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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 147:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Specifications
1 Scope
This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for two-
wheel tractor driven and four-wheel tractor driven field cultivator.
2 References
The following normative documents contain provisions, which through the reference
in this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard:
AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code - Steel
PAES 102: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation
PAES 106:2000 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment –

Terminology
PAES 118: 2001 Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications
PAES 148:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Methods of Test
3 Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 106 and the following
definitions shall apply:
3.1
field cultivator
implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation
subsequent to some form of primary tillage, equipped with spring steel shanks
(Fig. 1)
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transverse main frame

tool bar
shank
shovel
gauge wheel
Figure 1. Field cultivator
3.2
gauge wheel
auxiliary component of the field cultivator that helps maintain uniform depth of
cultivation and eliminate the need to set the tension with the three-point hitch every
time you set a cultivator down (Fig. 1)
3.3.
ground clearance
minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing
machine element
3.4
main frame
part of the field cultivator that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels together
(Fig. 1)
3.5
primary tillage
tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed
to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates
3.6
secondary tillage
any group of different tillage operation, following primary tillage, which are designed
to create refined soil conditions before the seed is planted
3.7
shank
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam (Fig. 1)
3.8
shovel
spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks,
cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers (Fig. 1)
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3.9
spike
type of shovel used in hard soil conditions and for deeper penetration (Fig. 2)
Figure 2. Spike type shovel

3.10
sweep
type of shovel which is wing-shaped (Fig. 3)
Figure 3. Sweep type shovel
3.11
transverse tool bar
part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached (Fig. 1)
4 Classification
4.1 According to type of driving tractor
4.1.1 Two-wheel tractor driven
Type of field cultivator wherein a two-wheel tractor is used to drive the soil tool (Fig.
4).
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steering
handle
engine
field cultivator
Figure 4. Two-wheel tractor driven field cultivator
4.1.2 Four-wheel tractor driven
Type of field cultivator wherein a four-wheel tractor is used to drive the soil tool (Fig.
5-7a).
4.2 According to type of mounting
4.2.1 Rear mounted
Type of field cultivator wherein the implement is mounted behind the tractor.
4.2.1.1 Drawn type cultivator
Type of field cultivator wherein main frame is mounted far behind the tractor. Guide
wheels are necessary for transport (Fig. 5).
Figure 5. Drawn type cultivator
4.2.1.2 Three-point hitch mounted
Type of field cultivator wherein main frame is mounted to the rear of the tractor using
the three-point hitch linkages (Fig. 6).
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Figure 6. Three-point hitch mounted cultivator
4.2.2 Front mounted
Type of field cultivator wherein main frame is mounted on the front of the tractor.
For a four-wheel driven type, hydraulic cylinders are required for lowering or lifting
of the implement (Fig. 7a). Gauge wheels are used for adjusting the depth for a two-
wheel driven type (Fig. 7b).
hydraulic
cylinder
Figure 7a. Front mounted cultivator (four-wheel tractor driven).
engine
field
cultivator
Figure 7b. Front mounted cultivator (two-wheel tractor driven).
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4.3 According to type of shank
4.3.1 “C”- shaped shank or C-shank
shank
protection
mechanism
shank
shovel
Figure 8. C-shank.
4.3.2 “S”or “K”- tine shank
shank
shovel
Figure 9. S-tine shank.
5 Principle of Operation
The field cultivator shall be mounted on the tractor. After being transported to the
field, the implement shall be lowered on the soil. The desired operating depth shall be
set by adjusting the gauge wheels or through the action of hydraulic cylinders. The
field cultivator shall be pulled or pushed by the tractor to cut through the soil.
6 Manufacturing Requirements
Generally, the field cultivator shall consist of main frame, transverse tool bars and
shank assembly.
6.1 The main frame and the transverse toolbars shall be made of mild steel (e.g.
AISI 1020). These shall be constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3” x 4”)
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square tube or channel bar or from a 76 mm angular bar with at least 6 mm

thickness for four-wheel tractor driven types.
6.2 For two-wheel tractor driven types, the main frame and the transverse toolbars
shall be constructed from 51 mm x 6 mm (2” x ¼ “) flat bar.
6.3 The main frame shall have a provision for attaching to the tractor as specified
in PAES 118. Frame sections shall be folded to facilitate ease of transport.
6.4 The shank assembly shall consist of shank, shank protection mechanism, and
shovels.
6.4.1 Shanks shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) with at least 5 mm
(3/16”) thickness. Shanks shall be spaced 152 mm to 229 mm (6” to 9”) in a
staggered pattern. It shall be attached to the frame by bolt or shall be fully
welded. C-shank shall have a 610 mm (24”) ground clearance. S-tine shall
have a ground clearance of 508 mm (20”).
6.4.2 Shanks shall have a “C” or “S” shape to provide a spring effect when
encountering obstructions. It shall have a stem angle of 41 degrees to 52
degrees.
6.4.3 Holes shall be punched at the ends of the shanks where the shovels or spikes
shall be attached.
6.4.4 The shovel shall be made of heat-treated carbon (e.g. AISI 1080). It shall be
bolted on the end of the shanks to allow replacement. It shall have a thickness
of at least 5 mm (3/16”). Sweeps shall have a nose angle of 41 degrees to 52
degrees.
6.4.5 Steel springs shall be integrated with the shank assembly to provide protection
for the shank during tillage.
6.5 Gauge wheels should have an adjustable axle to allow modification of

operating depth.
6.6 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS
D1.1:2000.
6.6.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.
6.6.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld
metal and base metal.
6.6.3 All craters shall be filled to provide the specified weld size, except for the end
of intermittent fillet welds outside of their effective length.
6.6.4 Weld profiles shall be in its acceptable form.
6.6.5 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm site fillet weld.
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6.6.6 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.
7 Performance Requirements
7.1 The field cultivator shall have an operating depth of 51 mm to 152 mm (2” to
6”).
7.2 There shall be a uniform depth of cut on the soil.
7.3 There shall be at least 80% field efficiency.
7.4 The shanks shall reset to its original position after tilling operation.
7.5 The shank assembly and the gauge wheel assembly shall be intact after the
test.
7.6 The hydraulic cylinder shall be able to adjust the operating depth of the field
cultivator.
7.7 The field cultivator shall be able to overcome obstructions in the soil.
7.8 The field cultivator shall be easy to mount and dismount from the tractor
linkages.
8 Safety, Workmanship and Finish
8.1 The field cultivator shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.
8.2 The field cultivator shall be free from manufacturing defects that maybe
unsafe.
8.3 All bolts shall conform with standards for strength application and shall be
made of hot-galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.
9 Warranty of Construction
9.1 The field cultivator’s construction shall be rigid and durable without
breakdown of its major components within three (3) years from the date of
original purchase.
9.2 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within three (3) years after
installation and acceptance by the consumer.
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10 Maintenance and Operation
10.1 An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.
10.2 Grease points for shank protection mechanism shall be provided.
10.3 Tools for adjustment of shank assembly shall be provided.
11 Testing
Testing of the field cultivator shall be conducted on-site. The field cultivator shall be
tested for performance in accordance with PAES 148.
12 Marking and Labeling
12.1 The field cultivator shall be marked in English with the following information
using a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:
12.1.1 Brand name or Registered trademark of the manufacturer
12.1.2 Model and Serial number
12.1.3 Country of manufacture (if imported)/“Made in the Philippines” (if

manufactured in the Philippines)
12.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided. Markings shall be stated in

English or Filipino and shall be printed in red color with a white background.
12.3 The markings shall have a durable bond with the base surface material and
shall be water and heat resistant under normal cleaning procedures. It shall not
fade, discolor, crack or blister and shall remain legible.
12.4 Reflectors shall be attached at the rear of the cultivator for safety during
transport.
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Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Methods of Test
1 Scope
This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a field cultivator.
Specifically, it shall be used to:
1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories and workmanship of

the field cultivator and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;
1.2 determine the performance of the equipment; and,
1.3 report the results of the tests.
2 References
The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in

this text constitute provisions of this National Standard:
PAES 147:2010 Agricultural Machinery - Field Cultivator – Specifications
3 Definitions
shall apply:
3.1
draft
total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement
3.2
drawbar power
power requirement of an implement being towed or pushed
3.3
effective field capacity
function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency expressed in hectares per
hour
3.4
field efficiency
ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the theoretical
maximum productivity
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3.5
implement
any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor
3.6
implement width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost
edges of the implement (Fig. 1)
width
Figure 1. Implement width
3.7
nose angle
angle formed by the edges of the sweep (Fig. 2)
Figure 2. Nose angle
3.8
operating width
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement
performs its intended function; distance between the outermost shanks of the field
cultivator (Fig. 3)
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width
Figure 3. Operating width
3.9
stem angle
angle formed by the shank or the shovel relative to the ground surface or to its base,
respectively (Fig. 4)
shank
shovel
Figure 4. Stem angle
3.10
theoretical field capacity
function of speed and operating width expressed in hectares per hour
3.11
transport height
overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest point
(Fig. 5)
3.12
transport length
overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the implement to
the mounting point (Fig. 5)
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mounting point
height
length
Figure 5a. Transport height and length (four-wheel driven type)
height
length
Figure 5b. Transport height and length (two-wheel driven type)
3.12
wheel slip
reduction on the distance traveled by the tractor due to the attached implement
4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection
4.1 Role of manufacturer/dealer
The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the field cultivator and shall
abide by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.
4.2 Role of the operator
An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate,

operate, adjust and make repairs related to the operation of the equipment.
4.3 Test site conditions
The field cultivator shall be tested through actual cultivation of the soil. The field
shall have ample space to allow turns in headland. The size of the field shall not be
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less than 1000 m2 and shall be rectangular in shape, with sides in ratio of 2:1 as much
as possible.
4.4 Test instruments/equipment
The suggested list of minimum test equipment needed to carry out the field cultivator
test is shown in Annex A.
4.5 Tractor to be used
The tractor to be used to conduct the test shall be compatible with the field cultivator
in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification of required power.
4.6 Termination of test for field cultivator
If during the test, the field cultivator encounters major component breakdown or
malfunction, the test engineer shall terminate the test.
5 Test and Inspection
5.1 Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information
This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and
accessories of the field cultivator in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s
technical data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.
5.2 Performance test
5.2.1 This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the
equipment.
5.2.2 Measurement of initial data
Initial data, such as field area, soil type and soil moisture content, shall be obtained
and recorded in Annex C before the test operation.
5.2.3 Field performance test
5.2.3.1 The field cultivator shall be tested at the recommended depth settings of the
manufacturer. The actual operating depth shall be noted and shall be compared
with the theoretical operating depth.
5.2.3.2 The tractor speed shall be determined according to the recommended depth
setting. This can be done by recording the time required for the tractor to
travel a 20 m distance in the field (Fig. 6).
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20 m
Figure 6. Points for speed test
5.2.3.3 The total test time shall be obtained by acquiring the total time to finish
cultivating the test field. Non-productive time (e.g. headland turns) shall be
recorded. Productive time shall be obtained by deducting the non- productive
time from the total test time.
5.2.3.4 The fuel consumed by the tractor shall be obtained. This can be done by
measuring the volume of fuel refilled after the test. The tank shall be filled to
full capacity before and after each trial.
5.2.3.5 The operating width shall be obtained by measuring the distance between the
outermost shanks and shall be noted.
5.2.3.6 Field efficiency, effective field capacity and drawbar power requirements of
the implement shall be obtained using the formula in Annex D.
5.2.3.7 Determination of draft
A spring, hydraulic or stain-gauge type dynamometer shall be attached to the

front of the tractor on which the implement is mounted. Another auxiliary
tractor shall pull the implement-mounted tractor through the dynamometer in
neutral gear but with the implement in its operating position (Fig. 7). The draft
in the measured distance of 20 m as well as the time it takes to traverse it shall
be recorded. On the same field, the draft in the same distance shall be recorded
while the implement is lifted above the ground. The difference in the draft
readings shall yield the draft of the implement.
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auxiliary tractor
dynamometer
Figure 7. Position of tractors for draft measurement
5.2.3.8 Test for uniformity of depth of cut
5.2.3.8.1 Two points in the field passed shall be marked using pegs (points A and
B). The distance between these points shall be 20 m. Every two meters, a
marking peg shall be placed (Fig. 8).
Figure 8. Soil strips marking for operating depth analysis
5.2.3.8.2 The operating depth of the field cultivator shall be set. The field cultivator
shall be operated along the marked strips (Fig. 8). These strips of soil shall
be observed.
5.2.3.8.3 The depth of cut for each strip shall be measured and shall be recorded.
The mean depth shall be computed and shall be recorded (Fig. 9).
Figure 9. Depth of cut
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5.2.3.8.4 The percent error for the mean depth shall be computed using the formula
in Annex D.
5.2.3.8.5 The percentage of wheel slip shall be obtained by recording the difference
of the distance traveled without load and the distance traveled with the
implement attached. A mark shall be placed on the wheel of the tractor
(Fig. 10). The tractor shall be allowed to move forward up to 10
revolutions of the marked wheel under no load (A). The distance shall be
measured and recorded. On the same surface, the tractor shall be allowed
to move forward with the implement attached. After same number of
revolutions, the distance traveled shall be measured and recorded (B). The
percentage of wheel slip shall then be computed using the formula in
Annex D.
position
initial position under no
position under load load
mark on
the wheel
Figure 10. Measuring of wheel slip
5.2.3.9 Condition of field cultivator after test shall be compared to its initial
condition.
5.2.3.10 Welded parts shall be inspected.
5.2.3.11 Loosened bolts shall be noted.
5.2.3.12 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.
5.3 Test trial
There shall be at least three (3) trials in conducting the test.
6 Test Report
The test report shall include the following information in the order given:
6.1 Title
6.2 Summary
6.3 Purpose and Scope of Test
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6.4 Methods of Test
6.5 Description of the Machine
Table 1 – Machine Specifications
6.6 Results and Discussions
6.7 Observations (include pictures)
Table 2 –Performance test data
6.8 Name(s), signature(s) and designation(s) of test engineer(s)
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ANNEX D
Formula Used During Calculation and Testing
D.1. Drawbar power
where:
P drawbar power required for the implement, kW
D draft force required to move the implement, kN
S speed of tractor, kph
D.2. Effective field capacity
where:
C effective field capacity, ha/h
E effective area accomplished, m2
T operating time, h
D.3. Field efficiency
where:
Eff field efficiency, %
C effective field capacity, m2/h
Co theoretical field capacity, m2/h
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D.4. Effective area accomplished
where:
w actual working width, m
D total distance traveled, m
D.5. Total distance traveled
where:
A area of plot, m2
S average swath or width of cut, m
D.6. Average swath or width of cut
where:
W width of plot, m
N number of trips per round
D.7. Percent error for mean depth
where:
% error percent error, %
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Dm mean depth, mm
Dp theoretical depth, mm
D.8. Percentage of wheel slip
where:
% W.S. percent of wheel slip, %
A distance traveled by the tractor under no load

after a given number of revolution, m
B distance traveled by the tractor with implement

attached after a given number of revolution, m
D.9. Theoretical Field Capacity
where:
Co theoretical field capacity, ha/h
S speed of tractor, m/h
19
Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler – Specifications
1 Scope
This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a

subsoiler.
2 References
The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through the reference

