BIODIVERSITY Extreme environmental conditions like
1. Define: Biodiversity. o absence of oxygen (anaerobic),
o living organisms found in the earth differ in o high salt condition,
their structure, habit, habitat, mode of o hightemperature above 800c
nutrition and physiology. o highly acidic soils
o This is called biodiversity. 11. Name three domains proposed by C.Woese,
2. What are the aims of classification? O.Kandler and M.C.Wheelis.
o Grouping organisms in a convenient way Eucarya (All eukaryotes)
makes it easy to study their characters. Bacteria (Familiar prokaryotes)
o Classification helps to understand diversity in Archaea (prokaryotes in extreme environments)
a better way. 12. Define: Systematics.
3. Define: Taxonomy. o Systematic placing of organisms into groups
Branch of biology that deals with or taxa
o Identification and nomenclature of living o on certain relationships basis.
organisms 13. Justify: Viruses are biologists’ puzzle.
o Classification on basis of similarities and They show both living and non-living characters.
differences. 14. Define: Virus.
4. Define: species. Ultramicroscopic, disease causing intra-cellular,
Group of individuals which obligate parasites.
o resemble in morphological and reproductive 15. List any two living characteristics of virus.
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characters
o interbreed among themselves and produce
fertile offsprings.
5. Write the hierarchy of units of classification
1. Ability to multiply inside host cell.
2. Ability to cause diseases.
16. List any two non-living characteristics of virus.
1. The don't show metabolic activity
1. Kingdom 2. They can be crystallized
2.Phylum or Division 17. Viruses undergo mutation
3.Class What does this signify?
4.Order Living characteristics
5.Family 18. Viruses canbe crystallized.
6.Genus What does this signify
7.Species Non living characteristics
6. Define : phylogeny. 19. What are the three main symmetry of viruses?
Evolutionary history of particular taxon like Cubic symmetry: polyhedral or spherical
species eg. Adeno virus, HIV
7. What is meant by phylogenetic classification? Helical symmetry:
Classification based on the basis of evolution eg. TMV, Influenza virus.
8. Why is phylogenetic classification n't possible Complex or atypical
o There are several gaps in the fossil records eg.Bacteriophage, Pox virus.
o Evolution is never unidirectional. 20. What is the principle used in sedimentation by
9. What is artificial system of classification? ultra centrifugation method of measuring size
o It is based on few characters of organisms of a virus?
o It has lot of demerits. o Relation between size and shape of particle
10. What are Archaebacteria? o Its rate of sedimentation

21. What are enveloped viruses? o It is form of sexual reproduction in Bacteria

o Some viruses have outer covering called o Donor DNA is carried in a phage coat
envelope. o It is transferred into recipient by mechanism.
o They are called enveloped viruses. 34. What is transformation.
eg. HIV o It is form of sexual reproduction in Bacteria
22. Define : Nucleocapsid. o Direct uptake of donor DNA by recipient cell
o capsid is the outer protein coat. 35. Name four plant diseases caused by bacteria?
o capsid is in close contact with nucleic acid o Citrus Canker
o Hence known as nucleocapsid o Bacterial blight
23. Name two plant diseases caused byviruses? o Fire blight
o TMV o Soft rot
o Bunchy top of banana 36. Name human diseases caused by bacteria
24. Name two human diseases caused byviruses? o Cholera
o common cold o Typhoid
o AIDS o Tuberculosis
25. Name two Animal diseases caused byviruses? 37. Give reason:
o FMD in cattle Bacteria are also known as nature’s scavengers.
o rabbies o Saprotrophic bacteria cause decay and
26. Define: virion decomposition of dead bodies of plants and
o An intact, infective virus particle animals
o which is non-replicating outside a host cell o Release gases and salts to atmosphere and soil
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27. Define: Viroids
o Circular molecule of ss RNA without capsid
28. Define: Prions
o Proteinaceous infectious particles
o Hence these bacteria are nature’s scavengers.
38. Name some antibiotics obtained from bacteria
o bacitracin
o polymyxin
29. What are oncogenic viruses? o Streptomycin
o Cancer causing viruses 39. What is a coenocytic mycelium?
o E.g Simian virus (SV-40) o Fungi is made up thread like structure hyphae
30. What are interferons? o forming a mass called mycelium.
o Host coded proteins of cytokine family o Hypae may lack cross walls
o Inhibit viral replication o Protoplasm is continuous with many nuclei.
o Body’s 1st defense against viral infection o This is called coenocytic mycelium.
31. What are commensals? 40. What is meant by septate hypha?
o Organisms tat live in association with others o Hyphae are not divided into true cells.
o They don’t cause harm to the host o Protoplasm is continuous or is interrupted at
o They benift from the host intervals by cross walls called septa.
E.g. E.Coli in human intestine o These are called septate hypha
32. What are Chemoautotrophs? 41. Distinguish: obligate and facultative parasites
o Some bacteria can synthesize their food obligate facultative
o They obtain energy as ATP grow only in living infect their host and
o by oxidising inorganic or organic compounds cells bring about it’s death
o This energy reduces CO2 to organic matter Also called Biotrophs Also called necrotrophs
E.g Nitrobacter. Possess Haustoria Rarely has Haustoria
33. What is transduction/ transformation. Survive on live cell live saprotrophically

42. Name some fungal diseases of plants. o They are centres of starch formation.
o Wilt cotton 52. Differentiate isokont & heterokont flagella
o Tikka (Leaf spot) ground nut Isokont
o Red rot sugarcane Both flagella are equal length and appearance
43. Name some edible fungi. Heterokont
o Agaricus Bisporus Dissimilar flagella with reference to length
o Agaricus arvensis 53. Define :Isogamy
o Volvariella volvacea o Fusion of two morphologically and
o Volvariella dispora physiologically similar gametes.
44. What are haustoria? Eg: Spirogyra.
o Obligate parasites possess specialised 54. Define : Heterogamy.
penetration and absorption devices o Fusion of dissimilar gametes
o It is called haustoria o Types :1) Anisogamy
o It is used to get food from host. 2) Oogamy.
45. Justify the statement by Pasteur: 55. Define : Anisogamy
Without fungi even death will be incomplete. o Fusion of two morphologically dissimilar
o Dead cellulosic vegetation decomposed into o but physiologically similar gametes
carbon and minerals by saprotrophic fungi 56. Define : Oogamy
o These are returned to same environment. o Fusion morphologically and physiologically
o Without fungi even death will be incomplete. dissimilar gametes
46. Which fungus is hallucinogenic fungus. why? 57. What is agar-agar?
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o Claviceps purpurea
o LSD is produced from fungus ergot,
o produces hallucinations.
47. Define: thallus
o Culture medium while growing bacteria and
fungi in the laboratory.
o Obtained from red algae
(Gelidiumand Gracillaria)
o Algae body shows no differentiation into root, 58. What is diatomite?
stem, leaf o Rock-like deposit formed on silicon walls of
o They do not have vascular tissues. diatoms (algae of Chrysophyceae).
o Such a plant body is called thallus. o When they die, they sediment
48. What is a Lichen? o form extensive deposits on the seabed
o Algae - fungi Symbiotic association o Resulting is ‘diatomaceous earth’
o Algae produce food byphotosynthes o It is rich in silica
o Fungi absorb water and minerals 59. Write any two uses of diatomite.
49. Name photosynthetic pigments in algae? o as a fire proof material
a) Chlorophylls o as an absorbent.
b) Carotenoids 60. How are the algae used in space travel?
c) Biliproteins o Chlorella pyrenoidosa is used in space travel
50. Differentiate:Whiplash and tinsel flagellum. o It multiplies rapidly and utilizes CO2
Whiplash Flagellum : It has a smooth surface. o It liberate O2 during photosynthesis.
Tinsel Flagellum : It has fine minute hairs o It decomposes human urine and faeces to get
along the axis. N2 for protein synthesis.
51. What are pyrenoids? 61. What is SCP?
o Few spherical bodies called pyrenoids are o SCP - Single cell protein
present in each algae chloroplast

o Rich protein and amino acid content of i.e., xylem and phloem.
chlorella and Spirullina is used for single cell o Includes Pteridophytes & Spermatophytes
protein production. 70. Justify: vascular tissue of pteridophyte is
62. How are algae used in sewage disposal? primitive compared with flowering plants.
o Chlorella are grown in sewage tanks. o Pteridophytes xylem contains only tracheids
o It produce O2 by rapid photosynthesis. rather than vessels
o Aerobic bacteria use these oxygen o Phloem contains sieve cells rather than sieve
o Decompose organic matter tubes
o Thus the sewage gets purified. o Sovascular tissue of Pteridophyte is primitive
63. What is algal bloom. How does it affect lakes? compared with flowering plants
o Algae blooms is dense mass material 71. What are the functions of vascular tissue?
o Formed due to high nutrient availability, by o It forms a transport system
sewage fertilizers o Conducting water and food around the mulit-
o Sudden explosive growth algae deplete water cellular body
of oxygen. o leading to development of complex bodies.
o Th leads to death of aquatic life. o Xylem supports these large bodies
o Increase of nutrients which starts off the entire o It contains lignified cells of great strength and
process is called eutrophication rigidity.
64. Algae are not associated with diseases unlike 72. What are the advantages of seed development
many fungi and bacteria. Why? in Phaenerogams?
o Algae are autotrophs o Seed contains embryo or baby plant
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o They prepare their own food o It provides nutrition to it.
o Don't live as paraite and cause diseases o Seeds tide over unfavourable conditions
65. Bryophytes are amphibians of plant kingdom. o Help in growth of embryo.
Why? 73. Name any two economically important
o Terrestrial non-vascular plants products of Pteridophytes.
o Require moist environment to complete their o Rhizomes of fern Dryopteris
life-cycle. yield a vermifuge drug.
o Hence these are called amphibians of plant o Sporocarps of Marsilea
kingdom. used as food by certain tribal people.
66. Name the three main classes of Bryophyta. 74. Name the three important developments that
o Hepaticae have been made by the seed plants.
o Anthocerotae o Development of heterospory
o Musci o Development of seed
67. What is peat? o Development of non swimming male gametes
o Valuable fuel like coal 75. Define heterospory.
o Mosses like Sphagnum got compacted and o All seed bearing plants produce two types of
fossilized over past thousands of years have spores - microspores and megaspores.
become peat. o It is called heterospory
68. How is Sphagnum used in nursery? 76. Seed is a complex structure containing cells
o Sphagum absorbs large ammount of water. from three generations. Justify
o It is used by gardeners to keep and cut plant o First Generation - Megaspore from parents
parts moist during propagation o Second Generation - Fertilized zygotes
69. What is meant by Tracheophyta? o Third Generation - Haploid endosperm
o Division includes plants with vascular tissues 77. Seeds of gymnosperms as naked. Why?

