RIFT VALLEY TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE - ELDORET.

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

TRADE PROJECT

PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF DISPENSARY AT OLESSOS SUB COUNTY

CENTER NAME : RIFT VALLEY TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

PRESENTER :

INDEX NO. : 5341010

CENTER CODE : 534101

COURSE NAME : DIPLOMA IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

COURSE CODE
PRESENTED TO
: 2705
: KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN
PARTAIL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

SUPERVISOR :

SERIES : NOVEMBER 2022

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DECLARATION

I declare that this project is my original work and has not been presented for the award of diploma in
Building Technology in any Institution.
Name:
Signature …………………………………………………………………….
Date …………………………………………………………………….
Supervisor approval
I confirm that the work reported in this project was carried out by the candidate under my supervision and
has been submitted with my approval as college supervisors.
Supervisor;
Signature ……………………………… Date…………………………..

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DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to my parents, and my siblings, for their unwavering financial and emotional
support as well as undying love and encouragement throughout my academic journey.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would wish to take this humble opportunity to thank Almighty God for far He has brought me. May
glory and honors be to God who has enabled me to successfully carry out this project. Thank you Lord for
your powers, strength, opportunity, knowledge, and wisdom until this far I have reached.
I would also wish to sincerely thank and appreciate whoever contributed positively towards the
achievement of this project. My gratitude goes to entire Rift Valley Technical Training Institute
fraternity especially our lecturers from Building and civil Department for their hard work that has
enabled us to achieve thorough training.
Finally, I would like to appreciate my supervisor Mr wambua for his work towards my project, May God
bless you.

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 ABSTRACT

My proposed project will deal with construction of a Dispensary at O`lessos Sub County. The objective
of coming up with project is due to increase in population in the area and there is need of extra modern
dispensary to solve the problem for now and future . According to 2002 population census, O`lessos
sub county has 21,608 people. The area consists both of planned and unplanned settlements. The
majority of the population is self-employed in the informal sector whereby their earnings are not
sufficient to meet their basic needs. Generally most of the people in this area fall under the
group of urban poor.
The Nandi County Government vision is to improve the health standards of the County
Residents within the community. The vision of the community acts as a guiding star, which
cannot be reached but continues to provide hope and desire to move forward and carry on with
the assignment.
The mission is to improve the health standards of the Community through the provision of better
social services and support community initiatives towards poverty reduction.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION..............................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES............................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Project description....................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Main objectives.........................................................................................................................................1
1.2.1 Specific objectives.................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Statement of the problem.......................................................................................................................2
Justification of the study.................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER......................................................................................................................................................3
2.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................3
2.1 What is Health........................................................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Health as a fundamental human right.............................................................................................3
2.2.2 The Concept of Health for All...........................................................................................................3
2.3 Vicious Cycle of Health and Poverty.................................................................................................4
2.3.1 Participation is essential to sustain health promotion action...................................................4
2.3.2 Community based health services and initiatives.......................................................................4
2.4 Kenya Health policy objectives.........................................................................................................5
2.4.1 The specific objectives of the policy are as following:.............................................................5
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................7
3.0 PROJECT SURVEY WORK AND INVESTIGATIONS.......................................................................7
3.1 Survey Work.............................................................................................................................................7
3.1.1 Survey Stage..........................................................................................................................................7
3.1.2 Priliminaries Survey..............................................................................................................................7
3.1.3 Actual survey.........................................................................................................................................7
3.2 Collection of soil......................................................................................................................................7
3.2.1 Soil classifications................................................................................................................................7
3.2.2 Particle soil annalysis/distribution.........................................................................................................7

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3.2.3 Procedure...............................................................................................................................................8
3.4 Proctor compaction test............................................................................................................................8
3.5 California bearing ratio test (CBR)..........................................................................................................9
CHARPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................................11
4.0 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PARAMETERS..........................................11
4.1 Walling...................................................................................................................................................11
4.2 Floor........................................................................................................................................................11
4.3 Windows.................................................................................................................................................11
4.4 Stairs.......................................................................................................................................................11
4.5 Ventilation..............................................................................................................................................12
4.6 CALCULATIONS INVOLVED............................................................................................................12
4.6.1 CONTOUR PLANS...........................................................................................................................12
4.6.2 INTERPOLATION OF CONTOURS.................................................................................................13
4.6.3 CONTOURS BY INTERPOLATION METHOD..............................................................................14
4.7 STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENT/DESIGN.........................................................................................16
4.7.1 COLUMNS.........................................................................................................................................16
4.7.2 BEAMS...............................................................................................................................................16
4.7.3 FLOOR SLAB....................................................................................................................................17
4.7.4 STAIRS...............................................................................................................................................17
LOADINGS..........................................................................................................................................17
4.7.8 SYMBOLS USED IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..............................................................................19
Total weight..........................................................................................................................................20
Shear reinforcement..............................................................................................................................22
COLUMN DESIGN.....................................................................................................................................22
DATA...................................................................................................................................................22
PITCH...................................................................................................................................................23
DATA...................................................................................................................................................24
D1 provided...........................................................................................................................................25
DESIGN................................................................................................................................................25
DATA...................................................................................................................................................25
Provision of main reinforcement..........................................................................................................26
4.8 BILL OF QUANTITY............................................................................................................................28
CAHPTER FIVE..........................................................................................................................................50