Presentation

Terminology
PAES 150:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler – Methods of Test
3 Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:
3.1
gauge wheel
auxiliary component of the subsoiler that helps maintain uniform operating depth and
for adjusting depth of cut
3.2
main frame
part of the subsoiler that holds the transverse toolbars together (Fig. 1)
3.3
primary tillage
tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed
to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates
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3.4
ripper point
tool attached to the shank of the subsoiler to cut through the soil (Fig. 1)
3.5
shank
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam (Fig. 1)
3.6
soil abrasion
scratching, cutting, or abrasing of materials caused by the action of soil
3.7
subsoiler
implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface
layers, equipped with widely spaced shanks either in-line or staggered on a V-shaped
frame (Fig. 1)
main frame
shank transverse
tool bar
ripper point
Figure 1. Subsoiler
3.8
subsoiling
deep tillage with at least 350 mm depth for the purpose of loosening soil for root
growth and/or water movement
3.9
transverse tool bar
part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached (Fig. 1)
3.10
wear shin
metal plate attached to the shank to reduce abrasion and enhance durability of the
shank (Fig. 5)
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4 Classification
4.1 According to type of mounting
4.1.1 Drawn type subsoiler
Type of subsoiler wherein main frame is mounted far behind the tractor. Guide wheels
are necessary for transport (Fig. 2)
mounting point
main frame
shank
ripper point
Figure 2. Drawn type subsoiler
4.1.2 Three-point hitch mounted
Type of subsoiler wherein main frame is mounted to the rear of the tractor using the
3-point hitch linkages (Fig. 3)
Figure 3. Three-point hitch mounted type subsoiler
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4.2 According to type of shank
4.2.1 Straight shank
Figure 4. Straight shank subsoiler
4.2.2 Curved or parabolic shank
depth
adjustment lock
wear shin
ripper
point
shank
Figure 5. Curved shank subsoiler
The subsoiler shall be attached on the tractor. After being transported to the field, the
implement shall be lowered on the soil. The desired operating depth shall be set by
adjusting the gauge wheels or through the action of hydraulic cylinders. The subsoiler
shall be pulled by the tractor to cut through the soil.
5
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Generally, the subsoiler shall consist of main frame, transverse tool bars and shank
assembly.
6.1 The main frame shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020). These shall be
constructed from 152 mm x 254 mm (6” x 10”) square tube or channel with at
least 6 mm thickness. It shall have a provision for attaching to the tractor as
specified in PAES 118. Frame sections shall be folded to facilitate ease of
transport.
6.2 The transverse toolbars shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020). It shall be
constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3” x 4”) square tube or channel bar or
from a 76 mm angular bar with at least 6 mm thickness.
6.3 The shank assembly shall consist of shank, shank protection mechanism and
ripper point.
6.3.1 Shanks shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) with at least 20 mm
thickness. It shall be attached to the frame by bolt or shall be fully welded.
6.3.2 Holes shall be punched at the ends of the shanks where the ripper points shall
be attached.
6.3.3 The ripper points shall be made of heat-treated carbon steel (e.g. AISI 1080).
It shall be bolted on the end of the shanks to allow replacement. It shall have a
width of at least 44 mm (1 ¾“).
6.3.4 Wear shin shall be installed in the shank assembly to provide protection for
the shank during tillage. It shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) with a
thickness of at least 6 mm (¼”) and at least 152 mm (6”) length.

operating depth.
D1.1:2000.
6.5.3 All craters shall be filled to provide the specified weld size, except for the end
of intermittent fillet welds outside of their effective length.
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7.1 The subsoiler shall have a operating depth of at least 350 mm in accordance
with PAES 106.
7.3 Surface of the soil shall have minimal disturbance during the operation.
7.5 The hydraulic cylinder shall be able to adjust the operating depth of the
subsoiler.
test.
7.7 The subsoiler shall be easy to mount and dismount from the tractor linkages.
8.1 The subsoiler shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.
8.2 The subsoiler shall be free from manufacturing defects that maybe unsafe.
8.3 All bolts shall conform with standards for strength application and shall be
made of hot-galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.
9.1 The subsoiler’s construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of
its major components within three (3) years from the date of original purchase.
9.2 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within three (3) years after
10.1 An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.
10.2 Grease points for shank protection mechanism shall be provided.
10.3 Tools for adjustment of shank assembly shall be provided.
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11 Testing
Testing of the subsoiler shall be conducted on-site. The subsoiler shall be tested for
performance in accordance with PAES 150.
12.1 The subsoiler shall be marked in English with the following information using
a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:


English or Filipino and shall be printed in red color with a white background.
12.4 Reflectors shall be attached at the rear of the subsoiler for safety during
transport.
8
Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler – Methods of Test
1 Scope
This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a subsoiler. Specifically,
it shall be used to:
1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the subsoiler and
the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;
2 References

PAES 149:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler – Specifications
3 Definitions
shall apply:
3.1
draft
3.2
drawbar power
power requirement of an implement being towed or pushed
3.3
function of field speed, working width and field efficiency expressed in hectares per
hour
3.4
field efficiency
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3.5
implement
3.6
implement width
edges of the implement (Fig. 1)
width
3.7
operating width
performs its intended function; distance between the outermost shanks of the subsoiler
(Fig. 2)
width
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3.8
sweep angle
angle measured from the outer side of the wing in reference to the direction of travel
(Fig. 3)
wing width
wing lift
wing lift
sweep angle
angle
tip angle
Figure 3. Ripper point characteristics
3.9
function of speed and operating width expressed in hectares per hour
3.10
tip angle
angle formed by the top and underside of the ripper point (Fig. 3)
3.11
transport height
(Fig. 4)
3.12
transport length
the mounting point (Fig. 4)
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mounting point
height
length
Figure 4. Transport height and length (four-wheel driven type)
3.13
wing lift
length of the side of the wing opposite the wing lift angle (Fig. 3)
3.14
wing lift angle
angle measured between the two sides of the wing (Fig. 3)
3.15
wing width
distance between the tip of each wing (Fig. 3)
The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the subsoiler and shall abide
by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.

The subsoiler shall be tested through actual cultivation of the soil. The field shall have
ample space to allow turns in headland.
The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the subsoiler test is
shown in Annex A.
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The tractor to be used to conduct the test shall be compatible with the subsoiler in
accordance with the manufacturer’s specification of required power.
4.6 Termination of test for subsoiler
If during the test, the subsoiler encounters major component breakdown or

accessories of the subsoiler in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s technical
data and information. All data shall be recorded in Annex B.
subsoiler.
5.2.3.1 The subsoiler shall be tested at the recommended depth settings of the
manufacturer
5.2.3.2 The tractor speed shall be determined according to the recommended depth
travel a 20 m distance in the field (Fig. 5).
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20 m
cultivating the test field. Non-productive time (e.g. headland turns) shall be
recorded. Productive time shall be obtained by deducting the non- productive
time from the total test time.
5.2.3.4 The fuel consumed by the tractor shall be obtained. This can be done by
5.2.3.5 The working width shall be obtained by measuring the distance between the
outermost shanks and shall be noted.
5.2.3.7 Determination of draft
A spring, hydraulic or stain-gauge type dynamometer shall be attached to the

front of the tractor on which the implement is mounted. Another auxiliary
tractor shall pull the implement-mounted tractor through the dynamometer in
neutral gear but with the implement in its operating position (Fig. 6). The draft
in the measured distance of 20 m as well as the time it takes to traverse it shall
be recorded. On the same field, the draft in the same distance shall be recorded
while the implement is lifted above the ground. The difference in the draft
readings shall yield the draft of the implement.
8
PNS/PAES 150:2010
auxiliary tractor dynamometer
5.2.3.8 Test for uniformity of depth of cut
5.2.3.8.1 Two points in the field passed shall be marked using pegs. The distance
between these points shall be 20 m. Every two meters, a marking peg shall
be placed (Fig. 7).
Figure 7. Soil strips marking for operating depth analysis
5.2.3.8.2 The operating depth of the subsoiler shall be set. The subsoiler shall be
operated along the marked strips (Fig. 7). These strips of soil shall be
observed.
5.2.3.8.3 The depth of cut for each strip shall be measured and shall be recorded
(Fig. 8).
Figure 8. Depth of cut.
9
PNS/PAES 150:2010
5.2.3.8.4 The mean depth and the percent error for the mean depth shall be
computed using the formula in Annex D.
5.2.3.8.5 The percentage of wheel slip shall be obtained by recording the difference
of the distance traveled without load and the distance traveled with the
implement attached. A mark shall be placed on the wheel of the tractor
(Fig. 9). The tractor shall be allowed to move forward up to 10 revolutions
of the marked wheel under no load (A). The distance shall be measured
and recorded. On the same surface, the tractor shall be allowed to move
forward with the implement attached. After same number of revolutions,
the distance traveled shall be measured and recorded (B). the percentage of
wheel slip shall then be computed using the formula in Annex D.
position
initial position under no
position under load load
mark on
the wheel
Figure 9. Measuring of wheel slip
5.2.3.9 Condition of subsoiler after test shall be compared to its initial condition.
5.3 Test trial
There shall be at least three (3) trials in conducting the test.
6 Test Report
6.1 Title
6.2 Summary
6.4 Methods of Test
10
PNS/PAES 150:2010
11
PNS/PAES 150:2010
ANNEX D
D.1. Drawbar power
where:
where:
C effective field capacity, ha/h
T operating time ,h
where:
17
PNS/PAES 150:2010
D.4. Effective area accomplished
where:
D.5. Total distance traveled
where:
A area of plot, m2
D.6. Average swath or width of cut
where:
W width of plot, m
D.7. Percent error for mean depth
where:
18
PNS/PAES 150:2010
Dm mean depth, mm
Dp theoretical depth, mm
D.8. Percentage of wheel slip
where:
% W.S. percent of wheel slip, %


D.9. Theoretical Field Capacity
where:
w operating width, m
19
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PNS/PAES 151:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Specifications
1 Scope
This standard specifies the requirements for manufacture and performance of an engine
driven mechanical rice transplanter.
2 References
The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:
AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code – Steel
PNS/PAES 102: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation
PNS/PAES 152:2015Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Methods of

Test
3 Definitions
3.1
grasping fork
part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings
3.2
mechanical rice transplanter
machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a puddled and levelled field
3.3
paddle wheel
modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate movement in the field
3.4
soil-bearing seedlings
rice seedlings grown in nursery for transplanting wherein the soil is retained with the roots
for transplanting
3.5
transplanting
method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice seedlings grown in a nursery are pulled
and transferred into puddled and levelled fields
A-87
3.6
transplanting arm
part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates picking and transplanting seedlings into a
puddled field
4 Classification
The mechanical rice transplanter shall be classified according to the following:
4.1 Riding type
Type of self-propelled rice transplanter that allows operator to ride on the machine during
operation (Figure 1)
Steering Wheel Seedling

Tray
Engine
Spare
Seedling
Tray
Float
Paddle Wheel
Figure 1 - Four-wheel riding type rice transplanter
4.2 Walk-behind type
Type of self-propelled rice transplanter wherein the operator walks behind the transplanter
during operation (Figure 2).
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Engine
Transmission
Handle
Seedling
Tray
Float
Figure 2 - Walk-behind rice transplanter
Rice seedlings grown in the nursery shall be placed on the seedling tray of the mechanical
rice transplanter. As the rice transplanter moves along the puddled field, the grasping fork of
the transplanting arm shall get a preset number of seedlings out of the seedling mat. The
transplanting arm shall be actuated by a cam assembly, which is connected to the PTO shaft
of a tractor. The seedlings shall then be directed into the puddled soil. Afterwards, the
transplanting arm shall reset back to its original position for the next stroke.
The mechanical rice transplanter shall consist of seedling tray, transplanting arms, grasping
forks and float or floatation structure. Spacing between each transplanting arm shall be
uniform.
6.1 The seedling tray shall be made of non-corrosive material (e.g. engineering plastic).
6.2 The float shall be made of non-corrosive material (e.g. engineering plastic) with at
least 13 mm thickness and with a width of at least 152 mm.
6.3 The transplanting arm shall be made of G.I. steel or better material with at least 10
mm diameter. It shall have a uniform spacing of at least 200 mm.
6.4 The grasping forks shall be made of G.I. plain sheet gauge #24 or better material.
6.5 All bearings shall be sealed to prevent water and dirt from entering it.
A-89
6.6 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS D1.1:2000.
6.6.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld metal
and base metal.
6.6.3 All craters shall be filled to provide the specified weld size, except for the end of
intermittent fillet welds outside of their effective length.
6.7 The handle shall be covered with a non-slip material (e.g. rubber).
6.8 The paddle wheel shall be made of G.I. steel or better material. The wheel depth shall
be adjustable.
6.9 Guide wheels shall be made of G.I. steel or better material.
7.1 There shall be a field efficiency of at least 80%.
7.2 The grasping fork shall pick rice seedlings uniformly.
7.3 The distance between hills and rows shall be uniform based on the desired setting.
7.4 The percent damaged hills and percent missing hills shall not exceed 10%.
7.5 The seedlings shall be planted at a uniform depth based on the desired setting.
8 Power Requirement
8.1 The mechanical rice transplanter shall be operated using a minimum of 2.5 hp (1.9 kW)
engine for walk-behind and a minimum of 4 hp (3 kW) for ride-on type.
9.1 The mechanical rice transplanter shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.
9.2 Chain and sprocket or belt and pulley assembly shall be covered.
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9.3 All bolts shall conform to standards for strength application and shall be made of hot-
galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.
9.4 The mechanical rice transplanter shall be free from sharp edges.
10 Warranty of Construction and Services
10.1 One (1) year warranty on parts and services, in accordance to the manufacturer’s
warranty policy, shall be provided. This shall start upon the acceptance of the mechanical rice
transplanter by the end user.
10.2 There shall be no breakdown of its major components under normal use within one
(1) year from acceptance of the mechanical rice transplanter by the end-user, in accordance to
the manufacturer’s warranty policy.
11.1 An operator’s manual, which conforms to PNS/PAES 102:2000 Agricultural

Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation shall be provided.
12 Testing
Testing of the mechanical rice transplanter shall be conducted on-site. It shall be tested for
performance in accordance with PNS/PAES 152: 2015 - Agricultural Machinery: Mechanical
Rice Transplanter – Methods of Test.
13.1 The mechanical rice transplanter shall be marked in English, with the following
information, using a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:
13.1.1 Registered trademark of the manufacturer
13.1.2 Brand
13.1.3 Model
13.1.4 Serial Number
13.1.5 Country of manufacture
13.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided. Markings shall be stated in English

or Filipino and shall be printed in red color with a white background.
A-91
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Methods of Test
1 Scope
This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a mechanical rice transplanter.
1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and accessories of the mechanical rice
transplanter and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;
1.2 determine the performance of the equipment;
1.3 evaluate the ease of handling and safety features and;
2 References
The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text;
PNS/PAES 103:2000 Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling
PNS/PAES 151:2015 Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter –

Specifications
3 Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PNS/PAES 151:2015 and the
following shall apply:
3.1
actual field capacity
actual rate of transplanting in a given area per unit of time
NOTE The time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at the
headland, adjustment of machine and minor repairs.
3.2
effective operating width
total width of the two outermost transplanting arms
3.3
field efficiency
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3.4
hills
points in the field where seedlings are transplanted
3.5
overall length
measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter along its longer side
including all protruding parts
3.6
overall width
measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter along its shorter side
including all protruding parts
3.7
percent damaged hills
ratio of the total number of hills with seedlings damaged by cutting, bending or crushing
during transplanting to the total number of hills; expressed in percent (%)
3.8
percent missing hills
ratio of the total number of hills without seedlings to the total number of hills, expressed in
percent (%)
3.9
planting efficiency
ratio of the number of hills with seedlings to the total number of hills, expressed in percent
(%)
3.10
rows
series of hills in a field
3.11
computed product of the effective operating width and speed of operation of the mechanical
rice transplanter
4.1 Selection of mechanical rice transplanter to be tested
Mechanical rice transplanter to be tested should be in accordance with PNS/PAES 103:2000

Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling.
A-99
The manufacturer/dealer shall submit the operator’s manual of the mechanical rice
transplanter and shall abide by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing
agency.
An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate, operate,
adjust and make repairs related to the operation of the equipment.
The mechanical rice transplanter shall be tested through actual transplanting of rice seedlings.
Each test, with three replications, shall be carried out in a rectangular field area with sides in
the ratio of 2:1 as much as possible. The field shall have an area of at least 1000 m2 with
ample space for headland turns. The field to be used shall be puddled and leveled before the
test.
The suggested list of minimum test equipment needed to carry out the mechanical rice
transplanter test is shown in Annex A. Seedling preparation is shown in Annex E.
4.6 Suspension of test for mechanical rice transplanter
If during the test, the mechanical rice transplanter malfunctions or stops due to major
component breakdown which is not repairable, the test shall be suspended.
This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions and construction material
of the mechanical rice transplanter in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s technical
5.2.1 This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the machine.
5.2.2 Soil data analysis
Initial data such as field area and soil type shall be obtained and recorded in Annex C before
the test operation.
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5.2.3.1 The mechanical rice transplanter shall be tested through actual transplanting of rice
seedlings.
5.2.3.2 Five (5) sampling areas shall be randomly selected in the field (Figure 1).
Figure 1 - Random sampling areas
5.2.3.3 The number of seedlings per hill shall be noted and shall be recorded.
5.2.3.4 The distances between hills and between rows shall be measured and shall be
recorded in Annex C (Fig. 2).
Figure 2 - Distance between hills and between rows
5.2.3.5 Percent error for the distances shall be computed using the formula in Annex D.
5.2.3.6 The number of hills, missing hills, and damaged hills shall be noted and shall be
recorded.
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5.2.3.7 Planting efficiency, percent damaged hills, and percent missing hills of the
mechanical rice transplanter shall be computed using the formula in Annex D.
5.2.3.8 Test for uniformity of transplanting depth
5.2.3.8.1 The transplanting depth per hill in a row shall be noted and shall be recorded
(Figure 3).
Figure 3 - Transplanting depth
5.2.3.9 Condition of the mechanical rice transplanter shall be inspected after the test to
determine damage or breakdown.
5.2.3.10 The total operating time of the mechanical transplanter shall be recorded. Non-
productive time shall also be recorded. Total productive time shall be obtained by subtracting
the non-productive time from the total operating time.
5.2.3.11 Actual and theoretical field capacity, as well as field efficiency, shall be computed
using the formula in Annex D.
5.2.3.12 Operating speed
Outside the longer side of the test plot, two poles 20 m apart (A, B) are placed approximately
in the middle of the test plot. On the opposite side, two poles are also placed in similar
position, 20 m apart (C, D) so that all four poles form corners of a rectangle, parallel to at
least one long side of the test plot. The speed will be calculated from the time required for the
machine to travel the distance (20 m) between the assumed line connecting two poles on
opposite sides AC and BD. The reference point of the machine should be selected for
measuring the time.
5.2.3.13 Fuel consumed
The fuel consumed by the mechanical rice transplanter shall be obtained. Before the start of
each test trial, the fuel tank shall be filled to a certain marked level. After each test trial, the
tank shall be refilled using a graduated cylinder. The amount refilled is the fuel consumption
for the test. When filling up the tank, keep the machine in a level position.
A-102
5.2.3.14 Welded parts shall be inspected. Loosened bolts shall be noted and tightened.
5.2.3.16 Planting pattern
Before the operation, a turning zone shall be established. It shall be about one cycle of going
and returning. Seedlings shall be transplanted next to the straight side of the border along the
longest side of the field (Figure 4).
Turning Zone
Figure 4 - Planting pattern
5.3 Test trial
At least three (3) trials shall be required in conducting the test. Test data shall be gathered as
required in Annex D.
6 Test Report Format
6.1 Title
6.2 Summary
6.4 Methods of Test
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A-104
Annex D
(informative)
Formula Used During Calculations and Testing
D.1 Percent damaged hills
Hd
Hpd = x 100
Ht
where:
Hpd is the percent damaged hills, %
Hd is the number of damaged hills in the sampling area
Ht is the total number of hills in the sampling area
D.2 Percent missing hills
Hm
Hpm = x 100
Ht
where:
Hpm is the percent missing hills, %
Hm is the number of missing hills in the sampling area
D.3 Planting efficiency
Hm
Pe =(1- ) x 100
Ht
where:
Pe is the planting efficiency of the transplanter, %
Hm is the total number of missing hills
D.4 Actual field capacity
AT
FCA =
TT
where:
FCA is the actual field capacity, ha/h
AT is the total area transplanted, ha
TT is the total operating time required for transplanting, h
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D.5 Theoretical field capacity
WC S
FCT =
10
where:
FCT is the theoretical field capacity, ha / h
WC is the effective operating width of the transplanter, m
S is the speed of the transplanter, kph
D.6 Field efficiency
FCA
Eff = x 100
FCT
where:
Eff is the field efficiency of the transplanter, %
FCA is the actual field capacity
FCT is the theoretical field capacity
A-113
ANNEX E
Seedling Preparation Using Double Mulching Technique
1 Sowing is done manually using two plastic film sheets or canvass on seedbeds.
2 Preparation of plastic film
Wrap or fold the plastic film and make holes using the punching stick or common wire nail (with
punching handle).
3 Preparation of seedling frames for the seedbed
Wooden or steel bars/plates/purlin (or any similar material) can be used to prepare the seedling
frames. Seedling frames are fixed on the seedbed after the first mulch (plastic film) has been
placed.
4 Seedbed preparation
4.1 Choose an area with good access to irrigation and drainage.
4.2 Prepare the seedbed area 2-3 days before the sowing schedule.
4.3 Plow once and harrow (puddle and level) the seedbed area.
4.4 Construct the seedbeds, 1.5 m width, 3-5 cm height and at any desired length. Keep 30cm
distance between seedbeds.
4.5 Level the seedbed using wooden leveler (paleta).
5 Soil preparation
Prepare 1,500 kg of nutritional or garden soil for 1 ha before sowing. Dry the soil for
4-6 days to reduce moisture content to 10–20 % for easy crushing. Sieve crushed soil.
6 Seed soaking and incubation
6.1 Soak the seeds (40 kg/ha) in clean water for 6 hours. Keep the water and seeds at room
temperature.
6.2 Remove the soaked seeds from the container. Drain the water and place the seeds in clean
sack.
6.3 Tie the sack loose enough to allow the aeration of seeds.
6.4 Turn it every 2 hours to improve aeration. Keep it moist by sprinkling water each time
you turn until seeds germinate.
6.5 Seeds are ready for sowing when they start to break and until roots have extended to 1
mm.
A-114
7 Sowing
7.1 Place the plastic film into the seedbed. Stretch the plastic film well to cover the surface.
7.2 Fix the seedling frame on top of the plastic film. Pegs can be used to hold or permanently
fix the frames in place.
7.3 Place the pulverized soil inside the frame. The depth of soil bed in the frame should not
exceed 2 cm and should also be uniform and leveled. Saturate the pulverized soil with water
using a sprinkler or sprayer.
7.4 Spread the germinated seeds evenly using the required weight of seeds per area of the
seedling frame.
7.5 Cover the broadcasted seeds with a very thin film of soil ranging from 0.3–0.5 cm. Then
cover the seedbed with another plastic film (without holes) for 1-2 days depending on weather
conditions. The cover will serve as protection from the rain and birds.
7.6 Remove the plastic cover when the height of the seedlings reached 1 cm.
8 Water management
8.1 Water should be leveled on the surface of the seedbed. This depth should be maintained
during the single-leaf stage.
8.2 During 2-3 leaf stages, the water level should be frequently checked. During irrigation,
water depth should be leveled with the surface of the frame and should be drained after 10
minutes.
8.3 Four to five days before transplanting, the water level should be half the depth of the
seedbed to enhance the development of the roots.
8.4 Seedlings should be transplanted at 16-18 days of age.
9 Preparation of seedlings before transplanting
9.1 Drain the seedbed one day before transplanting.
9.2 Cut the seedling mat using sharp knife or cutter into tray size seedlings (28 cm x 116cm
or 28 cm x 58 cm).
9.3 Roll each seedling mat and distribute along the paddy dikes.
A-115
Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Specifications
1 Scope
This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a hand
pump.
2 References

Presentation
PAES 154:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Methods of Test
3 Definitions
3.1
check valve
valve inside the cylinder that holds the column of water in the draw pipe while the
plunger is being pushed down after each up-stroke
3.2
discharge valve
valve attached to the discharge side (for lift type hand pump) or to the body of the
cylinder (for force type hand pump) to allow one direction of flow of water only
3.3
hand pump
water pump powered by the movement of human arms
3.4
handle
lever that connects the pump rod to the pump head which often includes some
mechanism to add counterweight to balance the weight of the water being lifted up the
draw pipe
2
PNS/PAES 153:2010
3.5
outlet
spout assembly of pump where water comes out
3.6
plunger
piston
part of the cylinder that is connected to the pump rod and which forces water up the
draw pipe
3.7
pump head
pump assembly attached to the stand which contains the handle outlet assembly
3.8
pump rod
plunger rod
steel rod that connects the pump handle to the plunger assembly within the
cylinder
3.9
pump stand
pedestal
base that attaches the hand pump to the ground and connects to the draw pipe
3.10
stroke
maximum distance that the plunger moves when the handle is moved
3.11
suction inlet
inlet to which the suction pipe is connected
3.12
suction pipe
pipe connecting the pump cylinder to the pump body where water moves up and out
to the pump spout during pumping
4 Classification
The hand pump shall be classified according to the following:
4.1.1 Lift type
Type of hand pump intended for use in lifting water from low-head cisterns and wells,
the depth of which is not beyond the head furnished by atmospheric pressure (Fig. 1).
3
PNS/PAES 153:2010
pump rod
handle
discharge outlet
pump head
plunger discharge
valve
suction inlet cylinder
assembly
check
valve
Figure 1. Lift type hand pump
4.1.2 Force type
Type of hand pump that performs the work of a lift pump and in addition forces the
water from the outlet at a pressure to suit any domestic application (Fig. 2).
pump rod
handle
discharge
plunger
outlet
pump head
air chamber
cylinder
assembly
discharge valve
check suction inlet
valve
Figure 2. Force type hand pump
4.1.2.1 Single acting
Type of force type hand pump that discharges water only on the forward stroke of the
piston or plunger and draw in water into the cylinder during the back stroke.
4
PNS/PAES 153:2010
4.1.2.2 Double acting
Type of force type hand pump that discharges water on both forward and back
strokes.
5.1 Lift type
5.1.1 Water shall be lifted by the action of the plunger.
5.1.2 By pressing the handle downwards, the valve shall be raised inside the
cylinder.
5.1.3 The pressure inside the cylinder shall be reduced as the plunger assembly is
raised. This shall allow water in the suction pipe to rise correspondingly.
5.1.4 After repeated strokes, water shall then reach the cylinder entering the check
valve connected to the suction inlet.
5.1.5 The check valve shall open during downward stroke, and shall close during
upward stroke.
5.1.6 The space between the check valve and the plunger shall be filled with water.
5.1.7 Succeeding strokes of the cylinder shall then push the water between the
plunger and the check valve into the discharge valve connected to the plunger.
During the next upward stroke, water shall be lifted to the spout.
5.2 Force type
5.2.1 Almost the same principle shall apply as that of the lift type.
5.2.2 As the cylinder is filled with water, the downward stroke of the plunger shall
push the water through the discharge valve connected to the cylinder’s body.
5.2.3 Water shall pass through the discharge outlet. Some of the water shall enter an
air chamber which is also connected to the discharge outlet.
5.2.4 The water shall compress the air inside the chamber and shall create a pressure
to force the water out.
The hand pump shall consist of a pump head, handle, plunger, cylinder assembly,
suction inlet and outlet.
6.1 The pump head and handle shall be made of cast iron or better material.
5
PNS/PAES 153:2010
6.2 The cylinder assembly shall be made of cast iron or better material and shall
have an inside diameter of at least 76 mm.
6.3 The check valve shall be made of cast iron or better material with a diameter
of at least 32 mm. It shall have sieves to filter possible contaminants.
6.4 The plunger shall be made of cast iron or better material. It shall be
surrounded with a gasket to keep it tight.
6.5 Gaskets shall be made of non-corrosive material (e.g. rubber).
6.6 Pump rods shall be made of cast iron or better material.
6.7 There shall be a provision for securing the handle to the pump head (e.g. cotter
pin or lock nut).
6.8 Lift type
6.8.1 The discharge valve in the plunger assembly shall be made of cast iron or
better material. It shall have a diameter of at least 32 mm.
6.8.2 The discharge outlet shall be made of cast iron or better material.
6.9 Force type
6.9.1 The discharge valve connected to the cylinder shall be made of cast iron or
better material. It shall have a diameter of at least 32 mm.
6.9.2 Air chamber shall be made of cast iron or better material with at least 6 mm
thickness. It shall be air-tight and water-tight.
7.1 Check valves shall be water-tight.
7.2 Lift type hand pump shall lift the water from cistern or well to at least 6 m.
7.3 Force type hand pump shall lift the water up to a height of 15 m from ground
level.
8.1 The hand pump shall have a rust-free finish.
8.2 The hand pump shall be free from sharp edges.
6
PNS/PAES 153:2010
9.1 The hand pump’s construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown
of its major components within one (1) year from the date of original
purchase.
9.2 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within one (1) year after
An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.
11 Testing
Testing of the hand pump shall be conducted on-site. It shall be tested for
performance in accordance with PAES 154.
12.1 The hand pump shall be marked in English with the following information
using a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:
12.1.2 Model and/or Serial number

7
Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Methods of Test
1 Scope
This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a hand pump.
1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the hand pump
and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;
2 References

this text constitute provisions of these standards:
PAES 153:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Specifications
3 Definitions
shall apply:
3.1
base plane
center line of the pump containing the center of the plunger in its highest position
3.2
discharge rate
volume of water pumped per unit time
3.3
friction head
equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow through the pipe
and pipe fittings
3.4
full stroke
operation of the pump from the topmost position of the handle to its lowest position
3
PNS/PAES 154:2010
3.5
head
quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content of the
liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum
3.6
overall height
measurement from the topmost part of the hand pump to the base or pedestal
3.7
overall length
measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its longer side including all
protruding parts
3.8
overall width
measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its shorter side including
all protruding parts
3.9
static suction head (h1)
vertical distance from base plane of the pump to the free level of water source
3.10
static discharge head (h2)
vertical distance from the base plane of the pump to the discharge water level
3.11
total static head (hg)
vertical distance from suction water level to discharge water level, the sum of the
static suction and discharge heads
3.12
volumetric efficiency
ratio of the actual volume of fluid discharge to that of the piston or plunger
displacement in one stroke.
3.13
water power
theoretical power required for pumping
4
PNS/PAES 154:2010
level of
water outlet
h2
base
plane
hg
h1
level of
water source
Figure 1. Pump head measurement.
The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of hand pump and shall abide by
the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.