o Ovules are exposed not covered by ovary. o Viruses are biologists’ puzzle.
o Borne directly on open megasporophylls They lack protoplasm, essential part of cell.
o Hence they are naked o Bacteria and cyanobacteria lack well
o Develop into naked seeds after fertilization organized nucleus.
78. Name two classes of Gymnospermae. 8. What is meant by incipient nucleus?
o Class Cycadophyta o Bacterial chromosome is a single circular
o Class Coniferophyta molecule of naked DNA
CELL BIOLOGY o Tightly coiled within the nucleoid
1. Define : Cell Cycle o Lacks a nuclear membrane.
o Most eukaryotic cells live according to an o This is called incipient nucleus.
internal clock 9. What are the uses of plasmid?
o They proceed through a sequence of o Antibiotic resistance in some bacteria.
phases,called cell cycle. o Used in genetic engineering.
o Cell cycle follows regular timing mechanism 10. Define: Resolving power of a microscope
o DNA is duplicated during synthesis (S)Phase Capacity to percieve two adjacent parts of image
o Copies are distributed to daughter cells during as separate from each other
mitotic (M) phase. 11. Name important components of plant cell wall.
2. What is meant by cell differentiation? 1. Middle lamella 2. Primary wall
o When cell changes to carry out a specialized 3. Secondary wall.
function, it is called differentiation. 12. What is middle lamella?
o It involves changes in the morphology of a o Thin amorphous cement like isotropic layer
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cell based on the function it is to perform.
3. Explain: “form follows function”.
o Differentiation process involves changes in the
morphology of a cell based on function it is to
between two adjacent cells.
o First layer deposited at the time of cytokinesis.
o Made up of calcium and magnesium pectates.
13. What is meant by growth by intussusception?
perform. o Primary wall grows by addition of more wall
o This highlights the biological principle that material within the existing one.
“form follows function”. o Such a growth is termed as intussusception.
4. What is PCD? 14. What are micellae?
o PCD - Programmed Cell Death o Concept of micellae was put forth by Nageli.
o Plays a very important role o Cellulose molecules consist of long chains of
o By balancing cell growth and multiplication. linked glucose residues.
o Eliminates unnecessary cells. o Chain molecules are arranged in bundles
5. Name steps involved in scientific methodology. o They are generally termed micellae.
o Observation 15. Name continuous interpenetrating systems in
o Hypothesis secondary wall.
o Formulation of theory 1. cellulose micro fibrils 2.microcapillary spaces
o Modification of theory 16. What is a pit membrane?
6. State cell theory of by Schleiden and Schwan 1. Pits are areas on cell wall on which secondary
o All living organisms are made up of minute wall is not laid down.
units, the cells which are the smallest entities 2. Each pit has pit chamber and a pit membrane.
that can be called living. 3. Pit membrane consists of
o Function of an organism is the sum total of middle lamella and primary wall.
activities and interaction of constituent cells. many minute pores and they are permeable
7. Name any two exceptions to cell theory. 17. What are bordered pits?
o Pits are of two types. o Size of the substance molecules

1. Simple pits o Charge on substance molecules
width of pit chamber is uniform 27. Define: semi- permeable membrane.
2. Bordered pits. Membrane allows some substances pass through
secondary wall partly overhangs the pit. Does not allow all substances to pass through it
18. Define: Symplast. 28. Define: Passive transport
o Cell wall is interrupted by narrow pores with requires no energy by the cell
strands of cytoplasm, It is unaided by transport proteins
o They are called plasmodesmata. 29. Define : Active transport
o They form protoplasmic continuum-symplast Energy dependent transport of molecules or ions
19. What is desmotubule? across a semi permeable membrane against the
o Plasmodesmata consists of canal, lined by concentration gradient.
plasma membrane. 30. What is meant by facilitated transport?
o It has a simple or branched tubule known as o Plasma membrane contains several uniporters
desmotubule. o They enable amino acids, nucleosides, sugars
20. Define Biological membrane. and small molecules to enter and leave cells
o Plasma membrane o They accelerate thermodynamically favoured
o sub-cellular membranes reaction.
o together known as biological membranes. o This movement is called facilitated transport
21. What are amphipathic molecules? 31. Distinguish:
o They have hydrophilic and hydrophobic part. uniport transport & passive diffusion
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o Lipid bilayer of the cell membrane is formed
of a double layer of phospholipid molecules.
22. What are extrinsic proteins?
o Peripheral proteins are superficially attached
o Rate of transport is far higher than predicted
o Transport is specific
o Transport occurs via limited number of
transporter proteins
to either face of lipid bimolecular membrane 32. Define: Phagocytosis: (cell eating)-
o Easily removable by physical methods o Substances are taken up in solid form.
23. What are intrinsic proteins? o Cells in this process are phagocytes
o Integral proteins penetrate lipid wholly o It is said to be phagocytic.
o They are tightly held by strong bonds. 33. Define: Pinocytosis(cell drinking)-
o Removed only by disruption of membrane. o Substances are taken up in liquid form.
24. Define Osmosis o Very small Vesicles formed during intake.
o Diffusion of Water or solvent o Occurs in Amoeboid protozoans,
o through selectively permeable membrane Certain kidney cells in fluid exchange.
o from high solvent concentration region Plant cells.
o to low solvent concentration region 34. Define: Exocytosis
25. What is the role of osmosis in plants? o Reverse of endocytosis
o Absorption of water from soil by root hairs. o Undigested remains from food vacuoles
o Cell to cell movement of water. are removed from cells
o Osmosis helps to develop turgor pressure 35. What are the main functions of a nucleus?
o It helps in opening and closing of stomata. o It controls all metabolic activities of cell by
26. Name any two factors on which permeability of controlling synthesis of enzymes required.
a membrane depends on. o It controls inheritance of characters from
o Size of pores in Plasma membrane. parents to offspring.
o It controls cell division.

36. Give reasons: o Lateral branches of the roots are endogenous

Mitochondria are semi autonomous organelles. in origin if
o Arise new by existing mitochondria division o They arise from pericycle of primary root
o Regarded as intra cellular parasitic 3. Name vegetative organs of a flowering plant.
prokaryotes o Root
o Established symbiotic relationship with cell. o Stem
o Mitochondrial matrix contains o Leaves
DNA molecules,t RNA, enzymes for 4. Name reproductive organs of flowering plant.
mitochondrial genes functioning o Flowers
37. Name the three kinds of plastids. o Fruits
o Chloroplasts o Seeds
o Chromoplasts 5. Write any two characteristic features of root
o Leucoplasts o positively geotropic
38. Name common properties shared by o negatively phototropic
chloroplasts and mitochondria o Non-green in colour
o Both migrate from place to place within cells o since they do not have chlorophyll pigments
o Contain their own DNA code for some of the 6. Write any two characteristic features of shoot.
key organellar protein o Negatively geotropic
39. What is a polysome? o positively phototropic.
o During protein synthesis many ribosomes line o Well developed nodes and internodes
up and join an mRNA chain to synthesise 7. Define: adventitious roots
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many copies of a particular polypeptide. o Root developing from any part of the plant
o Such a string of ribosomes is called polysome other than the radicle
40. Define: crossing over 8. Define: Root cap
o In chiasmata, non-sister chromatids of o It is a cap like structure that covers the apex of
homologous chromosomes are exchanged the root.
o This process is called crossing over o Function of root cap is to protect root apex.
41. What is a tetrad? 9. Define: Pulvinus
o Two sister chromatids of each homologous o Leaf has a swollen leaf base.
chromosome become clearly visible. o It is known as pulvinus
o Bivalent becomes tetrad with 4 chromatids. 10. Define: Meristematic or Zone of cell division:
o This is know as tetrad stage in meieosis o This is the growing tip of the root.
42. What is a bivalent? o It lies a little beyond the root cap.
o During zygotene homologous chromosomes o Actively dividing and increase in number.
come to-gether 11. Define: Buds
o Lie side by side throughout their length. o Young shoot ,yet to develop.
o This is called pairing or synapsis. o They have compressed axis
o Paired chromosomes are called bivalent o Inter nodes are not elongated
PLANT MORPHOLOGY o Young leaves are closed and crowded
1. What is meant by exogenous origin? 12. What is an epiphyllous bud?
o Lateral branches of stem are exogenous in o Adventitious buds arising on leaves.
origin if o These are called epiphyllous buds.
o They arise from main axis periphery /cortex E.g Bryophyllum
2. What is meant by endogenous origin? 13. What are the advantages of rhizome?

o Stores food female sex organ (gynoecium)

o Means of perennation. 23. What is a zygomorphic flower? Give Example.
14. What are pneumatophores? o A flower with bilateral symmetry,
o Plants like Avicennia grow in marshy places o Parts of one ormore whorls are dissimilar.
o Ordinary roots lie buried in saline water o The flower can be divided into two equal
o Erect roots arise from it. halves in only one vertical plane
o These erect roots are called pneumatophores. eg. Pisum
15. Define : Ligulate floret 24. Distinguish: monothecous -dithecous anthers.
o Ray florets radiate outwards from margins of Monothecous Dithecous
the thalamus in the head inflorescence. One lobe Two lobes
16. Define : Hypanthodium two pollen sacs Four pollen sacs
o Receptacle is concave and cup shaped.
(microsporangia). (microsporangia)
o Upper end has an opening called ostiole
25. What is meant by monadelphous stamens?
o It is protected by scales.
o All the stamens of a flower are united
o Inside receptacle 3 types of flowers are present
o in one bundle by fusion of filaments only.
Male flowers - in the upper part,
26. Distinguish apocarpous and syncarpous ovary
Female flowers - base
Apocarpous syncarpous ovary
o Neutral flowers - between male and female
Gynoecium made up of Gynoecium consists of
17. Define : Corymb
two or more carpels two or more carpels
o It is a type of racemose.
which are free which are fused
o Main axis is not elongated .
27. Define fruit.
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o Pedicels are of unequal length.
o Older flowers have long and short pedicels.
o So all flowers appear at the same level.
18. Define : Involucre
A fertilized and developed ovary
28. What are the three groups of fruits?
o Simple
o aggregate
o Head inflorescence is surrounded by green
o multiple or composite fruits.
coloured bracts called Involucre of bracts.
29. Define simple fruit.
o They protect young flowers and fruits
o Single fruit develops from single ovary of
19. Define : Umbellet
single flower
o Involucre of bracts give rise to branches called
o Ovary may be monocarpellary or
rays from their axils.
multicarpellary , syncarpous
o Each ray produces an involucel of bracts at its
30. What are dry dehiscent fruits?
tip from axils
o Simple fruits having dry pericarp
o Flowers arise having pedicels of equal length
o They split automatically on ripening
in acropetal order.
o Dischage their seeds
o Each umbel is called an umbellet.
31. What are the two processes necessary for the
20. What are monoecious plants?
development of fruits?
o Male - female flowers develop in same plant
o Pollination
21. Define aestivation.
o fertilization
o Mode of arrangement of either sepals or petals
32. Define aggregate fruits.
of a flower in bud condition
o Aggregate fruit develops from
22. What is a bisexual flower?
single flower, multicarpellary, apocarpous,
o Flower having both
superior ovaries
male sex organ (Androecium)
o Each develops into simple fruitlets.