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5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................50
5.1 Conclusion............................................................................................................................................50
5.2 Recommendation...............................................................................................................................51
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................52

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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

FIGURES
FIGURE 1: EXISTING features along E5_A5
FIGURE2: Existing feature along A1_E1
FIGURE3: EXISTING feature along A5_A1
FIGURE4: Existing feature along E1_E5
FIGURE5: GRID METHOD
FIGURE6: SITE COUNTURING
SITE COUNTURING
FIGURE 7: SITE MANAGEMENT
FIGURE 8: SITE LAYOUT
FIGURE 9: STAIR CASE DESIGN
FIGURE 10: TOTAL LOADS
FIGURE 11: STAIR DETAILS FIGURE 12:
BEAM DESIGN
FIGURES13: WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION
FIGURE 14: DETAILING
FIGURE 15: COLOUMN DESIGN
FIGURE16: ………………………………….
FIGURE 16: ………………………………………..
FIGURE 17: REQUIRED WATER STOREGE TANK
FIGURE18: SEPTIC TANK
FIGURE 19: MANHOLE
FIGURE 20: UNDERGROUND WATER TANK

TABLES
TABLE 1: INTERPOLATION OF CONTOUR
TABLE 2: WORK PROGRAME
TABLE 3: CRITICAL PATH
TABLE 4: ANALYSIS SHEET
TABLE 5: ………………………..

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project description.

The construction of any building will normally involve the clients, an architect and contractors.
Architects have to work very closely with the client to ensure that the outcome of the building suits the
requirements of the client. Consequently, an adequate architectural “brief”, specifying information on
the requirements for the building, has to be provided. With this brief, the architect can design a
building incorporating all the necessary specifications and details and can also advise the client on the
nature and type of contractors and consultants needed to form the design team for the construction
process.
The construction participating team will consist of an architect, who will lead consultant, a quantity
surveyor, structural and civil engineers, electrical engineers and mechanical engineers as the
subcontractors. The architect designs the building, and manages the building process; quantity
surveyors identify and cost all the building materials and make available total estimations of costs for
the construction process. Structural and civil engineers survey and advise on the suitability of the
location, the terrain, soil texture, and landscaping; mechanical engineers advise on mechanical systems
such as elevators, air conditioning, ventilators etc. to be used in the building; electrical engineers are
concerned with electrical and power devices to be installed in the building.
The quantity surveyor normally makes available “bills of quantities", a detailed list of items needed for
the construction and their costs, which is forwarded to the architect and the client for consideration.
Quotations from various contractors are inspected by the client to enable the selection of the cheapest
and most reliable. The architect will normally conduct the business of the contract on behalf of and in
consultation with the client to ensure quality control and completion of the building within the
scheduled time. In large organizations, both public and private as in the case of a university, a building
management committee might be set up to oversee the building process on behalf of the
client/management, and the architect becomes a key/chair person in that committee.

1.2 Main objectives.

The main objective is;

To construct a dispensary at O`lessos Sub County,Nnadi County
1.2.1 Specific objectives

• To construct one health center for the population of O`lessos Community by

2023
• To reduce the barrier of accessing health services by 85% by 2023

• To provide improved health services to O`lessos Community by 2023

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 • To provide voluntary counseling and test services in the area.

1.3 Statement of the problem

According to 2002 population census, O`lessos sub county has 21,608 people. The area consists
both of planned and unplanned settlements. The majority of the population is self-employed in the
informal sector whereby their earnings are not sufficient to meet their basic needs. Generally most
of the people in this area fall under the group of urban poor.
The Nandi County Government vision is to improve the health standards of the County
Residents within the community. The vision of the community acts as a guiding star, which cannot
be reached but continues to provide hope and desire to move forward and carry on with the
assignment.
The mission is to improve the health standards of the Community through the provision of better
social services and support community initiatives towards poverty reduction

Justification of the study.

Kenya, like many countries of the developing world, is faced with the challenge of providing
adequate health services to all her people. However, resources, especially finance, are insufficient
to implement this mammoth task. Consequently, under the Health Sector Reforms, the government
is working together with a number of other agencies to help realize this goal. Within O`lessos
Ward, there is a large population of 21,608 people that at present do not have access to health
services in their locality. There is only one government clinic located near this area but it does not
address all the health needs services. In order to access these services the community people have to
travel more than 10 km. The roads in this area are not well passable thus during the night it is
difficult to find transport to access mother and child health services. As a result many expecting
women deliver at home or on the way without being attended by health personnel. This causes a
high incidence of maternal/child mortality.
Project description
Within O`lessos Ward, there is a large population of 21,608 people that at present do not have
access to health services in their locality. There is only one government clinic located near this
area but it does not address all the health needs services. In order to access these services the
community people have to travel more than 10 km. The roads in this area are not well passable
thus during the night it is difficult to find transport to access mother and child health services. As a
result many expecting women deliver at home or on the way without being attended by health
personnel. Hence, there is need to build a good dispensary to cater for these needs.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Introduction

The chapter surveys available literature on what has been said and documented by various
scholars in the area of health and community participation in order to lay consistent foundation
on the subject within an acceptable research framework.
2.1 What is Health

