Water Supply Scheme Project D-17

WATER SUPPLY SCHEME PROJECT
Civil department 2022

i
DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME FOR
MARGALLA VIEW HOUSING SOCIETY (MVHS)
SECTOR D17, ISLAMABAD
PROJECT ADVISOR
Ms. MAHWISH IRFAN
GROUP ASST ADVISOR

Mr. ZAIN ULLAH
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY TRAINING INSTITUTE

ISLAMABAD
ii
PROJECT LEADER
ZULQARNAIN AHMED
GROUP ASST LEADER
M. SOHAIB
A thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of

requirement for the certificate of Diploma of
Associate Engineer in Civil Engineering
Session: 2019-2022
iii
Approved By
Project Advisor
Ms. Mahwish Irfan
Project Asst Advisor
Mr. Zainullah
Head of Department (HOD)
Maj. (R) KHALID NAWAZ
Training Officer (TO)
Capt Jahangir Nadeem Muhammad
Director
Col. Atif Jalil HI (M)
iv
PROJECT ADVISOR GROUP ASST ADVISOR

Ms. MAHWISH IRFAN Mr. ZAINULLAH
GROUP MEMBERS
ZULQARNAIN (GROUP LEADER)
M. SOHAIB (ASST LEADER)
FAISAL UR REHMAN
SUFIYAN
SABIR
ZAHIR SHAH
SADAIN HAROON
SADAM HUSSAIN
ATTA UR REHMAN
ZESHAN
HARIS SULEYMAN
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY TRAINING

INSTITUTE ISLAMABAD
v
DEDICATION
We pray and hope that their blessing always be there
for us and to our teachers who educated us so
sincerely and nicely to make our life successful.
To our parents who have guided, supported and
encouraged us throughout our studies and their
affection, blessing and finical supports enabled us to
complete this project successfully.
Group Members
vi
ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT
We are thankful to ALLAH ALIMIGHTY for giving us

the strength and encourage to complete this project.
Countless salutations are upon the HOLLY QURAN
HAZART MUHAMMAD (P.B.U.M), the fountain of
knowledge, who has guided his ''UMAH'' to seek
knowledge from cradle to grave.
Then we express our thankfulness to our Project
Advisor Ms. Mahwish Irfan and Asst Project Advisor
Mr. Zainullah for his guidance, encouragement and
overall understanding of the subject.
We also wish to acknowledge our deep sense of
profound gratitude to Maj. (R) Khalid Nawaz (HOD
Civil deptt) for his constructive criticism,
illuminating and inspiring guidance and continuous
encouragement throughout the course of study.
vii
CERTIFICATE
This is certified that the syndicate has carried out