33. What is legume? Give an example. o f1 hybrid is crossed with reccesive parent
o A dehiscent dry fruit produced from o Both dominent and reccesive phenotype will
a monocarpellary, superior ovary, appar in equal proportion (1:1).
o Dehisces from both sutures into two valves 9. Define : Back cross
eg. Pea o F1hybrid crossed to any pure breeding parents
34. How does fleshy fruit differ from dry fruit? 10. Define : Alleles
Fleshy fruit o Alternative forms of same gene
o Either entire pericarp or part of pericarp is o That controls pair of contrasting character
succulent and juicy when fully ripe. 11. Define : Law of purity of gametes
o They are indehiscent o Pair of contrasting factors or genes or
Dry Fruits allelomorphs are brought together in a
o These fruits have dry pericarp heterozygote or hybrid,
o Not distinguished into three layers. o Two members of allelic pair remain together
o They may be indehiscent or dehiscent without mixing
GENETICS o When gametes are formed the two separate
1. Define : Heredity out, so that only one enters each gamete
o Transmission of characters, resemblances, 12. Define : Dihybrid test cross
differences from one generation to next. o In a dihybrid test cross four types of
2. Define : Variation phenotypes are obtained in equal proportions.
o Differences shown by individuals of same o Test cross is used to determine
species 1. whether segregation of alleles taken place
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o Also by offsprings (siblings) of same parents. 2. if hybrid is homozygous or heterozygous.
3. Define : Homunculus 13. Define : Exon
o Miniature form of entire organism contained o In Eukaryotes, genes on DNA strand have
in sex cells like sperm or egg. coding regions called exons
o This is called preformation theory 14. Define : Intron
4. Define : Parthenogenesis o Interrupted by non-coding DNA segments
o Development of fruit without fertilization and o do not carry genetic information called
seed formation introns.
5. Define : Pangenes 15. Define : Splicing
o Theory of Pangenesis proposed by Aristotle, o Genes while producing m-RNA will first form
o Animal body produces minute bodies a primary transcript
o called gemmules or pangenes o It will then cut off introns to form functional
m-RNA This is called splicing.
o Carried by blood to reproductive organs.
o Pangenes of both parents blend to give rise to 16. Define : Codon
a new individual. o Sequence of three nucleotides
6. Name scientists who rediscovered Mendel o That code for an aminoacid
o Carl Correns Germany 17. Define : Incomplete dominance
o Hugo de Vries Holland o F1 hybrid does not resemble either of parents.
o Tshermak Austria o Hybrid exhibited an intermediate character
7. Define: true breeding o Both genes of allelomorphic pair showed
o Produce same type of offsprings for any partial expression.
number of generations when selfed 18. Define : Gene interaction.
8. Define : Monohybrid test cross o It is a condition

o One pair of genes reverses or inhibits effect of o Minute opening on leaves & stems epidermis
another pair of genes o Most of water loss by transpiration (about
o By causing modification of normal phenotype 95%) takes place through stomata
19. Define : Epistasis. 10. Define : Transpiration
o Epistasis means “standing over”. o Loss of water in the form of vapour from
o Suppression of gene on one locus of aerial parts of plant
chromosome by gene present at other locus 11. Define : Starch - sugar interconversion
o Suppressed gene - hypostatic o During day enzyme phosphorylase converts
o Other gene - epistatic starch to sugar
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY o Thus increasing osmotic potential of guard
1. Define : Tyndall effect cells causing entry of water.
o Scattering of light beam by colloid particles o Reverse reaction at night brings about closure.
o This is a property of protoplasm 12. Define : Transpiration pull
2. Define : Brownian movement. o Transpiration through leaves causes negative
o Random motion caused by uneven pressure or tension in xylem sap
bombardment of particles o It is transmitted to root.
o Protoplasm shows this zig-zag movement. o This is called transpiration pull
3. Define : Imbibition. o It is responsible for upward water movement.
o Uptake of water or other solvents 13. Define : Cohesion
o By nonliving substances (gum, starch, wood) o Mutual attraction between water molecules
o causing swelling of these substances. 14. Define : Vital theories
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o Such substances are called imbibants. o Pumping of upward water due to vital activity
4. Define : Diffusion. of xylem parenchyma and xylem rays.
o Flow of solids, liquids and gases 15. Define : Hydroponics
o from a region of higher concentration o Growth of plants in water and sand culture.
o to a region of lower concentration o Also be referred to as
o until equilibrium is attained. 1. soil-less agriculture,
o Examples: smell of perfume. 2. test-tube farming,
5. Define : DPD. 3. tank farming
o Amount by which diffusion pressure of a 4. chemical gardening
solution is lower than that of its pure solvent 16. Define : Exanthema
6. Define : Wall pressure. o It is a copper deficiency disease
o As a result of turgor pressure on the cell wall, o It causes the yield of gums on bark
the rigid cell wall exerts an equal pressure in 17. Define : Reclamation
o the opposite direction called wall pressure. o It is a Copper deficiency disease
7. Define : Water potential. o Caused in plants on newly reclaimed soil
Difference between o where seed formation is affected.
o free energy of water molecules in water to 18. Define : Translocation of solutes
o free energy of water in any other system. o Synthesized food from leaves is translocated
8. Define : Permeability. to different plant parts
o Entry and exit of water int out of plant cells o depending on their requirement
o It is due to permeability phenomenon of 19. Define : Ammonification
plasma membrane. o Conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonium
9. Define : Stomata ions by microbes present in the soil.
o Sources of organic nitrogen in soil are

o animal excreta dead and decaying plant and o Grafting is possible in plants having vascular
animal remains cambia.
o Acted upon by o It is absent in monocots.
ammonifying saprotrophic bacteria 5. Define totipotency.
certain soil fungi and actinomycetes. o Ability of every living plant cell to produce
20. Define : Dentrification the entire plant is called totipotency
o Conversion of nitrate and nitrite into 6. What is Micropropagation
ammonia, nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide o Rapid method of vegetative multiplication of
o Gaseous nitrogen is released into atmosphere valuable plant material
o Dentrificans involved in this process o For agriculture, horticulture and forestry.
Pseudomonas denitrificans, o A large number of plantlets are produced from
Bacillus subtilis, Thiobacillus Dentrificans a small mass of explanted plant tissue.
21. Define : Donnan Equilibrium 7. Double triple fusion. What is the product of
o Proposed by F.G. Donnan this process?
o When a cell having fixed anions is immersed o During fertilization in angiosperm,
in salt solution 1. 2nd male gamete moves further central cell
o Equal number of anions move into cell. 2. Fuses with two haploid polar nuclei or diploid
o To balance negative charges of fixed ions secondary nucleus
additional cations move into cell 3. Forms a triploid primary endosperm nucleus.
o Cell sap cation concentration becomes higher o This process involving fusion of three necle is
than external medium. called triple fusion.
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REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY 8. What is double fertilization?
1. What is grafting? o Whole phenomenon of fertilization
o Common method of vegetative propagation. o involving fusion of one male gamete with egg.
o Part of two plants are joined in such a way that o together with fusion of second male gamete
they grow as one plant. with polar nuclei
o Grafting is done between two closely related 9. What is meant by tegmen?
dictyledonous plants having vascular cambia. o tegmen is thin and membranous
o Rooted supporting portion of one plant, called 10. What is cotyledon?
stock is joined with twig of another plant o Seed leaves are called cotyledons
called scion. o It may be one or two in number
2. What is a bulbil? 11. What is funicle?
o Spherical multicellular fleshy buds o Stalk by which ovule is attached to placentra
o Produced in axil of foliage leaves in place of 12. What is hypocotyl?
axillary buds o Portion of axis between radicle and the point
o They grow to form new plants, when shed and of attachment of the cotyledons to axis
fall on the ground. 13. Define epicotyle.
Eg: Oxalis and Pine apple. o Portion between plumule and cotyledons
3. Differentiate between stolon and sucker. o Axis along with cotyledon constitute embryo
Stolons Sucker 14. Define senescence in plants.
Grow horizontally Laterally developed o Period between reproductive maturity and
outwards bear nodes branches grow death of a plant or a part of it.
and internodes. obliquely upwards.
o Characterized by a collective, progressive and
Branches originate ranches originate
from stem base laterally deteriorative developmental process
4. Why grafting not possible in monocot plants?

o Ultimately leads to complete loss of o That is inadequate to support all individuals

organization and function of plant /parts of it. seeking it
o Study of senescence is phytogerontology. o Even if resource is adequate, individuals harm
15. What are the four kinds of senescence? one another in trying to obtain it.
o Whole plant senescence 6. What are hydrophytes?
o Shoot Senescence o Plants growing in plenty watersupply regions
o Sequential senescence of Organ senescence o Pond, pool, lake, river, marshes or wet soils.
o Simultaneous senescence 7. What are three ecological groups of plants?
16. What is the significance of senescence in the o Hydrophytes
life of a plant? o Xerophytes
o It sheds off senescent & dead parts of plants. o Mesophytes
o It sheds off ripe fruits 8. Define : Xerophytes
o It helps in dispersal and life cycle of plant. o Plants growing in dry habitats
o In lower plants, shedding gemmae or plantlets o Or xeric conditions
helps in vegetative propagation. 9. Define conservation?
17. What is abscission? o Man exploits natural resources indiscrimately
o Separation of leaves,flowers,fruits from plant. The world is facing ecological crisis
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY o Several methods are adapted to save resources
1. Write short note on soil water. 1. To reduce wastages
o Soil water very important in plant physiology 2. using energy efficient devices
o It occurs in various forms, such as 3. So that natural resources will last long.
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gravitational, capillary, hygroscopic
combined water.
o Rain is the principal source of water for soil.
2. What is symbiosis?
o It is called conservation of natural resources
10. How do forests protect the environment?
o Keeps atmosphericbalance by consuming CO2
o Release O2 , essential for animal life.
o Symbiosis means ‘living together’. o Removal forest would disturb composition of
o It is a kind of relationship or interaction natural air.
between two organisms o An acre forest absorbs 4 ton of CO2 gas
o One or both the members are benefited in o Recycles 8tonnes of oxygen into environment.
food, shelter, transport etc 11. What is meant by resources?
3. What are Mycorrhizae? o Source of supply/ support generally in reserve.
o Symbiotic association between a fungus and a o Materials and sources of energy needed for
root of higher plant survival and comforts of man
o It is of two types: 12. What are main sources of energy today?
1. Ectotrophic 2. Endotrophic. o Major energy sources
4. What are lichens? 1. fuel wood
o Contact is close, permanent and obligatory. 2. fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas)
o Their body is made up of a matrix o Direct energy resources
o Formed by a fungus 1. sunlight
o within its cells of alga is embedded. 2. hydroelectric
5. What is competition? 3. Wind power
o Negative Interactions 4. tidal
o Competition occurs when individuals attempt 5. Geothermal
to obtain a resource 6. Nuclear energy.