World Health Organization constitution of 1948 defined health as state of complete physical,
social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Within the
context of health promotion, health has been considered less as an abstract stat e and more as a
means to an end which can be expressed in functional terms as a resource which permits people
to lead an individually, socially and economically productive life. Health is a resource for
everyday life, not the object of living. It is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal
resources as well as physical capabilities. Tanzania as a member of W HO has adopted this
definition and is the one which has been used in the country. The definition is appropriate one
because it is known that health is encompassing all issues surrounding the life of human being and
not merely absence of diseases only.
2.1.1 Health as a fundamental human right

The Ottawa Charter (1986) in keeping with the concept of health as a fundamental human right
emphasizes certain pre-requisites for health which include peace, adequate economic
resources, food an d shelter, an d a stable eco-system and sustainable resource use. Recognition
of these pre-requisites highlights the inextricable links between social and economic
conditions, the physical environment, individual lifestyles and health.
Today the spiritual dimension of health is increasingly recognized.
Health is regarded by WHO as a fundamental human right, and correspondingly, all people
should have access to basic resources for health. A comprehensive understanding of health
implies that all systems an d structures which govern social and economic conditions and the
physical environment should take account of the implications of their activities in relation to
their impact on individual and collective health and well-being to increase control over the
determinants of health and thereby improve their health. This is applicable in Tanzania, because
the government understands the importance of health to its citizen an d hence undertook
different strategies in order to make sure every Tanzanian is able to access health services
though due to resource constrain t the process is somehow slow.
2.2.2 The Concept of Health for All

Glossary of Terms Used in WHO 1984 defined heath for all as the attainment by all the people of
the world of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically
productive life. Health for Al l has serve d as an important focal point for health strategy for

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 WHO and it’s Member States for almost twenty years. Although it has been interpreted
differently by each country in the light of its social and economic characteristics, the health
status and morbidity patterns of its population, and the state of development of its health
system, it has provided an aspiration goal, based on the concept of equity in health. Tanzania
has understood this and she is working on it though constrained by resources but she has
willingness to do so.

2.3 Vicious Cycle of Health and Poverty

It is recognized that there is a strong relationship between health and poverty which works in
both ways: income poverty leads to poor health outcomes and adverse health outcomes
contribute to income poverty.
A number of factors typically associated with income poverty are also determinants of ill health.
These include high level of female illiteracy, lack of access to clean water, unsanitary conditions,
food insecurity, poor household caring practices, heavy work demand, lack of fertility control, as
well as low access to preventive and basic curative care. Opposite, unfavorable health outcomes
which contribute to income poverty include ill-health in general, HIV/AIDS, malnutrition and
high fertility. These reasons cause poverty through diminishing productivity, reduced household
income, and increased health expenditures.

2.3.1 Participation is essential to sustain health promotion action.

The Ottawa Charter (1986) identifies three basic strategies for health promotion. These are
advocacy for health to create the essential conditions for health indicated above; enabling all
people to achieve their full health potential; and mediating between the different interest s i n
society in the pursuit of health. These strategies are supported by five priority action areas as
outlined in the Ottawa Charter. Participation is essential to sustain efforts. People have to be at
the center of health promotion action and decision- making processes for them to be effective;
health literacy/ health learning foster participation. Access to education and information is
essential to achieving effective participation and the empowerment of people and communities.
2.3.2 Community based health services and initiatives

Rene Loewenson: (2000) Participation of communities, of both organized and unorganized public
groups, is widely argued to be an important factor in improving health outcomes and the
performance of health systems. Despite this, and the common inclusion of 'participation' as both
means and ends in health policy, participation is poorly operationalized, both in governance an d
accountability in health an d in technical health interventions , so that there is little systematic
analysis of its specific contribution to health and health systems outcomes . The term
'participation' has been loaded with many meanings and aspirations. To some it implies a
mechanism for increasing the efficiency or reducing the costs of programme implementation,

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improving sustainability of programmes and building local skill s and experience useful for future
interventions.
This form of participation is a means to other development ‘ends’, a way in which goals and
objectives ma y be better achieved. Participation is however also conceived of as an end in itself,
building networks of solidarity and confidence in social groups, building institutional capacity,
empowering people to understand and influence the decisions which affect their lives, legitimizing
policy and practice, ensuring that they relate more closely to perceived public need and
strengthening the incorporation of local knowledge.
The term 'community', as a social grouping with common characteristics, interests or identity
equally needs to be unbundled to identify the interests or features that create that collective
identity, and to recognize the conflicts or divisions that exist within groups.
The manner in which participation is expressed is an important dimension of how a society
conceives and practices democracy. It reflects the extent to which democracy extends t o and
beyond representative democracy, or the delegation of power through the election of
representatives, to the system s of 'participatory democracy' that society uses to direct or control
the exercise of power, establish accountability, communicate views and interests and contribute
towards development between elections .

2.4 Kenya Health policy objectives

The overall objective of the health policy is to improve the health and wellbeing of all Kenyans,
with focus on those most at risk, and to encourage the health system to be more responsive to
the needs of the people.
2.4.1 The specific objectives of the policy are as following:

• Reduce infant and maternal morbidity and mortality and increase life expectancy through
the provision of adequate and equitable maternal an d child health services, promotion of
adequate nutrition, control of communicable diseases and treatment of common
conditions.

