BTECH MODULE 2 REVIEWER ● Extra concrete is returned to the

CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE factory that is recycled to make

Cast in Place Concrete - is poured and barriers or retaining wall blocks.
cured onsite in the concrete’s finished ● Concrete can be washed to recycle
position. the coarse aggregate.
GENERAL PROCESS FLOW PRECAST CONCRETE
Precast Concrete - is created offsite, then
delivered to its project destination for final
use.
● are created by pouring a cement
mixture into a mold that can
● It starts with formwork and
contain rebar then it is cured in a
reinforcement being prepared and
controlled environment.
erected.
WHY IS IT SUSTAINABLE?
● Wet concrete is then delivered and
● It does not shrink, distort,
placed.
nor move and is not
● Exposed concrete surfaces
sensitive to climate change.
requiring leveling and smoothing
● It is flood resistant because
are finished.
it does not erode with
● Curing begins.
water, therefore it can be
Monolithic Concrete Placement - is when
used for river and coast
concrete is deposited in one large form
barriers.
work system made up of several smaller
● Has a hardy construction
formwork systems that have different
method since it has
concrete systems.
underground pipes that
transport sewerage and
clean water.
TYPES OF PRECAST CONCRETE
1. Large Panel System - it is
composed of large wall and floor
concrete panels connected in the
WHY IS IT SUSTAINABLE? vertical and horizontal directions so
● It does not need to be trimmed. that the wall panels enclose
● Wash water is recycled for ready appropriate spaces for the rooms
mixed concrete plans. within a building.
 concrete has attained considerable
strength.

2. Frame System - it is constructed

using either linear elements or
spatial beam-column sub
assemblages.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Prestressed concrete - it is a concrete in
which internal stress of a suitable
magnitude and distribution are introduced
so that the stresses resulting from the
external loads are counteracted to a
desired degree.
TYPES OF METHOD FOR PRESTRESS
1. Pre-tensioning Method - the wire,
bar or cable is tensioned before
the concrete is cast