5 MARK Q & A 3. Sedimentation by ultra centrifugation :

BIO DIVERSITY 4. Comparative measurements:
1. List differences between plants and animals. a. Staphylococcus diameter of 1000 mm.
Plants Animals b. Bacteriophage size from 10-100 nm.
Plants have branches, They have definite shape 5. Write a note on: Significance of viruses.
asymmetrical body with of the body and absence i. Viruses are puzzle to biologists
green leaves. of branches. They show characteristics of living and non-
Non motile and fixed in a Ability to move from living things
place. place to place. ii. Viruses are used as biological research tools
Autotrophic mode of Heterotrophic mode of They have simple structure & multiply rapidly
Nutrition. nutrition Hence used in molecular biology, genetic
Excretory system and Excretory system and engineering, medicine etc.
nervous system absent. nervous system are well iii. Viruses are used in Biological Control
developed. Used in eradicating harmful pests like insects.
Reserve food material is Reserve food material is iv. Plant viruses are of pathogenic nature
starch. glycogen. Bacteriophages attack N2 fixing bacteria
Cells have cell wall. Cell lacks cell wall. Responsible for reducing the fertility of soil.
2. Justify a separate kingdom status for fungi? v. Viruses are used in industry
1. Either unicellular or multi-cellular organisms. To prepare sera and vaccines.
2. Mode of nutrition is heterotrophic 6. What are different shapes in bacteria? Give
examples
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since they lack the green pigment chlorophyll.
3. Some fungi are parasites (e.g Puccinia) i. Spherical (Cocci)
Others are saprotrops feed on dead organic A. Diplococci:
matter. (e.g.Rhizopus) Cells divide in one plane
4. Body is made up of filamentous structures remain attached in pairs.
called hyphae. B. Streptococci:
5. Cell wall is made up of chitin. cells divide in one plane
3. What are difficulties in classifying Euglena? remain attached to form chains.
1. Some species have chlorophyll C. Tetracocci: Cells
Hence autotrophic like plants. divide in two planes
2. Like animals they dependent on an external form group of four cells.
supply of vitamin B and vitamin B12 D. Staphylococci:
which they cannot synthesize by themselves. cells divide in 3 planes, in irregular
3. Few species lack chloroplasts pattern, producing bunches of cocci.
Hence colourless and non-photosynthetic. E. Sarcinae:
4. They have a saprotrophic mode of nutrition cells divide in 3 planes, in regular pattern,
Hence carry out extra-cellular digestion. producing a cuboidal arrangement of cells.
5. Colourless forms ingest small food particles ii. straight rods (Bacilli)
Carry out intracellular digestion diplobacilli occur singly
(holozoic nutrition). streptobacilli. in pairsor form chains
4. Discuss the methods used to measure virus size iii. helically curved rods (spirilla),
1. Direct observation using electron microscope: iv. some bacterial cells are pleomorphic
2. Filtration through graded porosity membranes They exhibit variety shapes eg. Arthrobacter

7. Describe flagellation found in bacteria. convert complex proteins in dead bodies of

Flagella vary both in number and arrangement plants and animals into ammonia later
according to two general patterns. converted into ammonium salts.
1. Polar arrangement 2. The nitrifying bacteria
Flagella are attached at one or both cell end. E.g Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas
a. monotrichous – with a single flagellum convert ammonium salt into nitrite and nitrate
b. lophotrichous 3. Nitrogen fixing bacteria
with small bunches of flagella from one end E.g Azotobacter, Clostridium
c. amphitrichous Rhizobium (a symbiotic bacterium)
with flagella at both poles of the cell convert atmospheric nitrogen into organic nitrogen
2. Peritrichous arrangement 10. Write about symbiotic nutrition in fungi.
flagella are dispersed randomly over cell. o Symbiosis means ‘living together’.
3. lack flagellum. o Kind of relationship between two organisms
Atrichous bacteria o Members are benefited in food, transport etc
8. Discuss the role of bacteria in industry? Mycorrhizae
1. Dairy Industry o Symbiotic association between a fungus and a
Streptococcus lactis root of higher plant
convert milk sugar lactose into lactic acid. o Fungus receives carbohydrates and vitamins
from tree
C12 H 22 O11  H 2O 
4 C3H 6O3  Energy
Lactose Lactic Acid o Break down soil humus proteins to amino acid
Lactobacillus bulgaricus o It is absorbed and utilized by plant
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convert milk into curd, yoghurt
Lactobacillus acidophobus
convert milk into cheese
Lichens
o Contact is close, permanent and obligatory.
o Alga contributes food by photosynthesis
o Fungus absorbs water and mineral salts
2. Vinegar
Acetobactor aceti oxidizes ethyl alcohol 11. Give salient features of Ascomycotina
obtained from molasses by fermentation to o Septate Hyphae,haplophase vegetative body
acetic acid or vinegar. o Includes yeasts, moulds, cup fungi
3. Alcohols and Acetone o Asexual reproduction by non-motile spores
Butyl alcohol, methyl alcohol and acetone are such asoidia, chlamydospores and conidia.
prepared from molasses by fermentation o Sexual reproduction by
activity of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Gametangial copulation (yeasts).
4. Curing of tobacco,tea and coffee gametangial contact (Penicillium)
Leaves of tea, tobacco, beans of coffee are somatogamy (Morchella).
fermented by activity of certain bacteria to o Characterized by development of ascospores.
impart the characteristic flavour. o Ascospores are enclosed in sac like ascus
5. Retting of fibres o Asci is aggregated to fruit bodies (ascocarps)
Fibres from fibre yielding plants are separated 12. Give salient features of Basidiomycotina
by action Clostridium species. o Septate hyphae dikaryophase vegetative body
9. Discuss the role of bacteria in soil fertility. o Highly evolved club shaped fungi
1. Ammonifying bacteria o Basidium bears four basidiospores at its tip.
E.g Bacillus ramosus , B. mycoides o Common examples
o mushroom, toadstool, puff ball, bracket fungi

o Mycelia are of two types. 1. Chlorphylls

o Primary multiplies by pycnidiospores. o Chlorphyll a is universal in all algal class
o Fusion occurs between two basidiospores o chlorophyll b,c,d,e restricted to some algae
o Or two hyphal cells of primary mycelia. 2. Carotenoids
o Fruiting bodies are called basidiocarps. o Yellow, orange or red coloured pigments
13. Give salient features of Zygomycotina o Includes caroteins and Xanthophylls.
o Haplophase vegetative body. 3. Biliproteins.
o Non-motile asexual spores o Water soluble biliproteins called phyco
o Sexual reproduction by fusion of two multi- erythrin (red) and phycocyanin (blue)
nucleate gametangia producing a zygospore. o occur in Rhodophyceae and
o Also known as conjugation fungi. Cyanophyceae (cyanobacteria)
o Cell wall is made up of chitin and chitosan. ii. Pigments absorb sunlight at in blue and red
o Includes two classes: Rhizopus and Mucor range and help in photosynthesis.
14. What is eutrophication?Write it’s significance? iii. Pigmentation is important classificatio criteria
o Algae blooms is dense mass material iv. Algae colour is due to dominance of pigment
o Formed due to high nutrient availability, by In red algae (Rhodophyceae) red pigment
sewage fertilizers phycoerythrin is dominant over others.
o Sudden explosive growth algae deplete water v. Pigments are in chloroplasts membranes.
of oxygen. Few spherical bodies called pyrenoids are
o This leads to death of aquatic life. present in each algae chloroplast
o Increase of nutrients which starts off the entire They are centres of starch formation.
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process is called eutrophication
o Toxins by algal bloom lead to mortality.
o This is a serious problem in lakes and oceans.
o Toxins is stored by shellfish feeding on algae
17. What is heterospory? What is it’s significance?
1. Heterosporous plants produce
spores :
2 types of
o large megaspores
o It may be passed on to man causing paralytic o small mircrospores.
shellfish poisoning 2. Megaspores give rise to female prothalli
15. Write notes on: It bears female sex organs archegonia.
Nutrition and reserved food materials in algae. 3. Microspores give rise to male Prothalli.
i. Algae are autotrophic in nutrition mode It bears male sex organs antheridia.
ii. Carbohydrate reserves are various forms of 4. Sperms (antherozoids) produced by antheridia
starch in different classes of Algae. travel to archegonium
iii. Chlorophyceae - starch 5. Both male and female gametophytes remain
Rhodophyceae - Floridean starch protected inside their respective spores.
Phaeophyceae - laminarian starch 6. Large number of Microspores produced
Euglenophyceae - paramylon. They are dispersed by wind
iv. Phaeophyceae - mannitol&carbohydrate 7. Evolution of heterospory is an important step
Xanthophyceae and towards the evolution of seed bearing plants.
Bacillariophyceae - fats, oils and lipids. 18. What are the salient features of Pteridophytes?
v. Nature of reserve food material is important 1. Heteromorphic alternation of generation
criterion used in classification 2. Plant body of Sporophyte is dominant phase.
16. Write about the pigmentation in algae. 3. Sporophyte differentiated into root,stem,leave
i. 3 types of Photosynthetic pigments in algae. 4. Vascular tissue are present.