The pump shall be tested in a laboratory using a test rig. In the case of pump
permanently installed, it shall be tested at the site where it is installed.
The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the hand pump test
is shown in Annex A.
5
PNS/PAES 154:2010
4.5 Ambient conditions
The ambient conditions such as atmospheric pressure, temperatures (dry bulb and wet
bulb) and relative humidity shall be recorded at equal interval during the test.
4.6 Termination of test for hand pump
If during the test, the hand pump encounters major component breakdown or
This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions and construction
material of the hand pump in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s technical
equipment.
5.2.2 Volumetric efficiency
5.2.2.1 This is carried out to determine the ratio of the actual volume of water
discharge to that of the piston or plunger displacement in one stroke.
5.2.2.2 Actual Volume Discharge per stroke Determination

In a bucket, measure the actual water discharge by the pump in ten (10) full strokes.
5.2.2.3 Piston Displacement

The inside diameter of the cylinder and the actual length of stroke shall be measured.
Note: Piston displacement shall be computed using the formula given in Annex D.
5.2.2.4 Volumetric efficiency shall be calculated using the formula given in Annex D.
5.2.3 Energy expenditure of the operator
5.2.3.1 The heart rate of the operator shall be measured at the carotid artery or at the
wrist before and after operations.
5.2.3.2 Estimated energy expenditure shall be obtained from the table presented below
(Table 1).
6
PNS/PAES 154:2010
Table 1. Estimated energy expenditure (Christensen scale for work load).

Physical work load Heart rate Energy expenditure
Beat/min KJ/min
Very light < 75 <20
light 75-100 10-20
Moderate heavy 100-125 20-30
Heavy 125-150 30-40
Very heavy 150-175 40-50
Extra heavy >175 >50
5.2.3.3 The physical build of the operator such as stature, forward reach, hand length,
etc. shall be measured.
5.2.3.4 The items to be measured and investigated shall be recorded in the Annex C.
5.2.4 Pump performance
5.2.4.1 Suction head or suction lift (h1)

Suction head shall be measured from the water surface to the level of water in the
discharge, as shown in Figure 1.
5.2.4.2 Temperature of the liquid

Temperature of the liquid shall be measured from the water discharge by the pump
using a thermometer. All readings shall be recorded in Annex C.
5.2.4.3 The number of full strokes of operator in one minute of operation shall be
recorded in Annex C.
5.2.4.4 The time spent and the number of strokes from no discharge state to maximum
flow rate shall be recorded.
5.2.4.5 Total discharge head, total static head and water power shall be computed
using the formula in Annex D.
5.2.4.6 Discharge of lift type hand pump
5.2.4.7 The discharge of the hand pump shall be obtained.
5.2.4.8 Pressure reading and computation of total dynamic head (TDH) for force type
5.2.4.8.1 Pressure gauges shall be attached to the suction side (vacuum gauge) and
to the discharge side (discharge pressure gauge) of the force pump (Fig. 2).
7
PNS/PAES 154:2010
valve
discharge
pressure
gauge
z2
base plane
z1
vacuum
gauge
Figure 2. Pressure reading for force type hand pump.
5.2.4.8.2 With the valve closed, the force pump shall be operated. The pressure
readings shall be read and shall be recorded. This shall yield the maximum
pressure that the pump can hold. The number of full strokes to sustain that
pressure shall also be noted.
5.2.4.8.3 The valve shall be adjusted to obtain new set of readings. The pressure
readings for the respective discharge values shall be recorded. At least five
(5) sets of pressure readings and amount of discharge shall be obtained and
shall be plotted in the graph with the latter as the independent variable.
5.2.4.8.4 The heads at the discharge and at the suction sides shall be computed using
the formula in Annex D.
5.2.4.8.5 The total dynamic head shall be computed using the formula in Annex D.
5.2.5 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.
5.3 Test trial
There shall be at least three (3) trials to conduct the test.
6 Test Report
8
PNS/PAES 154:2010
6.1 Title
6.2 Summary
6.4 Methods of Test
9
PNS/PAES 154:2010
ANNEX D
D.1 Piston displacement
where:
Pd piston displacement, m3
D piston diameter, m2
h maximum length of stroke, m
D.2 Total static head
where:
Hg total static head, m

h1 total suction head, m
h2 total discharge head, m
D.3 Total discharge head
where:
h2 total discharge head, m

hd discharge head, m
hf friction head, m
D.4 Total suction head
where:
h1 total suction head, m

hs suction head, m
hf friction head, m
16
PNS/PAES 154:2010
D.5 Friction head
where:
hf friction head, m
f coefficient of friction loss
L pipe length, m
D pipe diameter, m
V velocity of the water, m/s
g acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
D.6 Water power
where:
WP water power, kW
Hg total static head, m
Q discharge rate, L/s
D.7 Volumetric efficiency
where:
n volumetric efficiency of pump, %

Qa actual discharge, m3
Pd piston displacement, m3
D.8 Total dynamic head
where:
TDH total dynamic head, m

hd head at discharge side, m
hs head at suction side, m
17
PNS/PAES 154:2010
D.9 Head at the discharge side
where:
hd head at discharge side, m

P2 pressure at discharge side
v column velocity at the discharge side, m/s
z2 gauge correction factor, m
D.10 Head at the suction side
where:
hs head at discharge side, m

P1 pressure at discharge side
v column velocity at the discharge side, m/s
z1 gauge correction factor, m
18
Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Specifications
1 Scope
This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a mist
blower.
2 References

Presentation
PAES 156:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Methods of Test
3 Definitions
3.1
cut-off valve
valve used to stop the flow of fluid
3.2
mist
fine drops of liquid, such as water or chemical pesticide, sprayed into the air
3.3
mist blower
equipment that sprays liquid in the form of mist (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2)
3.4
wand
part of the mist blower that connects the nozzle to the blower
2
PNS/PAES 155:2010
4 Classification
4.1 Backpack mist blower
Type of mist blower that is carried by an operator on his back for mobility (Fig. 1).
adjustable
tank cover knob
pesticide
tank hose
fuel tank wand
fan handle with cut-off

valve
engine
flexible
sprayer hose
frame
Figure 1. Backpack mist blower
4.2 Mounted mist blower
Type of mist blower that is mounted on a tractor or other vehicle for mobility (Fig. 2).
tank cover
tank
fan
nozzle
engine
fuel tank
Figure 2. Mounted mist blower
3
PNS/PAES 155:2010
5.1 The tank shall be filled with liquid chemical prior to starting of the mist
blower engine.
5.2 The tank cover shall be secured.
5.3 The valves shall be checked if they are in closed position.
5.4 The mist blower engine shall then be started.
5.5 Upon reaching the desired pressure, the valve shall then be opened to release
the mist.
5.6 The nozzle shall be aimed at the target area to be applied.
6.1 Backpack mist blower
Generally, the backpack mist blower shall consist of tank, hose, nozzle, wand and
engine.
6.1.1 The mist blower shall conform to the operator’s body, distributing weight
evenly, presenting operating controls in a reasonable location and
configuration, in such a way that the operator is not exhausted after sustained
usage.
6.1.2 The mist blower shall have a net weight of not more than 15 kg.
6.1.3 The wand shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or better

material. It shall have a length of at least 0.3 m.
6.1.4 An adjustment knob shall be attached to the wand.
6.1.5 The tank shall be made of non-corrosive material (e.g. engineering plastic). It
shall have an air-tight and water-tight construction to avoid leakage. It shall
have a drain valve for maintenance and cleaning.
6.1.6 The tank cover and the gasket shall be made of chemical resistant
polyvinylchloride or better material.
6.1.7 A flexible hose shall be used to attach the nozzle to the engine and tank. It
shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or better material.
6.1.8 Hose clamps shall be made of non-corrosive material.
6.1.9 The load bearing part of the strap shall be at least 50 mm wide. A load bearing
waist strap is desirable.
4
PNS/PAES 155:2010
6.1.10 The strap shall be made of durable and non-absorbent material (e.g. nylon
fabric) with at least 1.5 mm thickness and 35 mm width.
6.1.11 Strap pads shall be provided for operator’s comfort. It shall have a thickness of
at least 10 mm and a width of at least 65 mm.
6.1.12 There shall be provision for adjustment of the strap.
6.1.13 A quick release mechanism shall be provided for emergency purposes
6.1.14 The cut-off valve shall be installed on the handle of the mist blower for instant
stopping of the blower. It shall have a variable setting for adjusting droplet
sizes.
6.1.15 The fuel tank shall be made of polyethylene or better material. It shall have
provision for filtration of foreign materials.
6.1.16 The nozzle shall be made of non-corrosive material.
6.2 Mounted mist blower
The mounted mist blower shall consist of the main frame, tank, blower, and engine.
6.2.1 The main frame shall be made of AISI 1020 or better material with a thickness
of at least 6 mm.
6.2.2 The tank shall be made of non-corrosive material (e.g. engineering plastic). It
shall have an air-tight and water-tight construction to avoid leakage. It shall
have a drain valve for maintenance and cleaning.
6.2.3 The tank cover and gasket shall be made of chemical resistant
D1.1:2000.
7.1 The mist blower shall not produce noise higher than the maximum permissible
level (Table 1).
5
PNS/PAES 155:2010
Table 1. Permissible noise exposures as required by the Occupational Safety and

Health Act (OSHA), Federal Register. Vol 37.No.202. Oct.18, 1972.
Hours of exposure per workday Permissible noise level (dBA)
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1.5 102
1 105
0.5 110
0.25 or less 115
7.2 There shall be a discharge rate of 0.12 to 0.17 Lpm per nozzle.
7.3 There shall be an air speed of at least 90 m/s.
7.4 The mist blower shall produce evenly sized droplets.
7.5 The mist blower shall not produce run-off.
8.1 The tank and sprayer frame of the mist blower shall have rounded corners.
8.2 There shall be a gap between the fuel tank and the engine of the mist blower.
8.3 Safety locks shall be provided to avoid accidental opening of the valve.
8.4 Cushions shall be installed for backpack mist blowers for operator’s comfort.
8.5 Mufflers shall have a protective cover to protect the operator from burns.
8.6 Fuel lines and other fuel components shall have protective sleeves to help
prevent rupture of lines from snagging over incidental damages.
9.1 The mist blower’s construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown
of its major components within one (1) year from the date of original
purchase.
9.3 The engine shall be covered by a separate warranty.
6
PNS/PAES 155:2010
An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.
11 Testing
Testing of the mist blower shall be conducted on-site. The mist blower shall be tested
for performance in accordance with PAES 156.
12.1 The mist blower shall be marked in English with the following information:
12.1.1 Brand name or Registered trademark of the manufacturer (optional)

12.1.4 Basic specifications of the mist blower

English and shall be printed in red color with a white background.
shall be water and heat resistant under normal cleaning procedures, it shall not
7
Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Methods of Test
1 Scope
This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a mist blower.
1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the mist blower
2 References

PAES 155:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Specifications
3 Definitions
shall apply:
3.1
blower range
distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out
3.2
number median diameter
diameter of a droplet which will divide the number of sample droplets into two equal
halves
3.3
volume median diameter
diameter of a droplet which will divide the volume of sample droplets into two equal
halves
3
PNS/PAES 156:2010
The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the mist blower and shall

operate, adjust and repair matters related to the operation of the equipment.
The site where the mist blower shall be tested shall have a space greater than the
maximum reach of the equipment as specified in the operator’s manual.
The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the mist blower test
is shown in Annex A.
4.5 Termination of test for mist blower
If during the test, the mist blower encounters major component breakdown or
accessories of the mist blower in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s technical
equipment.
5.2.1.1 The noise emitted by the mist blower shall be measured 50 mm away from the
operator’s ear level. This shall be recorded in Annex C.
5.2.1.2 The fuel consumed by the engine of the mist blower shall be obtained. This
can be done by measuring the volume of fuel refilled after the test. The tank
shall be filled to full capacity before and after each trial.
5.2.1.3 The cut-off valve shall be preset at the maximum setting.
4
PNS/PAES 156:2010
5.2.1.4 The air velocity of the mist blower shall be obtained at the outlet using an
anemometer. The velocity shall be recorded in Annex C.
5.2.1.5 Discharge rate of the mist blower shall be obtained either by directly using a
graduated cylinder and getting the time or by measuring the volume of liquid
required to refill the mist blower after spraying and getting the total time to
consume the liquid. Discharge rate shall be computed in Annex D.
5.2.1.6 The blower range shall be obtained by determining the distance of the mist
blown from the nozzle. The operator shall measure the longest reach of the
mist from the tip of the outlet. Wind speed in the test site shall be measured
and recorded.
5.2.1.7 The mist blower shall be tested for uniformity of droplet sizes. The cut-off
valve shall be preset depending on the desired setting. The mist blower shall
then be operated and shall be allowed to pass over a series of magnesium
oxide coated glass slides. The slides shall be examined under a microscope.
Droplet sizes shall be recorded. In the absence of magnesium oxide coated
glass slides, the tank shall be filled with a solution of dye. The mist shall pass
over a series of collecting paper or glass slides. The dried paper, slides or their
photographs shall be examined under a microscope. The mean diameter and
percent error shall be computed using the formula in Annex D. The volume
median diameter (VMD) and the number median diameter (NMD) shall be
obtained. The ratio of the VMD to the NMD shall be obtained.
5.2.1.8 For backpack type, tilt and inversion test shall be conducted to check for any
leak on the blower. It shall be filled with water and shall be tilted at an angle
of 90 degrees for five minutes on each side. The mist blower shall then be
inverted for five minutes. No leak from any part of the mist blower shall
occur.
5.2.1.9 The mist blower shall be evaluated for ease of operation. Two operators shall
operate and evaluate the mist blower. The mist blower shall be evaluated
according to the following: adaptation to back of the operator (for backpack
type), accessibility, ease of actuating the cut-off device, ease of dismantling,
assembly and maintenance of the mist blower, ease of filling and cleaning the
tank, convenience in fixing the straps and provisions for adjusting strap length.
5.2.1.10 Evaluation for operator’s safety shall be conducted for the mist blower.
The mist blower shall be subjected to different safety tests such as the
following:
5.2.1.11 A full capacity mist blower standing on a level surface shall be pushed
until it tips over, observation shall be made if the tank filler cap is removed.
The different components of the mist blower shall be checked regarding any
injury that the operator may encounter while using the mist blower. Items to
be measured shall be recorded in Annex C.
5
PNS/PAES 156:2010
5.3 Test trial
6 Test Report
6.1 Title
6.2 Summary
6.4 Methods of Test
6
PNS/PAES 156:2010
ANNEX D
D.1 Discharge rate
where:
Q discharge rate of the mist blower, Lpm
V total volume of liquid required to refill the mist blower,

