TITLE : PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A TWO STOREY

BUILDING LADIES’ HOSTEL

PRESENTER : OPONDO MAURICE OGOLA

INDEX : 7251020025

COUSE CODE : 2705

CENTRE : UGENYA TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL COLLEGE

SUPERVISOR : MR. COLLINS MASIKA

PRESENTED TO : THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD IN DIPLOMA IN BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY

SERIES : NOVEMBER- 2021

DECLARATION

I Opondo Maurice Ogola, do declare that this project is my own idea, work research, findings and

has never been prior presented to any Examination body for the award of Artisan, Certificate or Diploma .

I further declare that all materials sited in this paper which are not my own have been duly acknowledged

NAME : OPONDO MAURICE OGOLA,

SIGNATURE ………………………

DATE ……/…………/……..

SUPERVISOR: COLLINS MASIKA

SIGNATURE………………………

DATE………/………/……………

i
DEDICATION
I wish to dedicate this project to my daughter, for inspiration to pursue Engineering course in future .

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank the almighty God for his guidance and enabling me to come up with this project successfully. I also
thank my supervisor, Mr. Collins Masika for his tireless guidance towards the preparation of the project.

I also acknowledge the full support of all teachers; H.O.D :- Mr. Charles Olang’o , Mr. Victor, and Madam
Maggie.

I acknowledge my parents friends and relatives and not forgetting my lovely wife who supported me morally
and financially to attain the success of my project. May God bless them all.

Finally, I appreciate the entire Ugenya T.V.C fraternity for their instrumental support and having
accommodated me for the course period.

iii
ABSTRACT
This project is purposely proposed for construction to solve the problem of high increasing population and
thus, scarcity of accommodation. This is due to rapid growth of the College, thereby; more students are
joining especially from the neighboring counties who may not be able to commute daily. Since the project is a
basic requirement by KNEC as practical work in partial fulfillment for the award in Diploma in Building
Technology, it’s also intended to make the student fully observe and appreciate the application of various
units of the course involved and their relationship to each other with the AIM to resolving Engineering
problems and real work environment. These areas have been addressed; Surveying, Soil mechanics,
Architectural design and drawing, Measurements of building works and Estimation &Costing, Site
organization and Administration. Architecturally, the project involves the design of a Ladies’ Hostel that
accommodates 34 spacious rooms, multi-purpose hall, kitchen + store, shop, matrons’ office, workers office
& store and toilets & shower rooms. Structurally, it involves the analysis and the design of a 2-storey
structure which comprises of simple structural members e.g. solid slab, continuous beams, slender columns
and pad foundations. The design and analysis was carried out on the structural elements;-solid slab, columns,
stairs and foundations. These all were analyzed, designed and subsequently detailed.

iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration……………………………………………………………………..….……………………i
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………..……..….. ii
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………..….…...iii
Abstract............................................................................................................................................iv
Table of content ……………………………………………………………………………………(v-vi)
Acronyms and abbreviation ………………………………………………………………………….vii
1.0 CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BRIEF...............................................................................................1
1. 1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………,,,,,,,,,………..…1
1.2 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT……………………………………………………………….....1
1.3 CLIENT'S REQUIREMENTS …………………………….………………………………………1
1.4 BUILDING BY LAWS………………………………………..……………………………….......2
1.5 DESIGN PROBLEMS …………………………………………………………………….……....2
1.6 SOLUITON TO THE PROBLEMS ………………………………………………………….…...2
1.7 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY………………………………………………….……......2
2.0 CHAPTER 2: SURVEYING ……………………………………………………………….……4
2.1 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEYING……………………………………………...........……..….4
2.2 LEVELLING AND CONTOURING……………………………………………………..………..4
2.3 MARKING AND FIXING OF STATION………………………………………………..……….4
2.4 RUNNING OF SURVEY LINES………………………………………………………….………4
2.5 LEVELLING AND CONTOURING………………………………………………………………4
2.2.1 LEVELLING TABLES ………………………………………………………………………….5-7
3.0 CHAPTER THREE: SITE INVESTIGATION ……………………………..…………...…...…8
3.1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..……………….…….……………...…8
3.2 METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………...........................9
3.3 FIELD DRY DENSITY……………………………………………………………………………..10
3.4 PARTICLE SOIL ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………………10
3.5 SOIL FRACTION RETAINED……………………………………………………………...………11
3.6 SOIL FRACTION PASSING…………………………………………………………………….….11
3.7 ATTERBERGS LIMIT…………………………………………………………………,,,,,,,………12