5. Xylem lacks vessels but tracheids present. 1. Paper Manufacture

6. In phloem sieve tubes,companion cells absent eg. Pinus Woods.
7. Asexual reproduction takes place by spores. 2. Source of soft wood
8. Most pteridophytes are homosporous i.e they for construction, packing, ply wood industry
produce one type of spores. eg. Cedrus,
9. A few show heterospory i.e they produce two 3. AgathisTurpentine
types of spores microspores and megaspores. Obtained from Pinus resin.
10. Male sex organ antheridium Used as solvent in paint and polishes.
Female sex organ archegonium. Used medicinally for pain, bronchitis etc.
19. Discuss the advantages of seed habit. 4. Ephedrine
1. All reproduction process are completed Alkaloid obtained from Ephedra.
i.e spore production, fertilization etc. Used to cure asthma and respiratory problems
2. Seed is borne on parent plant and is nourished 5. Saw dust of conifers
3. Seed contains embryo or future plant used in making linoleum and plastics.
4. Seed protected it from adverse weather 6. Rosin Resin
5. Nourishes it and allows to germinate on Pinus species yields
favourable condition used in water proofing and sealing joints.
6. Thus, Seed enables plant to survie on land 7. Pinus gerardiana seeds are edible.
20. Differentiate: Gymnosperm - Angiosperm 8. Araucaria ornamental plant.
Gymnospermae Angiospermae CELL BIOLOGY
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No vessels in xylem, xylem has vessels, 1. Differentiate: plant and animal cell.
only tracheids
Plant cell Animal cell.
(except Gnetales)
No companion cells in Companion cells are in contains plastids Plastids are absent
phloem. phloem larger than animal cell small in size
sporangia and spores sporangia and spores Centrosome is only in All animal cells have
develop on cones develop in flowers
lower plant cell. Centrosomes
Naked & exposed Seeds Seeds are enclosed in
Not enclosed in ovary. ovary. Fewer , larger either absent or very
No fruit After fertilization ovary Vacuoles small
because no ovary develops into fruit. outer rigid cell wall, Cell wall is absent.
Eg: Cycads, Conifers, Flowering plants made up of cellulose
Ginkgos
21. Write the salient features of Gymnosperms. distinct, definite shape Not so definite
1. Intermediate between pteridophyte &angiosperm Lysosomes only in Found in all cells.
2. No vessels in xylem, only tracheids eukaryotic plant cells.
(except Gnetales) 2. State the important features of cell doctrine
3. No companion cells in phloem. 1. All organisms are made up of cells.
4. Sporangia and spores develop on cones 2. New cells are produced from pre existing cells
5. Naked & exposed Seeds 3. Cell is a structural and functional unit of all
6. Seeds are not enclosed in ovary. living organisms.
7. No fruit because no ovary
4. Cell contains hereditary information passed on
8. Pollination is mostly by wind (anemophilous).
from cell to cell during cell division.
9. Spores are grouped into compact cones or strobili
5. All cells are basically same in chemical
10. Heteromorphic alternation of generations.
composition and metabolic activities.
22. Write economic importance of gymnosperms.

6. Structure and function are controlled by DNA. 5. Adjacent cell Pits are opposite to each other.
7. Some times dead cells may remain functional 6. Such pits form a morphological andfunctional
as tracheids and vessels in plants and horny unit called the pit pair.
cells in animals. 7. Each pit has pit chamber and a pit membrane.
3. Describe the ultra structure of prokaryotic cell 8. Pit membrane consists of
1. Bacterium is surrounded by two definite middle lamella and primary wall.
membranes separated by periplasmic space. many minute pores and they are permeable
2. Outer layer is designated as cell wall. 9. Pits are of two types.
It contains peptidoglycan, polysaccharides, 1. Simple pits
lipid and protein molecules. width of the pit chamber is uniform
3. Plasma membrane is a lipoprotein structure 2. Bordered pits.
It ontrols entry and exit of molecules and ions. secondary wall partly overhangs the pit.
Enzymes of metabolites and photosynthesis, 10. Pits help in the translocation of substances
present in plasma membrane between two adjacent cells.
4. Chromosome is naked DNA tightly coiled 6. Discuss the functions of cell wall.
within nucleoid 1. Gives definite shape to the cell.
5. Bacteria contains an extrachromosomal 2. Protects internal protoplasm against injury.
circular DNA called plasmid. 3. Gives rigidity to the cell
It is responsible for antibiotic resistance 4. Prevents plant cell bursting due to endosmosis.
6. Ribosomes are composed of RNA and proteins 5. Walls of xylem vessels, tracheids and sieve
sites of protein synthesis. tubes specialized for long distance transport.
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7. Ribosomes groups are called polyribosomes or
polysomes.
8. Motile bacteria have thin hair like flagella.
Flagella are used for locomotion.
6. Takes part in offense and defense.
7. List the functions of plasma membrane.
1. Intercellular and intra cellular transport
o Transporting nutrients into and metabolic
4. What is plasmodesmata? Explain wastes out of cell
1. Cell wall is not totally complete around cell. o preventing unwanted materials from
2. Cell wall is interrupted by narrow pores with entering cell.
strands of cytoplasm, o Plasma membrane contains specific
3. They are called plasmodesmata. transport proteins
4. They form protoplasmic continuum called o That permit passage of certain small
symplast. molecule but not others.
5. Plasmodesmata consists of canal, lined by 2. Plasma membrane maintains proper ionic
plasma membrane. composition pH (~7.2) and osmotic pressure
6. It has a simple or branched tubule known as of cytosol.
desmotubule.
3. Enzymes bound to plasma membrane catalyze
7. Desmotubule is extension of endoplasmic reactions that would occur with difficulty in an
reticulum.
aqueous environment.
8. Plasmodesmata serves as a passage for many 4. Plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells
substances to pass through.
contain receptor proteins that bind specific
9. They may have a role in the relay of stimuli signaling molecules like
5. What are pits? Explain their types. hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters
4. Pits are areas on cell wall on which secondary etc. leading to various cellular responses.
wall is not laid down.

8. Define diffusion. 7. Releaseds energy brings conformational

Discuss factors that affect diffusion rate. change in the carrier-ransportant- complex
Diffusion 8. Transportant is carried though the channel on
Flow of solids, liquids and gases from a region of the other side of the membrane.
higher concentration to a region of lower 9. Carrier molecule regains its original form and
concentration until equilibrium is attained. repeats the process.
The rate of diffusion is directly proportional to 11. Draw a plant cell and label it’s parts.
1. substance concentration
2. medium temperature
3. diffusion pathway area
The diffusion is inversely proportional to
1. size of substance molecules
2. molecular weight of substance molecule
3. distance over which molecules have to diffuse
9. Describe Uniporter Catalyzed transport.
1. Plasma membrane contains several uniporters
2. They enable amino acids, nucleosides, sugars
and small molecules to enter and leave cells
3. They accelerate thermodynamically favoured
reaction.
12. Explain the ultrastructure of chloroplast.
4. This movement is called facilitated transport
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1. Chloroplasts vary in size and shape
uniport transport over passive diffusion
surrounded by an outer and inner membrane.
1. Rate of transport is far higher than predicted
2. Chloroplasts contain internal system of
2. Transport is specific
extensive inter connected membrane- limited
3. Transport occurs via limited number of
sacs called thylakoids
transporter proteins
3. These are grouped in stakes of 20-50
10. Describe Active Transport across membranes.
thylakoids to form grana and embedded in a
1. Active transport is Energy dependent transport
matrix called stroma.
of molecules or ions across a semi permeable
4. Stroma, a semi fluid, colourless, colloidal
membrane against the concentration gradient.
complex contain DNA, RNA ribosomes and
2. Takes place with the help of carrier proteins in
several enzymes.
plasma membrane.
5. DNA of chloroplast is circular. Ribosomes are
3. For each type of solute molecule
70s type. Higher plant’s may have starch
there is a specific carrier molecule
6. Many membranous tubules called stroma
or permeases or translocases
lamellae inter connect thylakoids
4. It has got two binding sites;
7. Thylakoid membrane contains green pigments
one for transportant
(Chlorophylls) and other pigments and
other for ATP molecule. enzymes that absorb light and generate ATP
5. Carrier proteins bind transportant molecule during photosynthesis
out side plasma membrane.
13. Explain cell cycle
6. ATP molecule binds itself to other binding site 1. Most eukaryotic cells live according to an
of carrier protein and hydrolysed to form ADP internal clock

2. They proceed through a sequence of phases 5. Recombination of genes results in genetic

called cell cycle. variation.
3. Cell cycle follows regular timing mechanism 6. Genetic variations form raw materials for
4. DNA is duplicated during synthesis (S)Phase evolution.
5. Copies are distributed to daughter cells during PLANT MORPHOLOGY
mitotic (M) phase. 1. Describe the parts of a typical root.
6. Growing plant and animal cells take 10-20 1. Root Cap:
hours to double in number and some duplicate
Cap like structure that covers root apex
at a much slower rate.
Root cap protects root apex.
7. A multi cellular organism starts it’s life as a
2. Meristematic Zone(Zone of cell division):
single cell (zygote).
Growing tip lying beyond root cap.
8. Multiplication of single cell and its descend
actively dividing and increasing Cells.
ants determine growth and development of
organism and this is achieved by cell division. 3. Zone of elongation:
9. Cell division is a complex process by which Lies just above meristematic zone.
cellular material is equally divided between Cells increase in size.
daughter cells. Helps in the growth in length of the plant root.
10. Cell division in living things are three kinds. 4. Zone of cell differentiation : (
1. Amitosis 2. Mitosis 3. Meiosis. Lies above elongation zone.
14. Write the significance of mitosis Cells differentiate into different types.
1. Two daughter cells identical to each other and Form epidermis, cortex and vascular bundles.
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identical to the mother cell are formed. Root hairs are responsible for absorbing water
2. Ensures that daughter cells possess a genetical and minerals from soil.
identity both quantitatively and qualitatively. 2. Describe the types of root system
3. Forms the basis of continuation of organisms. 1. Tap root system
4. Asexual reproduction of lower plants is o Develops from embryo radicle
possible only by mitosis. o Radicle grows in to primary or tap root.
5. Vegetative reproduction in higher plants are o It produces branches called secondary roots.
consequence of mitosis. o These branch to produce tertiary roots.
6. Helps growth and development of multi o Further branch to produce fine rootlets.
cellular organism o Tap root and branches are tap root system.
7. Helps in the regeneration of lost or damaged o Tap root system is the characteristic feature of
tissue and in wound healing. most of the dicot plants
8. Chromosomal number is maintained constant 2. Adventitious root system
by mitosis for each species 3. Root developing from any part of plant other
15. Write the significance of Meiosis than the radicle is called adventitious root.
1. Helps to maintain chromosome number 4. It may develop from stem base or nodes or
constant in each plant and animal species. internodes.
2. Four haploid daughter cells are formed from a 5. Adventitious roots of a plant along with their
single diploid cell. branches constitute adventitious root system.
3. This is very important in sexual reproduction 3. Write about the functions of roots?
during the formation of gametes. Primary functions
4. Occurrence of crossing over results in 1. Absorption:
recombination of genes.