L
t total time required to consume the liquid, min
D.2 Percent error for droplet size
where:
Dm mean diameter, mm
Dp actual diameter, mm
12
Agricultural Machinery – Power Sprayer for Mango – Specifications
1 Scope
This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a power
sprayer for mango.
2 References
AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code – Steel

Presentation
PAES 158:2011 Agricultural Machinery – Power Sprayer for Mango – Methods

of Test
3 Definitions
3.1
cut-off valve
valve used to stop the flow of fluid (Fig.1)
3.2
lance
metallic tube that connects the nozzle to the hose of power sprayer (Fig. 1)
nozzle spray
handle with
adjustment
cut-off valve
knob
Figure 1. Lance
4
PAES 157:2011
3.3
power sprayer for mango
equipment powered by an electric motor or by an engine used to spray fertilizer or
pesticide to a certain height (Fig.2 and 3)
3.4
nozzle
tip of lance of the power sprayer where the chemical is sprayed out (Fig.1)
3.5
pressure relief valve
component of the power sprayer used to regulate the pressure
3.6
runoff
overflow of water from the nozzle
4 Classification
4.1 Frame mounted power sprayer
Type of power sprayer mounted on a steel frame which is carried by at least two (2)
operators for transport (Fig. 2).
belt and pulley fuel tank

assembly cover
pump fuel tank

engine
tensioner frame
handle
frame
Figure 2. Frame mounted power sprayer
4.2 Wheel-mounted power sprayer
Type of power sprayer mounted on wheels, either pushed by an operator or towed by

a vehicle. The pump can be powered by an engine or an electric motor (Fig. 3).
5
PAES 157:2011
frame
handle
engine hose
chemical
pump tank
frame
Figure 3a. Hand-pushed wheel-mounted power sprayer
fuel tank cover hose
fuel tank tank

cover
engine
chemical
tank
pump
main
frame
Figure 3b. Towed wheel-mounted power sprayer
Before starting the pump, the intake hose shall be dipped into the tank filled with the
solution. The pressure relief valve shall be opened and shall be set to the desired
pressure. The cut-off valve shall be opened and shall be adjusted to achieve the
desired spray. The nozzle shall be preset to stream or mist prior to application.
Streams shall be directed above the tree while mists shall be directed on the leaves or
flowers of the tree. After spraying, the cut-off and pressure relief valves shall be
closed before turning off the pump.
6
PAES 157:2011
Generally, the power sprayer shall consist of main frame, prime mover (engine or
electric motor), pump, spray hose, lance and nozzle. All specifications indicated
below are minimum requirements.
6.1.1 The main frame shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material
with a thickness of at least 6 mm. It shall be constructed from welded angular
or flat bars.
6.1.2 The prime mover shall be mounted on the main frame with hexagonal bolts
with at least 10 mm (3/8”) diameter. Lock nuts shall be used to secure the
prime mover to the frame.
6.1.3 The pump shall be mounted on the main frame with hexagonal bolts with at
least 10 mm (3/8”) diameter. Lock nuts shall be used.
6.1.4 The pump shall be of a positive displacement type and shall have a return line
integrated in the system.
6.1.5 The spray hose shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or better
material with an inside diameter of at least 10 mm (3/8”). It shall have a
minimum length of 15 m and a maximum length of 200 m.
6.1.6 The lance shall be made of non-corrosive steel or better material. It shall have
a length of at least 1 m.
6.1.7 The nozzle shall be made of non-corrosive material and shall be detachable
from the lance to allow replacement.
6.1.8 The nozzle shall be adjustable to produce mist or stream.
6.1.9 Pressure relief valves shall be installed to regulate pressure of the pump.
6.1.10 Cut-off valve shall be installed on the handle of the lance to allow instant
stopping of the spray.
6.1.11 Pressure gauge shall have an accuracy of ± 1% of maximum pressure.
6.1.12 Hose clamps shall be made of non-corrosive material.
6.1.13 Frame handle shall be covered with a non-slip and non-corrosive material.
6.1.14 The power sprayer shall have a minimum of two filters, which are made of
non-corrosive material, with each allowing easy cleaning, maintenance and/or
replacement
6.1.15 The filter shall have a mesh of 100 per square centimeter.
7
PAES 157:2011
6.1.16 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS
D1.1:2000.
6.1.16.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.
6.1.16.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and base metal.
6.1.16.3 All craters shall be filled to provide the specified weld size, except for the
end of intermittent fillet welds outside of their effective length.
6.1.16.4 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm size fillet weld.
6.1.16.5 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.
6.1.17 Frame mounted power sprayer
6.1.17.1 The intake hose shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or

better material with an inside diameter of at least 16 mm. It shall have a filter
at the end to prevent possible contaminants from clogging the pump line.
6.1.17.2 The material of the hose may be either rubber or synthetic material. If
rubber, it shall have one or more plies of fiber reinforcement.
6.1.17.3 Hoses shall be retained on connectors and couplings preferably by clamps or

clips of the worm drive type. Threaded connections may be of any design
provided the strength and size permit liquid tight joints to be made by thumb
pressure at the highest operating pressure of the sprayer.
6.1.17.4 The power sprayer shall be equipped with belt tensioner.
6.1.18 Wheel mounted power sprayer
6.1.18.1 The tank shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or better

material with a thickness of at least 6 mm (1/4”). It shall have a water-tight
condition.
6.1.18.2 The tank cover shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or

better material.
6.1.18.3 Gaskets shall be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or better

material.
6.1.18.4 There shall be a ground clearance of at least 200 mm.
6.1.18.5 The power sprayer shall have a minimum of two filters, which are made of
non-corrosive material, with each allowing easy cleaning, maintenance
and/or replacement.
6.1.18.6 The filter shall have a mesh of 100 per square centimeter.
8
PAES 157:2011
7.1 The power sprayer shall not produce noise higher than 92 db measured one
meter away from the source of noise.
7.2 The power sprayer shall produce uniformly-sized droplets.
7.3 The power sprayer shall have an operating pressure of 1.21 MPa (175 psi) to
1.75 MPa (250 psi).
7.4 The power sprayer shall have a discharge rate of at least 15 Lpm.
8.1 The chemical tank of the power sprayer shall have rounded corners.
8.2 Safety locks shall be provided to avoid accidental opening of the valve.
8.3 Mufflers shall have protective cover to protect the operator from burns.
8.4 Belt and pulley assembly shall have protective cover.
8.5 All bolts and nuts shall conform with standards for strength application and
shall be made of hot-galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.
9 Warranty of Performance
9.1 Warranty shall be provided for parts and services within six (6) months after
9.2 Warranty shall be provided for the prime mover within one (1) year after
10.1 An operator’s manual preferably conforming to PAES 102:2000 shall be

provided.
10.2 Drain valve on chemical tank shall be provided for wheel-mounted power
sprayer.
11 Testing
The power sprayer shall be tested for performance in accordance with PAES
158:2011.
9
PAES 157:2011
12.1 The power sprayer shall be marked in English with the following information:

12.1.4 Basic specifications of the power sprayer

10
Agricultural Machinery – Power Sprayer for Mango – Methods of Test
1 Scope
This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a power sprayer for
mango. Specifically, it shall be used to:
1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the power sprayer
2 References

PAES 157:2011 Agricultural Machinery – Power sprayer for mango –

Specifications
3 Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PAES 157:2011 and the
3.1
mean diameter
average diameter of droplets
3.2
number median diameter
diameter which divides the number of droplets into two equal halves
3.3
sprayer range
distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out
3.4
volume median diameter
diameter divides the volume of spray into two equal halves
5
PAES 158:2011
4.1 Role of manufacturer or dealer
The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the power sprayer and shall

The site where the power sprayer shall be tested shall have a space greater than the
maximum reach of the equipment as specified in the operator’s manual.
4.4 Test instruments or equipment
The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the power sprayer
test is shown in Annex A.
4.5 Termination of test for power sprayer
If during the test, the power sprayer encounters major component breakdown or
accessories of the power sprayer in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s
equipment.
5.2.1.1 The noise emitted by the power sprayer shall be measured 50 mm away from
the operator’s ear level and one meter away from the source of noise. This
shall be recorded in Annex C.
5.2.1.2 The fuel consumption of the engine of the power sprayer shall be obtained by
6
PAES 158:2011
5.2.1.3 Discharge rate of the power sprayer shall be obtained either by directly using a
graduated cylinder and getting the time or by measuring the volume of liquid
required to refill the power sprayer after spraying and getting the total time to
consume the liquid. Discharge rate shall be computed in Annex D.
5.2.1.4 The sprayer range shall be obtained by determining the distance of the spray
droplet blown from the nozzle. The operator shall measure the longest reach of
the droplet from the tip of the nozzle. Wind speed in the test site shall be
measured and recorded.
5.2.1.5 The power sprayer shall be tested for uniformity of droplet sizes. The pressure
shall be set on the manufacturer’s recommended setting. The power sprayer
shall be allowed to pass over a series of magnesium oxide coated glass slides.
The slides shall be examined under a microscope. Droplet sizes shall be
recorded. In the absence of magnesium oxide coated glass slides, the tank shall
be filled with a solution of dye. The spray shall pass over a series of collecting
paper or glass slides. The dried paper, slides or their photographs shall be
examined under a microscope. The mean diameter and percent uniformity
shall be computed using the formula in Annex D. The volume median
diameter (VMD) and the number median diameter (NMD) shall be obtained.
The ratio of the VMD to the NMD shall be obtained
5.2.1.6 Condition of power sprayer after the test shall be compared to its initial
condition.
5.3 Test trial
6 Test Report
6.1 Title
6.2 Summary
6.4 Methods of Test
7
PAES 158:2011
8
PAES 158:2011
ANNEX D
D.1 Discharge rate
where:
Q discharge rate of the power sprayer, Lpm
V total volume of liquid required to refill the power

sprayer, L
t total time required to consume the liquid, min
D.2 Percent uniformity of droplet size
where:
%u percent uniformity, %
Dm mean diameter, mm
Dp actual diameter, mm
13
Agricultural Machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Specifications
1 Scope

sugarcane planter.
2 References

Presentation
PAES 106: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment –

Terminology
PAES 311:2001 Engineering Materials – Bolts and Nuts for Agricultural

Machines – Specifications and Applications
PAES 160: 2011 Agricultural Machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Methods of Test
3 Definitions
following definitions shall apply:
3.1
drawbar
bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are attached
3.2
feeder
person who aids in dropping sugarcane billets into the furrow
3.3
feeding shank
component of the sugarcane planter that cuts the sugarcane billets and drops it into
the furrow
4
PAES 159:2011
3.4
gauge wheel
auxiliary component of the sugarcane planter that helps maintain uniform depth of
furrows
3.5
main frame
part of the sugarcane planter that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels
together
3.6
shank
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard
3.7
sugarcane billet
sugarcane stalks containing buds used as planting material (Fig.1)
node
internode
bud
Figure 1. Sugarcane billet
3.8
sugarcane planter
agricultural equipment used for planting sugarcane billets (Fig.2)
4 Classification
4.1 Semi-automatic sugarcane planter

Type of sugarcane planter that is capable of chopping sugarcanes into billets which
are dropped into the furrows (Fig.2).
5
PAES 159:2011
cane
hopper
feeder seat
3-point linkage
main frame
shank
gauge wheel
furrow closer furrower
feeding shank
Figure 2. Semi-automatic sugarcane planter
4.2 Manual sugarcane planter

Type of sugarcane planter that is not capable of chopping sugarcane but instead,
requires pre-cut billets for planting (Fig.3).
cane hopper
main frame feeder seat
feeding shank
gauge wheel furrow closer
shank
furrower
Figure 3. Manual sugarcane planter
The sugarcane planter shall be mounted on the tractor. After being transported to the
set by adjusting the gauge wheels or though the action of hydraulic cylinders. The
sugarcane planter shall be pulled by the tractor for the furrower to cut through the soil.
5.1 For semi-automatic sugarcane planter, the sugarcane shall be cut in the chopper
and shall be dropped evenly into the furrows through the feeding shanks. The
6
PAES 159:2011
furrow closer of the sugarcane planter shall cover the sugarcane billets with soil
after passing.
5.2 For manual sugarcane planter, the sugarcane shall be pre-cut into billets and
shall be loaded into the hopper. The feeder shall drop the billets into the feeding
shank of the sugarcane planter.
Generally, the sugarcane planter shall consist of chassis assembly, gauge wheels,
feeding shanks, chopper, chain and sprocket assembly, plow assembly, cane hopper
and tractor engagement assembly. All specifications indicated below are minimum
requirements.
6.1 The chassis assembly shall be made of mild steel or better material. It shall be
constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3”x 4”) square tube or channel bar or
from a 76 mm angular bar with at least 6 mm thickness. It shall have a
provision for attachment to the tractor as specified in PAES 118:2001.
6.2 The feeding shanks shall be made of mild steel or better material with a
thickness of at least 6 mm.
6.3 The plow assembly shall consist of shanks, furrower and furrow closer.
6.3.1 Shanks shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) or better material with at
least 5 mm (3/16”) thickness. The shanks shall be attached to the frame by bolt
or shall be fully welded.
6.3.2 The furrower shall be made of heat- treated carbon steel (e.g. AISI 1080) or
alloy steel or better material. It shall be bolted to the end of the shanks to
allow replacement. It shall have a thickness of at least 5 mm (3/16”).
6.3.3 The furrow closer shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) or better
material.