v
3.8 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ………………………………………………………………………….15
3.9 DIRECT SHEAR TEST ………………………………………………………………………..16
4.0 CHAPTER FOUR: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ………………………………….……..17
4.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….……………….….…17
4.2 FEASIBILITY STUDY ………………………………………………………………...………17
4.3 RELEVANCY OF DESIGN ……………………………………………………………………17
4.4 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS ……………………………………………………………..18-22
4.5 DOOR AND WINDOW SCHEDULES…………………………………………………………23
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE STRUCTURAL DESIGN…………………………………………..….….24
5.1 DESIGN INFORMATION USED ………………………………………………………………24
5.2 REINFORCEMENT TABLE……………………………………………………..……………..24
6.0 CHAPTER SIX : ESTIMATION AND COSTINGS ………………………………………..29
6.1 ESTIMATION OF FOUNDATION AND SLAB ……………………………………………29
6.2 ESTIMATION AND COSTING FOR ROOFING……………………………………….….30
6.3 ESTIMATION AND COSTING FOR WALL FINISHING………………………………..31
6.4 SUPER STRUCTURE ……………………………………………..…………………….……32
7.0 CHAPTER SEVEN: SITE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT ………………….34
7.1 SITE LAYOUT PLAN…………………………………………………………….……………35
7.2 APPROXIMATION OF DURATION SHEET……………………………………………..…36
7.3 METHOD STATEMENT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION…………………………………….37
8.0 CHAPTER EIGHT : SERVICES …………………………………………………………...38
8.1 ACCESS CONSIDERATION ………………………………………………………………...38
8.2 ACCOMODATION CONSIDERATION ………………………………………………..…..38
8.3 FENCING AND HOARDING …………………………………………………………….....38
8.4 HEALTH CONSIDERATION……………………………………………………………..…38
8.4 MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATION………………………………………………...…….38
9.0 CHAPTER NINE: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION……………………39
9.1 RECOMMENDATIONS ……………………………………………………………..……39
9.2 CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………….…….39

vi
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION
1. Ag - Gross sectional area of steel in Compression
2. Ast - Cross sectional area of steel tension
3. Asc – Cross Sectional area of concrete
4. b- Breath of rectangular beam
5. d- Depth of the rectangular beam
6. BRC- British reinforced concrete
7. BS- Back site
8. FS – fore site
9. I S - Intermediate site
10. RL - Reduced level
11. C/m – Cement Mortar
12. c/c - Centre to centre
13. conc – concrete
14. D - Door
15. W – Window
16. GL – Ground floor
17. Fy - Characteristics Stregth of steel
18. Fcu – characteristics strength of concrete
19. RC – Reinforced concrete
20. Excv- Excavate
21. Fdn – Foundation