Absorption of water and minerals from soil 7. Pitcher rim is beautifully coloured and
with the help of root hairs. provided with nectar glands
2. Anchorage: 8. Inner wall is provided fluid secreting glands
Roots help to fix plant firmly in the soil. 9. Hairs pointed downwards below the rim to
Secondary functions escape of insects.
1. Storage of food 10. Insects drowned in the fluid and digested by
2. Additional support enzymes secreted by the glands.
3. Haustorial function 11. Thus the plant is able to get nitrogenous food.
4. Assimilation e.g.Nepenthes
5. Respiration 7. Distinguish a simple leaf from a compound leaf.
6. Symbiosis Simple Leaf Compound Leaf
4. Describe phyllode Axillary bud is in axil of Axillary bud is in the axil
1. Petiole or any part of rachis becomes flattened a simple leaf of a leaf.
or winged taking leaf shape and turning green But the leaflets of a
in colour. compound have them.
2. This flattened or winged petiole or rachis is Stipules are present at the Stipules are not present at
known as the phyllode. base simple leaves. the base of Leaflets
3. Pinnately compound normal leaf develops in Incisions are not deep leaves are divided into
the young stage, but soon falls off. enough to divide blade distinct leaflets.
4. Phyllode performs all functions of leaf. into leaflets.
5. Wing develops in the vertical direction so that
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sunlight cannot fall on its surface;
this reduces evaporation of water.
e.g Acacia
8. Describe mixed inflorescence with examples.
Axis starts as a racemose inflorescence and shows
branching in a cymose fashion. Types:-
Thyrsus
5. Describe phylloclade Main axis shows simple dichasial cymes
1. Green, flattened or cylindrical stems with arranged in a racemose manner
nodes and internodes.
eg. Ocimum.
2. Leaves are reduced to spines to reduce water
Verticillaster
loss by transpiration
A pair of dichasial cymes arise from axils of
since these plants grow in xeric conditions.
opposite flowers.
3. Stem becomes flat like a leaf
Later grow as monochasial scorpioid cymes
and performs photosynthesis. .
eg. Leucas.
4. Stem performing the function of leaf becomes
Mixed Spadix
succulent due to storage of water and food
Cymose clusters arranged on swollen
eg. Opuntia
inflorescence axis from base to apex.
6. Describe the pitcher plant. Each cymose cluster is surrounded by a large
1. Leaf becomes modified into a pitcher. bract called spathe.
2. A slender stalk coiled like a tendril holds e.g Musa
vertical pitcher
9. Give an account of head inflorescence
3. Basal portion is flattened like a leaf.
Main axis is flattened and assumes various shapes.
4. Pitcher provided with lid covers mouth. On flattened axis flowers are arranged.
5. Pitcher captures and digests insets. Types : 1.head or capitulum 2. compound head.
6. Lamina is modified into pitcher. I. Head or Capitulum

1. Flattened Main axis and functions as thalamus. eg. Jasminum.

2. This bears numerous florets in acropetal order. 11. Explain special types of inflorescence
3. Inflorescence is surrounded by green involucre Inflorescence cannot be included in racemose or
of bracts protect young flowers and fruits. cymose type
4. Sessile Florets are of two types. Cyathium
1. Disc florets 2. Ray florets. 1. Iinflorescence looks like a single flower.
5. Based on florets type, head inflorescence is 2. Bracts are united to form a cup - like structure
two types enclosing a convex receptacle.
i. Homogamous Head 3. Reduced unisexual flowers on receptacle.
Only Single kind florets, ray or disc florets 4. Naked single female flower in the receptacle
eg. Vernonia disc florets centre represented by gynoecuim borne on
Launaea ray florets. long stalk.
ii. Heterogamous Head 5. Around female flower five groups of naked
Both ray and disc type. male flowers represented by a single stamen
Disc florets - in the centre of thalamus arising in a bract axil.
Ray florets - radiate outwards from 6. Beautiful nectaries are at inflorescence top
thalamus eg. Euphorbia cyathophora.
eg. Helianthus, Tridax. Hypanthodium
II. Compound Head 1. Concave, cup shaped receptacle
inflorescence axis is branched 2. Upper opening ostiole is protected by scales.
3. Inside receptacle there are three types of
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each branch bears a head inflorescence.
e.g Lagasca mollis flowers are present.
10. Classify cymose inflorescence. Explain any two 4. Male flowers - in the upper part,
female flower - towards base
neutral flower- between male -female flowers.
eg. Ficus.
Coenanthium
1. Fleshy,circular disc like receptacle structure.
2. Disc centre contains female flowers
Simple Cyme Around these male flowers present
1. Stem type or leaf show a single flower a joint eg. Dorstenia.
on pedicel. 12. Explain hypogynous and epigynous flowers
2. Such flowers are referred to as Hypogyny
terminal solitary and axillary solitary cyme o Thalamus is convex or elongated, carpel
eg. Papaver - Terminal solitary cyme, occupies top most position on it.
Hibiscus - Axillary solitary cyme o Other floral members sepals, petals, and
Simple Dichasium stamens are placed below them.
1. It is a group of three flowers. o This mode of arrangement is called hypogyny.
2. Inflorescence axis ends in a flower. Flower is described as hypogynous.
3. Two lateral bracts at the flower base give rise o Ovary is known as superior.
to branches ending in a flower. eg. Malvaceae,Annonaceae etc.
4. Hence three flowers in the inflorescence Epigyny
5. Central flower is the oldest o Thalamus is cup shaped,

lower part of ovary is at the bottom of cup o Flower with bilateral symmetry,
fused with inner wall of thalamus. o Parts of one or more whorls are dissimilar.
o Other floral members inserted upon the ovary. o Flower can be divided into two equal halves in
o This mode on arrangement is called epigyny. only one vertical plane,
Flower is said to be epigynous. eg. Pisum
o The ovary is said to be inferior. iii. Asymmetric.
eg. Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rubiaceae etc. Flower cannot be divided into two equal
13. Explain the different types of calyx. halves along any vertical plane,
o Calyx is the outermost whorl of flower eg. Canna
composed of sepals. 15. Describe aggregate fruit
o It protects the inner parts of flower o Develops from single flower, with multi
o After opening of flower, calyx usually falls carpellary, apocarpous, superior ovary
off but it may persist in some cases. o Each of them develops into simple fruitlets.
o According to its duration, it is described as o Aggregate fruit has collection of simple fruits
1. Caducous or Fugacious: e.g Polyalthia.
Calyx falls off, before flowers are opened o Carpels unite and give rise to a single fruit
eg. Papaver,Magnolia etc. e.g Annona squamosa.
2. Deciduous : 16. Describe multiple fruit with a suitable example.
Calyx falls off after opening of flower 1. Multiple or composite fruit is formed by all
eg Nelumbo flowers of whole inflorescence grouped
together to give a single big fruit.
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3. Persistent :
Calyx persists even after fruit formation 2. Multiple fruits are false fruits.
4. Accrescent: 3. Jack is sorosis a sososis type multiple fruit.
Calyx not only persistent but also grows along 4. Rachis and all floral parts of female
with development of the fruit. inflorescence fuse together as composite fruit.
eg. Physalis 5. Inflorescence axis and flowers become fleshy.
14. How the symmetry of a flower is determined? 6. In the centre of fruit, club shaped, thick, fleshy
Describe the types of symmetry seen in flower. central axis, is the inflorescence axis.
Symmetry of a flower 7. Edible part is fleshy and juicy perianth.
o Shape, size, arrangement of floral appendages 8. Pericarp is bag like and contains one seed.
(i.e.Calyx,corolla,androecium and gynoecium) 9. Spines on tough rind are sigmas of carpel.
around axis of flower is floral symmetry. 10. Sterile or unfertilized flowers, occur in the
o Mother axis - Axis to which flower attached form of numerous, elongated, whitish, flat
o Posterior - flower side towards mother axis structures in between the edible flakes.
o Anterior - Side away from it. 17. Bring out difference in dicot and monocot seed
Types of Symmetry
i. Actinomorphic:
o Flower with radial symmetry,
o Parts of whorl similar in size and shape.
o Flower is divided into two equal halves along
more than one median longitudinal plane
eg. Hibiscus,Solanum, etc.
ii. Zygomorphic:

GENETICS By selfing F2 offsprings he found that

1. Give the early views of heredity o F2 dwarf plants bred true generation after
i. Moist Vapour Theory generation whether self or cross pollinated.
Each organ of animal body produced vapours o Of F2 tall plants 1/3 bred true for tallness.
New organism formed by combining organs. o Rest 2/3 produced tall and dwarf in 3:1.
ii. Fluid Theory o F2 generation consisted of 3 types of plants.
Both male and female produced semen i. Tall homozygous (pure) - 25%
When these mix embryoformed ii. Tall heterozygous - 50%
male semen gave form and vitality to embryo. iii. Dwarf homozygous (pure) - 25%
iii. Preformation Theories Monohybrid cross is 1:2:1
sex cells contained within itself entire It is called the genotypic ratio.
organism in a miniature form "homunculus". 4. Explain the molecular structure of a gene
iv. Particulate Theory Gene may be subdivided into different units
Body of each parent gave rise to minute Recon
particles for reproduction to form offspring. undergoes crossing over and recombination and as
v. Pangenesis small as a single nuclecotide pair.
Animal body produces minute bodies called Muton
gemmules or pangenes which were carried by Smallest unit of a gene that undergo mutation and
blood to reproductive organs. can involve a pair of nucleotides.
2. What are basic features of inheritance Cistron
i. Every trait has two alternative forms. Functional unit and synthesize one polypeptide
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ii. One alternative form is more commonly
expressed than other.
iii. Any alternative form can remain unexpressed
Operon
Group of genes having operator, structural gene
and other genes which all function as a unit.
for many years. 5. Give the postulates of the chromosome theory
iv. Hidden character reappear in original form. i. Factors described by Mendel are genes which
v. Characters or traits are expressed due to are actual physical units of heredity.
discrete particulate matter and so do not get ii. Genes present on chromosomes in linear order
blended or modified. iii. Each organism has fixed No. ofchromosomes
3. Describe the Monohybrid cross. which occur in two sets referred to as diploid
i. Parental Generation : (2n). Pair of similar chromosomes constitute
Mendel selected a pure breeding tall plant and the homologous pair.
a pure breeding dwarf plant as parents iv. One set is received from male parent
ii. F1 Generation : (paternal) other from female parent(maternal)
He crossed parents. v. Maternal and paternal chromosomes are contr
Raised first filial generation. ibuted by egg and sperm duringzygote form
Plants were all tall and called monohybrids. vi. Chromosomes and genes segregate & assort
iii. F2 Generation: independently during gamete formation
o Mendel allowed selfing of F1 monohybrids 6. Why is intermediate dominance also called
o Obtained Tall and dwarf plants in 3:1 ratio. blending inheritance?
o It is called Phenotypic ratio o Both the characters of parental plants are
o Based on external appearance of offsprings. mixed to give an intermediate character which
iv. F3 Generation: is different from that of the parents.