• Ensure that health services are available and accessible to all people wherever they are
in the country, whether in urban or rural areas.
• Move towards self-sufficiency in manpower by training all the cadres required at all levels
from village to national levels.
• Sensitize the community on common preventable health problems an d improve the
capabilities at all levels of the society to asses and analyze problems an d to design
appropriate action through genuine community involvement.
• To promote awareness in government an d the community at large that the health problems
can only be adequate solved through multisectoral cooperation, involving such sectors as
education, agriculture, water an d sanitation, community development, women

14
 organizations, the party and non-governmental organizations.
• Create awareness through family health promotion that the responsibility for ones health
rests squarely with the able-bodied individual as an integral part of the family .

The policy states that objectives must be achieved through Primary Health Care (PHC);
community involvement in health is an essential prerequisite for implementation of Primary
Health Care. Involvement and participation should be voluntary and the community should have a
full say about their health. They should be involved in identification of the problem areas,
planning implementation and evaluation of all health programs from villages to national levels.
Efforts should be made to enlighten the people and various sectors about their roles and
responsibilities to enable the m to participate full in attainment of better health. The community
should be motivated to participate in construction and maintenance of health facilities.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 PROJECT SURVEY WORK AND INVESTIGATIONS

3.1 Survey Work

The main objective of the survey was to generate data which would produce out the topographical
nature of the site for the construction of the structure. Due to the nature and intensity of the project.
3.1.1 Survey Stage

The work was carried out in stages as follows:

3.1.2 Priliminaries Survey

Site visit was done and found that the suitable site is located within the institution. The site is clear with
no structures to be demolished and the topography is gently sloping. And can be done easily by use of a
dumpy level or theodolite to suitably take readings. In our case we adopted a theodolite.

3.1.3 Actual survey

The actual surveying work was started by establishing a temporary benchmark on the site from a known
benchmark. The exercise involves the use of the following instruments and tools.
• Theodolite
• Tape measure
• Pegs
• Leveling staff
• Ranging rods  Plumb bob
Theodolite stand.
3.2 Collection of soil

The trial pits are excavated from different fields at the selected corners of the field at the field.
At the selected area, the top of the soil is dug and removed which is 400mm (0.4) then a depth of
1300mm (1.3m) is excavated below the ground to make up a 1700mm (1.7m) depth forming a cube.

3.2.1 Soil classifications

The aim of this exercise is to know the general characteristic and hence obtain soil bearing capacity.

3.2.2 Particle soil annalysis/distribution

Apparatus
• Weight balance
• Measuring cylinder

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 • British standard sieve (BS)
• Scoop
• Water
• Plan
• Sodium hexamataphosphate(reagent)
• Oven
3.2.3 Procedure

• Air-day the sample

• Pass it through sieve number 20mm and carry out riffing/quartering to obtain a
representative sample. Weigh about 1250g of the sample and add water until it over
flow.
• Add two grams of sodium hexametaphosphate which will brake soil clots, then wait for
at least24 hours.
• Take this sample this sample and wash it through BS sieve number
0.075mm until its clean (no more dirty water comes out)
• Over dry the sample for at least 16 hours at a temperature of between 105-110degrees
Celsius.
• Pass the sample through a series of sieve from 20mm-0.075mm except sieve number 4.
• Plot the graph of percentage passing against sieve.

3.4 Proctor compaction test

The main aim was to obtain the maximum dry density of our soil in site.
Apparatus
• Proctor mold , base and its color
• Hammer
• Chisel
• Straight ledge
• Modified
• Proctor moisture tins
• Pans
• Two weighing machine
• Oven
• Scoop
• Measuring cylinder

Procedure
• Take one quarter of the riffled sample
• Take two moisture tins of and weigh their masses and fill them with the air dried sample
to obtain preset moisture content(PMC)

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 • Put them in an oven to obtain the preset moisture
• Take the pans and put equal masses of 2500g
• To the first, add water 12% mass of specimen. Use the scoop to mix thoroughly the
sample until a homogeneous material is obtained.
• Weigh the mold with its based only.
• Put the color and put the specimen in sequential layers being compacted with 25 blows
each.
• Dismantle the color and straighten the surface using the straight edge  Weigh the wet
mass of sample.
• Repeat the procedure using the remaining sample increasing water by 2%
• Put the tins with specimen into the oven at a temperature of between 105110degrees
Celsius for 24hours.
• Determine the dry density of the sample at every percentage increase of water
• Find the moisture content of the sample and plot a graph of dry density against Mc.
• MDD and OMC were obtained from the graph

3.5 California bearing ratio test (CBR)

Apparatus
• CBR mold base plate and collar
• Weighing balance
• Scoop
• Oven
• Spatula
• CBR penetration machine 20mm sieve
• Measuring cylinder
• Swell gauge
• Soaking tank

Procedure
• Sieve the sample through 20mm sieve to obtain enough sample
• Weigh the mold base plate
• Using the values obtained in proctor test
• ≤MDD, OMC, PMC≥ calculate the material to be weighed as shown above.
• Add 465ml of water and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogeneous material.
• Prepare the CBR mold with its base plate , weigh and record its mass
• Put a filter paper on the base, add collar then weigh 1378g of the sample and put it in the
mold
• Put filter add spacers and compact using hand.