the assigned project themselves and it has not been
submitted elsewhere for the award of any certificate
or publication.
viii
Contents
Chapter 01 .................................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION TO WATER SUPPLY SCHEME ............................................................................. 1
Chapter 02 .................................................................................................................................. 2
INTRODUCTION TO WATER SOURCES AND ITS IMPORTANCE ................................................... 2
2.1 What is Water? ........................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Sources of Water ........................................................................................................ 2
2.3 Importance of Water...................................................................................................... 3
2.4 Water Cycle ................................................................................................................... 3
2.4.1 Evaporation: ........................................................................................................... 5
2.4.2 Condensation: ........................................................................................................ 5
2.4.3 Precipitation: .......................................................................................................... 5
2.4.4 Collection: .............................................................................................................. 5
2.5 Factors Affecting Water Use ....................................................................................... 5
2.5.1 Climatic Condition .................................................................................................. 5
2.5.2 Cost of Water ......................................................................................................... 5
2.5.3 Habits of Population................................................................................................ 5
2.5.4 Distribution Pressure .............................................................................................. 5
2.6 How to Find Discharge ................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 03 .................................................................................................................................. 7
PIPES USED IN WATER SUPPLY SCHEME ..................................................................................... 7
3.1 Types of pipes: ............................................................................................................ 7
3.1.1 G.I Pipes.................................................................................................................. 7
3.1.2 C.I Pipes .................................................................................................................. 8
3.1.3 P.V.C Pipes .............................................................................................................. 8
3.1.4 A.C Pipes: .............................................................................................................. 9
3.1.5 PPRC Pipes: ............................................................................................................. 9
3.1.6 Copper Pipes ........................................................................................................ 10
3.1.7 Concrete Pipes: .................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 04 ................................................................................................................................ 11
FITTINGS USED IN WATER SUPPLY SCHEME ............................................................................. 11
4.1 Plumbing Fittings.......................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Types of Pipe Fittings .................................................................................................... 11
4.2.1 Adaptor .................................................................................................................. 11
4.2.2 Barb ........................................................................................................................ 11
ix
4.2.3 Coupling ................................................................................................................. 12
4.2.4 Cross-type .............................................................................................................. 12
4.2.5 Double Tapped Bushing ......................................................................................... 13
4.2.6 Elbow...................................................................................................................... 13
4.2.7 Mechanical Sleeve ................................................................................................. 14
4.2.8 Nipple ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.2.9 Reducer .................................................................................................................. 15
4.2.10 Tee........................................................................................................................ 15
4.2.11 Union .................................................................................................................... 15
4.2.12 Valve..................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.13 Wye ...................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.14 Cap ....................................................................................................................... 17
4.2.15 Plug....................................................................................................................... 17
Chapter 05 ................................................................................................................................ 18
VALVES USED IN WATER SUPPLY SCHEME ............................................................................... 18
5.1 Gate Valve: .................................................................................................................... 18
5.2 Float Valve:.................................................................................................................... 18
5.3 Non-Return Valve (NRV): .............................................................................................. 19
5.4 Pressure Regulating Valve:............................................................................................ 19
Chapter 06 ................................................................................................................................ 20
PUMPS USED IN WATER SUPPLY SCHEME ................................................................................ 20
6.1 Pump: ............................................................................................................................ 20
6.1.1 Centrifugal Pumps.................................................................................................... 20
6.1.2 Vertical Centrifugal Pumps ...................................................................................... 20
6.1.3 Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps .................................................................................. 21
6.1.4 Submersible Pumps ................................................................................................. 21
6.1.5 Gear Pumps.............................................................................................................. 22
6.1.6 Peristaltic Pumps ..................................................................................................... 22
6.1.7 Lobe Pumps.............................................................................................................. 22
6.1.8 Piston Pumps ........................................................................................................... 23
Chapter 07 ................................................................................................................................ 24
TYPES OF TANKS USED IN WATER SUPPLY SCHEME ................................................................. 24
7.1 Types of Tanks ................................................................................................................ 24
7.1.1 Overhead Water Tank:............................................................................................. 24
7.1.2 Underground Water Tank: ....................................................................................... 24
x
7.1.3 Water Tank Resting on Ground: .............................................................................. 25
7.2 Tanks are Further Classified Based on Materials: ........................................................... 25
7.2.1 R.C.C. Water Tank: ................................................................................................... 25
7.2.2 Masonry Water Tank: .............................................................................................. 25
7.2.3 Plastic Water Tank: .................................................................................................. 25
7.2.4 Fiberglass Water Tank: ............................................................................................ 25
7.2.5 Steel Water Tank: .................................................................................................... 25
7.3. Basic Components of Water Storage Tanks are: ........................................................... 25
7.3.1 Inlet and Outlet: ....................................................................................................... 26
7.3.2 Drain: ....................................................................................................................... 26
7.3.3 Overflow Pipe: ......................................................................................................... 26
7.3.4 Vent:......................................................................................................................... 26
7.3.5 Level Indicator: ........................................................................................................ 26
7.3.6 Sump: ....................................................................................................................... 26
Chapter 08 ................................................................................................................................ 27
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND ITS TYPES ........................................................................ 27
8.1 What Is Water Distribution System? .............................................................................. 27
8.2 What Is a Domestic Water Distribution System? ........................................................... 27
8.3 Basic Principles of Water Supply Distribution System .................................................... 28
8.4 Types of Water Distribution System ............................................................................... 28
8.4.1 Dead-end or Tree Distribution System .................................................................... 28
8.4.2 Gridiron Distribution System ................................................................................... 29
8.4.3 Circular or Ring Distribution System ........................................................................ 30
8.4.4 Radial Distribution System:...................................................................................... 30
Chapter 09 ................................................................................................................................ 32
WATER DEMAND ...................................................................................................................... 32
9.1 Water Demand ............................................................................................................... 32
9.2 Types ............................................................................................................................... 32
9.2.1 Consumption of water for domestic purposes ........................................................ 32
9.2.2 Consumption of water for livestock ........................................................................ 32
9.2.3 Commercial institutional Demand ........................................................................... 33
9.2.4 Public/Municipal Demand ....................................................................................... 33
9.2.5 Industrial Demand ................................................................................................... 33
9.2.6 Firefighting Demand ................................................................................................ 33
9.2.7 Loss and Wastages ................................................................................................. 34
xi
Chapter 10 ................................................................................................................................ 35
POPULATION FORECASTING METHODS ................................................................................... 35
10.1 Population Forecasting ................................................................................................. 35
10.2 Population Forecasting Methods.................................................................................. 35
10.2.1 Arithmetic Increase Method .................................................................................. 35
10.2.2 Geometric Increase Method .................................................................................. 37
10.2.3 Incremental Increase Method ............................................................................... 38
Chapter 11 ................................................................................................................................ 40
DESIGN & CALCULATIONS......................................................................................................... 40
11.1 Location Map ................................................................................................................ 40
11.2 Contract Document (Sample) ....................................................................................... 41
11.3 SPECIFICATION .............................................................................................................. 43
11.3.1 INTRODUCTION:..................................................................................................... 43
11.3.2 EXCAVATION: ......................................................................................................... 43
11.3.3 DESIGN OF WATER TANK FOR EVERY HOME ......................................................... 44
11.3.4 CONCRETE WORK .................................................................................................. 44
11.3.5 R.C.C WORK............................................................................................................ 44
11.3.6 FLOOR .................................................................................................................... 45
11.3.7 PIPES AND FITTINGS............................................................................................... 45
11.4 Design Period of Various Component Use In Water Supply Scheme ........................... 46
11.5 Requirement of water for population per day ............................................................. 46
11.6 Design of underground tank for house......................................................................... 47
11.7 Method of Distribution used in water supply scheme ................................................. 48
11.8 Type of Supply Used in Water Supply Scheme ............................................................. 48
11.9 Types of Pipes Used for Water Supply Scheme ............................................................ 48
11.10 Float Valve .................................................................................................................. 49
11.11 Calculation of Pipes Used in Water Supply Scheme ................................................... 49
11.11.1 Calculation of G.I pipes ........................................................................................ 49
11.11.2 G.I fittings............................................................................................................. 50
11.11.3 Calculation of PPRC Pipes and Fittings ................................................................ 50
11.12 Pipes bedding.............................................................................................................. 52
11.12.1 Excavation and Filling of G.I Pipe ......................................................................... 52
11.12.2 Excavation and Filling of PPRC Pipes ................................................................... 53
11.13 Estimate of underground water tank ......................................................................... 55
11.13.1 underground water tank 4x6x5 ........................................................................... 55
xii
11.13.2 Underground Water Tank 4x6x8 ......................................................................... 57
11.14 Water Storage Capacity of Tanks Used in Water........................................................ 59
11.15 Market Rate List of PPRC Pipe .................................................................................... 60
11.16 Market Rate List of G.I Fittings ................................................................................... 60
11.17 Abstract of Cost of Pipes and Fittings ......................................................................... 61
11.18 Abstract of Quantity of Cement sand and Aggregate of Tank 4 x 6 x 5 ...................... 61
11.19 Abstract of Quantity of Cement sand and Aggregate of tank 4 x6 x 8’ ...................... 62
11.20 Abstract of Cost of Cement, Sand, Aggregate ............................................................ 63
11.21 Abstract of Cost of Excavation .................................................................................... 63
11.22 Abstract of Cost of Steel ............................................................................................. 63
11.23 Final Project Report .................................................................................................... 64
xiii
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2-1: SOURCES OF GROUND WATER ............................................................................................... 2
FIGURE 2-2: SOURCES OF SURFACE WATER.............................................................................................. 3
FIGURE 2-3: WATER CYCLE ...................................................................................................................... 4
FIGURE 2-4: WATER CYCLE ...................................................................................................................... 4
FIGURE 3-1: G.I PIPES................................................................................................................................ 7
FIGURE 3-2: . C.I PIPES .............................................................................................................................. 8
FIGURE 3-3: PVC PIPES ............................................................................................................................. 8
FIGURE 3-4: A.C PIPES .............................................................................................................................. 9
FIGURE 3-5: PPRC PIPES ........................................................................................................................... 9
FIGURE 3-6: COPPER PIPES ...................................................................................................................... 10
FIGURE 3-7: CONCRETE PIPES ................................................................................................................. 10
FIGURE 4-1: ADAPTOR ............................................................................................................................. 11
FIGURE 4-2: BARB ................................................................................................................................... 11
FIGURE 4-3: COUPLING ............................................................................................................................ 12
FIGURE 4-4: CROSS-TYPE ........................................................................................................................ 12
FIGURE 4-5: DOUBLE TAPPED BUSHING .................................................................................................. 13
FIGURE 4-6: ELBOW ................................................................................................................................ 13
FIGURE 4-7: MECHANICAL SLEEVE ........................................................................................................ 14
FIGURE 4-8: NIPPLE ................................................................................................................................. 14
FIGURE 4-9: REDUCER ............................................................................................................................. 15
FIGURE 4-10: TEE .................................................................................................................................... 15
FIGURE 4-11: UNION ............................................................................................................................... 15
FIGURE 4-12: VALVE ............................................................................................................................... 16
FIGURE 4-13: WYE .................................................................................................................................. 16
FIGURE 4-14: CAP.................................................................................................................................... 17
FIGURE 4-15: PLUG.................................................................................................................................. 17
FIGURE 5-1: GATE VALVE ....................................................................................................................... 18
FIGURE 5-2: FLOAT VALVE ..................................................................................................................... 18
FIGURE 5-3: NON-RETURN VALVE .......................................................................................................... 19
FIGURE 5-4: PRESSURE REGULATING VALVE .......................................................................................... 19
FIGURE 6-1: CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ............................................................................................................ 20
FIGURE 6-2: VERTICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ........................................................................................... 20
FIGURE 6-3: HORIZONTAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ...................................................................................... 21
FIGURE 6-4: SUBMERSIBLE PUMP ............................................................................................................ 21
FIGURE 6-5: GEAR PUMP ......................................................................................................................... 22
FIGURE 6-6: PERISTALTIC PUMP .............................................................................................................. 22
FIGURE 6-7: LOBE PUMP.......................................................................................................................... 23
FIGURE 6-8: PISTON PUMP ....................................................................................................................... 23
FIGURE 7-1: OVERHEAD WATER TANK ................................................................................................... 24
FIGURE 7-2: UNDERGROUND WATER TANK ............................................................................................ 24
FIGURE 7-3: WATER TANK RESTING ON GROUND ................................................................................... 25
FIGURE 7-4: COMPONENT OF STORAGE TANK .......................................................................................... 26
FIGURE 8-1: WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ........................................................................................... 27
FIGURE 8-2: DEAD-END OR TREE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ....................................................................... 28
FIGURE 8-3: GRID IRON- WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ....................................................................... 29
FIGURE 8-4: RING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM .................................................................................. 30
FIGURE 8-5: RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM .......................................................................................... 31
FIGURE 11-1: LOCATION MAP .................................................................................................................. 40
FIGURE 11-2: EXCAVATION ..................................................................................................................... 43
FIGURE 11-3: CONCRETE WORK .............................................................................................................. 44
xiv
FIGURE 11-4: RCC WORK ........................................................................................................................ 44
FIGURE 11-5: PIPES AND FITTINGS........................................................................................................... 45
FIGURE 11-6: RING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ................................................................................ 48
FIGURE 11-7: FLOAT VALVE IN OPEN CONDITION ................................................................................... 49
FIGURE 11-8: FLOAT VALVE IN OFF CONDITION ..................................................................................... 49
FIGURE 11-9: CROSS SECTION DIAGRAM FOR EXCAVATION OF PIPE ......................................................... 52
FIGURE 11-10: CROSS SECTION OF UNDERGROUND WATER TANK 4X6X5 ................................................ 55
FIGURE 11-11: PLAN OF UNDERGROUND WATER TANK 4X6X5 ................................................................ 55
FIGURE 11-12: CROSS SECTION OF UNDERGROUND WATER TANK 4X6X5............................................... 57
FIGURE 11-13: PLAN OF UNDERGROUND WATER TANK 4X6X8 ................................................................ 57
FIGURE 11-14: TANK 1 WATER CAPACITY ............................................................................................... 59
FIGURE 11-15: TANK 2 WATER CAPACITY ................................................................................................ 59
xv
Table of tables
Chapter 09
TABLE 9. 1: CONSUMPTION OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSE ...............................................................32
TABLE 9. 2: CONSUMPTION OF WATER FOR LIVESTOCK ............................................................................32
TABLE 9. 3: COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONAL DEMAND ...............................................................................33
TABLE 9. 4: PUBLIC/MUNICIPAL DEMAND................................................................................................33
Chapter 10
TABLE 10. 1: QUESTION ABOUT ARITHMETIC INCREASE METHOD ...........................................................35
TABLE 10. 2: SOLUTION ABOUT ARITHMETIC INCREASE METHOD ...........................................................36
TABLE 10. 3: QUESTION ABOUT GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD ............................................................37
TABLE 10. 4: SOLUTION ABOUT GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD ............................................................37
TABLE 10. 5: QUESTION ABOUT INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD. ........................................................38
TABLE 10. 6: SOLUTION ABOUT INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD. ........................................................38
Chapter 11
TABLE 11. 1: DESIGN PERIOD OF VARIOUS COMPONENT USE IN WATER SCHEME ...................................46
TABLE 11. 2: REQUIREMENT OF WATER FOR POPULATION PER DAY .......................................46
TABLE 11. 3: DESIGN OF UNDERGROUND TANK FOR ONE HOUSE ..............................................................48
TABLE 11. 4: TYPES OF PIPES USED FOR WATER SUPPLY SCHEME ...........................................48
TABLE 11. 5: CALCULATION OF G.I PIPES .................................................................................................49
TABLE 11. 6: G.I FITTINGS ....................................................................................................................50
TABLE 11. 7: CALCULATION OF PPRC PIPES AND FITTINGS ......................................................................50
TABLE 11. 8: SUM OF ALL LENGTH FOR G.I PIPE EXCAVATION .................................................................52
TABLE 11. 9: EXCAVATION .......................................................................................................................53
TABLE 11. 10: SUM OF ALL LENGTH FOR G.I PIPE EXCAVATION ...............................................................53
TABLE 11. 11: EXCAVATION .....................................................................................................................54
TABLE 11. 12: ESTIMATION OF UNDERGROUND WATER TANK 4’X6’X5’ ...................................................56
TABLE 11. 13: ESTIMATION OF UNDERGROUND WATER TANK 4'X6'X8' .....................................................58
TABLE 11. 14: MARKET RATE LIST OF PPRC PIPE .....................................................................................60
TABLE 11. 15: MARKET RATE LIST OF G.I FITTINGS .................................................................................60
TABLE 11. 16: ABSTRACT OF COST OF PIPES AND FITTINGS ......................................................................61
TABLE 11. 17: ABSTRACT OF QUANTITY OF CEMENT SAND AND AGGREGATE OF TANK 4 X 6 X 5 .............61
TABLE 11. 18: ABSTRACT OF QUANTITY OF CEMENT SAND AND AGGREGATE OF TANK 4 X6 X 8’ .............62
TABLE 11. 19: ABSTRACT OF COST OF CEMENT, SAND, AGGREGATE .......................................................63
TABLE 11. 20: ABSTRACT OF COST OF EXCAVATION ................................................................................63
TABLE 11. 21: ABSTRACT OF COST OF STEEL ...........................................................................................63
xvi
Chapter 01
INTRODUCTION TO WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
Water is the basic necessity of life. It must be pure, palatable, and save for humanity.
The water should meet the drinking water standards recommended by health
organization or National agencies with regards to its physical, biological,
bacteriological chemical and Radiological quality of water. It is the responsibility of in
charge sanitary engineer to check that Various requisites for good drinking water supply
are met so that people’s health and well-being Is ensured. The quality and abundant
supply of water is essential for a suitably design water Supply system. Therefore,
sanitary engineer, before selecting upon the source of water supply, should make a detail
survey of all the possible water resources-surface and ground water and Decide as to
which should be more suitable according to the site conditions and other factors
Affecting the choice. Estimation of water requirements for a community is one of the
fundamental and most important Factors in design of water supply system. Hence it is
necessary to make a proper estimate of Population to be served for calculating the
expecting water usage. The various design Para-Meters are used in water supply are per
capita consumption, water demand and variation in water demand, fire demand, design
period for various structures, machinery and other components of Water supply system.
In modern times water supply is not so much of an easy task. As the provision of an
adequate Quantity of water is the need of human survival. A higher standard of living
demands that the Water should be free of contamination, available at all times at the
turn of a tap because of the Significance of water words and the dependence of
population on an unfailing supply of water, designing of a water words system of
unquestioned reliability is of great importance. Design of a water works system involves
collection work, transportation works, purification Works. A water distribution system
includes pipes, valves, hydrants and appurtenances for Conveying water, the reservoirs
for storage, equalizing and distribution purpose, service pipes to Consumers, meters and
all other parts of conveying system after the water leaves the main Pumping station are
the main distribution reservoir, the aim of this project is to re-design in D/17 Islamabad.
Due to construction of new Buildings and proposed future construction projects,
demand of water supply will in D/17 ISLAMABAD. D/17 comprises of residential and
non-residential areas which includes residential house, Flats, offices and educational
buildings. This project highlights the increased population in D/17.Increase in demand
of water due to estimated increase in population, proposed new dimensions of main and
distribution water pipes. It also endeavors to identify the weakness of the existing Water
supply system and will give recommendations to concern authority for improving the
Current water supply system. The data was collected by using structured questionnaire
and Written formal consent. A rough cost estimate is also prepared for the new required
storage tanks and the distribution pipe.
1
Chapter 02
INTRODUCTION TO WATER SOURCES AND ITS
IMPORTANCE
2.1 What is Water?
Water is one of the natural resources, which are found in an adequate amount. It is an essential
source for the existence of life on the planet earth. It is widely used for various purposes such
as drinking, washing, bathing, cleaning, cooking, irrigation, and other industrial and domestic
uses.
2.2 Sources of Water
There are various sources of water. About 97% of the water on the Earth’s surface is covered
with water. The three main sources of water are:
• Rainwater.
• Groundwater – This includes water bodies like Wells and Springs.
• Surface water – This includes different water bodies like Sea, Oceans, Reservoirs,
Rivers, Streams, Ponds, Lakes and Tanks
Figure 2-1: Sources of Ground Water
2
Figure 2-2: Sources of Surface Water
2.3 Importance of Water
We all need water for different daily activities including:
• Domestic Purposes include bathing, cleaning, cooking, drinking, and washing.