operating depth.
6.5 The cane hopper shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material
with a thickness of at least 6 mm. It shall have a cone-shaped construction.
6.6 Feeding shanks shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material.
6.7 The tractor engagement assembly shall be attached to the chassis assembly. It
shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material with a thickness
of at least 6 mm.
D1.1:2000.
7
PAES 159:2011
6.8.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and base metal.
6.8.3 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm size fillet weld.
6.9 For semi-automatic sugarcane planter, the chopper shall be made of hardened
steel (e.g. AISI 1085) or better material. Chopping mechanism shall be
actuated by the gauge wheel.
6.10 The opening of the neck of the hopper shall conform with the size of the
feeding shanks’ arms.
6.11 There shall be provision for varying the distance between rows from 0.75 m to
1.5 m.
7.1 The sugarcane planter shall plant the billets at a depth ranging from 20 cm to
27 cm.
7.2 The sugarcane planter shall cover the planted billets with soil after passing.
test.
7.5 For semi-automatic sugarcane planter, there shall be a uniform distance

between the billets planted.
7.6 The chopper of the semi-automatic sugarcane planter shall produce billets with
three to four stalk eyes.
8.1 The sugarcane planter shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.
8.2 The sugarcane planter shall be free from manufacturing defects
8.3 All bolts shall conform with PAES 311:2001 for strength application and shall
be made of hot-galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.
8
PAES 159:2011
9.1 The sugarcane planter’s construction shall be rigid and durable without
breakdown of its major components within six (6) months from the date of
original purchase.
10.1 An operator’s manual which conforms with PAES 102:2000 shall be provided.
10.2 Grease points shall be provided.
11 Testing
Testing of the sugarcane planter shall be conducted on-site. The sugarcane planter
shall be tested for performance in accordance with PAES 160:2011.
12.1 The sugarcane planter shall be marked in English with the following
information:


12.4 Reflectors shall be attached at the rear of the sugarcane planter for safety
during transport.
9
Agricultural Machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Specifications
1 Scope

sugarcane planter.
2 References

Presentation
PAES 106: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment –

Terminology

PAES 160: 2011 Agricultural Machinery – Sugarcane Planter – Methods of Test
3 Definitions
3.1
drawbar
bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are attached
3.2
feeder
person who aids in dropping sugarcane billets into the furrow
3.3
feeding shank
component of the sugarcane planter that cuts the sugarcane billets and drops it into
the furrow
4
PAES 159:2011
3.4
gauge wheel
auxiliary component of the sugarcane planter that helps maintain uniform depth of
furrows
3.5
main frame
part of the sugarcane planter that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels
together
3.6
shank
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard
3.7
sugarcane billet
sugarcane stalks containing buds used as planting material (Fig.1)
node
internode
bud
Figure 1. Sugarcane billet
3.8
sugarcane planter
agricultural equipment used for planting sugarcane billets (Fig.2)
4 Classification
4.1 Semi-automatic sugarcane planter

Type of sugarcane planter that is capable of chopping sugarcanes into billets which
are dropped into the furrows (Fig.2).
5
PAES 159:2011
cane
hopper
feeder seat
3-point linkage
main frame
shank
gauge wheel
furrow closer furrower
feeding shank
Figure 2. Semi-automatic sugarcane planter
4.2 Manual sugarcane planter

Type of sugarcane planter that is not capable of chopping sugarcane but instead,
requires pre-cut billets for planting (Fig.3).
cane hopper
main frame feeder seat
feeding shank
gauge wheel furrow closer
shank
furrower
Figure 3. Manual sugarcane planter
The sugarcane planter shall be mounted on the tractor. After being transported to the
set by adjusting the gauge wheels or though the action of hydraulic cylinders. The
sugarcane planter shall be pulled by the tractor for the furrower to cut through the soil.
5.1 For semi-automatic sugarcane planter, the sugarcane shall be cut in the chopper
and shall be dropped evenly into the furrows through the feeding shanks. The
6
PAES 159:2011
furrow closer of the sugarcane planter shall cover the sugarcane billets with soil
after passing.
5.2 For manual sugarcane planter, the sugarcane shall be pre-cut into billets and
shall be loaded into the hopper. The feeder shall drop the billets into the feeding
shank of the sugarcane planter.
Generally, the sugarcane planter shall consist of chassis assembly, gauge wheels,
feeding shanks, chopper, chain and sprocket assembly, plow assembly, cane hopper
and tractor engagement assembly. All specifications indicated below are minimum
requirements.
6.1 The chassis assembly shall be made of mild steel or better material. It shall be
constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3”x 4”) square tube or channel bar or
from a 76 mm angular bar with at least 6 mm thickness. It shall have a
provision for attachment to the tractor as specified in PAES 118:2001.
6.2 The feeding shanks shall be made of mild steel or better material with a
thickness of at least 6 mm.
6.3 The plow assembly shall consist of shanks, furrower and furrow closer.
6.3.1 Shanks shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) or better material with at
least 5 mm (3/16”) thickness. The shanks shall be attached to the frame by bolt
or shall be fully welded.
6.3.2 The furrower shall be made of heat- treated carbon steel (e.g. AISI 1080) or
alloy steel or better material. It shall be bolted to the end of the shanks to
allow replacement. It shall have a thickness of at least 5 mm (3/16”).
6.3.3 The furrow closer shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) or better
material.

operating depth.
6.5 The cane hopper shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material
with a thickness of at least 6 mm. It shall have a cone-shaped construction.
6.6 Feeding shanks shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material.
6.7 The tractor engagement assembly shall be attached to the chassis assembly. It
of at least 6 mm.
D1.1:2000.
7
PAES 159:2011
6.9 For semi-automatic sugarcane planter, the chopper shall be made of hardened
steel (e.g. AISI 1085) or better material. Chopping mechanism shall be
actuated by the gauge wheel.
6.10 The opening of the neck of the hopper shall conform with the size of the
feeding shanks’ arms.
6.11 There shall be provision for varying the distance between rows from 0.75 m to
1.5 m.
7.1 The sugarcane planter shall plant the billets at a depth ranging from 20 cm to
27 cm.
7.2 The sugarcane planter shall cover the planted billets with soil after passing.
test.
7.5 For semi-automatic sugarcane planter, there shall be a uniform distance

between the billets planted.
7.6 The chopper of the semi-automatic sugarcane planter shall produce billets with
three to four stalk eyes.
8.1 The sugarcane planter shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.
8.2 The sugarcane planter shall be free from manufacturing defects
8
PAES 159:2011
9.1 The sugarcane planter’s construction shall be rigid and durable without
breakdown of its major components within six (6) months from the date of
original purchase.
10.1 An operator’s manual which conforms with PAES 102:2000 shall be provided.
10.2 Grease points shall be provided.
11 Testing
Testing of the sugarcane planter shall be conducted on-site. The sugarcane planter
12.1 The sugarcane planter shall be marked in English with the following
information:


12.4 Reflectors shall be attached at the rear of the sugarcane planter for safety
during transport.
9
PAES 160:2011
3.5
implement
3.6
implement width
edges of the implement
3.7
operating width
performs its intended function
3.8
percent cutting
ratio of the number of stalks cut to the total number of stalks in the reservoir
expressed in percentage
3.9
percent damaged stalk eyes
ratio of the number of billets with damaged stalk eyes to the total number of billets
dropped expressed in percentage
3.10
plant distance
distance between the two sugarcane billets planted in a row
3.11
transport height
3.12
transport length
the mounting point (Fig.5)
3.13
wheel slip
reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the attached implement
The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the sugarcane planter and
shall abide by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.
6
PAES 160:2011

The sugarcane planter shall be tested through actual planting of sugarcane into the
field. The field shall have ample space to allow turns in headland. The size of the field
shall not be less than 1000 m2 and shall be rectangular in shape, with sides in ratio of
2:1 as much as possible.
4.4 Test equipment
The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the sugarcane
planter test is shown in Annex A.
The tractor to be used to conduct the test shall be compatible with the sugarcane
planter in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification of required power.
4.6 Termination of test for sugarcane planter
If during the test, the sugarcane planter encounters major component breakdown or
accessories of the sugarcane planter in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s
equipment.
5.2.2.1 Soil data analysis
Initial data, such as field area, soil type and soil moisture content and soil hardness
shall be obtained and recorded in Annex C before the test operation.
7
PAES 160:2011
5.2.2.2 Implement characteristics
Dimensions and other measurements shall be noted.
5.2.3.1 The tractor speed shall be obtained during the planting operation. This can be
obtained by recording the time required for the sugarcane planter to travel the
distance between two (2) points in the field.
5.2.3.2 The total test time shall be obtained by acquiring the total time to finish the
test field. Non- productive time (e.g. headland turns) shall be recorded.
Productive time shall be obtained by deducting the non- productive time from
the total test time.
5.2.3.3 The fuel consumption of the tractor while using sugarcane planter shall be
obtained as described in Annex E.
5.2.3.4 The draft of the sugarcane planter shall be determined as described in Annex
E.
5.2.3.5 Field efficiency, effective field capacity, drawbar power requirements of the
implement shall be obtained using the formula in Annex D.
5.2.3.6 The semi-automatic sugarcane planter shall be tested for uniformity of

planting as described in Annex E.
5.2.3.7 Wheel slip shall be determined as described in Annex E.
5.2.3.8 Condition of sugarcane planter after test shall be compared to its initial
condition.
5.2.4 Percent damaged stalk eyes and percent cutting of the semi-automatic
sugarcane planter shall be determined using the formula in Annex D.
5.3 Test trial
6 Test Report
8
PAES 160:2011
ANNEX D
D.1. Drawbar power
where:
where:
T operating time, min
where:
where:
A area of plot, m2
15
PAES 160:2011
where:
W width of plot, m
where:
D.4. Uniformity of planting
where:
σ standard deviation for planting
x distance between two billets in a row, mm
m mean distance between two billets in a row, mm
n total number of billets in a row
16
PAES 160:2011
D.5. Wheel slip
where:
% W.S. wheel slip, %


D.6. Theoretical field capacity
where:
D.7. Cutting performance
where:
C cutting performance, %
Bt total number of billets in reservoir
Bu total number of uncut billets
D.8. Damaged stalk eyes analysis
17
PAES 160:2011
where:
DE damaged stalk eyes, %
Bt total number of billets dropped
Bde total number of billets with damaged eyes
D.9. Fuel consumption
where:
Ef fuel consumption, Lps
Vi initial volume of fuel in tank, L
Vf final volume of fuel in tank, L
t time of operation
18
PAES 160:2011
ANNEX E
Field Performance Test
E.1 Fuel consumption
This shall be done by filling the tank with a known volume of fuel. After the test, the
tank shall be emptied by draining the fuel through the carburetor. The drained fuel
shall be measured using a graduated cylinder. The difference between the initial
volume of fuel and the final volume shall be divided by the time of operation to
determine the fuel consumption of the equipment (Annex D).
Fuel consumption can also be measured by filling the tank to full capacity before and
after the each test trial. The amount of fuel refilled shall be measured using a
graduated cylinder. The difference in the volume of the fuel shall be divided by the
time of operation to yield the fuel consumption of the equipment.
E.2 Draft of the implement
A spring, hydraulic or strain-gauge type dynamometer shall be attached to the front of

the tractor on which the implement is mounted. Another auxiliary tractor shall pull the
implement-mounted tractor through the dynamometer in neutral gear but with the
implement in the operating position. The draft in the measured distance of 20m as
well as the time it takes to traverse it shall be read and recorded. On the same field,
the draft in the same distance shall be read and recorded but with the implement lifted
above the ground. The difference in the readings shall be obtained as the draft of the
implement
E.3 Test for uniformity of planting
Three rows in the field (AB) shall be randomly observed for the uniformity of
planting (Fig.1). Each row shall have a length of 10 meters. The operating depth of
the sugarcane planter shall be set. The distance between each billet shall be measured
and shall be recorded in Annex C. The uniformity for the plant distances shall be
Figure 1. Row in field for testing uniformity of planting.
19
PAES 160:2011
E.4 Wheel slip analysis
The percentage of wheel slip shall be obtained by recording the difference of the
traveled distance without load and the traveled distance with the implement attached.
A mark shall be placed on the wheel of the tractor (Fig.2). The tractor shall be
allowed to move forward up to 10 revolutions of the marked wheel under no load (A).
The distance shall be measured and recorded. On the same surface, the tractor shall be
allowed to move forward with the implement attached. After same number of
revolutions, the distance traveled shall be measured and recorded (B). The percentage
of wheel slip shall then be computed using the formula in Annex D.
position
under no position mark on
under load initial
load the wheel
position
B
A
Figure 2. Measurement of wheel slip
20
Agricultural Machinery – Soil Auger – Methods of Test
1 Scope
This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a soil auger.
1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the soil auger and
the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;
2 References

PAES 161:2011 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Auger – Specifications
3 Definitions
3.1
boring depth
maximum depth that the soil auger can reach
3.2
boring efficiency
ratio between the actual boring time and the theoretical boring time expressed in
percent
3.3
minor diameter, d
for a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding the root of an
external thread (Fig.1)
5
PAES 162:2011
3.4
overall length
measurement from the tip of the auger head of the soil auger to its opposite end along
its longitudinal side
3.5
overall width
measurement between the outermost dimensions of the soil auger along its lateral side
3.6
pitch, P
distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between corresponding
points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side of the axis
(Fig.1)
3.7
pitch diameter, D
for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose surface
passes through the thread profiles in such a way to make the widths of the thread ridge
and the thread groove equal (Fig.1)
d D
Figure 1. Dimensions of an auger
3.8
sampling efficiency
ratio between the actual volume contained in the auger head and the theoretical
volume that can be contained in the auger head expressed in percent
The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the soil auger and shall abide
by the terms and conditions set forth by an official testing agency.
6
PAES 162:2011

operate, adjust and repair matters related to the operation of the tool.
The soil auger shall be tested through actual operation in an area free from loose
stones, vegetations and other obstructions. It shall be tested under three (3) different
soil conditions.
4.4 Test equipment
The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the soil auger test is
shown in Annex A.
4.5 Termination of test for soil auger
If during the test, the soil auger encounters major component breakdown, the test
engineer shall terminate the test.
accessories of the soil auger in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s technical
equipment.
before the test operation.
5.2.3.1 The time to complete the drilling operation shall be obtained and recorded.
5.2.3.2 The speed of boring shall be computed by obtaining the time required for the
soil auger to drill a depth of 300 mm.
5.2.3.3 For power-operated type, the energy consumption shall be obtained (formula
in Annex D) as described in Annex E.
7
PAES 162:2011
5.2.3.4 Fuel consumed shall be obtained as described in Annex E.
5.2.3.5 The size of the auger head before and after the test shall be compared to
determine the percentage of wear (formula in Annex D).
5.2.3.6 Welded parts shall be inspected to determine cracks on welded joints.
5.2.4 All data shall be recorded in Annex C.
5.3 Test trial
6 Test Report
6.1 Title
6.2 Summary
6.4 Methods of Test
8
PAES 162:2011
ANNEX D
D.1 Boring efficiency
where:
EffB boring efficieny, %
Ta actual boring time, h
Tt theoretical boring time, h
where:
d displacement, mm
s boring speed, mm/s
D.2 Sampling efficiency
where:
EffS sampling efficieny, %
Va actual volume, mm3
Vt theoretical volume, mm3
D.3 Electrical energy consumption
where:
12
PAES 162:2011
Ec electrical energy consumption, kW-h
Pc power consumed, kW
To operating time, h
D.4 Fuel consumption
where:
Vi initial volume of fuel in tank
Vf final volume of fuel in tank
t time of operation
D.5 Wear
where:
W wear, %
Di auger head diameter before test, mm
Df auger head diameter after test, mm
13
PAES 162:2011
ANNEX E
Measurement of Energy Consumption
E.1 Electrical energy consumption
This shall be done by measuring the power consumed by the equipment. The total
operating time shall be noted. The product of the power consumed and the operating
time shall determine the electrical energy consumed by the equipment.
determine the fuel consumption of the equipment.
14
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards
AMTEC-UPLB – PCARRD Project: “Development of Standards for Agricultural Production

and Postharvest Machinery”
Technical Committee 1. Production Machinery
Chairman: Engr. Joel R. Panagsagan

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.
Members: Dr. Caesar Joventino M. Tado

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)
Engr. Francia M. Macalintal

National Agricultural and Fishery Council (NAFC)
Department of Agriculture
Engr. Emerito V. Banal

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology
Engr. Cirilo M. Namoc

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
Technical Committee 2. Postharvest Machinery
Chairman: Engr. George Q. Canapi

Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA), Inc.
Members: Engr. Dionisio C. Coronel, Sr.