vii
1.0 CHAPTER ONE: PROJECT BRIEF
1. 1 INTRODUCTION
Ugenya T.V.C is a fast growing higher learning institution with the steady increase in number of student’s
population. It has necessitated the management to improve the general infrastructure of the institution
including; administration block, various department’s blocks and other facilities.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The proposal for construction of the ‘LADIES’ HOSTEL’ within the institution is to have ideal for the female
students to be accommodated within so as to study effectively due to their vulnerability and the surrounding
insecurity.
The distance of Ugenya T.V.C from the nearby residential area poses some difficulty in transportation to
college. Also due to the accommodation challenges posed in the region being in the locality.
OBJECTIVES
My main objective of the project is to test the student knowledge and understanding acquired during the
course by putting into practice and to know how to internalize all the design properties and its calculations.
The aim of this design is also;
-To carry out load analysis on the members and their design against the loads.
-To provide for the achievement of an acceptable probability that the structure will perform satisfactorily
during its entire life.
SCOPE
This involves research drawings, design and measurements including estimation and costing among other
fields. All this was made possible by the Department of Building and Civil Engineering by providing
necessary equipment and tools with lectures’ instructions on how to carry out the whole process.
1.2 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT
The proposed project will be located in Siaya County, Ugenya Sub County, North Ugenya ward, Sega-Sub-
location along Sega-Yenga Road next to Sega air strip.
1.3 CLIENT'S REQUIREMENTS
Client requested the following in the building:
Ground floor
 Multipurpose dining hall
 kitchen
 kitchen store
 matron’s office
 shop1
 general store
 workers’ office
 two specious rooms for the disable 1
  showers & washrooms
1st floor
 17 cubic hostel
 showers and washrooms
2nd floor
 17 cubic hostel
 showers and washrooms
1.4 BUILDING BY LAWS
These are legal building standards that helps regulate the Architectural and Structural drawings in the
construction industry. They include; BS 8110 and BS
1.5 DESIGN PROBLEMS
Identifying the site location was a little pit challenging because the topography of the land was not good that I
could allow for faster setting out of the project. Also the distance that could be travelled in order to acquire
the construction. Materials were very far that could bring in the financial problem.
In addition to that the accessibility of the site was one of the challenges because we had to use a different
entrance to evade disturbing the students learning in classes near the entrance pavements from the main gate.
Lastly, weather was one of the challenges which forced the project to take a longer time to reach completion
because sometimes it could rain earlier before the daily activities could be completed.
1.6 SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS
When I was through with my design I began to assemble the construction materials e.g. cement, sand and
ballast. Also I had to give out order for the quarry stones to be delivered to the site before the work could
commence.
I also ordered other materials including damp proof membrane, B.R.C mesh, wall pass, damp proof course
and the Galvanized Iron Sheets.
1.7 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
On my design I decided to use the locally available materials in order to produce a unique project. I had to use
the quarry stones since it was the most available and easily affordable in terms of cost. In roofing I decided to
use modern design that is attractive and appealing to the eye. This will majorly attract more customers on the
need to satisfy the spirit of adventure on how the roof was designed. I decided to use timber trusses because
of their light weight as compared to steel and use the G.I iron sheets to produce a building to static value.
The walls are made of natural quarry stones and the ratio of mortar is 1:3 cement sand ratio with the closed
caves and pitch of 30; the depth of foundation was 1000 mm

2
2.0 CHAPTER TWO: SURVEYING

2.1 SURVEYING.

INTRODUCTION
Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions above or beneath the earth surface by

means of directly or indirect measurement of deviation, direction or distances

Traversing was done to;

 Establish boundaries of the site

 Prepare a sketch of the site

 Know the topographical features of the

site We carried out the following activities;

i. Reconnaissance survey

ii. Making and fixing of stations

iii. Marking and fixing of survey lines

iv. Leveling of contours

2.2 RECONNAISSANCE
This is the visit of site before commencing of the actual survey. We did the reconnaissance on
21ST Feb, 2020 to establish the topography of the site to determine the slope of high ground
and low grounds. For all survey work to be executed well, proper preparation before work
commences will save time and effort during field operations. The following is a useful
requirement we did;
 We consulted the existing plans and maps of the areas to be surveyed.

 We consider the distance of the site to the main road

 We consulted the department to who gave us the permission to do the work required.

 We worked over the area to be surveyed visualizing the work to be undertaken, noting
areas which are likely to cause difficulty. I drew a rough sketch of areas showing the
surveying stations and offsets of the main and other chain lines it’s at this stage that any
tests in the field.

3
  We checked the entire instruments mane equipped thoroughly not only to see they are in

good and working conditions but also to familiarize the survey team on how to use

them. This also helps to establish obstacles likely to be encountered during survey

process.

2.3 MARKING AND FIXING OF STATION

After reconnaissance had been completed, one station was established within the site which formed the

framework.

There were no obstacles to chaining this made it easy to carry out process effectively since all

stations were done once.

2.4 RUNNING OF SURVEY LINES

Running of survey lines was done by use of ranging rods and a tape measure after measuring all

survey lines, offsets were done by use of a theodolite.

2.5 LEVELING AND CONTOURING

Leveling involves the measurement of vertical distance relative to a horizontal line of sight.
Contouring is developed from leveling to show lines on the map indicating points of the same
levels in reference to TBM. The result for the workings of leveling that was done is given in the
work sheet below. The contours have been presented on drawing on the figure.
 4

2.2.1 LEVELLING.
Table 2.1 Leveling
THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL
UGENYA TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL COLLEGE
PROPOSED LADIESS HOSTEL
DIPLOMA IN BUILDING CALCULATION FINAL TRADE PROJECT
TECHNOLOGY
UNIT: LEVELLING SHEET SHEET N0: 1