• Agricultural applications include irrigation, farming, gardening, and frost control.
• Other Industrial Applications.
Apart from this, we drink water to:
• Stay hydrated
• Lubricate Joints
• Regulate the body’s temperature
• Transport nutrients and other waste in the body.
• Balance the loss of water from the digestive tract and body tissues.
2.4 Water Cycle
Water never stops moving. The water cycle mainly describes the process of the continuous
movement of water from the surface of the earth and it is usually carried out in four different
stages. The entire cycle is controlled by the sun and is also known as the hydrological cycle
3
Figure 2-3: Water Cycle
Figure 2-4: Water Cycle
4
2.4.1 Evaporation:
In this stage, the heat from the sun heats up the water from oceans and other water bodies and
evaporates the water in the form of vapours which rises up and form clouds.
2.4.2 Condensation:
The water vapour’s in the clouds cools down.
2.4.3 Precipitation:
The cooled water vapours in the clouds form droplets and released in the form of Precipitation
back to the earth surface in the form of rain or snow.
2.4.4 Collection:
The rainwater runs off to the ground and gets collected into the river, ponds, well, and back to
the sea.
As mentioned above, about 97% of the water on the Earth’s surface is covered with water. Only
2 to 3% is available and safe for drinking. Rest of the water is saltwater and other two-thirds
of the Earth’s freshwater is frozen in glaciers and these water resources are mostly inaccessible
for human use.
2.5 Factors Affecting Water Use
2.5.1 Climatic Condition

1- The rate of consumption of water is increased in summer then winter.
2- Similarly, in case of hotter cooler places the rate of demand of water affected.
2.5.2 Cost of Water

1- The rate at which water is supplied to consumer may also affect the rate of demand.
2- Higher the cost of water supply lowers the rate of demand.
2.5.3 Habits of Population

1- The high class society the consumption rate of water will be more due to better living
standard.
2- In middle class family the rate of demand of water will be average while in case of
slum areas, it will be much lower.
2.5.4 Distribution Pressure

1- The consumption of water increases with the increase in distribution pressure.
2- This is due to loss and waste of water at big pressure.
2.6 How to Find Discharge
Q = Area × Velocity
Where Q = Discharge through a pipe
The unit of discharge = m3/s because velocity = m/s and area = m2
So m/s × m2 = m3/s
5
Formula to Find Discharge
Formula , V = K × C × R 0.63 × S 0.54
V stand for velocity

K conversion factor dependent on the unit system
K = 0.849 for metric system
K = 1.318 for imperial system
C Roughness coefficient
Serial no Material Roughness coefficient
1 Cost iron 100
2 Concrete 110
3 Copper 140
4 Plastic 150
5 Steel 120
R Stands for hydraulic radius

R = A/P , A = cross section area of pipe Formula = πr2
P = perimeter of pipe
S Is the slope of energy line

Formula S = I/L, I = height difference b/w beginning and end point
L = pipe length
6
Chapter 03
PIPES USED IN WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
3.1 Types of pipes:

1. G.I Pipes
2. C.I Pipes
3. P.V.C Pipes
4. A.C Pipes
5. PPRC Pipes
6. Copper Pipes
7. Concrete Pipes
3.1.1 G.I Pipes

These pipes are made of mild steel and then galvanized to protect from corrosion. So it is called
galvanized iron (G.I) pipes. These are manufactured of 25mm (1/2inch) to 150mm (6in)
diameter and 6mm (20ft) long. Average life of this pipe is 10 years. Jointing method for these
pipes is used socket joint. For this purpose, both the ends of pipes are threaded. Cutting, jointing
and bending of these pipes is easy. These pipes are used for cold and hot water supply and gas
supply but are not suitable for acidic or alkaline water.
Figure 3-1: G.I Pipes
7
3.1.2 C.I Pipes
These pipes are used for water supply and sewerage. These pipes are free from rusting. Average
life of these pipes is 100 years. Internal surface of these pipes is rough. Friction losses is much
more. These pipes are brittle and can with stand only low pressure (7kg/cm 2). These pipes are
heavy in weight, so handling is difficult. Bell and spigot joint are flanged joint is used to join
these pipes. These pipes can be cut by chisel or hacksaw.
Figure 3-2: . C.I Pipes
3.1.3 P.V.C Pipes

These pipes are prepared by polyvinyl chloride. These pipes are suitable for cold water or acidic
or alkaline fluids. Internal surface of these pipes is smooth so head loss is very low. These pipes
are light weight and do-not rust. Cutting and jointing is easy. These pipes are available in
different colors and are beautiful.
Figure 3-3: PVC Pipes
8
3.1.4 A.C Pipes:
These pipes are prepared by cement and asbestos-fiber. The pipes are manufactured from 10cm
(4inch) to 40cm (16inch) diameter and 90cm (3ft) length. These pipes are joined by sleeve and
rubber ring. Internal surface of these pipes are smooth so has good efficiency regarding head
loss. These pipes are light weight, so transportation is easy.
Figure 3-4: A.C Pipes
3.1.5 PPRC Pipes:

These pipes are prepared by poly propylene random co-polymer. These pipes have so many
merits. These pipes are suitable for cold as well as hot water also for acidic and alkaline water.
These pipes are safe from rusting so these pipes have long life. Internal surface is smooth so
these are efficient regarding loss of head. Cutting and jointing is easy. Now days mostly these
pipes are used.
Figure 3-5: PPRC Pipes
9
3.1.6 Copper Pipes
These pipes are made of copper and mostly used for hot water. These pipes are durable as these
are not rusted. Copper is a soft metal that is why, bending of these pipes are easy. These pipes
are joined by flanges or union.
Figure 3-6: Copper Pipes
3.1.7 Concrete Pipes:

These pipes and made of concrete. For low pressure these are made by plain cement concrete
(PCC). PCC pipes are used up-to 15m (50ft) pressure head. For more pressure concrete pipes
are made of reinforced cement concrete (RCC). RCC pipes can bear pressure up-to 75m (230ft)
for more than 75m pressure head, pre-stressed concrete pipes are manufactured. Plain cement
concrete pipes are made 15cm to 60cm (6-24inch) diameter. Larger pipes are made of RCC
concrete pipes are joined by collar joint or socket joint. To joint more than 60cm concrete pipes
bell and spigot joint is preferred. Repair of these pipes are difficult.
Figure 3-7: Concrete Pipes
10
Chapter 04
FITTINGS USED IN WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
4.1 Plumbing Fittings