o But only the characters are mixed with each

other and not the alleles.
o In Mirabilis r1r1 produces red coloured
flowers r2r2 produces white coloured flowers,
o When they are combined, intermediate colour
pink is produced.
o Because of this it is called as blending
inheritance
7. Describe glume colour Inheritance in Sorghum
i. In Sorghum dominant gene (P) is responsible 9. Differentiate between dominance and epistasis.
for purple colour over brown (q).
Epistasis Dominance
ii. When both dominant genes (P and Q) are
Gene interaction involves No interaction since only
brought together purple colour changed to red.
two non- allelic pairs of one pair of genes is
iii. A cross between purple (PPqq) and brown genes. involved
(ppQQ) results in plants with red colour in F1
One pair of genes masks An allele masks the effect
iv. F1 heterozygotes are selfed
effect of another pair of of another allele of the
v. Three kinds of phenotypic classes are genes same gene pair
produced in of 9:3:4
Expression of both Expression of a recessive
dominant and recessive allele is masked by the
alleles may be suppressed dominant allele
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by the epistatic gene
Number of phenotypes in No reduction
F2 generation are reduced
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
1. Why is the cell called a physiological unit?
i. Plant cell has the capabilities of carrying out
8. Explain fruit colour inheritance in Cucurbita
physiological functions as a single entity.
i. In Cucurbita pepo there are three common
It can be referred to as a physiological unit
fruit colours white, yellow and green.
ii. Cell wall provides shape and rigidity to cell.
ii. White colour is produced due to the presence
iii. Plasma membrane involved in the absorption
of dominant gene W.
of water by osmosis, and other substances like
iii. In the absence of W, tdominant gene Y
ions and low molecular weight biomolecules.
produces yellow fruit colour and the double
iv. Protoplasm cytoplasm, nucleus and cellular
recessive is green.
organelles are involved various physiological
iv. Effect of dominant gene `Y' is masked by
phenomena taking place within the cell.
dominant gene `W' which is the epistatic gene
v. Vacuole functions as osmo-regulatory
so this is called dominant epistasis.
organelle
v. When pure breeding white fruited variety is
vi. Cell is the principal seat of metabolic events.
crossed with the double recessive green
variety, the F1 hybrids are all white. 2. Explain the physical nature of protoplasm.
vi. When the hybrids are selfed, white, yellow Many theories have been put forth to explain the
physical nature of the protoplasm.
and green fruited plants arise respectively in
the ratio of 12:3:1 Alveolar foam Theory -Butschili

Protoplasm is a semi-transparent, viscous and o influenced by presence of matric

slimy substance, essentially a liquid o possesses negative value
possessing a foaming or alveolar structure. o denoted as Ψm.
Colloidal Theory - Wilson Fischer ii. Solute Potential
Considered protoplasm as a polyphase o It is also called Osmotic potential
colloidal system. o It represents amount of solute present
Protoplasm exhibit the properties of colloids. o denoted as Ψs .
This theory is a widely accepted one o Ψs of pure water is zero
3. Describe the properties of protoplasm. o and so Ψs values are negative.
i. Colloidal System iii. Pressure Potential
o Protoplasm forms colloid system composed of o Cell wall exerts pressure on cellular contents
water phase, protein phase, fat phase etc. inwards called wall pressure
o It is said to be a polyphase colloidal system. o causing a hydrostatic pressure to be exerted in
ii. Solation and Gelation vacuole called turgor pressure
o Protoplasm exists mostly as a sol (semi-liquid) o It is equal and opposite to wall pressure.
sometimes it is rigid and viewed as a gel o Pressure potential is denoted as Ψp
(semi-solid) o It is equivalent to either wall pressure or
iii. Brownian Movement turgor pressure.
o Particles of protoplasm show an erratic zig- o Water potential Ψ = Ψm + Ψs+ Ψp
zag movement. 5. Explain plasmolysis. Bring out its significance.
o Random motion, by uneven bombardment of
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i. plasmolysis.
particles is called Brownian Movement o When a plant cell is placed in hypertonic
iv. Tyndall Effect solution, the process of exosmosis starts
o Scattering light beam by colloid particles is o Water from cell sap diffuses out into solution
termed tyndall effect. of external medium. of protoplasm due to
o This is a property of the protoplasm also. continuous loss of water.
v. Ultrafiltration o Protoplasm becomes round due to contraction
o Particles of protoplasm can be filtered through o Such a cell is said to be plasmolysed and
ultrafilters such as millipore filters only. phenomenon is referred to as plasmolysis.
vi. Electrical Properties ii. incipient plasmolysis
o Colloid Particles carry uniform electric charge o Initial stage of plasmolysis where protoplasm
vii. Flocculation or Co-agulation just starts leaving cell wall is called incipient
o When colloid particles lose their charges they plasmolysis.
tend to aggregate and increase in size. iii. deplasmolysis.
o As a result they fall out and get precipitated. o When a plasmolysed cell is placed in
o Protoplasm also loses its living property. hypotonic solution, endosmosis takes place
4. Explain the components of water potential. o Protoplasm regains its original state and shape.
When plant cell is placed in a pure water medium, o This phenomenon is the reverse of plasmolysis
there are number of factors which determine water and is called deplasmolysis.
potential of cell sap. iv. Significance of Plasmolysis
i. Matric Potential 1. Helps to understand the living nature of a cell.
o `matric' is surfaces which absorb water 2. Helps to preserve meat, jellies
o such as cell walls, protoplast and soil particles.

3. used in pickling as salting kills bacteria by According to this hypothesis K+ ions are
plasmolysis. transported into the guard cells in the presence of
4. Used to prove permeability of cell wall and light.
selectively permeable nature of plasma The sequence of events taking place are
membrane. i. Under the influence of light, protons formed
6. Differentiate between DPD and water potential. by dissociation of malic acid move from
DiffusionPressure Deficit Water Potential cytoplasm in to the chloroplasts of guard cells.
originally called suction called ψw ii. To counter exit of protons, K+ ions enter
pressure. chemical potential of guard cells from surrounding mesophyll cells.
water equivalen to DPD iii. K+ ions react with the malate ions present in
with a negative sign. guard cells to form potassium malate.
Measured in atmospheres Measured in bars. iv. Potassium malate causes increase in osmotic
potential of guard cells causing entry of water
Difference between Difference between free
into guard cells as a result of which stomata
diffusion pressure of energy of water
opens.
solution and pure solvent. molecules in pure water
and solution. v. At night the dissociation of potassium malate
takes place and K+ ions exit out of guard cells
DPD = OP - TP ψw = ψm + ψs + ψp
causing loss of water from guard cells and so
OP =Osmotic pressure ψm = Matric potential
the stomata closes.
TP = Turgor pressure. ψs = Solute potential
9. Give an experiment to demonstrate cohesion -
ψp = Pressure potential
tension theory.
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Water moves from lower Water moves from higher
DPD to higher DPD. wate
potential to lower water
potential.
o A young transpiring twig is fixed to a glass
tube filled with water.
o Lower end of the tube is kept dipping in a dish
containing mercury.
7. Explain mechanism of stomatal opening and o As transpiration occurs in the twig the level of
closing. mercury rises in the tube due to the suction
o Opening and closing of stomata takes place force created.
due to changes in turgor of guard cells. o Instead of transpiring twig, if a porous dry pot
o Stomata open during day and close at night. filled with water is used, same results are got.
o Turgor changes in guard cells are due to entry o Thus the cohesion - tension or transpiration
and exit of water into and out of guard cells. pull theory best explains the ascent of sap
o During day, water from subsidiary cells enters
guard cells making the guard cells fully turgid.
o Thin elastic convex outer walls are bulged out
causing thick and rigid concave inner walls to
curve away causing stoma to open
o During night time, water from guard cells
enters subsidiary cells and guard cells become
flaccid due to decrease in turgor pressure.
o This causes the inner concave walls to
straighten up and the stoma closes. 10. Give an account of the inherent properties of
8. Describe Proton potassium pump hypothesis. the leaf which affect the rate of transpiration.

Leaf Structure o Tanks are provided with pumps and empty

o In xerophytes, rate of transpiration is reduced auxiliary tanks to pump out and circulate the
due to structural modifications growth solution and to maintain proper
o In Opuntia and Asparagus leaf is modified into aeration of the nutrient solution.
thorns and stem becomes flattened and green
to perform the function of the leaf.
o Such a structure is called a Cladode.
Root - Shoot Ratio
o Transpiration shows a direct relation with
amount of water absorbed by roots and water
lost through leaves.
o Increase in root- shoot ratio will increase rate
of transpiration. o Employed to know which mineral element is
Age of Plants essential for growth and development of plant.
o Germinating seeds generally show a slow rate o Hydroponics involve production of
of transpiration. horticultural and floricultural crops.
o It increases with age and becomes maximum o Used to increase yield of ornamentals such as
at maturity. gladioli, snapdragon, roses and
o But rate of transpiration decreases during o vegetables such as carrot, radish, potatoes,
senescence. tomatoes and lettuce.
11. Give advantages disadvantages of Hydroponic 13. Describe the criteria for essentiality of element
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Advantages of Hydroponics
i. Possible to give desired nutrient environment
ii. Acid-base balance can be easily maintained.
i. Normal growth and reproduction must be
dependent on particular mineral elements.
ii. An essential element
influence on the plant.
must have direct
iii. Mulching, changing of soil and weeding are
eliminated. iii. Essential elements must be indispensable and
iv. Proper aeration of nutrient solution is possible. their substitution by other elements must be
v. Labour for watering of plants can be avoided. impossible.
vi. Tilling is not necessary. iv. Some elements are required in very low
Disadvantages of Hydroponics quantities and the status of essentiality or non
1. Limited production compare to field condition essentiality is doubtful. For example silicon.
2. Technical skill required to design equipment. 14. Explain Munch’s mass flow hypothesis.
3. If a disease appears all plants in the container Munch hypothesis
will be affected. 1. Soluble food materials in phloem show mass
12. Describe the technique of hydroponics flow.
o Hydroponics is used for growth of plants in 2. Sugars synthesized by mesophyll cells of
water and sand culture. leaves increase the osmotic pressure of these
o Also referred to as soil-less agriculture, test- cells causing entry of water into mesophyll
tube farming, tank farming or chemical due to absorption of water by xylem cells
gardening. 3. Turgor pressure gradient exists through
o Maintained in large shallow concrete, cement, phloem, between the source mesophyll cell
wood or metal tanks in which gravel and and regions of requirement (sink).
nutrient solutions are taken. 4. As a result, turgor pressure of mesophyll cells
increases on upper side which forces solutes