NAME: OPONDO MAURICE INDEX NO: 7251020025

STATION B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L REMARKS
2.755 102.755 100.000 BM
A0 3.045 99.710
A1 2.695 100.060
A2 2.480 100.275
A3 2.185 100.570
A4 2.133 100.622
A5 1.980 100.775
A6 1.604 101.151
A7 2.230 100.525
B0 3.042 99.713
B1 2.830 99.925
B2 2.431 100.324
B3 2.110 100.645
B4 2.185 100.570
B5 1.985 100.770
B6 1.668 101.087
B7 2.270 100.485
C0 3.240 99.515
C1 2.875 99.880
C2 2.610 100.145
C3 1.678 101.077
C4 1.775 100.980
C5 1.958 99.710
C6 1.762 100.993
C7 2.248 100.507
5
 THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL
UGENYA TECHNICAL
THE KENYA ANDEXAMINATION
NATIONAL VOCATIONAL COLLEGE
COUNCIL
PROPOSEDUGENYA
LADIES TECHNICAL
HOSTEL AND VOCATIONAL COLLEGE
DIPLOMA IN BUILDING
PROPOSED LADIES HOSTEL FINAL TRADE PROJECT
TECHNOLOGY CALCULATION
SHEET SHEET N0: 3
DIPLOMA
UNIT:INLEVELLING
BUILDING FINAL TRADE PROJECT
TECHNOLOGY CALCULATION
INDEX NO:7251020025
NAME: OPONDO MAURICE
UNIT: LEVELLING SHEET N0: 2
STATION B.S I.S F.S SHEET H.I R.L REMARKS
G0
NAME: OPONDO MAURICE 3.830 98.925
INDEX NO:7251020025
G1 3.570 99.185
STATION B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L REMARKS
G2 3.392 99.363
D0 3.322 99.433
G3 3.198 99.557
D1 3.120 99.635
G4 2.990 99.765
D2 2.775 99.980
G5 2.710 100.045
D3 2.738 100.017
G6 2.670 99.710
D4 2.322 100.433
G7 2.623 100.133
D5 0.880 101.875
H0 3.890 98.865
D6 1.210 101.545
H1 3.630 99.125
D7 2.318 100.437
H2 3.545 99.710
E0 3.460 99.710
H3 3.230 99.525
E1 3.210 99.545
H4 3.100 99.710
E2 2.935 99.820
H5 2.950 99.805
E3 2.748 100.007
H6 2.935 99.820
E4 2.832 99.923
H7 2.355 100.400
E5 1.165 101.590
E6 1.418 101.337
E7 2.240 100.515
F0 3.495 99.260
F1 3.422 99.333
F2 3.170 99.585
F3 2.750 100.005
F4 2.708 100.047
F5 2.665 100.090
F6 2.722 100.033
F7 2.398 100.357

7
6
3.0 CHAPTER THREE: SITE INVESTIGATION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Soil testing plays an integral role and is a pre-requisite for construction. The strength of the building will

depend to a large extent on the soil. There are certain limits to construction depending on the kind of soil.

This soil testing will be used to Determine the suitability of the soil and assess whether it can

accommodate construction project, To Identify the different types of soil on site and their location, Test

soil for strength, density, compaction, contamination, organics and sand content, and assess their impact

on construction project, Gain the data needed to compile technical and safety data reports to support

planning permissions and license applications and to Get precise results and observe the development of

the soil throughout the construction project for maximum quality and safety.

For starting geotechnical engineers, the following minimum apparatus is recommended:

 A drying oven (home baking oven can also be used)

 A set of sieves (nothing wrong with hand shaking instead of a mechanical shaker)

 One unconfined compression test apparatus (hand operated)

 Four simplified consolidation apparatuses (locally made)

 A set of graduated glass cylinders

 A set of Proctor cylinder and hammer

 Large and small scale balance

8
3.2 METHODOLOGY
Soil samples obtained in their disturbed and undisturbed types from trial pits were subjected to various laboratory

investigations such as

Indices tests which include:

i. Natural moisture content,

ii. Specific gravity,

iii. Liquid limit,

iv. Plastic limit

v. Unit weight,

Physical experimentation like sieve analysis for establishing the particle size distribution curves and for soil

classification.

Free swell index tests on clay soils, especially, to know the degree of expansiveness of these soils.

In addition, strength tests such as Unconfined compressive strength and Direct shear tests, based on the soil type,

have also been conducted on Un Disturbed Soil Samples to determine the shear strength parameters i.e.,

cohesion, C, and angle of internal friction, of the soils.

9
3.3 FIELD DRY DENSITY & NATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT.
The weight of undistributed soil sample with sampler (Shelby tube) is determined after

removing paraffin wax and loose soil. The total length of soil sample recovery is determined after

deducting empty length from the total length of sampler. The volume of soil mass retained in sampler is

thus determined from the known inside diameter of sampler and total length of soil mass. The soil mass is

then removed and the average moisture content is determined by keeping the soil sample along with

crucible in oven at 100-105 degree centigrade for 24 hours. The empty weight of the sampler is then

found out. From the total weight of sampler with soil mass, the weight of empty sampler is deducted. The

field density is then found out as follows.

Field density = Weight of the soil mass

Volume of soil mass

3.4 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

The sieve analysis is carried out in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part 4, 1985). The results are presented in

the form of Grain size distribution curve.

Representative soil sample is obtained from the bulk soil sample collected or received

from site by method of coning and quartering. Quantity of soil taken will be dependent on the maximum

size of particle size present in the soil. Sieve analysis is conducted in two parts.

10
3.5 SOIL FRACTION RETAINED ON 4.75 MM ISS
Soil portion retained on 4.75 ISS is weighed. The sample is then separated into various

fractions by Sieving through the following sieves: 100, 75, 19 and 4.75 mm ISS. While

sieving through each sieve, sieve is agitated so that sample rolls in irregular motion over the sieve, at no

time the particles are pushed through; Care is also taken to see that no individual soil particles are broken,

though particles adhering one another are rubbed by rubber pestle when required. Care is also taken not to

over load the sieve beyond the permitted maximum load for respective sieve. The mass of the material

retained on each sieve is recorded. The percentage of soil retained on each sieve is then calculated on the

basis of the total mass of soil taken and from these results; the percentage passing through each sieve is

calculated.

3.6 SOIL FRACTION PASSING 4.75 ISS

The portion of the soil passing 4.75mm ISS is oven dried at 105 to 110 centigrade. The

portion is coned & quartered to obtain required representative quantity of the material. The material is

weighed and placed in tray/bucket filled with water for soaking and loosening the adhered cohesive

materials.

The soaked soil specimen is then washed on 75 microns IS Sieve until the water passing the sieve is

almost clear. The material retained on 75 microns IS Sieve is then transferred in a tray, dried in oven.

Sieve analysis is then conducted on a nest of sieves (viz. 2 mm, 425 and 75 micron ISS) either by hand or

by using mechanical sieve shaker. The fraction retained on each of the sieves is weighed separately and

masses recorded.

Cumulative mass of soil fraction retained on each sieve is then calculated. The combined gradation on the

basis of the total sample taken for analysis is finally calculated.

11
3.7 ATTERBERG'S LIMITS
For fine grained soils, consistency limits are important in addition to natural moisture content. The

Consistency Limits are:

 Liquid Limit,

 Plastic Limit

 Shrinkage Limit.

Liquid and plastic limits are determined by using procedure given in IS: 2720.The Liquid Limit test was

conducted on disturbed soil samples using Cassagrande's Liquid Limit device and grooving tool. The

moisture content of the soil paste corresponding to number of blows required to close the grove made by

the grooving tool in the apparatus is determined.

The liquid limit of the soil which corresponds to the moisture content of a paste which would give 25

blows is determined from the flow curve. For determination of plastic limit, a soil sample weighing at

least 20 gm from the soil sample passing 425micron IS sieve is thoroughly mixed with water such that it

can be easily molded with fingers. A ball is formed with about 8 to 10 gm of this soil and is rolled

between the fingers and the glass plate with just sufficient pressure to roll the mass into a thread of

uniform diameter of 3mm throughout its length.

The soil is then kneaded together to a uniform mass and rolled again. The process is continued until the

thread crumbles. The pieces of crumbled soil thread are collected and moisture content is determined and

reported as plastic limit.

12
Table 3.3 Cone Penetrometer Method
UNIT LIQUID LIMIT

Container No. 01 02 03 04

Initial Dial Reading mm 0 0 0 0

Final Dial Reading mm 14.0 16.8 18.2 20.4

Cone penetration mm 14.0 16.8 18.2 20.4

Moisture content tray No. A B C D E F G H

Mass of container and wet soil (M2) g 64.0 62.6 62.8 66.8 60.2 59.2 62.8 70.2

Mass of container and dried soil (M3) g 56.0 56.2 55.5 58.8 54.2 52.4 54.6 62.0

Mass of container (M1) g 26.0 24.8 25.0 26.4 26.8 26.8 26.4 28.2

Mass of moisture (M2-M3) g 8.0 6.4 7.3 8.0 6.0 6.8 8.2 8.2

Mass of dry soil (M3-M1) g 30.0 31.4 30.5 32.4 27.4 25.6 28.2 33.8

Moisture content = (M2-M3)/ (M3-M1) % 26.7 20.4 23.9 24.7 21.9 26.6 29.1 24.3

Average moisture content % 23.6 24.3 48.5 26.7

13
FIG. 3.2 ATTERBERG’S LIMIT TEST BAR GRAPH FOR COMPARISON OF AVERAGE MOISTURE

CONTENT AND CONE PENETRATION

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4

Average moisture content (%) Cone penetration (mm)

14
3.8 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The specific gravity of soil solids is determined by a 50ml density bottle. The weight (Wl) of the empty

dry bottle is taken first. A sample of oven-dried soil about 10-20 g cooled in a desiccators, is put in the

bottle, and weight (W2) of the bottle and the soil is taken. The bottle is then filled with distilled water

gradually removing the entrapped air either by applying vacuum or by shaking the bottle. The weight

(W3) of the bottle, soil and water (full up to the top) is then taken. Finally, the bottle is emptied

completely and thoroughly washed and clean water is filled to the top and the weight (W4) is taken.

Specific gravity (G) =(W2-W1)

(W2-W1) - (W2-W4)

15
3.9 DIRECT SHEAR TEST

Direct Shear Test is carried out using shear box with the specimens (60mm x 60mm).Specimen with plain grid plate at
the bottom of the specimen and at the top of the specimen is fitted into position in the shear box housing and
assembly placed on the load frame. The serrations of the grid plates are kept at right angle to the direction of shear.
The loading pad is kept on the top grid plate. The required normal stress is applied and the rate of longitudinal -
displacement/shear stress application so adjusted that no drainage can occur in the sample during the test
(1.25mm/min). The upper part of the shear box is raised such that a gap of about 1mm is left between the two parts
of the box. The test is conducted by applying horizontal shear load to failure or to 20 percent longitudinal
displacement whichever occurs first. The test is repeated on identical specimens.

16
4.0 CHAPTER 4: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

4.1 INTRODUCTION
This in particular deal with the layout and with the details of the construction of buildings, this shows the

layout of the rooms, doors, windows, and staircases and lift shaft for the intended purpose of the structure.

The project attempts to translate the space requirements aesthetic appearance and other environmental

considerations into working drawing that can be used by contractors and other specialists who will be

responsible for implementing the proposed project

4.2 FEASIBILITY STUDY

The client having factored the availability of space, have seen it wise to do the project within the institution
vicinity that’s near the current parking zone.

The resources are at store awaiting the commencement of the project, the institution prepossess to carry out
the first phase of the project that’s from the basement to the ground floor, there after prepossess for financial
aid from the Government through the Ministry of Higher Education

It assures the contractor who ought to have won the tender of the availability of access roads. Water and
electricity.

4.3 RELEVANCY OF MY DESIGN

My design has factored in limit state design ensuring all the members are within the factors of safety,

The limit state design method is considered as an ideal method of design as it includes the structural safety of
structure against collapse as well as serviceability.

The design begins from the basement to the roof, analyzing the soil condition, loading, the kind of material to
be considered and carrying out various tests to ascertain the efficiency of the design.

17
 GROUND FLOOR

18
FIRST FLOOR

19
 SECOND FLOOR

20
ELEVATIONS

21
4.4 DOORS AND WINDOWS SCHEDULE'S

TYPES SIZE(WXH)mm Quantity Description

D1 1800x2400 9 Steel door(double)

D2 1000x2400 7 Steel door(single)

D3 900x2400 60 Flush door(timber)

WINDOWS

TYPES SIZE(WXH)mm QUANTITY DESCRIPTION

W1 1200x1500 38 Steel Window

W2 1500x1500 14 Steel Window

W3 700x700 22 Steel Window

W4 1200x1500 12 Steel Window

5.0 CHAPTER FIVE: STRUCTURAL DESIGN
5.1 DESIGN INFORMATION USED:
Intended use of structure: Residential Accommodation

Reference design code BS8110: Structural use of

concrete part 1 to 3

Fire resistance 1hour fire resistance

Cover Slab = 25mm

Beam and column = 25mm Foundation = 40mm
Load 1.6 KN/m imposed load
Subsoil conditions Allowable bearing pressure = 357 KN/m2 Foundation type Pad footing
Material Strength Data Steel strength fy = 410 KN/mm2 Concrete strength fu =25 N/mm2
Concrete self-weight = 24 N/mm3
NOTE: Drawing Units: Millimeters.
5.2 REINFORCEMENT TABLE