Pipe Fittings are plumbing work components that help in changing the direction of the flow of
water such as elbows, tees. To change the size of pipe in plumping such as reducers, reducing
tees. To stop the water flow at the dead-end of the plumbing lines such as couplings and Caps.
4.2 Types of Pipe Fittings
Following are the Pipe Connectors or plumbing fitting types,
4.2.1 Adaptor
Figure 4-1: Adaptor
Adaptors are mainly used for extending pipe runs in the forward direction with the same or
different diameters. By using an adapter, we can connect two dissimilar pipes in the same run.
Adaptors’ function is generally similar to pipe couplings, with the difference that they connect
pipes of different types, one of which is an IPS (Iron Pipe Size).
4.2.2 Barb
Figure 4-2: Barb
A barb is generally used to connect hoses to pipes. It is essential to have a male at one end and
on the other end has a barbed tube, which is a ridged and tapered cone.
Plastic barbs are used when it needs to carry cold water and brass if they carry hot water.
11
4.2.3 Coupling
Figure 4-3: Coupling
It is mainly used to connect the two piles of the same diameter. Couplings can also be used to
fix pile leakage or broken problem.
Couplings have two main types named compression coupling and slip coupling. Compression
coupling is mostly used to connect two pipes and it is able to prevent leakage by
the arrangement of gaskets or rubber seals on both sides, otherwise, glue is provided.
Slip coupling has two pipes that are arranged as one into another. It is made up such that
the inner pipe can slide up to some length. So, we can solve the problem of long
length damaged pipe by slip coupling.
4.2.4 Cross-type
Figure 4-4: Cross-type
Cross–type pipe fitting has 4 vents or openings in all 4 directions and there are perpendicular to
each other. This type of fitting is used when there are 4 pipes that are meeting at the same point.
These types of pipe fitting must be made from strong material as it has to bear more stress.
These stresses come from the point where all 4 pipes connect from different directions. These
types of pipe fitting are majorly used in the sprinkler system.
12
4.2.5 Double Tapped Bushing
Figure 4-5: Double Tapped Bushing
The double-tapped bushing is one type of nipple itself, but it has to thread on both the inside
and the outside.
It is named double–tapped bushing because its center hole is threaded (tapped) from both top
and bottom.
4.2.6 Elbow
Figure 4-6: Elbow
It is generally used to change the direction of the pipe run. Elbows are available
in different angles 22.5º 45 º and 90 º. Normal types of elbows are used for a pipe of the same
diameter and reducer types of elbows are used when diversion is to be done for a pipe of
different diameters.
They are made from different materials. Elbows are mostly available with female threads and
we can fix them by butt or socket welding also.
13
4.2.7 Mechanical Sleeve
Figure 4-7: Mechanical Sleeve
Mechanical pipe sleeves are generally used to connect two pipes by a screw or other fixtures.
This arrangement makes it easy to fix and repair.
The mechanical sleeves are mostly manufactured from a rubber material that is inserted inside
a metal jacket (stainless steel clamp).
As we tight the mechanical sleeves claim, it compresses the rubber inside to make a tight seal.
4.2.8 Nipple
Figure 4-8: Nipple
It is the most useful pipe fixture in the plumbing system. The nipple is not connected to two
pipes, but it connects two pipe fittings together.
It is a small pipe fitting that can be made of metals such as copper, brass or steel, or chlorinated
polyvinyl chloride (CPVC).
A nipple with continuous threading, then it is called a closed nipple. The nipple is available
in males and comes in varying lengths.
14
4.2.9 Reducer
Figure 4-9: Reducer
The fitting used to make a larger flow area smaller is called a reducer. It has two types one
is concentric reducer joins two pipes on the same axis, and the eccentric reducer is used to join
pipes of different diameters.
4.2.10 Tee
Figure 4-10: Tee
It is has shaped like the letter “T.” it has an inlet and outlet. Tees are available in different sizes
and are considered sturdier than the cross fitting.
4.2.11 Union
Figure 4-11: Union
It can have both male and female threads. Union is somehow similar to couplings, but
the difference is unions are easy to remove making them convenient for maintenance or a
planned future replacement. Generally, it has three parts: nut, male end, and female end. It is
mainly utilized to join the male and female ends.
15
4.2.12 Valve
Figure 4-12: Valve
Valves allow mainly used to regular or stop the flow to fluid in a pipe. There are various types
of valves such as throttling, non-return, and isolation. Non-return valves only allow
the liquid to flow in one direction and are often found in drains. They’re also called check
valves.
Isolation valves are an important part of the plumbing system so that the system can be serviced
or maintained. These valves have the nature of left open or left closed all the time. However,
they are mostly used in an emergency, they should be checked now and then to see if
they’re operational.
4.2.13 Wye
Figure 4-13: Wye
Wyes type of pipe fitting resembles the letter “Y,” this fitting is made to connect three pipes.
Wye fittings permit the pipes to change their elevations and to branch out into freshwater lines
or drains.
Wyes fittings are somehow similar to Tee but the smoother angling reduces friction
and turbulence in the water. It is mainly used to connect a vertical drain pipe to
a horizontal one.
16
4.2.14 Cap
Figure 4-14: Cap
It has almost a similar utility to a plug. But the main difference is that the plug contains male
threads and the cap contains female threads which are screws on the male thread of the pipe.
They are manufactured from different materials like rubber, copper, steel, plastic, etc.
4.2.15 Plug
Figure 4-15: Plug
The plug is one of the most important accessories of a plumbing system which is
generally used to close pipe opening during inspections and repairs. Plug most has male threads
17
Chapter 05
VALVES USED IN WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
5.1 Gate Valve:

It represents a linear-motion isolation valve and has a function to stop or allow the flow.
Figure 5-1: Gate Valve
5.2 Float Valve:
Float valve automatically regulates the flow and maintains constant level in a service reservoir
or tank. It consists of a valve connected to a hollow sealed float (ball) by means of a rigid bar,
which is mounted on the top of the tank. The valve is connected to the incoming water supply.
Figure 5-2: Float Valve
18
5.3 Non-Return Valve (NRV):
It is also called check valve. A non-return valve allows a medium to flow in only one direction
and is fitted to ensure that the medium flows through a pipe in the right direction is known as
non-return valve.
Figure 5-3: Non-Return Valve
5.4 Pressure Regulating Valve:
Pressure reducing valve used to maintain a pre-set pressure regardless of flow rate and pressure
fluctuations.
Figure 5-4: Pressure Regulating Valve
19
Chapter 06
PUMPS USED IN WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
6.1 Pump:
A pump is a mechanical device that lifts liquids from a lower level or low-pressure
area to a higher level or high-pressure area. It is a heavy-duty equipment with low suction and
high discharge pressure. This makes it easier to pump a fluid from a certain depth and push the
fluid to the desired height.
6.1.1 Centrifugal Pumps

These types of pumps are most commonly used worldwide. The working is very simple,
described well and carefully tested. This pump is strong, efficient and fairly cheap to make.
Whenever the pump is in action, then the fluid pressure will increase from the inlet of the pump
to its outlet. The change of pressure will drive the liquid throughout the system.
Figure 6-1: Centrifugal Pump
6.1.2 Vertical Centrifugal Pumps

Vertical centrifugal pumps are also called as cantilever pumps. These pumps use an exclusive
shaft & maintain design that permits the volume to fall within the pit as the bearings are external
to the pit. This mode of pump utilizes no filling container to cover the shaft however in its place
uses a throttle bushing. A parts washer is the common application of this kind of pump
Figure 6-2: Vertical Centrifugal Pump
20
6.1.3 Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps
These types of pumps include a minimum of two otherwise more impellers. These pumps are
utilized in pumping services. Every stage is fundamentally a divide pump.
Figure 6-3: Horizontal Centrifugal Pump
All the phases are in a similar shelter & mounted on a similar shaft. On a solo horizontal shaft,
minimum eight otherwise additional stages can be mounted. Every stage enhances the head by
around an equal amount. Multi-stage pumps can also be single otherwise double suction on the
first impeller. All kinds of pumps have been providing as well as servicing this type of
centrifugal pumps.
6.1.4 Submersible Pumps

These pumps are also named as storm water, sewage, and septic pumps. The applications of
these pumps mainly include building services, domestic, industrial, commercial, rural,
municipal, & rainwater recycle applications.
Figure 6-4: Submersible Pump
These pumps are apt for shifting storm water, subsoil water, sewage, black water, grey water,
rainwater, trade waste, chemicals, bore water, and foodstuffs. The applications of these pipes
mainly include in different impellers like closed, contra-block, vortex, multi-stage, single
channel, cutter, otherwise grinder pumps. For different applications, there is an extensive
selection is accessible which includes high flow, low flow, low head, otherwise high head.
21
6.1.5 Gear Pumps
These pumps are a kind of rotating positive dislocation pump, which means they force a stable
amount of liquid for every revolution. These pumps move liquid with machinery coming inside
and outside of mesh for making a non-exciting pumping act. These pumps are capable of
pumping on high forces & surpass at pumping high thickness fluids efficiently.
Figure 6-5: Gear Pump
A gear pump doesn’t contain any valves to cause losses like friction & also high impeller
velocities. So this pump is compatible for handling thick liquids like fuel as well as grease oils.
These pumps are not suitable for driving solids as well as harsh liquids.
6.1.6 Peristaltic Pumps

Peristaltic pumps are also named as tube pumps, peristaltic pumps. These are a kind of positive
displacement pumps and the applications of these pumps mainly involve in processing of
chemical, food, and water treatment industries. It makes a stable flow for measuring & blending
and also capable of pumping a variety of liquids like toothpaste and all kinds of chemicals.
Figure 6-6: Peristaltic Pump
6.1.7 Lobe Pumps

These pumps offer different characteristics like an excellent high efficiency, rust resistance,
hygienic qualities, reliability, etc. These pumps can handle high thickness fluids & solids
22
without hurting them. The working of these pumps can be related to gear pumps, apart from
the lobes which do not approach into contact by each other. Additionally, these pumps have
superior pumping rooms compare with gear pumps that allow them to move slurries. These are
made with stainless steel as well as extremely polished.
Figure 6-7: Lobe Pump
6.1.8 Piston Pumps

Piston pumps are one kind type of positive dislocation pumps wherever the high force seal
responds through the piston. These pumps are frequently used in water irrigation, scenarios
requiring high, reliable pressure and delivery systems for transferring chocolate, pastry, paint,
etc.
Figure 6-8: Piston Pump
23
Chapter 07
TYPES OF TANKS USED IN WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
7.1 Types of Tanks
7.1.1 Overhead Water Tank:

Overhead water tank also known as elevated water tank is located on terrace of the house or
residential building for supplying water to the entire house. It is filled either with mains supply
or from underground water tank. Water flows under gravity from it as water tank is at height
of the building.
Figure 7-1: Overhead Water Tank
7.1.2 Underground Water Tank:

These tanks are built/placed under ground. Water is filled into these tanks from mains. Water
in it is pumped to fill overhead tank or is pumped directly to the floors.
Figure 7-2: Underground Water Tank
24
7.1.3 Water Tank Resting on Ground:
It is a secondary water storage tank. These tanks are built (R.C.C water storage tank) or placed
(Plastic water storage tank) on ground or floor of any building. They are used in emergency
when overhead and underground water tanks are empty.
Figure 7-3: Water Tank Resting on Ground
7.2 Tanks are Further Classified Based on Materials:
7.2.1 R.C.C. Water Tank:

They are strong and long lasting. Usually overhead water tank is made up of RCC. Even
underground water tanks can be of RCC.
7.2.2 Masonry Water Tank:

Underground tanks are usually masonry tanks.
7.2.3 Plastic Water Tank:

They are strong and light in weight. These are portable tanks. It can be used as overhead tank,
underground tank as well as tank resting on ground. They are made of PVC.
7.2.4 Fiberglass Water Tank:

They are very stiff and rigid but relatively thin and light in weight.
7.2.5 Steel Water Tank:

They are made of galvanized steel with a zinc coating to protect steel from corrosion.
7.3. Basic Components of Water Storage Tanks are:
Inlet(s), outlet(s), drain, overflow and vent(s) (with insects’ screen), level indicator, manhole,
sump, drain pump and free board of 200m to 300m for installation of float valve.
25
7.3.1 Inlet and Outlet:
The location of inlet should be at the top so that maximum water can be stored. Outlet should
be at the bottom of the tank so that maximum water can be used and it is also necessary for
circulation of water (i.e between water already in tank and water entering tank). Water
circulation maintains the level of residual chlorine. Out let should be 10-15cm (about 4-6
inches) above bottom because impurities settle at the bottom of the tank and they may flow
with water if outlet is at the very bottom of the tank.
7.3.2 Drain:
It is located at bottom of the tank to empty the tank as well as to remove/clean sediment
deposits during cleaning of tank.
7.3.3 Overflow Pipe:

It is located at the top of the tank so that more water is not stored in the tank. It is provided for
allowance of freeboard. Freeboard is necessary to maintain the air gap.
7.3.4 Vent:
Vent pipes are located at the top of the tank to release air. At the time of refilling water in tank
air is removed out through vent pipes. Opening of vent pipes should face downwards to prevent
entry of contaminants and debris into tank water.
7.3.5 Level Indicator:

It is a dipstick (graduated rod) that indicates the level or quantity of water stored.
7.3.6 Sump:
It is situated at the base of the tank for draining purpose. Additional sump is required for
installation of submersible pumps in case of underground or on ground water storage tanks.
Figure 7-4: Component of storage tank
26
Chapter 08
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND ITS TYPES
• 4 Types of Water Distribution System | Advantages & Disadvantages Water Supply
Distribution System.
Figure 8-1: Water Distribution System
8.1 What Is Water Distribution System?
The household consumers use water for many purposes like drinking, cooking, washing
hands, and body, washing clothes, cleaning the house, watering animals, irrigating the garden,
and often for many commercial activities.
Different sources of water may be used for different activities, and the water sources
available may change with the seasons.
Water Distribution system comes under the water supply system. A domestic water supply
system is a provision to deliver water from source to household with appropriate quality,
quantity, and pressure by public utilities, usually by a system of pumps and pipes
There are different types of water distribution systems that are discussed here.
8.2 What Is a Domestic Water Distribution System?
The domestic water distribution system means

the source and infrastructure that provides water to the household. A domestic water supply
27
system can take water from different sources like a stream, a spring, a hand-dug well, a
boring hall, or a rainwater collection system.
The system of withdrawing water from the treatment plant and making it available at
all appliances (fixtures) for use is known as a domestic water supply system. As per the use,
the water supply system carries hot & cold water throughout the house.
8.3 Basic Principles of Water Supply Distribution System
• The quality of water should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.
• Supply system should be capable of supplying water at all the intentional places with
sufficient pressure heads.
• It should be capable of supplying the needful amount of water during fire-fighting.
• The pipe layout should be such that no consumer would be without a water supply,
during the repair of any section of the system.
• All the pipes in the distribution system should be preferably laid one meter away or
above the sewer lines.
8.4 Types of Water Distribution System

The following are four major types of a water distribution system,
1. Dead-end or Tree Distribution system

2. Gridiron Distribution System
3. Circular or ring Distribution System
4. Radial Distribution System
8.4.1 Dead-end or Tree Distribution System
In this type of water distribution system, one main pipeline runs through the center of
the building, and the sub-mains branch lines off from both sides. The sub-main lines are then
divided into several branch lines from which service connections are provided for
particular houses.
Figure 8-2: Dead-end or Tree Distribution System
28
Advantages of Dead-end Distribution System
• The design of pipe laying is simple and easy.

• A less number of cut-off valves are required and the operation and maintenance cost
is low.
• Pipe laying is simple and no skilled labor is required.
Disadvantages of Dead-end Distribution System
• Only one pipe provides the water to the entire building which is quite risky.
• The head loss is relatively high, requiring a larger pipe diameter and need pumping
units.
• The discharge available during firefighting is limited due to high head loss in
the piping system.
• The water pressure available is also lower which requires a pumping system.
8.4.2 Gridiron Distribution System
In this, the main supply lines run through the center of the building, and sub mains branch off
in perpendicular directions. The branch interconnects the sub-mains.
The distinguishing features of this system are that all types of pipes are interconnected and
there are no dead ends. Water can reach at the given point of withdrawal from many directions,
which allows more flexible operation, particularly when repairs are required.
Figure 8-3: Grid Iron- Water Distribution System
Advantages of Gridiron Distribution System
• This system enables the free circulation of water, without any stagnation or sediment
deposit.
• Because of the fewer interconnections water is available at every point with minimum
loss of head.
• Adequate water is available with pressure for firefighting requirements from the
various branch lines.
• During repair, only a few houses are affected.
29
Disadvantages of Gridiron Distribution System
• In this system, more cut-off valves are required.

• This system requires longer pipe lengths with larger diameters.
• The analysis of discharge, pressure, and velocity in the pipes is difficult
and cumbersome.
• As more pipes are required, ultimately increases the cost of the distribution system.
8.4.3 Circular or Ring Distribution System
In this types of water distribution system, the supply mains form a ring around the area. The
branch pipes are connected cross-wise to the mains and also to each other.
This system is most reliable for several buildings located in the same area planned locations.
Figure 8-4: Ring Water Distribution System
Advantages of Circular or Ring Distribution System
• The number of interconnection is less with minimum loss of head.

• The discharge is also higher when compared to other methods of distribution.
• Fewer consumers are affected at the time of repairs as separate main lines available
for each household.
Disadvantages of Circular or Ring Distribution System
• The length of pipe laying is more which ultimately leads to higher cost.
• Several valves are required to control the flow and discharge of water.
8.4.4 Radial Distribution System:
In this types of water distribution system, the whole buildings are divided into several
distribution areas.
Each building has a centrally located elevated reservoir from where distribution pipes run
radially towards the periphery of the distribution areas.
30
This system gives swift service, without much loss of head.
The design of the pipe laying system is much simpler.
Figure 8-5: Radial Distribution System
Advantages of Radial Distribution System:
• Generally, in high-rise buildings, a radial system is used for the water distribution
system.
• In this system, water is available with higher discharge and with minimum head loss.
• Fewer numbers of the consumer are affected while repairing.
Disadvantages of Radial Distribution System:
• The design of the pipe laying system is complicated.

• More length of pipe is required as the connection is more in this system.
31
Chapter 09
WATER DEMAND
9.1 Water Demand

Quantity of water required for different purposes such as domestic, livestock, commercial,
firefighting, municipal, public etc.
9.2 Types
1. Domestic Demand
2. Livestock Demand
3. Commercial Demand
4. Public/Municipal Demand
5. Industrial Demand
6. Firefighting Demand
7. Loss and wastages
9.2.1 Consumption of water for domestic purposes

Table 9. 1: Consumption of water for domestic purpose
Serial no purpose Water consumption

1 Drinking 2.3
2 Cooking 4.5
3 Ablution 18.2
4 Washing of utensils house 13.6
5 Washing of clothes 13.6
6 Flushing of water closets 27.3
7 Bathing 27.3
Total 106.8
9.2.2 Consumption of water for livestock

Table 9. 2: Consumption of water for livestock
Serial no Livestock Water consumption

(liters per head per day)
1 Horses 45.50
2 Cows 68.25
3 Chickens 0.09
32
4 Sheep 13.60
5 Goats 13.60
9.2.3 Commercial institutional Demand

Table 9. 3: Commercial Institutional Demand
Serial no purpose Demand

1 Hospital/clinic
With bed 500 L/bed/day
Without bed 2500 L/hospital/day
2 School
Boarders 65 L /student/day
Day scholar 10 L/student/day
3 Hotel
With bed 200 L/bed/day
Without bed 500 to 100 L/hotel/day
4 Restaurant/tea stall 500 to 1000 L/restaurant/day
5 offices 500 to 1000 L/office/day
9.2.4 Public/Municipal Demand

Table 9. 4: Public/Municipal Demand
Serial no Purpose Water consumption

1 Public parks 1.4 L/m2/day
2 Street washing 1 to 1.5 L/m2/day
3 Sewer cleaning 4.5 L/m2/day
4 garden 3.5 L/m2/day
9.2.5 Industrial Demand

Quantity of water required for industry consider in urban areas. 20 to 25 % of total demand as
industrial demand.
9.2.6 Firefighting Demand

❖ This demand is for
1. Short circuiting
2. Fire catching materials
3. Explosion
4. Bad intension of criminals
❖ There are different formula fire demand
33
9.2.6.1 Buston’s Formula
𝑄 = 5663√𝑃 (liter/min)
Where, P = Population in thousands
9.2.6.2 Kuichling Formula

𝑄 = 3180√𝑃
Where Q = demand of water in liters per minute.
P = Population in thousands
9.2.6.3 J.R Freeman’s Formula

𝑃
Q = 1135( 5 + 10 )
Where Q = demand of water in liters per minute.