National Food Authority (NFA)
Engr. Reynaldo P. Gregorio

Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE)
Engr. Jose B. Ferrer

Metal Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
Department of Science and Technology
Dr. Elmer D. Castillo

Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE)
Agricultural Machinery – Spring-tooth Harrow – Specifications
1 Scope
This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a spring-
tooth harrow.
2 References
PAES 102:2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation

Terminology
PAES 118:2001 Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

PAES 164:2011 Agricultural Machinery – Spring-tooth Harrow – Methods of

Test
3 Definitions
3.1
field efficiency
3.2
harrowing
operation which breaks the clods, levels and makes the soil ready for planting
4
3.3
lever assembly
mechanism that adjusts the tooth depth to fit the soil condition
3.4
main frame
part of the spring-tooth harrow that holds the transverse toolbars and lever assembly
together
3.5
runner
auxiliary part of spring-tooth harrow attached at the bottom of the main frame to
facilitate easy turning
3.6
secondary tillage implement
implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage
implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the
soil, level and firm the soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds
3.7
spring-tooth harrow
secondary tillage implement consisting of long and curved teeth made of spring steel
which are fastened on the transverse toolbars with the other end pointed to give good
soil penetration
3.8
tooth
tine
part of the spring-tooth harrow that engages with the soil during operation (Fig.1)
tooth or tine
transverse toolbar
cutting tip
Figure 1a. Tooth with replaceable cutting tip
5
PAES 163:2011
tooth or tine
transverse toolbar
cutting tip
Figure 1b. Tooth with permanent cutting tip

3.9
transverse tool bar
part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached
4 Classification
4.1 Trailing spring-tooth harrow

Type of spring-tooth harrow wherein main frame is towed behind the tractor (Fig.2).
gauge wheel
transverse
toolbar
runner spring tooth
main frame
attachment
to drawbar
Figure 2. Trailing spring-tooth harrow
4.2 Three-point hitch-mounted spring-tooth harrow

Type of spring-tooth harrow wherein main frame is mounted to the rear of the tractor
using the three-point hitch linkages (Fig.3).
lever assembly
spring
tooth
transverse
toolbar
attachment to main
three-point hitch frame
runner
Figure 3. Three-point hitch-mounted spring-tooth harrow
6
PAES 163:2011
The spring-tooth harrow shall be mounted on the tractor. After being transported to
the field, the implement shall be lowered on the soil. The desired operating depth shall
be set by adjusting the lever or the gauge wheels. Adjusting the lever to vertical
position shall provide maximum harrowing depth. For light harrowing, lever shall be
set at a slanting position. Trailing spring-tooth harrow shall be towed by the tractor to
cut through the soil. For three-point hitch mounted type, the spring-tooth shall be
lowered to engage with the soil. As the spring-tooth harrow passes through the strip of
soil, the soil shall be pulverized.
Generally, the spring-tooth harrow shall consist of main frame, transverse tool bars,
runners, lever assembly and spring-tooth assembly. All specifications indicated below
are minimum requirements.
6.1 The main frame shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020). It shall be
from a 76 mm (3”) angle bar with at least 6 mm (1/4”) thickness. It shall have
a provision for attaching to the tractor as specified in PAES 118:2001.
6.2 Transverse tool bars shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020). It shall be
from a 76 mm (3”) angle bar with at least 6 mm (1/4”) thickness.
6.3 The spring-tooth assembly shall consist of spring-tooth and spring-tooth

clamp.
6.3.1 Spring-teeth and cutting tips shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) with
at least 5 mm (3/16”) thickness and with a width of at least 51 mm (2”).
6.3.2 Spring-teeth shall be spaced 115 mm to 127 mm (4.5” to 5”) in a staggered

pattern. It shall be attached to the frame by bolt or shall be fully welded. The
teeth shall be secured by spring-tooth clamps.
6.3.3 The spring-tooth clamps shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) or better
material.

operating depth.
6.5 Lever assembly shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material.
D1.1:2000.
7
PAES 163:2011
7.1 The spring-tooth harrow shall have an operating depth of 50 to 150 mm (2” to
6”).
7.4 The spring-tooth assembly shall be intact after the test.
7.5 During operation, the spring-tooth harrow shall not be detached from the
tractor.
7.6 The spring-tooth harrow shall be able to pass through obstructions in the soil.
7.7 The spring-tooth harrow shall be easy to mount and dismount from the tractor
linkages.
8.1 The spring-tooth harrow shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.
8.2 The spring-tooth harrow shall be free from manufacturing defects that maybe
unsafe.
9 Warranty of Manufacturing and Durability
9.1 The spring-tooth harrow’s construction shall be rigid and durable without
breakdown of its major components excluding the teeth within one (1) year
from the date of original purchase.
8
PAES 163:2011
10.1 An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102:2000, shall be provided.
10.2 Tools for adjustment of spring-tooth assembly shall be provided.
11 Testing
Testing of the spring-tooth harrow shall be conducted on-site. The spring-tooth

harrow shall be tested for performance in accordance with PAES 164:2011.
12.1 The spring-tooth harrow shall be marked in English with the following
information using a plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most
conspicuous place:


12.4 Reflectors shall be attached at the rear of the spring-tooth harrow for safety
during transport.
9
Agricultural Machinery – Spring-tooth Harrow – Methods of Test
1 Scope
This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a spring-tooth harrow.
1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the spring-tooth

harrow and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;
2 References

PAES 163:2011 Agricultural Machinery - Spring-tooth Harrow – Specifications
3 Definitions
3.1
draft
3.2
drawbar power
power requirement of an implement being towed
3.3
actual rate of being able to work a given area per unit of time
3.4
field efficiency
5
PAES 164:2011
3.5
implement
3.6
implement width
edges of the implement (Fig.1)
Implement width
3.7
operating width
performs its intended function; distance between the outermost teeth of the spring-
tooth harrow (Fig.2)
Operating width
6
PAES 164:2011
3.8
transport height
3.9
transport length
the mounting point
3.10
wheel slip
reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the implement attached
The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the spring-tooth harrow and

The spring-tooth harrow shall be tested through actual harrowing of the soil. The field
shall have ample space to allow turns in headland. The size of the field shall not be
less than 1000 m2 and shall be rectangular in shape, flat, with sides in ratio of 2:1 as
much as possible.
4.4 Test instruments or equipment
The suggested list of minimum test materials needed to carry out the spring-tooth
harrow test is shown in Annex A.
The tractor to be used to conduct the test shall be compatible with the spring-tooth
harrow in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification of required power.
4.6 Termination of test for spring-tooth harrow
If during the test, the spring-tooth harrow encounters major component breakdown or
7
PAES 164:2011

accessories of the spring-tooth harrow in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s
equipment.
5.2.2.1 Implement characteristics
Dimensions and other measurements such as the number of teeth shall be noted.
5.2.3.1 The spring-tooth harrow shall be tested at the maximum operating depth
(152 mm or 6”).
5.2.3.2 The tractor speed shall be determined according to the maximum depth
traverse a 20 m distance in the field (Fig. 3).
20 m
harrowing the test field. Test time shall start when harrowing operation starts.
Non-productive time (time when the teeth is disengaged) shall be recorded.
8
PAES 164:2011
Productive time (time when teeth is engaged) shall be obtained by deducting

the non- productive time from the total test time.
5.2.3.4 The fuel consumption of the tractor when using the spring-tooth harrow shall
be obtained as described in Annex E.
5.2.3.5 The operating width shall be obtained by measuring the distance between the
outermost teeth and shall be noted.
5.2.3.7 The draft of the spring-tooth harrow shall be determined as described in

Annex E.
5.2.3.8 Wheel slip shall be determined as described in Annex E.
5.2.3.9 Condition of spring-tooth harrow after test shall be compared to its initial
condition.
5.3 Test trial
6 Test Report
6.1 Title
6.2 Summary
6.4 Methods of Test
9
PAES 164:2011
where:
W width of plot, m
where:
D.5 Wheel slip
where:

after a given number of wheel revolution, m

attached after a given number of wheel
revolution, m
D.6 Theoretical Field Capacity
where:
17
PAES 164:2011
where:
t time of operation, s
18
PAES 164:2011
ANNEX E
tank shall be emptied by draining the fuel from the fuel tank. The drained fuel shall be
measured using a graduated cylinder. The difference between the initial volume of
fuel and the final volume shall be divided by the time of operation to determine the
fuel consumption of the equipment.

implement in the operating position (Fig.4). The draft in the measured distance of
20m as well as the time it takes to traverse it shall be read and recorded. On the same
field, the draft in the same distance shall be read and recorded but with the implement
lifted above the ground. The difference in the readings shall be obtained as the draft of
the implement.
auxiliary tractor
dynamometer
19
PAES 164:2011
position
under no position mark on
under load initial
load the wheel
position
B
A
20
Agricultural Machinery – Granule Applicator – Specifications
1 Scope
This standard specifies the manufacturing and performance requirements for a granule
applicator.
2 References

Presentation

PAES 166: 2011 Agricultural Machinery – Granule Applicator – Methods of

Test
3 Definitions
3.1
agitator
part of the granule applicator that puts the granule in motion through continuous
stirring or rotation (Fig.1)
Figure 1. Agitator
4
PAES 165:2011
3.2
granule
generic term used for a small particle having a diameter ranging from 2 to 4 mm
3.3
granule applicator
agricultural tool used to apply granular fertilizers or pesticides to the field
3.4
hopper
part of granule applicator where granules are loaded
3.5
orifice
opening in the hopper or tank through which the granules pass through
3.6
power take-off shaft
external shaft on the rear of a tractor that provides rotational power to implements
3.7
spinner plate
part of the granule applicator that spreads the granules (Fig.2)
Figure 2. Spinner plate
4 Classification
4.1 Handheld granule applicator
Type of granule applicator designed for handheld operation. It makes use of screw or
spinner plate operated manually to facilitate metering of granules (Fig.3).
5
PAES 165:2011
tank
lever
handle arm
discharge
outlet
spinner
plate
Figure 3. Handheld granule applicator
4.2 Knapsack granule applicator
Type of granule applicator designed to be carried on back during application
4.2.1 Gravity knapsack
Type of knapsack granule applicator that makes use of gravitational force to apply
granules (Fig.4).
tank
flexible
hose
discharge
outlet
Figure 4. Gravity knapsack
4.2.2 Powered knapsack
Type of knapsack granule applicator which makes use of an engine or an electric

motor attached to a fan blower to facilitate its operation (Fig.5).
6
PAES 165:2011
tank
strap
engine
throttle
lever
fan
handle
flexible discharge
hose outlet
wand
Figure 5. Powered knapsack
4.3 Walk-behind granule applicator
Type of granule applicator that makes use of the ground wheels to facilitate
movement of the unit during operation.
4.3.1 Mechanical walk-behind type
Type of walk-behind granule applicator that makes use of ground wheels to actuate
the screw or spinner plate for application of granules (Fig.6).
handle
hopper
ground
wheel
chain and
sprocket
assembly
Figure 6. Mechanical walk-behind type granule applicator
7
PAES 165:2011
4.3.2 Powered walk-behind type
Type of walk-behind granule applicator that uses engine to actuate the agitator and
screw or spinner plate for application of granules (Fig.7).
handle
hopper
engine spinner
plate
ground
wheel
Figure 7. Powered walk-behind type
4.4 Mounted granule applicator
Type of granule applicator mounted on a tractor or vehicle
4.4.1 Three-point hitch type granule applicator
Type of granule applicator that uses a spinner plate or a screw attached to the power
take-off shaft to actuate metering of granules (Fig.8)
hopper
attachment to
three-point hitch
linkages
spinner
plate
Figure 8. Three point hitch type granule applicator
8
PAES 165:2011
4.4.2 Trailing granule applicator
Type of granule applicator that uses wheel rotational motion to actuate application of
granules. The granules are metered by a spinner plate or a screw attached to the
ground wheel (Fig.9).
hopper
spinner
attachment plate
to drawbar
main
frame
ground
wheel
Figure 9. Trailing granule applicator
5.1 Handheld granule applicator
The tank shall be initially filled with granule material. The lever arm shall be rotated
to agitate the granules in the tank and to actuate the spinner plate. With the operator
walking backwards, the discharge outlet shall be swayed from side to side to apply the
granules.
5.2 Knapsack granule applicator
The tank shall be initially filled with granule material with the equipment in its
naturally upright position. The desired application rate shall be set prior to the
operation by adjusting the orifice. With the operator walking backwards, the
discharge outlet shall be swayed from side to side to apply the granules.
5.2.1 Gravity knapsack
The granules shall be allowed to flow through the flexible hose attached to the base of
the tank by gravity. The orifice shall be adjusted to vary application rate of the
equipment. The discharge outlet shall be lowered to near vertical position to direct the
flow of the granules. At the end of each row, the hose and the discharge outlet shall be
raised to stop the flow of the granules.
9
PAES 165:2011
5.2.2 Powered knapsack
The granules shall be allowed to flow through the hose of the equipment where air is
blown. The application rate shall be calibrated through the adjustment knob at the
wand of the applicator.
5.3 Walk-behind granule applicator
5.3.1 Mechanical walk-behind type
The granule applicator shall be initially filled with the granules. When the applicator
is moved forward, the agitator in the hopper shall be rotated. Consequently, the
granules shall sink to the opening of the hopper. The granules shall be spread by the
screw or spinner plate which is actuated by the rotation of the ground wheels.
5.3.2 Powered walk-behind type
The same principle applies as that of the mechanical walk-behind type, but the
rotation of the agitator and the spinner plate or screw shall be actuated by an engine
instead of the ground wheels.
5.4 Mounted type
The granule applicator shall be mounted to the vehicle or tractor through the three-
point hitch linkages or the drawbar.
5.4.1 Three-point hitch type granule applicator
The metering device of the granule applicator shall be attached to the PTO shaft of the
tractor. The rotation of the PTO shaft shall actuate the screw type or the spinner plate
of the applicator. Granules shall be applied at the pre-set rate of the applicator
5.4.2 Trailing granule applicator
The same principle applies as that of the walk-behind type where the screw or the
spinner plate shall be actuated by the rotation of the ground wheels.
All specifications indicated below are minimum requirements.
6.1 Handheld type
6.1.1 The tank applicator shall be made resistant polyvinylchloride or better

material.
6.1.2 The lever arm shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material
with a thickness of at least 6 mm (1/4”).
10
PAES 165:2011
6.1.3 Discharge outlet shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material
6.2 Knapsack type
6.2.1 The knapsack type granule applicator shall adapt to the operator’s body,
distributing weight evenly, presenting operating controls in a reasonable
location and configuration, in such a way that the operator is not exhausted
after sustained usage.
6.2.2 It shall have a net weight of not more than 15 kg.
6.2.3 The wand shall be made of corrosion resistant polyvinylchloride or better

material. It shall have a length of at least 0.3 m (12”).
6.2.4 An adjustment knob shall be attached to the wand.
6.2.5 The tank shall be made of resistant polyvinylchloride or better material.
6.2.6 The tank cover and the gasket shall be made of chemical resistant
6.2.7 A flexible hose shall be used to attach the discharge outlet to the tank. It shall
be made of chemical resistant polyvinylchloride or better material.
6.2.8 Hose clamps shall be made of corrosion resistant material.
6.2.9 The load bearing part of the strap shall be at least 50 mm (2”) wide. A load
bearing waist strap is desirable.
6.2.10 The strap shall be made of durable and non-absorbent material (e.g. nylon
fabric) with at least 1.5 mm thickness and 35 mm width.
6.2.11 Strap pads shall be provided for operator’s comfort. It shall have a thickness of
at least 10 mm (3/8”) and a width of at least 65 mm (2 ½”).
6.2.12 There shall be provision for adjustment of the strap.
6.2.13 A quick release mechanism shall be provided for emergency purposes.
6.2.14 The discharge outlet shall be made of corrosion resistant material.
6.2.15 The cut-off valve shall be installed on the handle of the powered type for
instant stopping of the blower.
6.2.16 The fuel tank for powered type shall be made of polyethylene or better
material. It shall have provision for filtration of foreign materials.
11
PAES 165:2011
6.2.17 The lever arm of the mechanical type shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI
1020) or better material. The handle shall be covered with non-slip and
corrosion resistant material (e.g. rubber).
6.2.18 Screw or spinner plate shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better
material with a thickness of at least 6 mm (1/4”).
6.3 Walk-behind type
6.3.1 The chassis assembly shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better
material. It shall be constructed from 51 mm x 51 mm (2”x 2”) angular bar
with at least 6 mm (1/4”) thickness.
6.3.2 The hopper shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material. It
shall have a thickness of at least 6 mm (1/4”).
6.3.3 The screw or spinner plate shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or
better material.
6.3.4 The agitator shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material
6.3.5 The handle shall be made of galvanized steel or better material. It shall have a
diameter of at least 13 mm (1/2”). It shall be covered with a non-slip and
corrosion resistant material (e.g. rubber).
6.4 Mounted type
6.4.1 The chassis assembly shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or better
material. It shall be constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3”x 4”) square tube
or channel bar or 76 mm (3”) angular bar with at least 6 mm (1/4”) thickness.
It shall have a provision for attachment to the tractor as specified in PAES
118:2001.
6.4.2 The hopper shall be made of metal plate (e.g. AISI 1020) or better material. It
shall have a thickness of at least 3 mm (1/8”).
6.5 The tractor engagement assembly shall be bolted on the chassis assembly. It
of at least 6 mm (1/4”).
6.5.1 The screw or spinner plate shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI 1020) or
better material with a thickness of at least 6 mm (1/4”).
6.5.2 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in AWS
D1.1:2000.
6.5.2.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.
6.5.2.2 There shall be fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and base metal.
12
PAES 165:2011
6.5.2.3 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm size fillet weld.
6.5.2.4 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.
7.2 The granule applicator shall be easy to mount and dismount from the tractor
linkages.
7.3 The granule applicator shall not produce noise higher than 92 db(A) measured
one meter away from the source of noise1.
8.1 The granule applicator shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.
8.2 The granule applicator shall be free from manufacturing defects.
9.1 The granule applicator’s construction shall be rigid and durable without
breakdown of its major components within one (1) year from the date of
original purchase.
9.2 Warranty shall be provided for prime mover, parts and services within one (1)
year after installation and acceptance by the consumer.
An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102:2000 shall be provided.
11 Testing
Testing of the granule applicator shall be conducted on-site. The granule applicator
1
Permissible noise exposures as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), Federal
Register. Vol 37.No.202. Oct.18, 1972.
13
PAES 165:2011
12.1 The granule applicator shall be marked in English with the following
information:


12.4 Reflectors shall be attached at the rear of the mounted granule applicator for
safety during transport.
14
Agricultural Machinery – Granule Applicator – Methods of Test
1 Scope
This standard specifies the methods of test and inspection for a granule applicator.
1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories of the granule

applicator and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;
2 References

PAES 165:2011 Agricultural Machinery – Granule Applicator – Specifications
3 Definitions
3.1
draft
3.2
drawbar power
power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least 20 meters
3.3
actual area covered per unit time
3.4
field efficiency
5
PAES 166:2011
3.5
fuel consumption
volume of fuel consumed by the engine
3.6
transport height
3.7
transport length
the mounting point
3.8
wheel slip
reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the attached implement
3.9
width of application
farthest distance of granule perpendicular to the direction of travel
The manufacturer shall submit the operator’s manual of the granule applicator and

The granule applicator shall be tested in the laboratory and in the field for
performance. The site shall have ample space, flat, and shall have wind breaks as
much as possible.
4.4 Test equipment
The suggested list of minimum test equipment needed to carry out the granule
applicator test is shown in Annex A.
4.5 Termination of test for granule applicator
If during the test, the granule applicator encounters major component breakdown or
6
PAES 166:2011
This inspection shall be carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials
and accessories of the granule applicator in comparison with the list of manufacturer’s
This test shall be carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the
equipment.
Dimensions and other measurements shall be noted. The area of the test site and the
wind speed shall also be recorded in Annex C.
5.2.2 Laboratory performance test
5.2.2.1 Test for metering mechanism
This test shall be carried out to examine the performance of metering mechanism.
This test should be conducted on the kind of granules for which the machine is
suitable as specified by the manufacturer. The granules used shall be readily available
and comply with the machine manufacturer’s recommendations. If possible, this test
shall be carried out at 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 full of the granule applicator’s hopper capacity
at the recommended discharge rate setting.
5.2.2.2 Test for uniformity of distribution
This test shall be carried out to determine the uniformity of distribution. The machine
shall be operated at the recommended discharge rate setting, with the hopper at 1/4,
1/2 and 3/4 full capacity. The granules shall be gathered in an array of granule
collectors (Fig.1). All granule collectors used to measure distribution shall be
identical. For each trial, collect and weigh the amount of granules in each collector.
The result of the test shall be presented in a histogram and the variance shall be
computed (Annex C).
Figure 1. Measurement of uniformity of distribution
7
PAES 166:2011
5.2.2.3 Test for width of application
The equipment shall be initially filled with granules. It shall be allowed to travel a
distance of 10 meters. The width of application shall be determined by the distance of
the farthest granule measured perpendicular to the direction of travel. Wind speed in
the test site shall be measured and recorded.
5.2.2.4 Test for discharge rate
The discharge rate shall be obtained by determining the time required to empty the
hopper or tank initially filled with a known weight of granules. This shall be
5.2.3.1 The fuel consumption of the granule applicator shall be obtained as described
in Annex E.
5.2.3.2 The draft of the granule applicator shall be determined as described in Annex
E.
5.2.3.3 The field efficiency, effective field capacity and drawbar power requirements
of the implement shall be obtained using the formula in Annex D.
5.2.3.4 The noise level of the granule applicator shall be determined as described in
Annex E.
5.2.3.5 The wheel slip shall be determined as described in Annex E.
5.2.3.6 The condition of granule applicator after test shall be compared to its initial
condition.
5.3 Test trial
There shall be three (3) trials to conduct the test.
6 Test Report
6.1 Title
6.2 Summary
8
PAES 166:2011
6.4 Methods of Test
9
PAES 166:2011
ANNEX D
D.1 Drawbar power
where:
D.2 Discharge rate
where:
Q discharge rate, kg/s
t total time of application, s
Wg weight of granules applied, kg
where:
Wi initial weight of granules in tank or hopper, kg
Wf final weight in tank or hopper, kg
D.3 Effective field capacity
where:

15
PAES 166:2011
T operating time, h
where:
where:
A area of plot, m2
s average swath or width of cut, m
where:
W width of plot, m
where:
D.5 Uniformity of distribution
16
PAES 166:2011
where:
σ2 variance for distribution
x weight of granules in collector, g
m mean weight of granules in collector, g
n total number of collectors

D.6 Wheel slip
where:

after a given number of wheel revolution, m

attached after a given number of wheel
revolution, m
D.7 Theoretical field capacity
where:
where:
17
PAES 166:2011
t time of operation
18
PAES 166:2011
ANNEX E
determine the fuel consumption of the equipment.

implement in the operating position. The draft in the measured distance of 20m as
well as the time it takes to traverse it shall be read and recorded. On the same field,
the draft in the same distance shall be read and recorded but with the implement lifted
above the ground. The difference in the readings shall be obtained as the draft of the
implement
position mark on
position under under load initial
the wheel
no load position
B
A
19
Agricultural Machinery – Spike Tooth Harrow for Walking Type Agricultural Tractor
– Specifications
1 Scope
This standard specifies the requirements for the manufacture and performance of spike tooth
harrow hitched to a walking type agricultural tractor.
2 References
The following normative document contains provisions, which, through reference in this text,
PNS/PAES 106:2000 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment – Terminology
PNS/PAES 170:2015 Agricultural Machinery –Spike Tooth Harrow for Walking Type
Agricultural Tractor – Methods of Test
3 Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in PNS/PAES 106:2000 and the
3.1
field efficiency
3.2
harrowing
operation which breaks the clods, levels and makes the soil ready for planting
3.3
main frame
part of the spike tooth harrow that holds the teeth
3.4
secondary tillage implement
implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage implements,
provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the
soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds
A-31
3.5
spike tooth harrow
comb harrow
peg tooth harrow
secondary tillage implement consisting of long spikes that break the soil clods after plowing
(Figure 1)
3.6
tooth
tine
part of the implement that engages with the soil during operation (Figure 1)
Handle
Primemover
Main Frame
Tooth
Cage Wheel
Figure 1 - Spike tooth harrow hitched to a walking type agricultural tractor
The spike tooth harrow shall be hitched to a two wheel tractor. After being transported to the
field, the implement shall be lowered to the soil. Trailing spike tooth harrow shall be towed
by the tractor to cut through the soil.
5 Fabrication Requirements
5.1 The spike tooth harrow shall be generally made of steel.
5.2 All welded parts shall be in accordance with the criteria set in American Welding
Society (AWS) D1.1:2000.
A-32
6.1 There shall be uniform surface consistency after harrowing.
6.2 The spike tooth assembly shall be intact after the test.
6.3 During operation, the spike tooth harrow shall not be detached from the tractor.
6.4 The spike tooth harrow shall be able to pass through obstructions in the soil.
6.5 The spike tooth harrow shall be easy to hitch and unhitch from the tractor linkages.
7.1 The spike tooth harrow shall be painted and shall have a rust-free finish.
7.2 The spike tooth harrow shall be free from manufacturing defects.
8 Warranty for Construction and Services
8.1 One (1) year warranty on services, in accordance to the manufacturer’s warranty
policy, shall be provided. This shall start upon the acceptance of the spike tooth harrow by
the end user.
8.2 There shall be no breakdown of its components under normal use within one (1) year
from acceptance of the spike tooth harrow by the end-user, in accordance to the
manufacturer’s warranty policy.
9 Testing
Spike tooth harrow for walking type agricultural tractor shall be tested in accordance with
PNS/PAES 170:2015-Agricultural Machinery: Spike Tooth Harrow for Walking Type
Agricultural Tractor – Methods of Test.
A-33

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 147:2010

Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Specifications

AWS D1.1:2000 Structural Welding Code - Steel

PAES 102: 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

PAES 106:2000 Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment –

PAES 118: 2001 Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

PAES 148:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Methods of Test

transverse main frame

Figure 2. Spike type shovel

Figure 3. Sweep type shovel

4.1 According to type of driving tractor

4.1.1 Two-wheel tractor driven

Figure 4. Two-wheel tractor driven field cultivator

4.1.2 Four-wheel tractor driven

4.2 According to type of mounting

4.2.1 Rear mounted

4.2.1.1 Drawn type cultivator

Figure 5. Drawn type cultivator

4.2.1.2 Three-point hitch mounted

Figure 6. Three-point hitch mounted cultivator

4.2.2 Front mounted

Figure 7a. Front mounted cultivator (four-wheel tractor driven).

Figure 7b. Front mounted cultivator (two-wheel tractor driven).

4.3 According to type of shank

4.3.1 “C”- shaped shank or C-shank

4.3.2 “S”or “K”- tine shank

Figure 9. S-tine shank.

square tube or channel bar or from a 76 mm angular bar with at least 6 mm

6.5 Gauge wheels should have an adjustable axle to allow modification of

6.6.1 There shall be no crack on welded area.

6.6.4 Weld profiles shall be in its acceptable form.

6.6.6 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.

7.2 There shall be a uniform depth of cut on the soil.

7.3 There shall be at least 80% field efficiency.

8 Safety, Workmanship and Finish

10 Maintenance and Operation

10.1 An operator’s manual which conforms to PAES 102 shall be provided.

10.2 Grease points for shank protection mechanism shall be provided.

10.3 Tools for adjustment of shank assembly shall be provided.

12 Marking and Labeling

12.1.1 Brand name or Registered trademark of the manufacturer

12.1.2 Model and Serial number

12.1.3 Country of manufacture (if imported)/“Made in the Philippines” (if

12.2 Safety/precautionary markings shall be provided. Markings shall be stated in

Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Methods of Test

1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials, accessories and workmanship of

1.2 determine the performance of the equipment; and,

1.3 report the results of the tests.

The following normative documents contain provisions, which through reference in

PAES 147:2010 Agricultural Machinery - Field Cultivator – Specifications

Figure 1. Implement width

Figure 2. Nose angle

Figure 3. Operating width

Figure 4. Stem angle

Figure 5a. Transport height and length (four-wheel driven type)

Figure 5b. Transport height and length (two-wheel driven type)

4 General Conditions for Test and Inspection

4.1 Role of manufacturer/dealer

4.2 Role of the operator

An officially designated operator shall be skilled and shall be able to demonstrate,

4.3 Test site conditions

4.4 Test instruments/equipment

4.5 Tractor to be used