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25
26
27
6.0 CHAPTER SIX:

6.1 ESTIMATION AND COSTING.

I employed the knowledge of Estimation and costing to determine the unit cost of elements in
advance before execution of the work.
The method enabled me to build unit cost of specific work as illustrated below.
The methods used are; Material cost, Labor cost, Mechanical plant, Profit, schedules
As specified by the kind of labor provided,

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6.2 ESTIMATION AND COSTING OF FOUNDATION AND SLAB

MATERIALS QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT (KSH)

BALLAST 30 TON 1200 36000

MURRAM 20 TON 860 17200

DRESSED STONES 1500 FT 27 40500

DPM 1 ROLL 2500 2500

SAND 40 TON 1200 48000

ANT TERMITE 1 L 800 800

BRICKS 15000 PCS 10 150000

HOOP IRON 2 ROLL 4000 8000

D10 16 PCS 850 13600

R6 14 PCS 400 5600

ASSORTED NAILS 1 KG 150 150

BINDING WIRE 1 ROLL 2500 2500

TIMBER 200 FT 35 6000

CEMENTS 60 BAG 700 42000

TRANSPORT 50000

LAB OUR CHARGE 65000

TOTAL COST 487850

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6.3 ESTIMATION AND COSTING FOR ROOFING

MATERIALS QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT (KSH.)

IRON SHEETS 90 PCS 2200 198000

ROOFING NAILS 50 KG 200 10000

HOOPS IRON 3 ROLL 4200 12600

ORDINARY NAILS

6" 3 KG 150 450

5" 6 " " 900

4" 10 " " 1500

3" 3 " " 450

2 1/2" 3 " 450

2" 3 450

TIMBER FT

200x25 200 " 40 8000

125x50 800 " 35 28000

100x50 1000 " 30 30000

75x50 1000 " 28 28000

TRANSPORTATION 10000 10000

LABOUR 40000 40000

TOTAL 368,800

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6.4 ESTIMATIONS AND COSTING FOR WALLING AND FINISHING

MATERIALS QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT(KSH)

SAND 45 TON 3000 135000

CEMENTS 110 BAG 700 77000

SAND PAPER 4 M 200 800

BRUSHES 8 PCS 2500 20000

PAINTS 100 L 2000 200000

TOTAL 355800

GRAND TOTAL 724,600

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ITEM
6.5 DESCRIPTION
SUPER STRUCTURE QTY UNIT RATE AMOUNT
A WALLING

200 thick machine cut

 stone bedded in cement 52,000 SM 17 884,000
sand mortar (1:3) at
reinforced with
medium gauge hoop
iron at 2 alternating
courses of stone work.
B DITTO GABLES 4500 SM 3 13,500
C horizontal damp
Proof course (200mm) 5200 SM 22 114,400
Hessian based
bituminous felt 3.8
length in one layer.
D BEAMS
Vibrated reinforced
concrete 1:2:4 4200 CM 8 33,600
( 20mm)
E REINFORCEMENT
Steel , ,
High Tensile
Square Twisted bars to
BS 4461 in .
 12mm ∅ bars 7500 Kg 15 112,500
 16mm ∅ bars 8400 Kg 20 168,000
F Sawn form to all
support of the beans 2750 LM 8 22,000
side, bottoms.
G CONCRETE WORK
First floor slab well 4550 CM 22 100,100
reinforced ratio (1:2:4)
{class 20mm}
H REINFORCEMENT
STEEL BARS
Twisted bar BS 4461
 12mm ∅ bars 7500 Kg 15 112,500
 10mm ∅ bars 9800 Kg 10 98,000

J PLASTERS
Internal and external
plasters of 20 mm 10400 SM 20 208,000
32
think ( 1:3) C.S mortar
 K PAINTS
3 Coats of Emulsion
oil paints on the 10400 SM 12 124,800
plasters

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7.0 CHAPTER SEVEN:
7.1 SITE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT.
The chapter highlights the management control system in the entire project construction period.
 A Construction Organization (Site Organization) consists of the management, administration,
field controls (Schedule and Cost), field engineering, field material control, construction
supervision (subcontractor management), safety (site), quality (quality control and inspection),
pre-commissioning team and hand-over tam, etc., at the site or field. The Construction
Management Organization is normally a Project Task Force (TF) Organization and a full time
assignment for the work done at the site premises in the production unit project at Ugenya
Technical College.
Site Organization Chart /Structure

CLIENT

ARCHITECT QUANTITY ENGINEER

SURVEYOR

CONTRACTOR

SECURITY SITE SUPERVISOR STORE KEEPER

SKILLED LABOUR

UN SKILLED LABOUR
7.2 SITE LAY OUT PLAN

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WATER PROPOSED PROJECT LATRINES
NO. ACTIVITY DURATION (WEEK)
1. Site establishment, analysis and preparation 1
2. Site clearance and levelling 2
MATERIALS
3. Setting out and trench excavation 2
4. Laying of foundation, hardcore and foundation walling 2
5. Ground floor slab laying 1
6. Curing 3
7. Reinforcement of columns 2
8. Concreting of columns 1
9. Curing of columns 2
10. Walling and staircase setting 2
BLDG/DPT BLOCK
11. Reinforcement on the beams and first floor slab 3
12. Casting of the beam and first floor slab monolithically 1
13. Curing of the slab 2
14. Reinforcement of columns 2
15. Concreting of columns 1
16. Curing of columns 2 SEGA
17. Walling and staircase setting 2
18. Reinforcement on the beams and Second floor slab 2
19. Casting of the beam and Second floor slab monolithically 1
20. Curing of the slab 2
21. Repeat process 14-20 for 3-9 67
22. Door, window and finishes 10
23. Clearance from the site 1
24 Total estimated time in weeks 114

7.3 APPROXIMATION DURATION

7.4 METHOD STATEMENT
THE KENYA NATIONAL
EXAMINATION COUNCIL
UGENYA T.V.C
PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF LADIES
HOSTEL
ACTIVITY METHOD REMARKS DURATION(DAYS)

Levelling of the site Bull dozer Level the ground by removing 3

existing hills, uprooting shrubs
and other stumps that are
available.
Foundation Casuals To excavate the foundation 4
excavation trench and pit for bases of
the project.
Deposition of the Casuals Deposit excavated loose 1
excavated materials materials and other wastes
from site.
Compaction Rollers Compaction of the hardcore 2
layers, and any other area
that need consolidation.
Concrete mixer Batch mixer Perform concrete mixing 2
(engine during casting.
propelled)

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8.0 CHAPTER EIGHT: SERVICES
There are full activities in the construction site and various dangers should be taken care to avoid
injuries, loss of life and pollution.

The following consideration should be observed for a smooth flow of work.

8.1 Access consideration

 For vehicles and machines to move in and around consideration site with ease there must be
 Clear pathways to supply goods and services.

Storage access

 Some of the materials ought to be stored in safe where they can not harm the workers using
them or public

8.2 Accommodation consideration

In building sites accommodation houses are required for various classes such as client, Clerk of
works and QS.

8.3 Fencing and hoarding

To avoid accidents and theft cases from the public, proper privacy and access to the site.

8.4 Health consideration

Health is one of the most tangible requirements in site. The healthy status of workers and
hygiene was mentioned and all health requirements were available.

8.5 Maintenance services

A construction company also provides various kinds of maintenance services along with repairing
and construction. The maintenance services for civil construction mainly includes services like
painting, carpentry, plumbing, cleaning and restoration, refurbishment, electric works and much
more. Such services can also be tailored as per the requirements of an individual.

38
9.0 CHAPTER TEN: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
9.1 RECOMMENDATION.

I wish to recommend that for further improvement on the output, investigation should be
done on the most economic choice of materials, member sizes and general apartment
design layout.
I also recommend that, student to be much exposed to the field work and the supervisors to
be keen on the same.

9.2 CONCLUSION
I can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done.
As the scope of understanding will be much more when practical work is done. As we get
more knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing the practical
work. Knowing the loads, I have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of longer to
shorter span of panel. In this project I have designed slabs as two way slabs depending
upon the end condition, corresponding bending moment. The coefficients have been
calculated as per I.S. code methods for corresponding lx/ly ratio. The calculations have
been done for loads on beams and columns and designed frame analysis by moment
distribution method. Here I have a very low bearing capacity, hard soil and isolated
footing done .

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