9.2.6.4 American Insurance Association’s Formula
Q = 3860 √𝑃 ( 1 – 0.1√𝑃 )
Where Q = demand of water in litres per minute.
9.2.7 Loss and Wastages

❖ This demand is considered for
✓ Defective pipe joints
✓ Cracked and broken pipe
✓ Faulty valves and fittings
✓ Consumers keep open their taps or public taps even when they are not using water and
allow continues wastage of water.
✓ Unauthorized and illegal connection.
34
Chapter 10
POPULATION FORECASTING METHODS
10.1 Population Forecasting

A water supply project is designed to meet need of community up to end of designed
period, which may be 15 to 25 years.
10.2 Population Forecasting Methods
1 Arithmetic Increase Method

2 Geometric Increase Method
3 Incremental Increase Method
4 Decreasing Rate Method
5 Graphical Extension Method
6 Master Plan Method
7 Logistic Curve Method
10.2.1 Arithmetic Increase Method

Table 10. 1: Question about Arithmetic Increase Method
Serial no Year Population

1 1930 25000
2 1940 28000
3 1950 34000
4 1960 42000
5 1970 47000
Find population 1980,1990,2000
FORMULA Pn = P0 + nx̅
Pn = population of finding year 1980 , 1990 , 2000
P0 = population of last year 1970s is 47000
n = number of decades
1970 to 1980 one decade
1970 to 1990 two decade
1970 to 2000 three decade
X1 +X2 +X3 +Xn
x̅ = total number of x
35
Table 10. 2: Solution about Arithmetic Increase Method
Serial no Year Population Increase in population (X)

1 1930 25000
2 1940 28000 3000
3 1950 34000 6000
4 1960 42000 8000
5 1970 47000 5000
3000 + 6000 + 8000 + 5000
𝑥̅ =
4
22000
𝑥̅ = and 𝑥̅ = 5500
4
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 1980

Pn = P0 + 𝑛𝑥̅
P1980 = P1970 + n5500
P1980 = 47000 + (1)5500
P1980 = 52500 population
Pn = P0 + 𝑛𝑥̅
P1990 = P1970 + n5500
P1990 = 47000 + (2)5500
Pn = P0 + 𝑛𝑥̅
P2000 = P1970 + n5500
P2000 = 47000 + (3)5500
36
10.2.2 Geometric Increase Method
Table 10. 3: Question about Geometric Increase Method
Serial no Year population

1 1951 93000
2 1961 111000
3 1971 132000
4 1981 161000
Find population in 2011
𝑘
Formula Pn = P0 (1 + 100) n
Pn = population of finding year 2011

P0 = population of last year 1981 is 161000
n = number of decades 1981 to 2011 Three decades
3
K = √𝑘1 × k2 × k3 … … . km
3
K = √19.35 × 18.92 × 21.97
3
K = √8043.26
K =20.03
Table 10. 4: Solution about Geometric Increase Method
Serial no Year Population Increase in % increase in population

C1 C2 population C3
K =C2 × 100
C3
1 1951 93000
2 1961 111000 18000 18000
K1 =93000 × 100 =19.35%
3 1971 132000 21000 21000

K2 =111000 × 100=18.92%
4 1981 161000 29000 29000

K 3=132000 × 100=21.97%
20.03 3
P2011 = P1981 (1 + )
100
P2011 = 161000 (1 + 0.2003)3

P2011 = 161000 (1.2003)3
P2011 = 161000 (1.729)
P2011 = 278369
37
10.2.3 Incremental Increase Method
Table 10. 5: Question about incremental Increase method.
Serial no Year population

1 1940 23798624
2 1950 46978325
3 1960 54786437
4 1970 63467823
5 1980 69077421
Find population in 2000?

(n+1)
FORMULA Pn = P0 + nx̅ + n y̅
2
Pn = population of finding year = 2000

P0 = last year population = 1980 = 69077421 population
n = number of decades = 2 , because 1980 →1990→2000
X1 +X2 +X3 +Xn
x̅ = where x = increase in population = 2nd popul-1st popul
total number of x
Y1 +Y2 +Y3 +Yn
y̅ = where y = incremental increase = X2-X1
total number of Y
Table 10. 6: Solution about incremental Increase method.
Serial Year population Increase in population Incremental increase

no
X=2nd popul-1st popul Y=X2-X1
1 1940 23798624
2 1950 46978325 X1=23179701
3 1960 54786437 X2=7808112 Y1=-15371589
4 1970 63467823 X3=8681386 Y2=+873274
5 1980 69077421 X4=5609598 Y3=-3071788
X1 +X2 +X3 +Xn Y1 +Y2 +Y3 +Yn

x̅ = , y̅ =
total number of x total number of Y
23179701+7808112+8681386+5609598 −15371589+873274−3071788
x̅ = , y̅ =
4 3
45278797 −17570103
x̅ = , y̅ =
4 3
38
x̅ = 11319699 𝑦̅ = −5856701
Solution
(n+1)
FORMULA Pn = P0 + nx̅ + n y̅ where P0 = P1980 = 69077421 last year population
2
(2+1)
P2000 = 69077421+ 2(11319699 ) + 2 (−5856701)
2
P2000 = 69077421+ 22639398-17570103

P2000 = 74146716
39
Chapter 11
DESIGN & CALCULATIONS
11.1 Location Map

The project is situated in Margalla view housing society D17 Islamabad.
Figure 11-1: Location map
40
11.2 Contract Document (Sample)
This Employment Contract is entered into on the [_____] day of [_______________],

[Year], between [______________________________________________] (hereinafter
known as Employer), whose business is located at [Street Address], [State Name], [Zip Code],
and [_______________________________________________] (hereinafter known as Project
Manager), who resides at [Street Address], [State Name], [Zip Code].
The Project Manager is responsible for overseeing an assigned project in its entirety. The
Project Manager agrees to coordinate efforts with internal and external parties to achieve
project goals when necessary. The Project Manager is expected to take ownership of the
direction, implementation, control and execution of the project and to provide overall direction
for the project.
Duties:
The specific duties for each project may include: creating a delivery strategy; assigning tasks
to other project members; coordinating the efforts of project team members; developing a
deliverables schedule; managing the project budget; tracking and monitoring project and team
deliverables; providing status updates to senior management and external stakeholders;
defining and securing needed resources; developing quality standards; and the presentation and
evaluation of final project results.
In addition, the Project Manager will be responsible for the following:
Performance Expectations:
The Project Manager agrees to faithfully perform all duties to the best of their abilities and
talents, and to adhere to the highest quality of work standards.
Confidentiality:
Certain information may be communicated to the Project Manager, including trade secrets,
proprietary and other confidential information.
[_____________________________________________] agrees to hold all information
obtained in the normal course of business and communicated to the project manager by the
company, clients, suppliers or other third parties confidential. The project manager may not
disclose such information to any party inside or outside of the company without the written
permission of the company. The project manager may not disclose, distribute or disseminate
confidential information in any way.
Conflict of Interest:
41
The Project Manager agrees to give top priority to the interests of the company. The Project
Manager agrees not to engage in any activity that may be considered a conflict of interest,
including but not limited to working for a second employer in the same or like position at the
same time as working for the Employer named in this contract.
Compensation and Benefits:
The employee will be paid [Weekly/Bi-weekly/Monthly], at the salaried rate of
Rs[____________] per pay period. The employee understands he/she is salaried exempt and is
not entitled to overtime wages.
The project manager [will / will not] be entitled to a performance bonus in the amount of
Rs[________________] for projects completed ahead of schedule.
The Project Manager is entitled to the following benefits:
Insurance Benefits:
Paid Holidays:
Vacation:
Sick Leave / Personal Days:
Educational Reimbursement:
Bonuses:
Stock Options/Retirement Benefits:
At Will Employment:
The employment agreement described in this contract is considered “at will.” The employment
arrangement may be terminated by either party, with or without cause, and with or without
notice.
By signing below, I agree to be bound by the terms of this contract.
Printed Name Employer Signature, Employer Representative Date
Printed Name Project Manager Signature, Project Manager Date
42
11.3 SPECIFICATION
11.3.1 INTRODUCTION:
The project of water supply scheme is situated in Margalla View Housing Society (MVHS)
D17 Islamabad. The society is planned for 242 houses and average person’s/house is 7. The
estimated population of 242 houses is 1696.The requirement of water per person is 135
liters/day. The requirement of water for one house is 945 liters/day. The requirement of water
for selected area of society is 228690 Liters/day. For design purposes, take 30 % for
commercial use, 25 % for loses and wastages and 25% of total discharge (Q) for next 10 years.
Total Discharge (Q) of water included commercial, loses and wastages and next 10 years is
443086.5 liters. In UK Gallon which is equal to 98644 and USA Gallon which is equal to
116602.
11.3.2 EXCAVATION:
Figure 11-2: Excavation
The excavation is done according to design of bedding of pipes which breadth is 3 Feet and
depth is 2 feet. The excavation of underground water tank for every home or flats is done
according to design of underground water tank which depth is 5 feet and 8 feet. The procedure
for excavation including prevention against failing of trench sides, correction of the surface of
trench compaction, water sprinkling and after construction the foundation filling it by mud
around the trench.
43
11.3.3 DESIGN OF WATER TANK FOR EVERY HOME
In water supply scheme we design underground water tank for every house. The length and
breadth of both underground water tank is same but the depth is not same. We design total 132
underground tank. The design of 48 underground water tank is 4 X 6 X 5 and 84 underground
water tank design is 4 X 6 X 8.
11.3.4 CONCRETE WORK
Figure 11-3: Concrete work
In the foundation of underground water tank concrete is placed. The ratio of concrete is (1:4:8).
In foundation we placed 9” thick layer of concrete. In concrete Portland cement is used. Often
without cement the dry crushed is placed down below. For calculating its quantity, the length
and width of foundation of depth multiplied of concrete layer. For this length and width is
usually equal to the excavation whereas depth will be equal to the cross section
11.3.5 R.C.C WORK
Figure 11-4: RCC work
44
For R.C.C construction the column, braces, beam and wall of tank along with slab are of R.C.C.
Usually The ratio of concrete in column and beam is 1:2:4 where as in walls and slab the ratio
is 1:2:4. The percentage of steel is 1%.
11.3.6 FLOOR
At the bottom of tank usually the barite is installed for the flooring. The quantity of barite is
determined by the area of floor.
11.3.7 PIPES AND FITTINGS
Figure 11-5: Pipes and Fittings
In water supply scheme Galvanized iron GI pipe are used as main pipe line and PPRC pipe are
used as distribution pipe line. The diameter of Galvanized iron pipe is 4” and one pipe length
of Galvanized iron pipe is 20’. The diameter of PPRC pipe is 32mm and one pipe length of
PPRC pipe is 10 feet. In water supple scheme float valve is used which purpose is that when
underground water tank is full the supply of water automatically off. In water supply scheme
GI and PPRC both pipes fittings are used such as socket, Elbow, Tee and Gate valve.
45
11.4 Design Period of Various Component Use In Water Supply Scheme
Table 11. 1: Design Period of Various Component Use In Water Scheme
Serial no. Units Design discharge Design period