2. Post Tensioning Method - the

tensioning is carried out after the
BTECH MODULE 2 REVIEWER
ARCHES
Arches - defined as
arrangement of wedge-shaped blocks of
stones or bricks mutually supporting each
other and supported at the end by piers.
● Appeared as early as the 2nd
millennium B.C. in mesopotamian
brick architecture
systematic use started with the
ancient Romans who were the first
to apply the technique to a wide
range of structures.
● Used in roofs for
auditoriums, gymnasiums,
rinks where long spans
desired.
● Used as support for thin shells
because it follows the curvature.
PARTS OF AN ARCH
Intradios - inner curve
Extrados - outer curve
Soffit - inner surface
Voussoirs - wedge shaped units
Crown - highest part of extrados
Spandril - curved triangular space from
between extrados and horizontal line
mechanical Key - wedge shaped unit fixed at the
crown
Abutment - end point
Skew Back - inclined or splayed surface
on the abutment
Springing Points - points which the curve
and their of spring
Springing Line - an imaginary line joining
the springing points
Springer - first voussoir at springing line
Pier - intermediate support of an arcade
hangars, Arcade - row of arches
and Ring - circular course forming an arch
are Impose - projecting course upper part of
pier or abutment to stress the springing
line
Bed Joint - joins between the voussoir
which radiates from the center
Haunch - lower half of arch between the
key and skew backs
Center or Sticking Point - geometrical
center of the curve
CLASSIFICATION OF ARCHES
A. Brick Arches
a. Rough Brick - also known
as Relieving Arches, it is
made up of rectangular
bricks which are not cut into
a wedge shape.
b. Aced Brick - its bricks are
cut into wedge-shape and
all the joints are equally
proportional
c. Gauged Brick - also known
as Rubber Bricks, lime
 putty is used for binding the Relieving Arch - it is constructed when
blocks and it is accurately wooden lintel is provided over the wider
prepared to wedge shape. opening, to relieve the load of masonry
B. Stone Arches over lintel.
a. Rubble - made of rubble Dutch of French Arch - similar to flat arch,
stones, which are but differs in shape and method of
hammered, dressed, construction.
roughly to the shape and CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CENTERS
size of voussoirs and fixed One Centered Arch - segmental, semi
in cement mortar. circular, flat, horseshoe, bull’s eye, and
b. Ashlar - stones are cut to stilted.
proper shapes of voussoirs
and properly joined with
cement.
C. Stone Arches
a. Precast Concrete Block - Two Centered Arch - pointed, gothic,
used for small openings in lance.
a building. The voussoirs,
in the form of cement, are
prepared in special molds.
b. Monolithic Concrete -
constructed from
Three Centered Arch - semi elliptical and
cast-in-situ concrete, either
florentine.
plain or reinforced
depending upon the span
and magnitude of loading.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SHAPES
Flat Arch - acts as lintel, when it is Four Centered - venetian and tudor.
provided over opening. All joints are
radiated to the center and it is used only
for light loads.
Segmental Arch - the joints radiate from
Five Centered Arch - semi elliptical.
the center, which lines below the springing
line.
Semi Circular Arch - the shape of the
curve was derived from the soffit. The
center lies on the springing line.
DOMES rings, and then introducing diagonals to
Domes - surface that curves in two triangulate the rectangular modules.
directions. DIFFERENT DOME LAYERS
● One of the oldest and well Single Layer Geometry - used for
established structural forms. moderate spans and for long spans when
● Enclosed a maximum amount of used with oval or rectangular tubes.
space with a minimum surface and Vierendeel Geometry - are double layer
have proved to be very economical rhymes with parallel nodded in each layer
in terms of consumption of connected with post members
construction materials. perpendicular to the dome’s surface. The
● second layer increases strength and
● Three main geometric parameters buckling resistance.
are meridian, pattern, and layers. Double Layer Truss Geometry - used
Meridian Curves - is one half of the curve when there are large or concentrated
at a vertical section through the center of loads, column supports, or for extremely
the dome. long spans.
DIFFERENT DOME PATTERNS Ribbed Geometry - used in domes, easy
to install because most work may be done
on the ground and lifted into a place.
GEODESIC DOMES
Lace - generated from a uniform triangular Geodesic Domes - is an almost spherical
grid trimmed to a dodecagon shape, then structure based on a network of struts
stretched to form a circle. arranged on great circles lying on the
Lamella - generated with concentric rings, surface of a sphere.
where each subsequent ring is rotated by Struts - are frameworks for the dome
a half module. which are made up of rods.
Kiewitt - generated with concentric rings MATERIALS
that starts from the base with a specific ● Most common material is steel but
number of divisions making the modules plastic, wood, drywall can also be
of a reasonable length. used.
Geodesic - starts with a regular ADVANTAGES
polyhedron and subdivides each triangular ● Stable and easy to construct.
face to project the new nodes onto the ● Even distribution of weight
surface of the sphere. throughout the structure.
Schwedler - generated by laying out ● Aerodynamic shape
principle members along medians and ● Reduced interior temperature and
heat gain.
 ● Less surface area, less materials
and lower cost.
● Less labor intensive.
● Environmentally friendly.
DISADVANTAGES
● Requires custom doors and
windows.
● Drainage and fire escapes could
not meet code requirements.
● Need very skilled laborers.
BTECH MODULE 2 REVIEWER elements which may be folded
SHELL STRUCTURES plate element, columns, or all
Shell Structure - is thin curved membrane combined shells.
or slab or reinforced concrete that EDGE AND VALLEY BEAMS
functions both as structure and covering.
DIFFERENT TYPES
Single Curvature Shell - are developable
shells that are curved on one linear axis
and also part of a cylinder or crone in the FOLDED PLATE
form of a barrel. Folded Plates - inclined and edge plates
Double Curvature Shell - are non are used to stiffen the wide plates;
developable shells that are either part of a stiffeners are used to carry the loads to
sphere or a hyperboloid of revolution. the supports and to hold plates in line.
CENTERING OF SHELLS
Centering - the necessary temporary
support on which the curve reinforced
concrete shell structure is cast.
THIN STRUCTURES
Thin Shells - a shell with thickness which
is small compared to its other dimensions
in which deformations are not large
compared to thickness.
● Are pure compression structures
formed from inverse catenary
shapes – are those taken by string
or fabric when allowed to hang
freely under their own weight.
BARREL STRUCTURES
Barrel Vaults - are deep concrete beams
with very thin web members and may be
designed as such by the ordinary methods
of reinforced concrete.
● It can span up to 150 feet or 45
meters with a minimum of material.
● The elements are (1) The Cylinder,
(2) The frame or ties at the ends,
including columns and (3) the side
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID SHELLS STEEP HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID

Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells - is a double

curved surface that resembles the shape
of a saddle, that is every point on its
surface lies on two straight lines across
the surface.
DIFFERENT TYPES
GABLE EDGE MEMBERS
TRUMPET SHELL

UMBRELLA SHELLS

HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID SADDLE DOME

FLOWER DOME
BTECH MODULE 2 REVIEWER
PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES
Pneumatic - derived from the Greek word
“pneuma” meaning breath air, thus these
are structures supported by air. SYSTEM COMPONENTS
● It uses a relatively thin membrane 1. Envelope - it is a single or double
supported by a pressure layer membrane and is made of
difference. industrial fabrics such as fiberglass
● Through increasing the inside air or polyester.
pressure not only the dead weight
of the space enveloped is
balanced, but the membrane is
stressed to a point where it cannot
be indented by asymmetrical
2. Pumping Equipment - used to
loading.
supply and maintain internal
● Hence, membranes support both
pressure inside the structure; can
tension and compression thus
be fans, blowers, or compressors.
withstand bending moment.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
● Lightweight
● Span
● Safety
● Quick erection and dismantling 3. Foundation - secure the structure
● Economy to the ground using heavy weights
● Good natural light or ground anchors.
TYPES OF PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES
A. Air Supported Structure - consist of
a single membrane which is
supported by a small internal
pressure difference.

TYPES OF SURFACE CURVATURE

B. Air Inflated Structure - supported
by pressurized air contained within
an inflated building element.