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 • Remove the filter paper, track the surface and put the second layer and repeat the above
procedure.
• Put the third layer put a filter paper then compact using CBR machine.
• Remove the collar and spacers, weigh the specimen and record.
• Find the initial swell using the swell gauge.
• Put the collar and spacer and soak for four days.
• Take the specimen out water, remove the collar and spacers and take the final swell.
• Remove the base plate and test for penetration using CBR tester machine.
• Plot a graph of prove ring against penetration.

3.6 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PARAMETERS

Soil is cohesion loose type with 200KN/m capacity
• Floor slab 300mm thick
• Hard core of 300mm thick
• 50mm thick blinding to base
• 10mm quarry dust for blinding in type or hard core
• In column provide 4R32 with 23 stirrup of R8and at the column base provide Y20
@25mm dc

3.6.1 Walling

• All external wall should be of natural stones 200mm thick

• All partition walls should be 150mm made of brick so as to reduce the weight in the
building
• Internal wall for the basement should be of reinforced concrete 1:2:4 mix
• External wall for basement should be of trial 115mm
• Mastic asphalt should be used for tucking in the basement floor and Wall
• Hoop iron should be placed often every third course
• Correct sand mortar for joints should be 1:3 for bonding of bricks  The building is
constructed as per laws of building code.
• Roof truss made of steel

3.6.2 Floor

• Mastic asphalt should be provided to reduce the penetration of water to the floor
of building.
• Sand screed 15mm thick
• Floor finish are made terrazzo in 1:3 mix

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3.6.3 Windows

Steel casement windows clear glass and obscure

3.6.4 Stairs

Reinforcement concrete mix 1:2:4

Tread - 250mm
Rise – 150mm
Waist – 150 mm
Baluster – 10000mm
Landing -1200mm

3.6.5 Ventilation

• Building has enough windows which are well position in direction to allow sufficient
natural light to entire
• There are also natural ventilation in sense of a permanent ventilation (PV) Ceiling
• Suspended type at ceiling 12mm thick celotex.
• Boards and 50x50 soft wood branding T&G

3.7 CALCULATIONS INVOLVED

Using result from proctor test

MDD-155kg/m34
Omc-24.1%
Pmc-13.2%

Material to weight =4446.4gm+300g = 4746.1gms

% of material to weight=95%x4746.1=4508.8g
3 layers are required each layer=4508.8/8
=1502.9g
Water to be added = 396.02ml

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3.7.1 CONTOUR PLANS

Contouring
A contour line is an imaginary line which connects up a series of points of some level on the earth
surface shown on maps by continuous line dotted.
CONTOUR LOCATION (GRID METHOD)
The area is divided into a number of squares of sides 10m. After which squares are plotted to scale of
plan and reduced levels of three entered.

This method is suited for low undulation factor for deciding contour interval.
• Nature of ground
• Purpose of the map
• Scale of the map
• Scale of the site

3.7.2 INTERPOLATION OF CONTOURS

The process of proportionating between points plotted in relation to ground.

Grid method
The interpolation was done to help in calculation the contours.

Table 1;Interpolation of contour

P BS IS FS RISE FALL RL REMARKS

A1 2.610 1782.245
A2 2.885 0.275 1782.970
A3 3.200 0.315 1781.655
A4 2.765 0.433 1782.090
B1 3.325 2.715 0.050 1782.140 CP
B2 3.275 0.050 1782.190
B3 2.880 0.395 1782.585
B4 3.175 0.295 1782.290
C1 3.270 0.095 1982.195
C2 3.010 0.260 1782.445
C3 3.090 0.080 1782.375
C4 2.520 0.570 1782.945
D1 2.290 0.230 1783.175
D2 2.535 0.245 1782.198
D3 2.770 0.235 1782.695
D4 2.930 0.160 1782.535

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E1 2.435 0.495 1783..030
E2 2.190 0.245 1783.275
E3 1.915 0.275 1783.550
E4 1.315 0.600 1783.150
F1 0.970 1.635 0.320 1784.830 CP
F2 1.370 0.440 1783.430
F3 1.810 0.440 1782.990
F4 1.500 0.310 1783.300
G1 0.875 0.625 1783.925
G2 0.570 0.305 1784.230
G3 0.210 0.360 1784.590
G4 2.710 2.500 1783.090
H1 3.430 0.090 2.620 1784.090 CP
H2 0.380 3.050 1787.760

H3 1.025 0.645 1787.115

10.335 50465

∑(BS-∑FS) = ∑(RISE)-∑(FALL)
3.7.3 CONTOURS BY INTERPOLATION METHOD

The highest RL=1785.760mm

Lowest RL=1781.655mm
Difference=1787.760
1781.6555
6.105
No. of contours to be drawn=3
1st=1782.000
2nd=1783.000
3rd=1784.000
CONTOUR 1 RL=1782.000
Point 1:
1782- 1781.970=0.03
1782.245-1787.970=0.275
(0.03/0.275)x9.0=0.98

Point 2:
1782.000-1781.970=0.03

22
1782.140-1781.790=0.17
(0.03/0.17)x9.0=1.59

Point 3
1782.000-1781.655=0.345
1782.090-1781.655=0.435
(0.345/0.435)x9.0=7.3
CONTOUR 2 RL=1783.000 Point1
1783.000-1782.945=0.055
1783.175-1782.945=0.230
(0.055/0.230)x9.0=2.15

Point2:
1783.000-1782.930=0.070
1783.000-1782.930=0.245
(0.07/0.345)x9.0=2.57

Point 3:
1783.000-1782.930=0.07
1783.275-1782.930=0.345
(0.07/0.345)x9.0=1.83

Point 4
1783.000-1782.695=0.305
1783.000-1782.695=0.335
(0.305/0.335)x9.0=8.19

Point 5:
1783.000-1782.535=0.465
1783.030-1782.535=0.495
(0.465/0.495)x9.0=8.45
Point 6: 1783.000-1782.990=0.01
1783.430-1782.992=0.44
(0.01/0.44)x9.0=0.20

Point 7:
1783.000-1782.990=0.01
1783. 300-1782990=0.31
(0.01/0.31)x9.0=0.29

23
CONTOUR 3
Point 1
1784.000-1784.55o=0.450
1784.150-1783.550=0.600
(0.450/0.600)x9.0=6.75

Point 2:
1784.000-1783.830=0.170
1784.150-1783.830=0.320
(0.170/0.320)x9.0=4.78

Point 3:
1784.00-1783.830=0.170
1784.240-1783.830=0.400
(0.170/0.400)9.0=3.825 Point 4:
1783.000-1783.0305=0.075
1784.230-1783.925=0.305
(0.075/0.305)x9.0=2.21 Point 5:
1784.000-1783.925=0.075
1783.760-1783.925=3.826
(0.075/3.825)x9.0=0.20

3.8 STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENT/DESIGN

This section deals with design of the structural members in contamination works. The structural members
are such as:
3.8.1 COLUMNS

In columns design the designer has to educate the type and size of reinforcement to be used longitudinally
as well as laterally. This design column enables the designer to determine whether the column is longer or
short. In long column design ration coefficient is introduced.
3.8.2 BEAMS

Beams are horizontal structural members used in the structural design to distribute the load to the
columns. The design of beams help the designer to know And the diameter of reinforcement beams to
be used on main bars as well as distribution beam.
3.8.3 FLOOR SLAB

In slabs there are two forms either one way or two way slabs. Slabs are designed into continuous and non-
continuous slabs.
In designing slabs the designer is able to determine the size, type and number of reinforcement bars. Also
on designing of slabs the designer is able to determine whether the slab is one or two way

24
3.8.4 STAIRS

These are designed in construction of a building which is providing an access to the upper floor

2700

LOADINGS
Self-weight of waist
=0.15x1x1.118=4025kN/m
Riser=0.15/2x1x1.24=1.8kN/m
Live loads=1.5x1x1=1.5Kn

TOTAL LOADS
7.325k N/m

3800

Total loads

25
M=4L2/8= (7.325X3.82)/8
=13.22KN/m
Use 12mm Ø bar and 15mm cover
D1=150-(12/2x15) =129mm A depth 129mm δ 1 required =v (m/kb)
=v (13.22x106)/1287x1000)=101.358mm
N1=MPcb/ (pst+MPcb) = (15x7)/ (140+15x7) =0.4284

A1=1-(n1/3) =1-(0.4283 /3) =0.857

K=1/2 Pcb a1 n1=1/2xnx0.4284x0.857=1.284
1a=a1 δ1=0.857x129=110.553mm
Ast=M max /P st lab= (13.222x106) / (140x110.553) =854.28 mm2
A dept RR @125mm dc (905mm2)
Distribution bars=0.15% bd
= (0.15 /100) x1000x129=193.5 mm2
A dept RD @ 225 mm dc (223 mm2)

R12@129

R3 @225 c/c

26

RR@125 c/c
Stairs details

3.9 SYMBOLS USED IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Pcb - this is permissible compressive stress in concrete due to bending.

Pst – permissible tensile stress in St.
Ast – Area of steel in tension
Asc -Area steel in compression
d1 –Effective depth to the center of tensile reinforcement
dn –Neutral axis depth
la –n live arm
M – Modular ratio K –
Constant a1-level arm n1 –shear
force MR –Moment of resistance
q –maximum shear stress d –
overall depth b –Breath of the
beam

Unit weight of concrete= 24k N/m3

Permissible stress in shear=0.8 N/mm2

400mm

27
 250mm
beam design
Required to design and detail the elevation Solution:
Loading (from the deflection control table)

(Span/depth) <20 d= (8000/20) =400mm

Self-weight of the beam;

W=0.25X 0.4X24X8=19.2k N
Per meter run 19.2/8=2.4 k N/m
Total weight
= self-weight +imposed load
= (2.4+10.5) k N/m
= 12.5 kN/m

8M
weight distribution

Maximum bending moment

Mmax=WL 2/8= (12.5X82) /8=103.2 k N/m2
Check the adequacy of depth provided overall depth=d1+φ/2+cover
Assume 25mm φ bars and a cover of 25mm
Therefore; 400=d1+25/5+25 d1=400-25/5+25
d1=362.5mm provided Actual d1=√
(4MR)/Pcb b d1=√ (4x103.2x106)/ (8.5x250)
=440.74mm
Since d1 provided is <d1 required (actual) then we redesign i.e. provided> d1 required.
Therefore; d=d1+φ/2+25=440.74+25/2+25
D1=478.24 mm
Adopt 500 mm
New self-weight of the beam;
W=0.500x0.25x24x8=24 K N/m
Per meter length 24/8=3k N/m
Total weight =3+10.5=13.5k N /m