1 Water treatment Maximum daily demand 15 years
unit
2 Main supply Maximum daily demand 30 years
pipes
3 Wells and tube Maximum daily demand 30→ 50 years
wells
4 Demand Average annual demand 50 years
reservoir
5 Distribution Demand/coincident draft 30 years
system
✓ Coincident draft = Average demand + Fire demand
11.5 Requirement of water for population per day
❖ Per day 135 liters of water are required for one day.
Table 11. 2: REQUIREMENT OF WATER FOR POPULATION PER DAY
Serial no Purpose Quantity of water

1 Drinking 5 liters
2 Cooking 5 liters
3 Bathing and toilet 85 liters
4 House cleaning 10 liters
5 Cloth washed 30 liters
Total 135ters
❖ Water required for one house

7 person per house × 135 liters per day
Requirement of water for one house = 945 liters
❖ Water required for total houses

242 total houses × 945 liters water required for one house
Requirement of water for total houses (Q) = 228690 liters
❖ Industrial and commercial consumption
30% of Q is required for industrial and commercial use.
46
228690
= × 30 = 68607
100
So, 68607 liters required for commercial consumption.
❖ Losses and wastages

25% of Q is required for losses and wastages.
228690
= 100 × 25 = 57172.5 liters
❖ TOTAL
= Q + Commercial use + Losses and Wastages
= 228690 + 68607 + 57172.5
= 354469.5 liters
❖ Water requirement for next 10 years
25% of total water required for next 10-year water.
354469.5
= × 25 = 88617 liters
100
❖ Total all discharge
= total + 25% of total water required for next 10-year water
= 354469.5 + 88617
= 443086.5 liters
❖ In UK gallons
We know that one gallon of UK = 4.5 liters
443086.5
= = 98464 Gallons`
4.5
❖ In USA gallons
We know that one gallon of USA = 3.8 liters
443086.5
= = 116602 Gallons
3.8
11.6 Design of underground tank for house
Density of water 1m3 = 1000 liters

1
1 liter = 1000m3
1 liter = 0.001m3
Our water requirement = 135 liters X 7 person = 945 liters/house
So = 945 liters X 0.001 m3
Volume of water = 0.945m3
Assume height of water tank say = 1.5m
0.945m3
Find area of water tank = = 0.63m2
1.5m
To find the length and breadth of water tank
Take √0.63m2 = 0.79372m
47
Table 11. 3: Design of underground tank for one house
Height 1.5m
Length 0.7932m
Breadth 0.7932m
11.7 Method of Distribution used in water supply scheme
Circular or Ring Distribution system is used for water supply scheme.
Figure 11-6: Ring Water Distribution System
11.8 Type of Supply Used in Water Supply Scheme
Intermittent water supply is used in water supply scheme. In this system the water is supplied
to the community during certain hours a day only. The time is about one to four hour in the
morning about the same period in the afternoon. This system is used because
• Available pressure is low.
• Available water is insufficient.
11.9 Types of Pipes Used for Water Supply Scheme

Table 11. 4: TYPES OF PIPES USED FOR WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
SERIAL NO PIPE PURPOSE

1 Galvanized iron pipi As main pipe line
(G.I PIPE )
2 Polypropylene Random copolymer As distribution pipe line
(PPRC)
48
11.10 Float Valve
Float valve is used in every underground tank.

In water supply scheme total 132 float valves are used.
When tank is filled the float valve go up and supply of water automatic off.
In Figure 11-2 the water supply in the tank and float valve in down condition.
Figure 11-7: Float Valve in Open Condition
In Figure 11-3 the tank is filled and supply of water automatically off.
Figure 11-8: Float Valve in Off Condition
11.11 Calculation of Pipes Used in Water Supply Scheme
11.11.1 Calculation of G.I pipes

Table 11. 5: Calculation of G.I pipes
Serial no. Length of G.I pipe

1 23’-9”
2 24’-3’’
3 32’-9’’
49
4 100’-6”
5 60’-8’’
6 304’
7 39’-1’’
8 8’
9 7’-6’’
10 242’-8’’
11 7’-9’’
12 8’-1’’
13 11’-9’’
14 9’-4’’
15 107’-9’’
16 10’-10’’
17 11’-2’’
18 2’-6’’
TOTAL 1012’-4’’ say 1013’
We know that one length of G.I Pipe = 20’
1013′
= = 50.6’ say 51’ Length of G.I pipe are used in water supply scheme
20′
11.11.2 G.I fittings

Table 11. 6: G.I FITTINGS
Serial no. Fittings numbers

1 Socket 50
2 Tee 4
3 Elbow 12
4 Sluice valve 12
11.11.3 Calculation of PPRC Pipes and Fittings

Table 11. 7: Calculation of PPRC pipes and fittings
Serial no. Main length Length to tank Tee Elbow

1 140’-1’’ 4’-4’’x6no 5 no. 1 no.
26’
50
2 138’-6’’ 2’x6no. 5 no. 1 no.
12’
3 289’-11’’ 3’9’’x30no. 29 no. 1 no.
112’6’’
4 325’-6’’ 6’2’’x30no. 29 no. 1 no.
185’
5 337’5’’ 4’9’’x24no. 23 no. 1 no.
114’
6 184’-9’’ 7’’x12no. 11 no. 1 no.
=7’
7 332’-11’’ 5’5’’x12no. 23 no. 1 no.
=65’
5’9’’x12no.
=69’
Total 1749’ 590’-6’’ 125 no. 7 no.
Total all = 1749 + 590.5

= 2339.5 say 2340 ft
we know one length of PPRC = 10ft
2340′
= = 234’ length and 50 socket of PPRC are used in water supply scheme.
10′
51
11.12 Pipes bedding
D Dgg D 4”
Depth=2’
PPRC
32mm
Figure 11-9: Cross section diagram for excavation of pipe
Breadth = 3’
11.12.1 Excavation and Filling of G.I Pipe

Table 11. 8: Sum of all length for G.I pipe Excavation
Serial no. Length

1 23’-9”
2 24’-3”
3 32’-9”
4 343’-2”
5 8’
6 7’-6”
7 242’-8”
8 7’-9”
9 8’-1”
10 9’-4’’
11 107’-9’’
12 10’-10’’
13 11’-2’’
14 11’-9’’
15 2’-6’’
16 100’-6’’
17 60’-8’’
52
Total 1013
Excavation
Table 11. 9: Excavation
Sr.no. L B D Q Unit
1 1013’ 3’ 2’ 6078 cft
Filling
𝐝𝟐
Area of G.I pipe = 𝛑 𝟒
(o.333)2
Area of pipe = 3.142x 4
Area of pipe = 0.087 sq.ft

Area of pipe x length of pipe
0.087sq.ft X 1013ft
88.131cft
289’-11’’ length of PPRC attached with G.I

d2
Area of PPRC pipe = π (32mm=1.25’’=0.104’)
4
(0.104)2

0.0084sq.ft X 290ft
2.46cft
In filling the volume of G.I and PPRC is neglected from total excavation
=6078-88.131+2.46
=6078-90.59
=5987.40 cft is the quantity of filling
11.12.2 Excavation and Filling of PPRC Pipes

Table 11. 10: Sum of all length for G.I pipe Excavation
Serial no. Main length Length to tank

1 140’-1’’ 4’-4’’x6no
26’
2 138’-6’’ 2’x6no.
12’
53
3 289’-11’’ attached with G.I pipe and already 3’9’’x30no.
calculated
112’6’’
4 325’-6’’ 6’2’’x30no.
185’
5 337’5’’ 4’9’’x24no.
114’
6 184’-9’’ 7’’x12no.
=7’
7 332’-11’’ 5’5’’x12no.
=65’
5’9’’x12no.
=69’
Total 1459’ 590’-6’’
Total all length =2049.5’
Table 11. 11: Excavation
Sr.no. L B D Q Unit
1 2049.5’ 0.5’ 0.5’ 512.37 cft
Filling
d2
Area of PPRC pipe = π (32mm=1.25’’=0.104’)
4
(0.104)2

0.0084sq.ft X 2049.5ft
17.21cft
In filling the volume of PPRC is neglected from total excavation