dissolved in water to flow en masse into 4. When oscillation volume of two ions of same
phloem of stem and finally into the roots. charge overlap, one is exchanged for the other.
Explanation ii) Carbonic acid exchange theory
1. A physical system consists of a glass tube 1. According to this theory soil solution plays an
bent at right angles. important role in exchange of ions by
2. At the two ends differentially permeable providing a medium.
membranes are tied. 2. CO2 released during respiration combines
Thus there are two osmometers x and y. with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
3. Osmometer x has concentrated sugar solution 3. It dissociates as H+ (Hydrogen ions) and HCO-
while y has dilute sugar solution. 3 (bicarbonate ions).
4. Two osmometers are kept in two separate 4. A cation adsorbed on clay micelle may be
water containers connected through a tube. exchanged with H+ of soil solution
5. Osmosis takes place. Water entering x is more 5. This cation diffuses into root in exchange for
6. As a result of turgor pressure developed, water H+ ion.
will move out of x and will enter y. 17. Write notes on cytochrome-pump hypothesis
7. Solute molecules are carried to y en masse H. Lundegardh suggested
with flow of water Anions could be transported across membranes by
15. Explain Active transport of mineral salt theory cytochrome system utilising energy released by
Absorption of ions against the concentration direct oxidation of respiratory intermediates.
gradient with the expenditure of metabolic energy Important postulates are:
is called active absorption. i. Only anions can be actively transported.
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Carrier Concept
1. Cell shows presence of carriers or transporters
which are highly specific for a particular ion.
2. Carrier picks up an ion from external medium
ii. Cytochromes act as carriers in absorbing
iii. Oxygen gradient helps in oxidation at outer
surface and reduction at the inner surface.
iv. Transport of cations can be along electrical
to form a carrier-ion complex gradient created by ion accumulation.
3. Undergoes rotation at 180o, moves across v. Selectivity in ion absorption can't be explained
membrane and releases ions on the inner side vi. This is absent in anaerobic plants
of membrane,returns to pick up another ion. 18. Describe the ringing experiment
4. Carrier may be an enzyme or a protein. 1. Take a plant. Remove tissues outer to xylem.
Metabolic energy is expended in this process. Pith in the form of
5. Carrier concept is explained by two theories: ring at any place on
i) Protein-Lecithin as carrier stem.
ii) Goldacre's theory 2. Tissues removed
16. Describe transports of mineral by ion exchange portion is sealed
i) Contact exchange theory with wax.
1. Ions are transferred from soil particles to root 3. After 7-8 days epidermis and cortex of upper
or vice versa without passing into solution. portion of ring become swollen
2. Ions are electrostatically adsorbed to surface 4. From this part adventitious roots emerge out.
of root cells or clay particles and held tightly. 5. Because food material translocated from
3. These ions oscillate within a small volume of leaves does not pass through the ring and is
space called oscillation volume. stored in the upper portion.

REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY perennials (e.g. certain bamboos).

1. What is vegetative propagation? o Plant dies after ripening of seeds.
1. Angiosperms propagate by producing seedsas 2. Shoot senescence
a result of sexual reproduction. o Found in perennial plants possessing under
2. They resort to other methods of reproduction, ground perennating structures like
viz vegetative propagation. rhizomes, bulbs, corm etc.
3. Plants propagate by body part other than seed o Above ground part dies each year after
4. Structural unit employed in place of seed is flowering and fruiting,
called propagule. o Underground part (stem and root) survives
5. Lower plants reproduce vegetatively through o Puts out new shoots again next year.
budding, fission, fragmentation, gemmae, E.g.banana, gladiolus, ginger etc.
resting buds, spores etc. 3. Sequential Senescence
6. Vegetative propagation is divided into o Found inmany perennial plants
A) Natural vegetative propagation and o In which tips of main shoot and branches
B) Artificial vegetative propagation remaining a meristematic state and continue to
2. Discuss significance of vegetative propagation produce new buds and leaves.
1. More rapid, easier and a less expensive o Older leaves and lateral organs like branches
method of multiplying plants with poor show senescence and die.
viability or prolonged seed dormancy. o Apparent in evergreen plants.
2. Introduce plants in areas where seed e.g.Eucalyptus, Pinus etc.
germination fails due to change in the soil and 4. Simultaneous or Synchronous senescence
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environmental conditions.
3. Bermuda grass or doob grass produce only a
small quantity of seeds.
They are propagated vegetatively.
o
o
Found in temperate deciduous trees
They shed their leaves in autumn
develop new leaves in spring.
o Because of this falling of leaves, autumn
4. Vegetative propagation is the only method of season is also called fall.
multiplication in some plants o Such a senescence of leaves or plant organs is
e.g banana, seedless grapes and oranges, called synchronous.
rose and jasmine e.g elm and maple.
5. Grafting permits physical and physiological 4. Differentiae:Epigeal and hypogeal germination.
joining of separate individuals for the best Epigeal germination. Hypogeal germination.
economic advantage
cotyledons are brought cotyledons remain below
6. The good qualities of a race or variety can be above the ground due to the soil due to rapid
preserved indefinitely.
elongation of hypocotyl elongation of epicotyl
7. All plants produced will have same characters
seen in dicotyledon seeds found in dicotyledon and
and hereditary potential as the parent plants.
monocotyledon seeds
3. Describe various types of senescence
hyphocotyl grows epicotyl elongates and
1. Whole plant senescence actively and become become curved
o Found in monocarpic plants producing flower curved
and fruit only once in their life cycle. It brings seed above soil brings plumule above soil
o Plants may be seed coat falls down Cotyledons remain
Annual (e.g. rice, wheat, gram, mustard) cotyledons become green. under ground
Biennials (e.g.cabbage, henbane) E.g : Bean Maize

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 3. Organisms have developed physiological and

1. Describe effects of edaphic factors on organism behavioural adaptations to avoid extremes of
i. Soil temperature.
o Upper weathered,humus containing earth layer 4. Temperature varies in earth according to
o Sustains plant life latitute and altitude.
o Contains living organisms and dead remains. 5. It is also influenced by plant cover,
o Provides water, mineral salts and anchorage atmospheric humidity, water reservoirs, air
ii. Mineral Matter current and snow.
o Soil type is determined by soil particle. 6. According to change of temperature various
o Loam soils are suited for plant growth because vegetation zone are recognized.
1. they possess porosity or aeration 3. List out the different kinds of hydrophytes
2. sufficient nutritive salts 1. Free floating hydrophytes
3. Water retaining capacity. o Float freely on water surface not rooted in soil.
iii. Organic Matter o Contact with both water and air
o Humus increases both aeration and hydration. e.g. Eichhornia, Pistia, Wolffia,and Lemna
o Maintains structure of soil 2. Floating but rooted hydrophytes
o Provides inorganic salts o Rooted in the mud
o Growth promoting substances to thesoil. o leaves and flower shoots float on water
iv. Soil Water E.g. Victoria regia, Nymphaea, Nelumbium
o Paramount importance in plants physiology 3. Submerged hydrophytes (Free floating)
o Rain is the principal water source for soil. o Grow below water surface not in contact with
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o It occurs in various forms atmosphere
v. Soil Air E.g. Ceratophyllum, and Utricularia.
o Essential for growth of root & micro organism 4. Submerged hydrophytes (Rooted)
o A badly aerated or water-logged soil will have o Completely immersed in water
more CO2 and lesser oxygen. o rooted in the mud.
2. Give effect of light and temperature on plants E.g. Hydrilla, Vallisneria, Potamogeton etc.,
i) Light 5. Amphibious Hydrophytes
1. Affects structure, growth, activities of plants o Grow in shallow waters.
2. Photosynthesis o Roots, part of stems,leaves submerged
Green plants synthesise their food using light o Some flowering shoots above water surface.
on which rest of the living world depends. o Adapted to aquatic and terrestrial life.
3. Light regulated processes o Aerial parts show mesophytic characters,
o Development of photosynthetic pigments o Submerged parts show hydrophytic character
o pigments for floral colour e.g.Limnophylla heterophylla, Typha,
o red far red absorbs phytochrome pigment 4. Explain the basis for xerophytes classification
o induction and regulation of enzymes 1. Drought escaping plants
4. Photoperiod o Also called as Drought evaders.
important factor in flowering of plants. o Found in arid zones.
ii) Temperature o Complete life cycles within a very shortperiod
1. Living organisms survive in 50-350C range o Thus escape dryness
2. Certain bacteria, cyanobacteria, seeds, spores e.g. Solanum xanthocarpum,
and protozoans occur in hot springs or in very Argemone mexicana, Cassia tora etc.
low temperature. 2. Drought Enduring Xerophytes

a. Succulents eg. air, water and minerals

o Suffer from dryness in external environment 2. Organic Resources
o Succulent, fleshy organs (stems, leaves, roots) eg.plants,animals. microorganisms, fossil fuels
serve as water storage organs 3. Mixture of Inorganic&Organic Resources,
o Accumulate large amount of water during eg. soil
brief raining reason. B. Depending upon availability and abundance.
Agave,Aloe, Euphorbia,Opuntia Asparagus. 1. Inexhaustible Resources
3. Drought resisting plants Not exhausted by man’s use.
(Non- succulent perennial) e.g air, clay, sand, tidal energy
o True xerophytes. 2. Exhaustible Resources
o Possess morphological, anatomical and Likely to be exhausted by human use.
physiological characteristics They are further of two types-
o Enable them to withstand dry condition. a. Renewable Resources
o Suffer from dryness in internal and external Capacity to reappear or replenish by quick
environments. recycling, reproduction and replacement
e.g Calotropis, Acacia ,jujuba, Casuarina within a reasonable time.
5. What is the economic importance of forest? e.g Soil and living organisms
1. Natural habitat for wild life. b. Non- Renewable Resources
o Utilized by farmers for commercial and Lack the ability for recycling and replacement.
recreational purposes. Substances with a very long recycling time
o Herbivores find shelter & carnivores prey. e.g. fossil fuels and minerals.
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2. Forest based industries: 7. Explain non conventional energy sources
o Bee-keeping, bamboo mat and basket making i. Solar Energy
provides small-scale industry to tribal people. o Inexhaustible, pollution free energy source
o Sal is a source for timber industries. o Solar equipments developed to heat water,
o Raw materials for pulp and plywood industry. cook meals, light houses, run machines.
3. Energy reservoir ii. Nuclear Energy
o Forest traps energy from sunlight and storing o Generated by fusion of Uranium -235 atom.
it in the form of a biochemical product. o Results in the release of enormous energy.
o Plants are primary producers of “food chain”. o 1 amu U – 235 can generate energy equivalent
o Food is stored in fruits, nuts, seeds, nectar and to 15 tons of coal or 14 barrels of crude oil.
wood. iii. Wind Power
4. Keeping the atmospheric balance o Used for to run the wind-mills for grinding
o By consuming CO2 and releasing O2 essential grains and pump water
for animal life. o Used only in certain areas and on certain days.
6. What is a natural resource? Give an account of iv. Dung Energy
different types of natural resources? o Cattle dung is used as fuel in rural areas
Natural resources o Also used in Biogas or Gobar Gas Plant to
o ‘resource’ means a source of supply or support produce an odourless, low pressure gas.
held in reserve. o This gas used for cooking and heating.
o materials and sources of energy needed for v. Other Energies
survival and comforts of man o Energy from house garbage
Types of natural resources o Tidal Energy
A. On the basis of chemical composition o Geo-thermal Energy
o Hydro-electric Energy
1. Inorganic Resources.


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