28
New max=WL2/8= (13.5X82)/8=108k N/m2
Per meter run=108/8k N/m Provision of
reinforcement
D=d1+φ/2+cover
500=d1+28/2+25
D1=452.5mm
La=3/4d1=3/4x462.5=346.89 mm
Moment=AstPstLa
Ast=M/PstLa= (108x106)/ (230x346.89) =1353.64mm2
Provide 4Y20 (1257 mm2
Detailing

2 Y6

2 legY6@200mm c/c

500mm

4Y20

250m
Shear reinforcement
q=Q/bLa when Q=……………………………….
Q= (13.5 x8)/2= 54k N/m
= (54x100)/ (250x346.89)=0.623N/mm2
0.623<0.8 check ok
Hence provide shear reinforcement at 1.12% bd.
= (0.12/100)250x1500=150mm2
Use 2 legs Y6@ 200mm

COLUMN DESIGN
Column-vertical element which transmit loads from slabs, beams and walls to the bases

29
DATA
• Size =(300x300)m with both ends fixed
• Le =4375m
Axial load=800k N/m
Pcc=5.3 N/mm2
Psc=175N/mm2
Shear=0.7 N/mm2
Use punch shear method
Required to design the column
Po=175ASC+5.3(3002-Asc)
80,000=175ASC+531,000-5.3ASC
ASC=1903mm
Adopt 4Y25 (1963mm2)
Check for steel reinforcement
(1903/3002) x100=2.1% falls 0.8 %< 2.1 %< 8%
Steel reinforcement ok.
Traverse reinforcement
1/4x25=6.25mm
Adopt 6mm φ bars (Y6)
PITCH

• 300mm
• 25x12=300mm
• 300mm
Adopt a pitch of 300mm

4Y25 Adopt 300mm dc as a pitch of lateral bars

provide Y6@ 300mm dc 300mm

30
 300 mm
column design

COLUMN FOOTING DESIGN

Design procedure
• Compute the load on the footing
• Size the footing
• Compute the erect upward pressure on the footing
• Compute the maximum bending moment
• By using either elastic method or the load factor method compute the.
 Effective depth required
 Tensile reinforcement required
 Check for punching shear
 Check for local bond
DATA
Column =300x300
Pcb=7N/mm2
Pst=210N/mm2
Shear=0.7N/mm2
Use shear punch method
Axial load=800k N
Soil bearing capacity= 275k N/m2

Solution
WO=Axial load +10% axial load
WO=800+ (10/100) X800=880k N
Size of the footing;
WO/L2< soil bearing capacity
(880/L2)=275
L2=3.2
L=1.78=adopt 1.8m
Thickness of footing; df =axial load/ (_ of column punching shear)
-800/ (300x4x0.7)0.95mm
Net upwards pressure-
Actual weight of footing 1.8x 1.8x0.95x24=73.872kN
Net upwards pressure= (800+73.872)/1.82=269.71kN/m2
2669.11<275 k N/m2 (size ok)

31
Maximum bending moment
MMax=WL2/2=(269.71X 0.752)/2=75.86k Nm
From loads factor method Mmax= (Pcb^ bd12)/4 d1=√
(4MMax/pcbb) =√ (4x15.86x106)/ (7x1000) =208.2mm
Provision of tensile reinforcement
Mr=PstAstLa
La=3/4x 208.2=156.15
78.86x106=210Astx156.15
Ast=2313.4 mm2
Provide Y20@150mm dc (2096 mm2)
D1 provided
Assume cover of 40mm
D=d1+φ/2+cover
D1=950-50=900mm
Check for punch shear; qcal =Q/bLa
La=3/4x900-675 mm Q=
269.71(0.75-0.9)
q=(269.71X0.15)/(1000X675)=0.059X103N/mm2
0.059x10-3<0.7N/mm2

DESIGN
Design procedure
• Categorize the slab
• Size the slab
• Compute the loadings
• Compute the moment
• Compute the required tensile reinforcement
• Sketch the reinforcement details
DATA
Slab measurement=4.5m by 5m
Thickness=150mm
Pst=225N/mm2
Pcb=8N/mm2
Unit weight of concrete= 24k N/m3
Life loads=7.5k N/m2
Finishes=0.5kN/m2

Solution:
Classification of slabs;Ly/Lx=5000/4000=1.25 (two way spanning)

32
Loading on the slab
Dead weight=24x1x1x0.15=3.6kNm2 ay=
(1.3-1.2) =0.055-0.059 0.1= -0.004
(1.3+1.25)= (0.055-y)
0.05=0.055-y
0.1= -0.004 ay=0.053
Mx=axWLX2=0.089X11.6X42=16.52k Nm
My=ayWLX2=0.057X11.6X42=10.58k NM
Check for the adequacy of the slab assume using 12 mm φ bars and a cover of 15.
D=d1+cover+φ/2
D1=150-(c+k)
D1=129 mm provided alsou56ikul.kl’”:?.,mnbvcf
Mx=pcbb d12)/4
D1=√ (16.52x103x4)/8=90.88 mm (required)
D1 adopted is okay so d1 (required) <d1
Provision of main reinforcement
M=PstAstLa
16.52x106=225xAstx (129/4) x3 Ast=461.05mm2
Provide Y12 at 200mm (566mm2)

Structural Design

33
34
3.10 SITE ORGANISATION
Site organization is the arrangement made in site to facilitate the safe running of the activities in
progressing the project.
Each section will have leader who must ensure that the work of his/her group is coordinated with the
effort of the other sections.

3.11 SITE LATOUT PREPARATION

All preliminaries required in the site should be arranged well for easy access to site and materials
within the shortest time possible and without interruption to one another. Preliminary required in site
location
• Hoarding(fencing)
• Access routes
• Avail water
• Locate storage houses
• Changing rooms
• Toilets
• Hotel café
All should be interlinked to avoid confusion and waste of time.

MANHOLE

SOLID CONCRETE BLOCK WALLING

1:3:6 CONCRETE BED

Manhole

35
 150MM

Water proof plaster

125mm thick reinforced core slab1:11/2:3

100mm solid clay

blockwall
3000 20mm mastic
180mm core
Wall1:2:4

100mm conc bed

300
30mmhorizontal
Mastic asphalt

650x450 manhole cover

3.12 MEASUREMENT WORK

This section deals with measuring and dimensioning of a structure as to be able to calculate the contract
fee for the project. In measurement the structural members are broken into sections and their dimension

150

column, squaring columns, description columns and waste column.

Then the taken off items are used to prepare bills of quantities for the tank on exaction.
ORDER OF TAKING OFF
SUBSTRUCTURE WORK.
•Site clearance

36
•Top soil excavation
•Fdn(foundation) excavation
•Trench exaction
•Plunking and strutting
•Dewatering
•Formwork to column base
•Formwork to column
•Concrete in column base
•Concrete in column
•Foundation walling
•Dpm (damp proof membrane)
•Concrete in bed
•Hardcore
•Concrete in fdn strip
•Formwork in soffit
•Suspended slab
•Plastering
•Concrete in beam
•Adjustment roof finish

3.13 BILL OF QUANTITY

37
COLLECTION
F Ditto king post 24 Lm 300 7,200.00
ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT
 Supply ,assemble and fix the following purpose -made mild steel
casement windows; standard metal section from approved
manufacturer complete with frames,
transomes,mullions and with and including permanent
ventilators comprising "T" bar, gauge and 16 gauge sheet metal hood 50mm
highx50mm projection to full width of
window,coupling mullions, approved
ironmongery and one coat manufacturer's primer; all
welding ground.
steel; for glazing with putty ,lugs to two jambs, cutting and pinning to
concrete or blockwork, fixing to head and
sill with screws;plugging

A Window ,overall size 1800x1500mm high with 2N0. side hung openable
lights; 1No. Top hung opeable light and 1No. Middle fixed light
20 No 10800 216,000.00

B Window, overall size 600x900mm high complete with 1 16 No No.

top hung light size 600x450mm high 2000 32,000.00

C
Window size 1200x900mm;with 1 No. top hung
openable light and 1No. Lower fixed light 3 No 4500 13,500.00

Glazing
D 5mm thick clear sheet glass panes over 0.1 but not exceeding 0.5
square metres 57 Sm 1500 8 5,500.00

E Ditto but obscured panes ditto 12 Sm 1800 21,600.00

Painting and decorations

On metal works

Prepare and apply three coats oil paint full gloss to

crown solo or other equal and approved to;-

F General window surfaces; over 300mm girth internal 69 Sm 280 19,320.00

G General window surfaces; over 300mm girth external 69 Sm 280 19,320.00

On
TOTAL FOR 3NO. STORY BLOCKS
CARRIED
TO MAIN SUMMARY 22,726,808.00
 CAHPTER FOUR

4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Conclusion

Health is the right for all, and the National Health Policy recognizes this and is emphasizing that, but

due to resource constraints , the Government fails to provide health facilities to all . Thus through

community participation needs assessment, these people identified the problem that is facing their

community and find that the solution is to build health center. Good health is the key of development

because there is a vicious cycle between health and poverty. With ill health fully, and will cause again

will lead to poor health. Thus if this health center is built in O`lessos sub county, the barrier
servicwill be reduced.

Through needs assessment, the problem i.e. lack of health center was identified and prioritized by the

community people themselves. The solution was also obtained i.e. building of health center in

O`lessos . Thus according to the results, lack of health center is the main problem in this community

also the results showed that 96.3 % community people are ready to contribute in kind, labour and

finance which is a good sign.

4.2 Recommendation

Since health is a right for all, it is recommended that a health center be constructed at O`lessos area

through community participation but with the assistance of the county government, NGO's an d

charitable organizations.
 REFERENCES

Perry, H., Robison, N. , Chavez , D., Taja, O., Hilari, C, Shanklin, D & Wyon, J, Attaining health fo r

all through partnerships : principle s of the cencus-based , oriented (CBIO ) approac h t o primary

health car e in Bolivia, S-America . Social Scienc e and Medicine, 1999 . 48(8): p. 1053-1067 .

Rene Loewenson: (2000 ) Participatio n in health: makin g people matter.ID S workin g paper 84

12 .

Swiss Agency for Development an d Cooperation: (2002 - 2010 ) healt h Polic y Tanzania Bureau of

statistics, (200 2 ) General report of population an d housing census United Republic of Tanzania

(2004) : National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty, 2 ^ draft .

Walt G (1998) Managemen t capacit y an d institutional refor m WHO Constitutio n

of 194 8 WHO, Geneva , 1984 : Glossary of Terms use d in health fo r all series .