=512.37-17.21
=495.15 cft is the quantity of filling.
54
11.13 Estimate of underground water tank
11.13.1 underground water tank 4x6x5
Figure 11-10: Cross section of underground water tank 4x6x5
Figure 11-11: Plan of underground water tank 4x6x5
55
Calculation
Table 11. 12: Estimation of underground water tank 4’x6’x5’
S.N Description No L B H Q Total 48

o s. tanks
Quantity
1 Excavation 1 5’ 7’ 6.75 236.25cft 11340cft

’
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) at the 1 5’ 7’ 0.75 26.25cft 1260cft

bottom of tank
3 R.C.C work (1:2:4) excluding reinforcement
1.Bottom Slab 1 5’ 7’ 0.5’ 17.5cft 840cft
2.Short wall 2 5’ 0.5’ 5’ 25cft 1200cft
3.Long wall 2 7’ 0.5’ 5’ 35cft 1680cft
4.Top slab 1 7’ 9’ 0.5’ 31.5cft 1512cft
Total 109cft 5232cft
Deduction for M.H 1 1.5’ 1.5’ 0.5’ 1.125 54cft

cover
107.87cft 5178cft
Net Quantity
4 Steel reinforcement @ 1 1 x5178 x 490 524.3Lbs 25372.2Lbs

percent of R.C.C 100
56
11.13.2 Underground Water Tank 4x6x8
Figure 11-12: Cross section of Underground Water Tank 4x6x5
Figure 11-13: Plan of underground water tank 4x6x8
57
Calculation
Table 11. 13: Estimation of underground water tank 4'x6'x8'
S.No Description Nos. L B H Q Total 84

tanks
Quantity
1 Excavation 1 5’ 7’ 9.75 341.25cft 28665cft

’
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) at the 1 5’ 7’ 0.75 26.25cft 2205cft

bottom of tank
3 R.C.C Work (1:2:4) Excluding Reinforcement
1.Bottom Slab 1 5’ 7’ 0.5’ 17.5cft 1470cft
2.Short wall 2 5’ 0.5’ 8’ 40cft 3360cft
3.Long wall 2 7’ 0.5’ 8’ 56cft 4704cft
4.Top slab 1 7’ 9’ 0.5’ 31.5cft 2646cft
Deduction for M.H cover 1 1.5’ 1.5’ 0.5’ 1.125 94.5cft
Net Quantity 143.875 12085.5cft
4 Steel reinforcement @ 1 1 x143.875 x 490 704.98Lbs 59218.32Lbs

percent of R.C.C 100
58
11.14 Water Storage Capacity of Tanks Used in Water
Figure 11-14: Tank 1 water capacity
Calculation
=LXBXH = 4’x6’x5’ = 120cft
= 120cft x 28 Liters (In 1cft 28 liters water store)
= 3360 Liters
Figure 11-15: tank 2 water capacity
Calculation
=LxBxH = 4’x6’x8’ = 192cft
= 192cft x 28 Liters (In 1cft 28 liters water store)
= 5376 Liters
59
11.15 Market Rate List of PPRC Pipe
Table 11. 14: Market rate list of PPRC pipe
11.16 Market Rate List of G.I Fittings

Table 11. 15: Market rate list of G.I Fittings
Serial no size Elbow Tee Socket Union Nipple Bend

1 1/2” 105.38 136.12 90.75 353.15 92.84 231.78
2 3/4" 163.64 220.79 135.22 473.54 139.97 319.91
3 1” 358.4 487.42 293.35 768.28 260.18 780.15
4 1-1/4” 433.66 589.77 354.95 929.62 314.82 943.98
5 1-1/2” 567.62 732.2 416.87 1261.36 441.48 1261.36
6 2” 960.47 1098.32 659.87 1725.92 659.87 2057.3
7 2-1/2” 175.02 2679.92 1271.76 3713.68 1050.44 3975.91
8 3” 3205.91 3870.25 2111.51 4933.9 1931.12 5559.92
9 4” 5058.78 5893.17 2894.17 8648.51 2731.25 10181.3
60
G I Pipe price Rs 320/feet
One Length of G.I pipe is 20 feet
= 320 X 20 = 6400 is the price of one G.I Length
11.17 Abstract of Cost of Pipes and Fittings

Table 11. 16: Abstract of cost of Pipes and Fittings
Serial no Pipes or Fitting name No’s Unit Price Total Price

1 PPRC Pipe 32mm 234 903 211302
10’Length
2 PPRC Socket 32mm 50 50 2500
3 PPRC Elbow 32mm 7 70 490
4 PPRC Tee 32mm 125 96 12000
5 Float valve 132 1250 165000
6 GI 4” Pipe 20’ Length 51 6400 326400
7 GI 4 Inch Socket 50 2894.17 144708
8 GI 4 Inch Tee 4 5893.17 23573
9 GI 4 Inch Elbow 12 5058.78 60705
10 GI 4 Inch Sluice valve 12 700 84000
All total 1030678
11.18 Abstract of Quantity of Cement sand and Aggregate of Tank 4 x 6 x 5

Table 11. 17: Abstract of Quantity of cement sand and aggregate of tank 4 x 6 x 5
S.No Description Q Total 48 Cement Sand Gravel

tanks
Quantity
1 Excavation 236.25cft 11340cft
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) at 26.25cft 1260cft 119 bags 596cft 1193cft

the bottom of tank
61
1.Bottom Slab 17.5cft 840cft
2.Short wall 25cft 1200cft
3.Long wall 35cft 1680cft
4.Top slab 31.5cft 1512cft
Deduction for 1.125 54cft

M.H cover
107.87cft 5178cft 911 bags 2278cft 4556cft
Net Quantity
4 Steel 524.3Lbs 25372.2

reinforcement @
1 percent of Lbs
R.C.C
11.19 Abstract of Quantity of Cement sand and Aggregate of tank 4 x6 x 8’

Table 11. 18: Abstract of Quantity of cement sand and aggregate of tank 4 x6 x 8’
S.No Description Q Total 84 tanks Cement Sand Gravel

Quantity
1 Excavation 341.25cft 28665cft
2 P.C.C (1:4:8) at 26.25cft 2205cft 208 bag 1045cft 2090

the bottom of tank
cft
1.Bottom Slab 17.5cft 1470cft
2.Short wall 40cft 3360cft
3.Long wall 56cft 4704cft
62
4.Top slab 31.5cft 2646cft
Deduction for 1.125 94.5cft

M.H cover
143.875 12085.5cft 2127 5318cft 10635 cft
Net Quantity bags
4 Steel 704.98Lbs 59218.32Lbs

reinforcement @
1 percent of
R.C.C
11.20 Abstract of Cost of Cement, Sand, Aggregate

Table 11. 19: Abstract of Cost of Cement, Sand, Aggregate
Serial no Item Quantity Unit price Price

1 Cement 3365 Bags Rs830 Rs2792950
2 Sand 9237 cft Rs3000/100 Rs277110
3 Aggregate 18474 Rs3300/100 Rs609645
Total Rs3679705
11.21 Abstract of Cost of Excavation

Table 11. 20: Abstract of Cost of Excavation
Sr.no. Pipe Q Unit Price Price

1 PPRC Pipe 512.37cft Rs7/Feet Rs3586
2 GI Pipe 6078cft Rs7/Feet Rs42546
Total Rs46132
11.22 Abstract of Cost of Steel

Table 11. 21: Abstract of Cost of Steel
S.No Description Q Unit Price Price

1 Steel 84590 Lbs 193000/kg Rs7407147
or
38379kg
63
11.23 Final Project Report
1. The project is situated in Margalla view housing society (MVHS) D17 Islamabad.
2. The project of water supple scheme is completed in six months.
3. The source of water for water supply scheme is subsurface source.
4. The depth of tube well is 350’ which supply water to society.
5. The number of houses are 242 and number of markets 1
6. The total population of society is 1696 persons.
7. The requirement of water for one house is 945 liters/day.
8. The total requirement of water for society per day is 443086 in UK Gallon which is
equal to 98644 Gallon and in USA Gallon which is equal to116602 Gallons.
9. In water supply scheme total 132 tanks are designed from which 48 tanks designed is
4’ X 6’ X 5’ and 84 tanks designed is 4’ X 6’ X 8’.
10. In water supply scheme two water tanks are used one is 4’ X 6’ X 5’ having storage
capacity of 3360 Liters and second is 4’ X 6’ X 8’ having storage capacity of 5376
Liters.
11. The water supply scheme is designed for next 10 years. For this we add 25% of total
water in Discharge (Q).
12. In water supply scheme the total Cost of GI pipes and PPRC pipes with fittings is
Rs1030678.
13. In water supply scheme the total cost of Cement, sand and aggregate which is used in
underground water tank for every house is Rs3679705.
14. In water supply scheme the total cost of excavation for Galvanized iron pipe and
PPRC pipe is Rs46132.
15. In water supply scheme the steel used in underground water tank the total cost of steel
is Rs7407147
16. Total cost of project of water supply scheme is Rs1213662.
64

Water Supply Scheme Project D-17

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Water Supply Scheme Project D-17

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WATER SUPPLY SCHEME PROJECT

Civil department 2022

GROUP ASST ADVISOR

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY TRAINING INSTITUTE

GROUP ASST LEADER

A thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of

PROJECT ADVISOR GROUP ASST ADVISOR

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY TRAINING

We are thankful to ALLAH ALIMIGHTY for giving us

This is certified that the syndicate has carried out

2.1 What is Water?

2.2 Sources of Water

Figure 2-1: Sources of Ground Water

2.3 Importance of Water

We all need water for different daily activities including:

• Domestic Purposes include bathing, cleaning, cooking, drinking, and washing.

2.4 Water Cycle

Figure 2-4: Water Cycle

2.5 Factors Affecting Water Use

2.5.1 Climatic Condition

2.5.2 Cost of Water

2.5.3 Habits of Population

2.5.4 Distribution Pressure

2.6 How to Find Discharge

V stand for velocity

R Stands for hydraulic radius

S Is the slope of energy line

3.1 Types of pipes:

3.1.1 G.I Pipes

Figure 3-1: G.I Pipes

Figure 3-2: . C.I Pipes

3.1.3 P.V.C Pipes

Figure 3-3: PVC Pipes

Figure 3-4: A.C Pipes

3.1.5 PPRC Pipes:

Figure 3-5: PPRC Pipes

Figure 3-6: Copper Pipes

3.1.7 Concrete Pipes:

Figure 3-7: Concrete Pipes

4.1 Plumbing Fittings

4.2 Types of Pipe Fittings

Following are the Pipe Connectors or plumbing fitting types,

Figure 4-1: Adaptor

Figure 4-2: Barb

Figure 4-3: Coupling

Figure 4-4: Cross-type

Figure 4-5: Double Tapped Bushing

Figure 4-6: Elbow

Figure 4-7: Mechanical Sleeve

Figure 4-8: Nipple

Figure 4-9: Reducer

Figure 4-10: Tee

Figure 4-11: Union

Figure 4-12: Valve

Figure 4-13: Wye

Figure 4-14: Cap

Figure 4-15: Plug

5.1 Gate Valve:

Figure 5-1: Gate Valve

5.2 Float Valve:

Figure 5-2: Float Valve

Figure 5-3: Non-Return Valve

5.4 Pressure Regulating Valve: