إكتشاف الأعطال في الألياف البصرية

‫إﻛ‪#‬ﺸﺎف اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ .
-‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪4‬ﺔ‬
‫‪Troubleshooting Fiber Optic‬‬
‫م‪ .‬ﻣ ـ&'ﺪ ﺳﻠ‪+‬ﻤﺎن اﻟـﺰﻏ‪+‬ـ‪ 3‬ـﻲ‬ ‫‪ ١٤٤١‬ﻫـ‬

‫اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎ‪0/‬‬ ‫إﻋﺪاد‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬
‫إدارة اﻟﺘﺪر‪:‬ﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺪر‪,‬ﺐ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎرف‬
‫‪ ١٠‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ دور ﻣﺤﻮري ‪ 87‬ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت واﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻴﺚ أن‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺗﺮاﺳﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪ 87‬اﻟﺸﺒ‪I‬ﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺗ‪J‬ﺘﻘﻞ ﻋ‪ NM‬ﺷﺒ‪I‬ﺎت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬
‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ داﺧﻞ اﳌﺪن أو ﻋ‪ NM‬ا‪SR‬ﻴﻄﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﺳ‪J‬ﺘﻌﺮف ‪V 87‬ﺬا اﻟ‪NM‬ﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺪر‪ ZY.‬ﻋ[\ ﻣﺴ^ﺒﺎت اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ 87‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‬
‫وأﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻛﺸﻔ‪b‬ﺎ ا‪cR‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﳌﻌﺎﻳ‪ Ne‬اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ TIA568‬و ‪،FOA‬‬
‫‪V‬ﺬا اﻟ‪NM‬ﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪g‬ﻌﺘ‪ NM‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋ[‪ 8‬وﻣﺤﺘﻮ‪.‬ﺎﺗﮫ ﺳﺘ‪I‬ﻮن ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ‬

‫ُ‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت وﻣﻌﺎﻳ‪ Ne‬اﻟ ـ ‪ TIA/FOA‬واﻟ‪ Zl‬ﺗﺼﺪر ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸ‪b‬ﺎدات‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫اﻻﺣ‪Nq‬اﻓﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪.CFOS/T‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎور اﻟ‪21‬ﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫§ أ‪V‬ﻤﻴﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ‪ 87‬اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪.‬‬

‫§ ﻣﻔﺎ‪V‬ﻴﻢ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ 87‬أداء ‪ Performance‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ وﻣﺴ^ﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 87 Loss‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣ‪ze‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 87 Loss Budget‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﳌﻌﻴﺎر ‪.TIA568‬‬
‫§ ﻃﺮق وأﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻓﺤﺺ وﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ 87‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﳌﻌﺎﻳ‪ Ne‬اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ‪.FOA‬‬
‫§ أﺟ‪b‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ وﻓﺤﺺ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ 87‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‚‪ƒ‬ﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫اﻷ‪6‬ﺪاف اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠ‪21‬ﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﻧ„‪ƒ‬ﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟ‪NM‬ﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺪر‪ ،ZY.‬ﻳﻘﻮم اﳌﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮف واﻟﺘﺪرب ﻋ[\ اﻵ‪‰‬ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫§ أ‪V‬ﻤﻴﺔ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ‪ 87‬وﻗﺘﻨﺎ ا‹‪S‬ﺎ‪.8Œ‬‬
‫§ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋ[\ اﳌﻔﺎ‪V‬ﻴﻢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ 87‬ﻗﻴﺎس أداء اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋ[\ اﳌﻌﺎﻳ‪ Ne‬اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ 87 TIA/FOA‬ﻛﺸﻒ أﻋﻄﺎل اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫§ اﻟﺘﺪرب ﻧﻈﺮ‪.‬ﺎ وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻣ‪ze‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ Loss Budget‬وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ و•ﺻﻼﺣ‪b‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫§ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف واﻟﺘﺪرب ﻋ[\ اﳌُﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﻄﺎل واﻷﺟ‪b‬ﺰة اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟ‪b‬ﺎ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‚‪ƒ‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫§ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف واﻟﺘﺪرب ﻋ[\ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟ ـ ‪ 87 ٥‬ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ 87‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟ‪21‬ﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺪر<=>‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫اﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺘﺪر*‪,+‬‬
‫)ﺳﺎﻋﺔ(‬
‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ ‪ .-‬اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت; ﻧﻈﺎم اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ ,+‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ | ﻣﻤ‪98‬ات وﻋﻴﻮب‬ ‫§‬
‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ | ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ | اﻟ@ﻴ‪A‬ﻠﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ واﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﳌﺘﻌﺪدة ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎف‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ ‪ .-‬اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ | اﻻ‪L‬ﻌ‪A‬ﺎس اﻟﺪاﺧ‪ ,N‬اﻟﻜ‪.,N‬‬ ‫&‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫اﻷول‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎ‪5‬ﻴﻢ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ .-‬أداء اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎ‪R‬ﻴﻢ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ,+‬أداء اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ; اﻟﺘﻮ‪8R‬ن واﻟ‪Y‬ﺸﺘ[ﺖ | ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق | اﻟﺪ`ﺴﺒﻞ |‬ ‫§‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ‪ | ,d‬اﻟﻘﺪرة واﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻀﻮ‪g‬ﻲ(‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ وﻣﺴ‪A‬ﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ .-‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧ‪Y‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎءات واﻹﻧﺒﻌﺎﺟﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫§‬
‫ﻧ‪Y‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺮ‪o‬ﻂ ‪/‬اﻻﻗ‪ts‬ان | ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧ‪Y‬ﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت أو اﻟﺘ‪zy‬ﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ وﻣﺴ‪A‬ﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ .-‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬
‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻣ‪ED‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ .-‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ‪R‬ﻮ ﻣ‪98‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪Loss Budget‬؟ | ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫§‬ ‫&‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎ@ﻲ‬
‫اﻷداء ‪ ,+‬ﻣ‪98‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ | ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ | اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ‪8‬ن ‪ BER‬واﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ,+‬ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻣ‪ED‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ .- Loss Budget‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟ ـ ‪ | Loss Budget‬ﺗﻮز‪Œ‬ﻊ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ ,+‬ﺣﺴﺎب ‪ |.Loss Budget‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ •‪z‬ﺴﺎب ‪Loss‬‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﳌﻌﻴﺎر‪TIA568‬‬
‫‪ Budget‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﳌﻌﻴﺎر ‪.TIA568‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟ‪21‬ﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺪر<=>‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫اﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺘﺪر*‪,+‬‬
‫)ﺳﺎﻋﺔ(‬
‫ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ .-‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ‪ :‬دﻟﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻷﻋﻄﺎل | ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﻊ‬ ‫§‬
‫اﻷﺟ@ﺰة اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳ@ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ .-‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ‬
‫أﺟ‪f‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪ji‬ﺎ‪ :١-‬اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﳌﺮ‪g‬ﻲ ‪ ,+‬اﻟ‪A‬ﺎﺑﻼت واﳌﻮﺻﻼت| ﻣﺤﺪد ا•˜ﻄﺄ‬ ‫§‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫اﳌﺮ‪g‬ﻲ| ﻓﺤﺺ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ا‪@›š‬ﺮ‪3‬ﺔ‪-‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ | ﻃﺮق وأﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‪.‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫أﺟ‪f‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪ji‬ﺎ‪ :٢-‬اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ | Datalink ,+‬ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ | اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫§‬
‫أﺟ‪f‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪ji‬ﺎ ‪٢ -١‬‬
‫اﻟﺜﻼث ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪ | Insertion Loss‬اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻷول – ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤ‪ | ,N‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻷول‪ ،‬وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﮫ ﻧﻈﺮ‪3‬ﺎ وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫أﺟ‪f‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪ji‬ﺎ‪ :٢-‬اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺜﺎ‪L‬ﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪ | Insertion Loss‬اﻷﺳﻠﻮب‬ ‫§‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪ | Insertion Loss‬اﻟﻔﺮق ‪ ,+‬اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﺑ‪8‬ن اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ | .‬ﺟ@ﺎز اﻻ‪L‬ﻌ‪A‬ﺎس‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣ®¯ ‪ | OTDR‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ | OTDR ,+‬ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪ | OTDR ,+‬ﻗﺮاءات‬ ‫أﺟ‪f‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪ji‬ﺎ ‪٢‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮ ا‪D‬ﻊ‬
‫وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ‪) OTDR‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤ‪ | .(,N‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺎت ﺑ‪8‬ن اﻟﻘﺮاءات اﻟ‪z³‬ﻴﺤﺔ وا•˜ﺎﻃﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺘﺪر<=> اﻷول‬
‫اﻟ‪M‬ﺪف اﻟﺴﻠﻮ‪O‬ﻲ‪ /‬اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴ‪/ SR‬‬ ‫ا‪GF‬ﻠﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬

‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﳌﻮﺿﻮع ‪ /‬اﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬
‫ا‪UT‬ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪر*‪J‬ﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪر*‪,+‬‬
‫§ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋ‪ ·N‬ﻧﻈﺎم اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪,+‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ ,+‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫§‬
‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤ‪98‬ات ‪/‬ﻋﻴﻮب وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫§‬
‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ ‪,+‬‬
‫‪ 90‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫§ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﳌﻤ‪98‬ات واﻟﻌﻴﻮب وأ‪R‬ﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ@ﻴ‪A‬ﻠﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫§‬ ‫اﻷو‪WV‬‬
‫اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ¸‪¹‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‪/‬أﻧﻤﺎط اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫§‬
‫§ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋ‪ ·N‬اﻟ@ﻴ‪A‬ﻞ اﻟﺪاﺧ‪.,N‬‬ ‫اﻻ‪L‬ﻌ‪A‬ﺎس اﻟﺪاﺧ‪ ,N‬اﻟﻜ‪.TIR ,N‬‬ ‫§‬
‫‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﺳ‪Nq‬اﺣـ ـ ـ ـﺔ‬ ‫اﻷول‬

‫§ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﳌﻔﺎ‪R‬ﻴﻢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪,+‬‬
‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ‪ (λ),d‬و ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ‪BW‬‬ ‫§‬
‫اﻟﺪ`ﺴﺒﻞ ‪Decibels in dB & dBm‬‬ ‫§‬
‫§ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ‪8‬ن اﻟﺘﻮ‪8R‬ن‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎ‪R‬ﻴﻢ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ,+‬أداء‬
‫‪ 75‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة واﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻀﻮ‪g‬ﻲ‬ ‫§‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ‪.,d‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮ‪8R‬ن ‪ Attenuation‬و اﻟ‪Y‬ﺸ‪Y‬ﺖ‬ ‫§‬
‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ‬
‫§ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ‪8‬ن ﻋﺮض‬ ‫‪Dispersion‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎق واﻟ‪Y‬ﺸ‪Y‬ﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﺎم‬
‫‪Communication System‬‬
‫§ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪V :‬ﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ إﺷﺎرة ﻣﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﺗ‪J‬ﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ وﺳﻂ إ‪ \Œ‬وﺳﻂ آﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫§ !" اﻹرﺳﺎل ‪ :Transmitter‬ﻳـﺘﻢ ﻧﻘـﻞ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎت ‪3 Information‬ـ‪ 4‬اﻹرﺳـﺎل ﻋـﻦ ﻃﺮ=ـﻖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ‪/‬اﻟﺘﻀﻤ‪D‬ن و‪G‬ﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻮﺟﺎت ﻛ‪L‬ﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃ‪O‬ﺴﻴﺔ ‪.Modulating Carrier‬‬
‫§ ! ـ" اﻻﺳ ـﺘﻘﺒﺎل ‪ :Receiver‬ﻳ ـﺘﻢ ا‪UT‬ﺼ ـﻮل ﻋ‪ W‬ـ‪ X‬اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣ ـﺎت اﻷﺻ ـﻠﻴﺔ ﻣ ـﻦ ﺧ ـﻼل ﻓ ـﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤ‪D‬ن اﻹﺷﺎرة اﳌﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻮﺟﺔ ا‪UT‬ﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪. Modulating Carrier‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪n‬ﻞ‪ :١-‬ﻧﻈﺎم اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﺎم‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ GF‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ<ﺔ‬
‫‪Optical Communication System‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫‪O‬ﺎﺑﻞ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬

‫اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ُﻣﺼﺪرﺿﻮ`ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮ*ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮ*ﻞ‬
‫‪E/O‬‬
‫إﺷﺎرة ﻛ‪M‬ﺮ]ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮ*ﻞ‬
‫‪O/E‬‬
‫‪O‬ﺎﺷﻒ ﺿﻮ`ﻲ‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة ﻛ‪M‬ﺮ]ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻘ ﺒ ﻠ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪n‬ﻞ‪ :٣-‬ﻧﻈﺎم اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ .-‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ GF‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ<ﺔ‬
‫‪Optical Communication System‬‬
‫اﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺮﺋ‪0‬ﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ 87‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ<ﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ;‬

‫§ اﳌﺼ ـﺪراﻟﻀ ـﻮ‪6‬ﻲ )‪b :(Optical source‬ﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﻋ‪W‬ـ‪ X‬ﺗﻀـﻤ‪D‬ن إﺷـﺎرة اﻟـﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻜ‪L‬ﺮ‪G‬ﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ )ﺗﺤﻮ=ﻞ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻜ‪L‬ﺮ‪G‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ا‪ Xl‬إﺷﺎرة ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ )‪ : (Optical Fiber Cable‬ﻟﻴﻒ ﺑﺼﺮي ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻨﻘـﻞ اﻹﺷـﺎرة اﻟﻀـﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟ‪L‬ﺔ اﻹرﺳﺎل إ‪ Xl‬ﺟ‪L‬ﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‪.‬‬
‫§ اﻟ> ﺎﺷ ـﻒ اﻟﻀ ـﻮ‪6‬ﻲ )‪ :(Optical detector‬ﻳﻘ ـﻮم ﺑﺈزاﻟ ـﺔ اﻟﺘﻀ ـﻤ‪D‬ن إ‪ l‬ـ‪ X‬اﻟﻨﺎﻗ ـﻞ اﻟﻀ ـﻮ‪v‬ﻲ‬
‫)إرﺟﺎع اﻹﺷﺎرة ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ا‪ Xl‬إﺷﺎرة ﻛ‪L‬ﺮ‪G‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫اﻷﻃﻴﺎف اﳌﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت واﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻄﺎق ﺗﺮددات أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺒﺼﺮ*ﺔ‬
1.7 μm (1700nm) 0.8 μm (800 nm)
Visible spectrum
Red Violet
~0.7μm ~0.4μm
Short Gamma
wave rays
Radio frequencies
UHF Millimeter
X-rays
wave Infrared
Microwav Cosmic rays
Standard VHF e Ultraviolet
Broadcast Far infrared
Long wave
0 102 104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 Frequency(Hz)
3000 30 km 300 m 3m 3 cm 0.3 mm 3 μm 30 nm 0.3 nm 3 pm 0.3 pm Wavelength
km
13
‫ﻣﻤ‪LK‬ات اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ<ﺔ‬
‫‪Advantages of Fiber Optic‬‬
‫§ ﻋﺮض ﻧﻄﺎق ‪FE‬ﻢ ‪:Enormous Bandwidth‬‬

‫§ ﻧﻄﺎق ﺗﺮددات اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺗ‪LK‬اوح ﺑ‪P‬ن )‪.(1016 - 1013 Hz‬‬
‫§ ﺑ—ﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﻄﺎق ﺗﺮددات اﻟ‪I‬ﺎﺑﻼت ا‪SR‬ﻮر‪.‬ﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ إ‪ \Œ‬ﺣﻮا‪.500 MHz 8Œ‬‬
‫§ وﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ وﻣﻮﺟﺎت ‪ ) Millimeters‬ﺗ‪I‬ﻮن ﺣﻮا‪ 700 MHz 8Œ‬ا‪.(10 GHz \Œ‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪n‬ﻞ‪Wave Division Multiplexing WDM :٤-‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﻜ‪Z‬ﺮ[ﺎ\ﻲ ‪:Electrical Isolation‬‬

‫§ ‪‰‬ﻌﺘ‪ NM‬ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺴﻠﻴ‪I‬ﺎ !‪ SiO‬ﻣﺎدة ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ‪‰‬ﻌﺎ‪¤‬ﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎ‪¥‬ﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ Earth looping‬أو ‪.Interfacing‬‬
‫‪Problem‬‬
‫§ ز<ﺎدة ‪ 87‬أﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ‪:Increased signal security‬‬
‫§ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ا‹‪S‬ﺼﻮل ﻋ[\ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ إﺷﺎرة ﺑﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ﻣﺮﺳﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬دون §‪S‬ﺐ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎف ‪ ،‬ﻷن‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ أي ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃ—¬‪ .Z-‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪‰‬ﻌﺘ‪ NM‬وﺳﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺻﻐﺮا‪hgf‬ﻢ وﺧﻔﺔ اﻟﻮزن‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫§ ﺗﻮ‪Pk‬ن اﻹﺷﺎرة )‪:(Signal Attenuation‬‬
‫§ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ !‪ SiO‬ﻟﺪ®‪ƒ‬ﺎ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻓﻘﺪ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪.0.2 dB/Km‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إ‪ \Œ‬ﻣﻜﺮر اﻹﺷﺎرة )‪ (Repeaters‬ﻟ‪I‬ﻞ ‪ 30‬ﻛﻢ ﺗﻘﺮ‪.‬ﺒﺎ وذﻟﻚ‬
‫‪g‬ﻌﺘ‪ NM‬أﻓﻀﻞ ﺑـ ‪ 15-5‬ﻣﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟ‪I‬ﺎﺑﻼت اﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪. Crosstalk‬‬ ‫§ ﺣﺼﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻜ‪Z‬ﺮ[ﺎ\ﻲ ‪ Electrical Interference‬و‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪Noise immunity in fiber transmission‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸ‪n‬ﻞ‪:٥-‬‬

‫§ ﻛ‪Lr‬ة اﳌﻮاﺻﻔﺎت واﳌﻌﺎﻳ‪ LP‬اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ‪: Standardizations‬‬
‫§ ﻣﻌـﺎﻳ‪ Ne‬وﻣﻮاﺻـﻔﺎت اﻟﻔﺤـﺺ وﻛﺸـﻒ اﻷﻋﻄـﺎل ‪TIA568 & FOA-‬‬

‫ً‬
‫‪1/2/3/4/5/6‬واﻟ‪ Zl‬ﺳ‪J‬ﺘﻄﺮق إﻟ‪ƒ²‬ﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ اﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪام واﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻮﺛﻮق وﺳ‪Z‬ﻞ اﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ إداء ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻮب اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‬
‫‪Disadvantages of Fiber Optic‬‬
‫§ ﺻﻌﻮ[ﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎج إ‪ \Œ‬ﻣ‪b‬ﺎرة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓ‪ Z³‬اﻟ‪Nq‬ﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬

‫ﻋﺪم ﺣﺪوث ﻓﻘﺪ )‪ 87 (Loss‬اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫‪‰‬ﻌﺘ‪ NM‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ اﻷﻗﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﺮا ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻃﻮ‪º‬ﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪:OH-‬‬ ‫§ اﻟﺮﻃﻮ[ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺜﻴﻼ‚‪ƒ‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟ‪I‬ﺎﺑﻼت اﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ز‬
‫§ ا‪Ff‬ﻮاص اﳌﻴ{ﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮا ‹‪c‬ﻔﺔ اﻟﻮ ن وﺻﻐﺮ ا‹»¼ﻢ ﻟ‪I‬ﺎﺑﻼت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬
‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ﻓﺈن إﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺴﺮ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﺗ‪I‬ﻮن أﻛ¾‪ N‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إ‪ \Œ‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛ[‪8‬‬
‫ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‬
‫‪Applications of Fiber Optic‬‬
‫اﻷﻗﻤﺎراﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات اﳌﺮور‪+‬ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‪n‬ﺎﻣ‪}D‬ات اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ ﻷﺑﺮاج ا‚‘ﻮال‬
‫‪FTTM‬‬
‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟˆ}اﺳﻞ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒ‪n‬ﺎت ا‚„ﺎﺳﺐ ا…„ﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ا‚‪ƒ‬ﻮادم‬

‫‪SDH/SONET/ATM‬‬ ‫‪LAN‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‬
Applications of Fiber Optic
‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﺴﺎراﻟ{ﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺮي‬

India Middle East Western Europe
(“I ME WE”):
§ RFSD 4Q 2009 .
§ System length of (≈ 10,500Km) .
§ Designed capacity of 3.84 Tbit .
§ IMEWE lands in 10 points
comprising 8 countries .
§ TATA, Bharti, PTCL, Eitsalat,
STC, TE, OGERO, TIS and FT .
India Middle East Western Europe (“I ME WE”) :٦-‫ﻞ‬n‫اﻟﺸ‬
20
‫اﻟ‪B‬ﻴ‪C‬ﻞ اﻟﺪاﺧ‪ HG‬ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‬
‫‪Optical Fiber Structure‬‬
‫ا‚„ﺎﺟﺰ |‬
‫| اﻟﻜﺴﺎء‬
‫| اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪A‬ﻞ‪ :٧-‬اﳌ‪A‬ﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ‬
‫§ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن دﻟﻴﻞ )ﻣﻮﺟﮫ( اﳌﻮﺟﺔ ‪ 87 Waveguide‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ<ﺔ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬

‫§ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ‪ :Core‬و‪V‬ﻮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺷﻔﺎف ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﻜﺴﺎرﻩ "‪n‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻣﺤﺎط ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ‪‰‬ﺴ‪ ÄÃ‬اﻟﻜﺴﺎء ‪ Cladding‬وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﻜﺴﺎرﻩ !‪n‬‬
‫§ !‪n" > n‬‬
‫‪21‬‬
‫اﻻ‪J‬ﻌ‪C‬ﺎس اﻟﺪاﺧ‪ HG‬اﻟﻜ‪ HG‬داﺧﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‬
‫‪Total Internal Reflection TIR‬‬
‫‪qc‬‬
‫‪900‬‬ ‫‪- qc‬‬ ‫"𝜃‬
‫‪qm‬‬
‫!𝜃‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ ‪Total Internal Reflection :٨ -‬‬
‫ﻋ[\ ﻣﺒﺪأ اﻧ‪Å‬ﺸﺎر اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬ ‫‪TIR‬‬ ‫§ ﺗﻘﻮم ﻧﻈﺮ<ﺔ اﻻ•ﻌ{ﺎس اﻟﺪاﺧ‪ 8ƒ‬اﻟﻜ‪8ƒ‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻮ‪Ç‬ﻲ ‪ Light Ray‬داﺧﻞ وﺳﻂ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي ‪ ،‬ﻋ[\ أن ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫§ أن ﻳ‪I‬ﻮن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر !‪. n" > n‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤ—‪.‬‬
‫§ أن ﺗ‪I‬ﻮن زاو‪.‬ﺔ اﻟﺴﻘﻮط "‪ = θ‬اﻟﺰاو‪.‬ﺔ ا‹‪S‬ﺮﺟﺔ ‪ θ#‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗ‪I‬ﻮن ‪.θ! ≥ 90‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫أﻧﻮاع )أﻧﻤﺎط( اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫˜ﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻼﺳ‪š‬ﻴ‪n‬ﻲ‬
‫ً‬
‫§ ﻳ ـ ـﺘﻢ ﺗﺼ ـ ـ‪J‬ﻴﻒ اﻷﻟﻴ ـ ـﺎف إ‪ Œ‬ـ ـ\ ﺛﻼﺛ ـ ـﺔ أﻧ ـ ـﻮاع ‪ 7‬ـ ـ‪ 8‬ﻧﻈ ـ ـﺎم اﻻﺗﺼ ـ ـﺎﻻت‪ ،‬وذﻟ ـ ـﻚ وﻓﻘ ـ ـﺎ‬
‫ﻻﺧﺘﻼف اﻟ‪b‬ﻴ‪I‬ﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑ‪e‬ن اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻟﻜﺴﺎء وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﻜﺴﺎر‪V‬ﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪core‬‬ ‫‪core‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪.Single Mode, Step index (SI) fiber‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪.Multimode, Step index (SI) fiber‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪.Multimode, Graded index (GI) fiber‬‬

‫‪n1‬‬
‫‪n2‬‬
‫)‪(b‬‬
‫)‪(a‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ‪Refractive index profiles of (a) SI fiber (b) GI fiber :٩-‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫‪Fiber Modes Specification‬‬
‫§ ﻋﻨـ ـﺪﻣﺎ ﺗـ ـﺪﺧﻞ أﺷـ ـﻌﺔ اﻟﻀـ ـﻮء ‪7‬ـ ـ‪ 8‬اﻷﻟﻴـ ـﺎف اﻟﺒﺼـ ـﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ‪7‬ـ ـ‪ 8‬ﻣﺴـ ـﺎرات و‪º‬ﺰواﻳـ ـﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـ ـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜـ ـﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻮء أن ﻳﺘ‪Å‬ﺒﻊ أوﺿﺎًﻋﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬أﺣـﺎدي اﻟـﻨﻤﻂ )‪ :(Single Mode SMF‬إﺷـﻌﺎع أو ﻣﺴـﺎر ﺿـﻮ‪Ç‬ﻲ واﺣـﺪ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫اﳌﻮﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻋ‪ NM‬اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪.‬‬

‫‪q Small N.A.‬‬
‫‪q Coupling more difficult.‬‬
‫‪q No Modal Dispersion‬‬
‫‪q High Data Rates‬‬
‫‪q Long Distances‬‬
‫‪24‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸ‪A‬ﻞ‪ :١٠-‬أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻨﻤﻂ )‪(Single Mode‬‬
Fiber Modes Specification
‫ﺎﺳﺎت ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‬I‫ﻌ‬¤‫ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ا‬8Ë :(Multimode MMF) ‫§ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬
‫اﳌﻮﺻﻔﺎت‬
:‫ﺎ‬ƒÌ‫ وﻣ‬،‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
q Large N.A.
q Easy Coupling.
q Modal Dispersion
q Lower Data Rates
(Step Index) ‫ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬:١١-‫ﻞ‬A‫اﻟﺸ‬ q Shorter Distances
q Large N.A.
q Easy Coupling
q Less Modal Dispersion
q Good compromise between
MMF & SMF.
25
(Graded Index) ‫ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬:١٢-‫ﻞ‬A‫اﻟﺸ‬
‫ن أﻧﻤﺎط اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬Z‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑ‬
Comparison of Fiber Modes
Single mode Multimode Multimode
Parameter ‫اﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ SI Fiber SI Fiber GI Fiber
Core diameter ‫ﻗﻄﺮاﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ 5 - 10 µm 50 - 400 µm 30 - 100 µm
‫ﻴ•ﻠﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬M‫اﻟ‬
Structure
Cladding diameter ‫ﻗﻄﺮاﻟﻜﺴﺎء‬ 125 µm 125 - 500 µm 100 - 150 µm
Buffer jacket diameter‫ﺎﺟﺰ‬UF‫ﻗﻄﺮا‬ 250 - 1000 µm 250 - 1000 µm 250 - 1000 µm
Numerical aperture ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ‬ 0.08 – 0.15 0.16 – 0.5 0.2 – 0.3
Attenuation (‫ن)اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬Š‰‫اﻟﺘﻮ‬
Performance
2 – 5 dB/km 2.6 – 50 dB/km 2 – 10 dB/km

(at a wavelength of 0.85 µm)
‫اﻷداء‬
300 MHz*km –
Bandwidth ‫ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‬ > 500 MHz*km 6 – 50 MHz*km
3 GHz*km
26 ‫˜ﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬š‫ن أﻧﻤﺎط اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ا‬8‫ اﻟﻔﺮوﻗﺎت اﻟﺮﺋ[ﺴﻴﺔ ﺑ‬ÐÏ‫ ﻳﻮ‬:١- ‫ﺟﺪول‬
‫‪T‬ﺸﺎط ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳ‪2Y‬اﺣﺔ‬
‫ﳌﺎذا ﻣﺼﺪرات اﻟﻀﻮء ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠ‪LK‬ر )‪ (Laser diodes‬ذات اﻷﻃﻮال اﳌﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻟ‪b‬ﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺑ‪K‬ن ‪ 1300nm‬و ‪1550nm‬ﻣ‪f‬ﻤﺔ ﺟﺪا ‪ GF‬اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ<ﺔ؟‬
‫‪27‬‬
‫اﺳﺗراﺣـــــــﺔ‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎ]ﻴﻢ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ `‪ H‬أداء اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‬
‫§ اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮˆ‪ : λ 8‬ﻣﺼﻄ‪ ÎÍ‬ﻳﺒ‪e‬ن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮫ ﻟﻮن أﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء‪ ،‬ووﺣﺪة‬

‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﮫ اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻣﻴ‪ .nm Nq‬و‪ 87‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ‪‰‬ﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ا‹‪S‬ﻤﺮاء ‪ Infrared region‬واﻟ‪ Zl‬ﺗ‪I‬ﻮن ﻏ‪ Ne‬ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌ‪e‬ن‬
‫ا‪¼R‬ﺮدة‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ‪ :Bandwidth‬ﻋﺮض ﻧﻄﺎق اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ) ‪Range‬‬
‫‪ (of signal frequency‬أو ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺒﺖ )‪ (Bit Rate‬اﻟﺬي ﺳ—ﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻟﮫ ‪‰‬ﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣ‪I‬ﻮن أو وﺻﻠﺔ أو ﺷﺒﻜﺔ أﻟﻴﺎف ﺑﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪29‬‬
‫§ اﻟﺪ‪‰‬ﺴﺒﻞ ‪ 8Ë : (dB) Decibels‬وﺣﺪة ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ واﻟ‪‰ Zl‬ﺸ‪ Ne‬ا‪ \Œ‬اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟ‪J‬ﺴ^ﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪ : (dBm) Optical Power‬و‪ 8Ë‬اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ اﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ووﺣﺪة ﻗﻴﺎﺳ‪b‬ﺎ‬
‫‪ dBm‬وﻗﻴﻤ„‪ƒ‬ﺎ اﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ‪.1 mW‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻀﻮ\ﻲ ‪ 8Ë : (dB) Optical Loss‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ اﳌﻔﻘﻮدة أﺛﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻟ‪Nq‬اﺳﻞ واﻟ‪ Zl‬ﺗ‪I‬ﻮن ﻣﻔﻘﻮدة ﻋ‪¥ NM‬ﺎﺑﻞ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ‪SÍ‬ﻴﻢ ‪ ، Splice‬واﳌﻘﺮﻧﺎت‬
‫‪Couplers‬وﻏ‪VNe‬ﺎ‪ .‬وﺣﺪة ﻗﻴﺎﺳ‪b‬ﺎ ‪.dB‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫ أداء اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‬H` ‫ﻣﻔﺎ]ﻴﻢ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
Attenuation (dB/km) ‫ن‬Z]‫اﻟﺘﻮ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ اﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬8[‫ﻲ أو ﻛ‬Ç‫ﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺟﺰ‬V (Attenuation) ‫ن‬Pk‫§ اﻟﺘﻮ‬
.dB/Km (‫ن )اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬eV‫ﻘﺎس اﻟﺘﻮ‬.‫ و‬،‫ﺎﺑﻼت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬¥ NM‫أﺛﻨﺎء اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋ‬
Material absorption losses (attenuation Factor)

‫ﻴﺠﺔ‬Ž‫ﺒﺎت ﻓﻘﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻧ‬J‫ﻣﺴ‬
‫‘ﺎص‬F‫ﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص ا‬
(‫ﺔ‬+‫ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ )اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‬.- ‫ﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬A‫ﻣﺴ‬ Scattering losses (attenuation Factor)
‫ﺴﻠﻴ•ﺎ اﻟﺰﺟﺎج‬D
Losses in fiber optic transmission

Curve and fiber bending losses (Connection Factor)
‫ﻴﺠﺔ اﻟ“”ﻛﻴﺐ‬Ž‫ﺒﺎت ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧ‬J‫ﻣﺴ‬
Mode coupling radiation losses (Connection losses) ‫واﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬
ً
(‫)ﺳ•ﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﺮق إﻟ—˜ﺎ ﻏﺪا‬
Connector and splices losses (Connection losses)
31
Attenuation (dB/km) ‫ن‬Z]‫اﻟﺘﻮ‬
87 ‫( ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋ[\ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬Attenuation) ‫§ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬

.‫ﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬Å‫( اﳌﺼﺪر ﻟﻠ‬λ !"#$%&) 8Û‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ واﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ‬
Curve and fiber bending losses (Connection Factor)
Losses in fiber optic transmission

Mode coupling radiation losses (Connection losses)
‫ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ )اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ*ﺔ( وذﻟﻚ‬S› ‫ﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬J‫ﻣﺴ‬

‫ واﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬.‫ﻴﺠﺔ اﻟ“”ﻛﻴﺐ‬Ž‫ﻧ‬ Connector and splices losses (Connection losses)
32
‫اﻟﺘﻮ]‪Z‬ن )‪Attenuation (dB/km‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة اﻷو¡‪¢‬‬
‫‪800 – 850 nm‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
‫‪1300 – 1310 nm‬‬ ‫‪1550 nm‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ‪ :١٣-‬ﻧﻮاﻓﺬ اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ‪ 43‬اﳌﺸﻐﻠﺔ وﻣﻘﺎرﻧ=>ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫‪Wavelength (λ), nm‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﻧﻮاع اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‬H` ‫ن‬Z]‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻮ‬
Core/Cladding ‫ ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻔﻘد‬Attenuation Coefficient
Fiber Type
Diameter 850 nm 1300 nm 1550 nm
0.2-1 dB/meter
Plastic (POF) 1 mm --- ---
@650 nm
Multimode Step Index 200/240 microns 6 dB/km --- ---
50/125 microns 3 dB/km 1 dB/km ---
Multimode Graded 62.5/125 microns 3 dB/km 1 dB/km ---

Index
85/125 microns* 3 dB/km 1 dB/km ---
100/140 microns* 3 dB/km 1 dB/km ---
Singlemode 9/125 microns --- 0.4-0.5 dB/km 0.2-0.3 dB/km
34 ‫ﺔ‬3‫ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﻧﻮاع اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‬,+ ‫ن‬8R‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻮ‬ÐÏ‫ ﻳﻮ‬:٢- ‫ﺟﺪول‬ ‫ﺎ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬jª‫* ﻗﻴﻢ وﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت ﻋﻔﺎ ﻋ‬
‫ﳌﺎذا ‪ H` dBm‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ؟‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ا‪43‬ﺮج؟‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪرﺿﻮ‪°‬ﻲ‬ ‫اﳌﻮ‪$‬ﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻟ‪ED‬ر‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮ‪+‬ﻞ إ¡‪ dBm ¢‬و ‪dB‬‬
‫§ ﺑﺈﺧﺘﺼﺎر‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺪم ‪ dBm‬واﻟﺬي ‪g‬ﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋ[\ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺗﻘﺪر ‪ ،1 mW‬أي ﻟ‪I‬ﻞ ‪ .0dBm = 1mW‬ﻟﻨﻔ‪Nq‬ض اﻵ‪‰‬ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪V ،‬ﻨﺎ ﺗ‪I‬ﻮن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﳌﺼﺪر = ‪Pin = 0.7943 mW‬‬ ‫§ ‪= -1 dBm‬‬
‫ً‬
‫‪ ،10‬ﻟﺬا ﺗ‪I‬ﻮن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﳌﺼﺪر )‪(11dBm-) 0.0794 mW = (Pin‬‬‫‪"$/"$‬‬ ‫§ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻟ‪I‬ﻞ ‪ 10 dB‬ﻣﻮ‪V‬ﻦ‪‰ ،‬ﻌ‪= (Pin/Pout) Z³‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫ﳌﺎذا ‪ H` dBm‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ – ﻣﺜﺎل ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ؟‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪرﺿﻮ‪°‬ﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ <=‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ <=‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ <=‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻟ‪ED‬ر‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‬ ‫‪B‬ﻞ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫‪B‬ﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪G3‬ﺎم‬
‫§ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ا‹‪c‬ﺮج اﻟ‪I‬ﻠﻴﺔ )‪¥ (Pout‬ﺎﻵ‪‰‬ﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻄﺮ‪.‬ﻘﺔ أﺳ‪b‬ﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟ‪I‬ﻠﻴﺔ = ‪21 dB‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮ‪.‬ﻘﺔ ﺳ‪b‬ﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟ‪I‬ﻠﻴﺔ = ‪21 dB‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪-1dBm – 21 dB = -22 dBm = 6.3 µW‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬا ‪(P&' / P()* ) = 10!"/"$ = 126 Watt‬‬
‫)‪Pin (dBm) – Total Loss (dB) = Pout (dBm‬‬ ‫‪P()* = 0.794 mW(-1dBm) / 126 = 6.3 µW‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫§ ﻟﻨﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺟﻴﺪا أن اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ Loss‬داﺋﻤﺎ ﻳﺄ‪‰‬ﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (-‬واﻟﻜﺴﺐ ‪ Gain‬ﺗﺄ‪‰‬ﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ )‪(+‬‬
‫‪36‬‬
‫اﻟ‪i‬ﺸ‪i‬ﺖ ‪Dispersion‬‬
‫§ اﻟ‹ﺸ‹ﺖ ‪V :Dispersion‬ﻮ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة اﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ‪ /‬اﳌﻀﻤﻨﺔ)اﳌﻌﺪﻟﺔ(‪ ،‬أﺛﻨﺎء اﻹرﺳﺎل ﻋ‪ NM‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ‪‰‬ﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ‪ Pulse boarding‬ﻋ[\ اﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ‪ Zl‬ﺗﻘﻄﻌ‪b‬ﺎ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪ ،‬أي ‪¥‬ﻠﻤﺎ زاد اﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﳌﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ ‪¥‬ﻠﻤﺎ زاد إﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‪ .‬ووﺣﺪة ﻗﻴﺎﺳﮫ ‪.ns/km 4y Dispersion 8Ë‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﻀﺔ اﻹرﺳﺎل‬
‫ﻧﺒﻀﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ‪ :١٤-‬ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ اﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ‪ 4J‬اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ‪M‬ﺴ‪O‬ﺐ اﻟ‪Q‬ﺸ‪Q‬ﺖ ‪Dispersion‬‬

‫‪37‬‬
‫§ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ‪J‬ﺸ‪J‬ﺖ ‪z Dispersion‬ﻮ ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎت اﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻓ~•ة‬
‫اﻟ~•اﺳﻞ ‪.Transmission‬‬
‫§ ‪z‬ﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ‪b‬ﺴ‪ ،Inter-symbol interference (ISI) •€‬واﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻧﺒﻀﺎت ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻀﺎت ﻃﺒﻴ‪=S‬‬
‫‪ISI‬‬ ‫ﻳ‪ƒ‬ﺴ„ﺐ ‪ 43‬اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ‪ Bandwidth‬أو ‪ Bit Rate‬ﻟﺬا‬
‫ﺑﺪون ‪ISI‬‬
‫‪‰‬ﻠﻤﺎ زادت ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ISI‬ﺗﺰ=ﺪ ‪•Œ‬ﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Bit error rate‬و‪G‬ﺎﻟﺘﺎ‪ 4l‬ﺳﺘﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟـ ‪.Bandwidth‬‬
‫)‪(40 km‬‬ ‫)‪(40 km‬‬
‫)‪(Fiber input‬‬ ‫)‪(Distinguishable fiber output‬‬ ‫)‪(Indistinguishable fiber output‬‬

‫‪38‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ‪ :١٥-‬ﺗﺄﺛ‪ WV‬اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ‪ ISI‬ﻋ\] اﻹﺷﺎرة اﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫§ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ا‹‪S‬ﺪ اﻷﻗ‪ Ä-ç‬ﳌﻌﺪل اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت )‪ (Bandwidth‬ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎف‬

‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ‪) Dispersion‬ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪SMF - SI‬‬
‫§ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟ‹ﺸ‹ﺖ اﻷﻋ‪ 87 Higher Dispersion Žƒ‬ﻧﻮع اﻟﻠﻴﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮي ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪ ،MMF – SI‬ﻟﺬا ‪ Bandwidth‬ﻳ‪I‬ﻮن ‪87‬‬
‫‪MMF - SI‬‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮات ‪.MHz‬‬
‫§ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟ‹ﺸ‹ﺖ اﻷﻗﻞ ‪ 87 Lower Dispersion‬ﻧﻮع اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‬

‫‪MMF - GI‬‬ ‫أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪ ،SMF – SI‬ﻟﺬا ‪ Bandwidth‬ﻳ‪I‬ﻮن ‪.GHz 87‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ‪ :١٦-‬اﻟ ـ ‪ 4J Dispersion‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﻧﻮاع‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪k‬ﺔ‬
‫‪T‬ﺸﺎط ﺗﺪر<=>‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺘﺪر<=> اﻟﺜﺎ‪T‬ﻲ‬

‫§ ﻳﺘﻌﺮف ﻋ‪ ·N‬اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ وﻣﺴ‪Ñ‬ﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ وﻣﺴ‪A‬ﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ وﻣﺴ‪A‬ﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ .-‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ‬
‫ً‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ ,+‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .-‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ § ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧ‪Y‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎءات‪ ،‬اﻟﺮ‪o‬ﻂ وﻧ‪Y‬ﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫§ ﻳﺤﺴﺐ ﻣ‪98‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ‪ِ3‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت أو اﻟﺘ‪zy‬ﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 90‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻣ‪ED‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ .-‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف ﻣ‪ED‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ .-‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ‬ ‫اﻷو‪WV‬‬
‫و‪3‬ﻘﺎر‪¹Ó‬ﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻳﻘﺎرن ﺑ‪8‬ن ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻷداء‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﳌﻌﻴﺎر § ﻣﺎ ‪R‬ﻮ ﻣ‪98‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ و ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻷداء ؟‬
‫اﳌﺆﺛﺮة ‪ ,+‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫§ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪TIA568‬‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎ@ﻲ‬
‫‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﺳ‪Nq‬اﺣـ ـ ـ ـﺔ‬
‫§ ﻳﻔ@ﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ‪8‬ن ‪ BER‬وﺗﺄﺛ‪Rt8‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛ‪ t8‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ‪8‬ن ‪ BER‬واﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫§‬
‫ﻣ‪ED‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ .-‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬
‫ﻏ‪ t8‬اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ‪ ,+‬ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻘﺪرة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮز‪Œ‬ﻊ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ ,+‬ﺣﺴﺎب ‪.Loss Budget‬‬ ‫§‬
‫‪ 75‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﳌﻌﻴﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ •‪z‬ﺴﺎب ‪ Loss Budget‬ﺣﺴﺐ § ﻳﺤﻠﻞ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ ,+‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬ ‫§‬
‫اﳌﻌﻴﺎر ‪.TIA568‬‬ ‫‪TIA568‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﳌﻌﺎﻳ‪ t8‬اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪41‬‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ وﻣﺴ‪m‬ﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ `‪ H‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‬
‫)‪Loss Factors (dB‬‬
‫§ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻄﺮﻗﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺲ ‪é‬ﺸ‪I‬ﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻇﻮا‪V‬ﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪ 87‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬

‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟ‪I‬ﻲ ‪g‬ﺴ‪b‬ﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ 87‬اﻟ‪I‬ﺎﺑﻼت اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن‬
‫ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪1. Curve and fiber bending losses (Connection Factor‬‬
‫‪Losses in fiber optic transmission‬‬ ‫)‪2. Mode coupling radiation losses (Connection Factor‬‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ›‪ S‬اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ )اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ*ﺔ( وذﻟﻚ‬

‫ﻧ‪Ž‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﻟ“”ﻛﻴﺐ واﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫)‪Connector and splices losses (Connection Factor‬‬
‫‪42‬‬
‫‪1. Curve and Fiber Bending‬‬
‫§ أﺣﺪ ﻣﺴ„ﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 43‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ ‪z‬ﻮ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 43‬اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻧﺤﻨﺎءات ‪ Bending‬أو اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺟﺎت ‪ 43 Curve‬ﻛﻴﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ وذﻟﻚ ‘ﺴ„ﺐ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء ﺑ‪D‬ن ‪ Core‬و ‪ .Cladding‬و=ﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼ’ﻴﻒ ‪z‬ﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ‪‰‬ﺎﻵ”ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .A‬اﻷﻧﺒﻌﺎﺟﺎت )‪ :Curve (Micro‬ﻳﺤﺪث ‘ﺴ„ﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ أو ﻋﺼﺮ ﻛﻴﺒﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪A‬ﻞ‪Fiber Curve loss (a) at micro Curves :١٧-‬‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ‪D‬ﺴﻴﻂ ﻟ‪M‬ﺬﻩ اﳌﺸ•ﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘ‪‰ ¤£‬ﻨﺎ ﺗﺄﺛ‪‰ ”Š‬ﺬﻩ اﻷﻧﺒﻌﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺤ‪ ts‬اﻟ‪u‬ﻴ‪$‬ﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑ‪Š‬ن اﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﻷﺳﺮع واﻷﻗﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎج‬
‫‪43‬‬
‫‪1. Curve and Fiber Bending‬‬
‫‪ .B‬اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎءات )‪ :Bending (Macro‬ﻳﺤﺪث ‪é‬ﺴ^ﺐ اﻧﺤﻨﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي أﻋ[\ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ )‪.(R‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻣﻘﺪاراﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء اﳌﺴﻤﻮح؟‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪A‬ﻞ‪(B) Macro Bending Loss :١٨-‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪاراﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ Loss‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎءات‬

‫‪2. Mode coupling radiation losses‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎ˜ﻲ ‪z‬ﻮ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻧ‪ƒ‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﻗ~•ان أو ر‪G‬ﻂ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀ‪L‬ﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪z ،‬ﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺮ‪G‬ﻂ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋ‪ XW‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‘ﺸ•ﻞ ﺟﺰ‪v‬ﻲ أو ﻛ‪ ،4W‬و‪z‬ﻤﺎ ﻧﻮﻋ‪D‬ن‪:‬‬
‫‪ .A‬اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ا‪QP‬ﻮ‪R‬ﺮ‪T‬ﺔ‪-‬اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪ 4y :Intrinsic Factor‬ﻧ‪ƒ‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﺧﺘﻼف‬
‫ﻟﻠ‪L‬ﻴ•ﻠﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑ‪D‬ن اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟ‪ Ÿž‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻂ ﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺑﺼﺮي ا‪ Xl‬ﻧﻤﻂ آﺧﺮ ﻋ‪ XW‬اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أ‪•¢‬ﺎ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻋ‪ XW‬اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .B‬اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ا‪[P‬ﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ‪ :Extrinsic Factor‬ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮ=ﻘﺔ‬
‫ً‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ أو اﻟ~•ﻛﻴﺐ ﺑ‪D‬ن ﻃﺮ‪ 43‬اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪ ،‬و‪ 4y‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻧ‪ƒ‬ﻴﺠﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ ‪43‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓ‪ Ÿ¥‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ‪Summary of connection loss :١٩-‬‬
‫‪45‬‬
‫‪2. Mode coupling radiation losses – Intrinsic Factor‬‬
‫§ ﻳﺄ‪‰‬ﻲ ‪V‬ﺬا اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ا‹¼ﻮ‪V‬ﺮي ‪ ،Intrinsic Factor‬ﻧ‪Å‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺮ‪º‬ﻂ ﺑ‪e‬ن اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫و‪¥ 8Ë‬ﺎﻵ‪‰‬ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫§ ﻧ‪Å‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑ‪e‬ن ﻗﻄﺮي اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ‪ Core‬و اﻟﻜﺴﺎء ‪.Cladding‬‬
‫§ ﻧ‪Å‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﺧﺘﻼف ‪ 87‬اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ ‪.Numerical Aperture NA‬‬
‫§ ﻧ‪Å‬ﻴﺠﺔ وﺟﻮد ﻋﻴﻮب ﻣﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪.Core Ellipticity, Core Non-Concentricity‬‬
‫§ ﻧ‪Å‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑ‪e‬ن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر ‪ Refractive Index‬ﺑ‪e‬ن اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻟﻜﺴﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪46‬‬
‫§ ﻧ‹ﻴﺠﺔ اﺧﺘﻼف أو ﻋﺪم ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ ‪:Numerical Aperture NA‬‬

‫§ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗ•ﻮن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ أو إﺷﻌﺎع اﻟ ـ ‪ 43 NA‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻏ‪‰ •D‬ﺎﻓﻴﺔ أو ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Tx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Rx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Tx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Rx fiber‬‬
‫§ ﻧ‹ﻴﺠﺔ اﺧﺘﻼف أو ﻋﺪم ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ‪P‬ن ﻗﻄﺮي اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ‪ Core‬و اﻟﻜﺴﺎء ‪:Cladding‬‬
‫§ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳ•ﻮن ﻗﻄﺮي اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪/‬اﻟﻜﺴﺎء ‪ 43‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ أﻛ§•‪/‬أﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ 43‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳ•ﻮن ‪z‬ﻨﺎك‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺎرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋ‪ XW‬ﺳ„ﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ‪‰‬ﺎﺑﻞ أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻨﻤﻂ )‪ (SMF‬ﻣﻊ ‪‰‬ﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ )‪.(MMF‬‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪Tx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Rx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Tx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Rx fiber‬‬

‫§ ﻧ‹ﻴﺠﺔ وﺟﻮد ﻋﻴﻮب ﻣﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:Core Ellipticity, Core Non-Concentricity‬‬

‫‪ :Non-Concentricity‬ﻳﺤﺪث ‪V‬ﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪم اﻟ‪Å‬ﺸﺎرك ﺑ‪e‬ن ﻣﺮﻛﺰي اﻟﻠﻴﻒ‬ ‫§‬
‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮي و‪º‬ﺎﻟﺘﺎ‪ 8Œ‬ﻳ‪I‬ﻮن ‪V‬ﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ‪e‬ن ﻣﺮﻛﺰي اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪/‬اﻟﻜﺴﺎء‪.‬‬

‫‪ :Core Ellipticity‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ اﻟﺘﺎم ﺑ‪e‬ن إﺛﻨ‪e‬ن ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫§‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎو‪.‬ﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إ‪ \Œ‬ﻋﺪم ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ اﻷﺳﺎ‪.Z-ì‬‬

‫‪Light‬‬
‫‪loss in‬‬
‫‪cladding‬‬
‫‪Tx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Rx fiber‬‬

‫‪Tx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Rx‬‬
‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪fiber‬‬
‫ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‬H` ‫ﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬m‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ وﻣﺴ‬
2. Mode coupling radiation losses – Extrinsic Factor
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ‬،‫ﻲ‬I‫ﺎﻧﻴ‬I‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﳌﻴ‬ÄÃ‫ﺴ‬g ‫أو ﻣﺎ‬ Extrinsic Factor 8ˆ‫ﺎر‬Ff‫ﺬا اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ا‬k ‫§ ﻳﺄ˜ﻲ‬
‫ اﻷﺷﺎرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬87 ‫\ ﺿﻌﻒ‬Œ‫ﻴﺢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي ا‬Sí‫ﻞ اﻟ‬I‫ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸ‬.‫ﻂ أو ﻣﺤﺎذاة اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‬º‫ر‬
:‫ﻲ‬‰‫ﺎﻵ‬¥ ‫ﺔ‬Sï‫ ﻣﻮ‬8Ë‫ﺎﻣﻞ( و‬I‫ ﻃﺮف اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل )أي ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟ‬87 Loss
Tx fiber Rx fiber
Tx fiber Rx fiber
Tx fiber Rx fiber
Longitudinal (End-Gap) (A)
(B) Lateral
Tx fiber Rx fiber
Tx fiber Rx fiber
49 (C) Angular- misalignment (End-Angle)

‫‪Mixing 50/125 And 62.5/125 Fibers In One Link‬‬
‫§ ﻟﻨﻔ~•ض أن ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ‪G‬ﻂ ﻧﻮ¬‪ 4‬أﻟﻴﺎف ﺑﺼﺮ=ﺔ ﻣ‪ƒ‬ﺸﺎ‪D•Œ‬ن اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪ Multimode‬وﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‪D‬ن ‪ 43‬ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ‪ Core‬ﻋ‪ XW‬ﺳ„ﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫اﳌﺜﺎل وﻛﻤﺎ ‪z‬ﻮ ﻣﻮ‪ ®-‬أﻣﺎﻣﻜﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫§ و‪z‬ﺬﻩ ا‪UT‬ﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺪث ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ‪ 43‬اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺑ‪D‬ن اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ وا‪UT‬ﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻨﻤﻂ)‪ ،(50/125 um‬ا‪±T‬ﺪول اﻵ”ﻲ ﻳﺒ‪D‬ن ﻟﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 43 Loss‬اﻟﺮ‪G‬ﻂ ﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﻮى واﻟ‪ Ÿž‬ﺗﻘﺪر ﺑ ـ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻣ~•‪:‬‬
‫‪ Transmitting Fiber‬اﻟ•ﺎﺑﻼت اﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬

‫‪ Receiving Fiber‬اﻟ•ﺎﺑﻼت اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬
‫‪62.5/125‬‬ ‫‪85/125‬‬ ‫‪100/140‬‬
‫‪50/125‬‬ ‫‪0.9-1.6 dB‬‬ ‫‪3.0-4.6 dB‬‬ ‫‪4.7-9.0 dB‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي ﺣﺪوث ﻣﺜﻞ ‪9‬ﺬﻩ اﳌﺸﺎ?ﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺮ‪ CB‬ﻗﺮاءة اﳌﻌﺎﻳ‪IH‬اﳌﺮﻓﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪62.5/125‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0.9 dB‬‬ ‫‪2.1-4.1 dB‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬
‫‪85/125‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0.9-1.4 dB‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪول‪ :٣-‬ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻗﻄﺮي اﳌﺮﺳﻞ واﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪3. Connectors and Splicing Loss‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎط ‪UF‬ﺎم داﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻼت ﺑﺼﺮ*ﺔ‬
‫داﺧﻞ ‪Splice‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ‪SC‬‬
‫‪Tray‬‬ ‫أو إ‪ƒð‬ﺎء اﻟ‪I‬ﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫‪Joints‬‬ ‫§ ‪¥ 87‬ﺎﺑﻼت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ر‪º‬ﻂ‬
‫ً‬
‫‪Terminations‬ﺑﻄﺮ‪.‬ﻘﺘ‪e‬ن ‪‰‬ﻌﺘ‪ NM‬اﻷﻛ¾‪ N‬ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ‪ :Connectors‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓ‪ƒ²‬ﺎ اﻟﺮ‪º‬ﻂ ﺑ‪e‬ن ‪¥‬ﺎﺑﻼت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬
‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻹ‪¤‬ﺸﺎء وﺻﻠﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻚ أو ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠ‪b‬ﺎ ﻛ‪ƒÌ‬ﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ ‪ : -١٩‬ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺘ?@ﻴﻢ اﻟﻜ‪D‬ﺮ‪F‬ﺎ‪G‬ﻲ )اﻟﻴﻤ‪K‬ن( وﻣﻮﺻﻼت ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫)اﻟ‪W‬ﺴﺎر(‬ ‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺘ›‪œ‬ﻴﻢ ‪ :Splice‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓ‪ƒ²‬ﺎ اﻟﺮ‪º‬ﻂ ﺑ‪e‬ن ‪¥‬ﺎﺑﻼت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‬
‫‪é‬ﺸ‪I‬ﻞ داﺋﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮ‪.‬ﻖ ﺟ‪b‬ﺎز اﻟ‪SÍ‬ﺎم اﻟﻜ‪b‬ﺮ‪º‬ﺎ‪Ç‬ﻲ ‪.Fusion Splicer‬‬
‫‪51‬‬
‫‪3. Connectors and Splicing Loss‬‬
‫§ ‪ 87‬ا‹¼ﺪول ادﻧﺎﻩ ﻣﻮ‪ Îï‬ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻷﻗ‪ Ä-ç‬واﻟﻨﻤﻮذﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻﻼت‬

‫وﻧﻘﺎط اﻟ‪SÍ‬ﺎم ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ‪TIA-568‬‬
‫أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪SMF‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪MMF‬‬
‫‪0.75 (0.2) dB‬‬ ‫‪0.75 (0.3) dB‬‬ ‫اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ‪Connectors‬‬
‫‪0.3 (0.02) dB‬‬ ‫‪0.3 (0.2) dB‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‪SÍ‬ﻴﻢ ‪Splice‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول‪ : - ٤‬ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻷﻋ‪) ·N‬واﻟﻨﻤﻮذﺟﻴﺔ( ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ‪TIA-568‬‬
‫‪52‬‬
‫ﻣ‪pZ‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ `‪ H‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ]ﻮ ﻣ‪pZ‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ Loss Budget‬؟‬
‫§ ‪ 87‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪V ،‬ﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺪ اﻷﻋ[\ اﳌﺴﻤﻮح ‪ƒò‬ﺎ ﻟﻠ‪Nq‬اﺳﻞ ﺑ‪e‬ن ﻧﻘﻄ‪Zl‬‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎل و‪.‬ﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ‪V‬ﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮ‪.‬ﻖ‪:‬‬
‫§ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ا‹‪c‬ﺎرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹرﺳﺎل ‪.(dBm) Transmitter Power Output‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﳌﻄﻠﻮ‪º‬ﺔ ‪ 87‬اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ‪ ،(dBm) Receiver Power Input Requirement‬وﻗﺪ‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺗ‪I‬ﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻄﻠﻮب ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﺘﺄﺛ‪ 87 Bandwidth Ne‬اﻟ‪Nq‬اﺳﻞ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻷﻋ[\ اﳌﺴﻤﻮح ‪ƒò‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻷﺟ‪b‬ﺰة اﻟ‪Nq‬اﺳﻞ‬
‫‪.Transceiver‬‬
‫‪53‬‬
‫‪Fiber Optic Link Performance‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ا•˜ﺎرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹرﺳﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ‪ ,+‬اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬

‫)‪Transmitter Power Output (dBm‬‬ ‫)‪Receive Power Input Requirement (dBm‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻮﺻﻼت أو ﻧﻘﺎط ﺗ‪U°‬ﻴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ ‪ :٢٠ -‬ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻷﻋ\] )واﻟﻨﻤﻮذﺟﻴﺔ( ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ‪TIA-568‬‬

‫‪54‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة `‪ H‬اﻹرﺳﺎل‪/‬اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬
‫§ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﻀﺒﻂ ﺟ‪b‬ﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪ Optical Power meter‬ﻋ[\‬

‫اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ‪ 8Û‬اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ 87‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪.‬‬
‫§ ‪é‬ﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ‪¥‬ﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﻀﻮ‪Ç‬ﻲ ﺑﺠ‪b‬ﺎز اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫‪Patchcord‬‬ ‫§ ‪V‬ﻨﺎ‪¤ ،‬ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪¥‬ﺎﺑﻼت ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ أو‬
‫ا‹‪c‬ﺎرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌﺮﺳﻞ ‪ Tx Source‬أو اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﺗ‪I‬ﻮن ﺑﺎﻟ ـ ‪.dBm‬‬
‫ً‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ ‪ :٢١ -‬ﻃﺮ[ﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪ cb‬اﻷرﺳﺎل أو اﻷﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬ ‫ن‬
‫§ أﺧ‪Ne‬ا‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺎر اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‪.‬‬
‫‪55‬‬
‫‪56‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ‪P‬ن ‪ BER‬و اﻟﻘﺪرة ‪ 87‬ﺣﺴﺎب ‪Loss Budget‬‬
‫‪MAX BER‬‬
‫‪MAX‬‬
‫‪POWER‬‬
‫‪Min‬‬
‫‪POWER‬‬
‫)𝐦𝐁𝐝(𝐫𝐞𝐰𝐨𝐏 𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐑 = )𝐁𝐝(𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐋 𝐭𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐏 𝐞𝐥𝐛𝐚𝐂 ‪𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫(𝐝𝐁𝐦) −‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ ‪ :٢٢ -‬اﻷداء ﺑ‪V‬ن أﻗﻞ‪/‬أﻋ\] ﻗﺪرة ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ وﺗﺄﺛ‪ WV‬اﻟ ـ ‪ 4J BER‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫‪57‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ‪P‬ن ‪ BER‬و اﻟﻘﺪرة ‪ 87‬ﺣﺴﺎب ‪Loss Budget‬‬
‫)𝐦𝐁𝐝( 𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐝𝐮𝐁 𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐋 = 𝐁𝐝 𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐋 𝐭𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐏 𝐞𝐥𝐛𝐚𝐂 ‪𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐁𝐦 −‬‬
‫‪58‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ ‪ :٢٣ -‬اﻷداء ﺑ‪V‬ن أﻗﻞ‪/‬أﻋ\] ﻗﺪرة ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ وﺗﺄﺛ‪ WV‬اﻟ ـ ‪ 4J BER‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫ﺗﻮز•ﻊ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪Loss Budget 87‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻼت ‪Connectors‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‚„ﺎم ‪Splice‬‬
‫اﳌﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ )‪(dB‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ .-‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫اﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹرﺳﺎل ‪Km‬‬
‫‪59‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ ‪ : ٢٤-‬ﺗﻮز”ﻊ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻜ\‪ 4J 4‬ﻧﻈﺎم ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪k‬ﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب ‪ Loss Budget‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ‪TIA568‬؟‬
‫§ ﻟ‪I‬ﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣ‪ze‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ ،Loss Budget‬ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺴ^ﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺑ‪e‬ن ﻃﺮ‪ 87‬ﻛﻴﺒﻞ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ‪ ،Cable plant‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫§ ﻃﻮل ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪¥‬ﺎﺑﻞ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪ KM‬ﻣﻊ اﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻌﺪل‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ )‪. (dB/km‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ا‪ \Œ‬اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ‪ 87‬اﻟ‪ƒÌ‬ﺎﻳﺎت‬ ‫‪Connectors‬‬ ‫§ ﻋﺪد اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‬

‫اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫§ ﻋﺪد ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟ‪SÍ‬ﺎم ‪.Splices‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪TIA568 MAX (and Typical) Component Losses‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ‪ PB‬اﳌﺼﺪر‬

‫أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪SM‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪MM‬‬ ‫‪ PS‬اﻷرﺳﺎل‬
‫‪0.5 (0.4) dB/Km @ 1310nm‬‬ ‫‪3.5 (3) dB/Km @ 850nm‬‬ ‫¡ﺎﺑﻞ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ<ﺔ‬
‫‪0.5 (0.25) dB/Km @ 1550nm‬‬ ‫‪1.5 (1) dB/Km @ 1300nm‬‬
‫‪0.75 (0.2) dB‬‬ ‫‪0.75 (0.3) dB‬‬ ‫اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ‪Connectors‬‬

‫‪0.3 (0.02) dB‬‬ ‫‪0.3 (0.2) dB‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘ›‪œ‬ﻴﻢ ‪Splice‬‬
‫ا—˜ﺪول ‪ : ٥-‬ﻣ‪™V‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ واﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﺑ‪V‬ن ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ وأﺣﺎدي اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬
‫§ ‪ 87‬ا‹¼ﺪول أﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮ‪ Îï‬ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻷﻋ[\ ‪ MAX‬واﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذ‪ ( ) 8Û‬ﻟ‪I‬ﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪ ،‬اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‬
‫وﻧﻘﺎط اﻟ‪SÍ‬ﺎم ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر اﳌﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺪو‪TIA-568 8Œ‬‬
‫‪61‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﺒﻞ أﻟﻴﺎف ﺑﺼﺮ=ﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﮫ ‪ ٢‬ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪ MM‬ﻟﺪﻳﮫ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻮﺻﻼت و ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪UT‬ﺎم واﺣﺪة‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﻴﺎر اﳌﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ‪ ،TIA-568‬ﺣﻴﺚ أن اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ·‪ 4‬اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ 43‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪z‬ﻮ ‪ 850nm‬و ‪:1300nm‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪Calculated Loss‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫‪7 dB/Km @ 850nm‬‬ ‫‪3.5 dB/Km @ 850nm‬‬

‫‪ 2‬ﻛﻢ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺑﺼﺮي‬
‫‪3 dB/Km @ 1300nm‬‬ ‫‪1.5 dB/Km @ 1300nm‬‬
‫‪3.75 dB‬‬ ‫‪0.75 dB‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‬

‫‪0.3 dB‬‬ ‫‪0.3 dB‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪oP‬ﺎم‬
‫‪11.05 dB/Km @ 850nm‬‬
‫‪---‬‬ ‫ا‪GT‬ﻤﻮع اﻟﻜ‪SR‬‬
‫‪7.05 dB/Km @ 1300nm‬‬
‫ا—˜ﺪول ‪ :٦ -‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣ‪™V‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪Loss Budget‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑ‪Z‬ن ‪TIA & Typical Specification‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻢ ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﳌﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑ‪s‬ن ‪TIA and Typical Specification‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ‪Typical‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ‪) TIA‬ا‪oP‬ﺪ اﻷﻋ‪(wv‬‬ ‫اﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫‪6 dB/Km @ 850nm‬‬ ‫‪7 dB/Km @ 850nm‬‬

‫‪ 2‬ﻛﻢ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺑﺼﺮي‬
‫‪2 dB/Km @ 1300nm‬‬ ‫‪3 dB/Km @ 1300nm‬‬
‫‪1.5 dB‬‬ ‫‪3.75 dB‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‬
‫‪0.2 dB‬‬ ‫‪0.3 dB‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪oP‬ﺎم‬

‫‪7.7 dB/Km @ 850nm‬‬ ‫‪11.05 dB/Km @ 850nm‬‬
‫ا‪GT‬ﻤﻮع اﻟﻜ‪SR‬‬
‫‪3.7 dB/Km @ 1300nm‬‬ ‫‪7.05 dB/Km @ 1300nm‬‬
‫ا—˜ﺪول ‪ ٧: -‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣ‪™V‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪Loss Budget‬‬
‫‪63‬‬
‫‪64‬‬
‫‪J‬ﺸﺎط ﺗﺪر=‪ut‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﺒﻞ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺑﺼﺮي ﻃﻮﻟﮫ ‪ ١٥‬ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪ SM‬ﻟﺪﻳﮫ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻮﺻﻼت و ‪ 3‬ﻧﻘﺎط ‪UT‬ﺎم‪.‬‬ ‫‪T‬ﺸﺎط‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﻴﺎر اﳌﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ‪ ،TIA-568‬ﺣﻴﺚ أن اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ·‪ 4‬اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ 43‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪z‬ﻮ ‪ 1310nm‬و ‪ ،1550nm‬ﻗﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻣ‪¾D‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻜ‪:Loss Budget 4W‬‬
‫‪0.5 (0.4) dB/Km @ 1310nm‬‬ ‫‪ 15‬ﻛﻢ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺑﺼﺮي‬

‫‪....................‬‬
‫‪0.5 (0.25) dB/Km @ 1550nm‬‬
‫‪....................‬‬ ‫‪....................‬‬
‫‪ 10‬اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‬
‫‪....................‬‬ ‫‪....................‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪oP‬ﺎم‬

‫‪....................‬‬
‫‪65‬‬
‫‪J‬ﺸﺎط ﺗﺪر=‪ut‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﳌﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎرن ﺑ‪s‬ن ‪TIA and Typical Specification‬‬
‫‪....................‬‬ ‫‪....................‬‬ ‫‪ ٢‬ﻛﻢ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺑﺼﺮي‬
‫‪....................‬‬ ‫‪....................‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‬

‫‪....................‬‬ ‫‪....................‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪oP‬ﺎم‬
‫‪....................‬‬ ‫‪....................‬‬ ‫ا‪GT‬ﻤﻮع اﻟﻜ‪SR‬‬
‫‪66‬‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‪pZ‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ `‪ H‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‬
‫ذ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫(‬ ‫ا‬‫ج‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج ا‪xw‬ﻞ ﻟﻠ‪y‬ﺸﺎط اﻟﺘﺪر=‪ut‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪ SM‬ﻟﺪﻳﮫ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻮﺻﻼت و ‪ 3‬ﻧﻘﺎط ‪UT‬ﺎم‪ .‬ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﺒﻞ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺑﺼﺮي ﻃﻮﻟﮫ ‪ ١٥‬ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬ ‫‪T‬ﺸﺎط‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﻴﺎر اﳌﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ‪ ،TIA-568‬ﺣﻴﺚ أن اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ·‪ 4‬اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ 43‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪z‬ﻮ ‪ 1310nm‬و ‪ ،1550nm‬ﻗﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻣ‪¾D‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻜ‪:Loss Budget 4W‬‬
‫‪7.5 dB/Km @ 1310nm‬‬ ‫‪0.5 (0.4) dB/Km @ 1310nm‬‬ ‫‪ 15‬ﻛﻢ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺑﺼﺮي‬
‫‪7.5 dB/Km @ 1550nm‬‬ ‫‪0.5 (0.25) dB/Km @ 1550nm‬‬
‫‪7.5 dB‬‬ ‫‪0.75 dB‬‬ ‫‪ 10‬اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‬
‫‪0.9 dB‬‬ ‫‪0.3 dB‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪oP‬ﺎم‬

‫& ‪15.9 dB/Km @ 1310nm‬‬
‫‪1550nm‬‬
‫‪67‬‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‪pZ‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ `‪ H‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‬
‫ذ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫(‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج ا‪xw‬ﻞ ﻟﻠ‪y‬ﺸﺎط اﻟﺘﺪر=‪ut‬‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫)‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﳌﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎرن ﺑ‪s‬ن ‪ ، TIA and Typical Specification‬ﻣﺎذا ~ﺴﺘ•ﺘﺞ؟‬
‫‪4 dB/Km @ 1310nm‬‬ ‫‪7.5 dB/Km @ 1310nm‬‬ ‫‪ 15‬ﻛﻢ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺑﺼﺮي‬

‫‪2.5 dB/Km @ 1550nm‬‬ ‫‪7.5 dB/Km @ 1550nm‬‬
‫‪2 dB‬‬ ‫‪7.5 dB‬‬ ‫‪ 10‬اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‬
‫‪0.06 dB‬‬ ‫‪0.9 dB‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪oP‬ﺎم‬

‫‪6.06 dB/Km @ 1310nm‬‬
‫ا‪GT‬ﻤﻮع اﻟﻜ‪SR‬‬
‫‪4.56 dB/Km @ 1550nm‬‬ ‫‪15.9 dB/Km @ 1310nm & 1550nm‬‬
‫‪68‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣ‪pZ‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻜ‪HG‬‬
‫‪LOSS BUDGET CALCULATOR APP‬‬
‫ً‬
‫§ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ دوﻟﻴﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ‪xw TIA‬ﺴﺎب ﻣ‪pZ‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻜ‪ Loss Budget HG‬ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ‪ iOS‬و ‪.Android‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
‫‪69‬‬
‫اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺘﺪر<=> اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬

‫ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ .-‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ‪:‬‬
‫§ ﻳﺘﻌﺮف ﻋ‪ ·N‬دﻟﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف‬
‫ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ .-‬دﻟﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻷﻋﻄﺎل‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻷﻋﻄﺎل وﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻟ@ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪+‬ﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺟ@ﺰة اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳ@ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 90‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫§ ﻳﺘﺪرب ﻋ‪ ·N‬أﺟ@ﺰة اﻟﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫اﻷو‪WV‬‬
‫أﺟ‪f‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل أﺟ‪f‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪ji‬ﺎ‪ :١-‬اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬
‫اﳌﺮﺋﻴﺔ وﻋ‪ ·N‬اﻟﻄﺮق ا‪˜š‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫اﳌﺮ‪g‬ﻲ ‪ ,+‬اﻟ‪A‬ﺎﺑﻼت واﳌﻮﺻﻼت‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪد ا•˜ﻄﺄ‬ ‫وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪ji‬ﺎ ‪١-‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‪.‬‬
‫اﳌﺮ‪g‬ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﺺ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ا‪@›š‬ﺮ‪3‬ﺔ‪-‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫§ ﻳﺤﻠﻞ ﻣ‪A‬ﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺪر‪3‬ﺐ‬ ‫§ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ وﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة ‪.Datalink ,+‬‬
‫ﻋ‪ ·N‬ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺟ‪f‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل § اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺜﻼث ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪.Insertion Loss‬‬
‫‪ 75‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫§ ﻳﻄﺒﻖ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬ ‫§ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻷول – ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤ‪ ,N‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪ji‬ﺎ ‪٢ -‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫وﻗﻴﺎس ‪.Insertion Loss‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻧﻈﺮ‪3‬ﺎ وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫أﺟ‪B‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل `‪ H‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪•€‬ﺎ‪١-‬‬
‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻷﻋﻄﺎل‬
‫§ ﻟ‪/‬ﺴ‪1‬ﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻷﻋﻄﺎل و>ﺻﻼﺣ‪1‬ﺎ وذﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ اﳌﻌﻴﺎر‬

‫‪ ،TIA/FOA‬و‪G‬ﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ وﺗﺪاﺑ‪ LK‬ﻣ‪1‬ﻤﺔ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ وﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل‪S ،‬ﺎﻵ‪U‬ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ا‪[Z‬ﺼﻮل ﻋ]^ اﻷدوات اﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ واﻷﺟ‪1‬ﺰة اﳌﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋ]^ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﺪات وأﺟ‪1‬ﺰة اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ا‪ml‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋ]^ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﳌﺮاد ﻓﺤﺼﮫ واﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻷﻋﻄﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬إﺗﺒﺎع وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ واﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻷﻋﻄﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪71‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻷﻋﻄﺎل؟‬

‫§ ‪¥ 87‬ﺎﺑﻼت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ‪ 87‬اﳌ‪I‬ﻮﻧﺎت واﻟﻘﻄﻊ ‪ 87‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ‪ 87‬اﳌ‪I‬ﻮﻧﺎت واﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﳌﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮد‚‪ƒ‬ﺎ وﺗﻮاﻓﻘ‪b‬ﺎ ﻣﻊ اﳌﻌﺎﻳ‪ Ne‬اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪72‬‬
‫ﻣ‪ „ƒ‬ﻧﺤﺘﺎج ا†‡ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ؟‬

‫§ ‪ 43‬اﳌﺼﺎ˜ﻊ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‪:‬‬
‫§ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ واﻟﺘﻄﻮ=ﺮ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺼ’ﻴﻊ‪.‬‬
‫§ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ‪ 43‬ﺟﻮدة اﳌﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬
‫§ ‪ 43‬ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟ~•ﻛﻴﺒﺎت‪:‬‬
‫§ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻼم اﳌ•ﻮﻧﺎت واﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻔﺤﺼ‪L‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟ~•ﻛﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟ‪•Á‬ﺎ‪v‬ﻲ ﻟﻠﻤ•ﻮﻧﺎت‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳌ•ﻮﻧﺎت‪/‬اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪73‬‬
‫ﻣﺎذا ﻧﻔﺤﺺ؟ وﻣﺎذا ﻧﻜﺸﻒ؟‬
‫§ ﻓﺤﺺ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف واﻟ•ﺎﺑﻼت اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺧﻼل‪:‬‬
‫§ ‪ 43‬اﻟ~•ﻛﻴﺒﺎت‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ‪:‬‬
‫§ ‪z‬ﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي )ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪/‬اﻟﻜﺴﺎء‪±Æ ،‬ﻢ‬
‫§ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣ‪¾D‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ Loss Budget‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫وﻃﻮل اﻟ•ﺎﺑﻼت‪ ،‬ا‪.(ÇT‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤ‪.4W‬‬ ‫§ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﻘﺪ )ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ·‪ 4‬اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم(‬
‫§ ‪ 43‬اﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻄﻮ=ﻠﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ‪:‬‬ ‫§ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ‪Bandwidth‬‬
‫§ ‪OTDR Trace‬‬
‫§ ‪CD, PMD, SA‬‬ ‫§ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺗﺄﺛ‪•D‬ات ‪Dispersion‬‬
‫§ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت وﻧﻘﺎط اﻟ‪UÉ‬ﺎم‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ‪:‬‬

‫§ ﺑﺎ‪ÃÂ‬ﺘﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﺺ وﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ا‪UT‬ﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ”ﻌﺘﻤﺪ ‘ﺸ•ﻞ‬
‫رﺋ‪ ŸÅÄO‬ﻋ‪ XW‬ﻧﻮع اﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪ /‬أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟ~•ﻛﻴﺐ‪/‬‬ ‫§ ‪UT‬ﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ..‬وﻏ‪z•D‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫§ اﻻ˜ﻌ•ﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 43‬اﳌ•ﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪74‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﻊ اﻷﺟ‪Z‬ﺰة اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳ‪Z‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﻔﺤﺺ وﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل „ﻌﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻟ>ﺎﺑﻼت وﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬و‪T‬ﻤﻜﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻷﻛ‪‹Š‬ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ اﳌﺪرﺟﺔ !" ا‪QP‬ﺪول أدﻧﺎﻩ‪:‬‬
‫اﻷﺟ•ﺰة اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟ•ﺎ ‪Instruments‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎس )اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳﮫ( ‪Test Parameter‬‬
‫ﺟ‪L‬ﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪Optical Power Meter OPM‬‬ ‫§‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫§‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪Attenuation‬‬ ‫§‬
‫ﺟ‪L‬ﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪OPM‬‬ ‫§‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 43‬اﻟ•ﺎﺑﻼت‬ ‫§‬
‫§ ﺟ‪L‬ﺎز ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪Optical Light Source OLS‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 43‬اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫§‬
‫§ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﺟ‪L‬ﺰة اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ ‪OLTS‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 43‬ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟ‪UÉ‬ﺎم‬ ‫§‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ·‪ 4‬ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪر و اﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫§‬
‫§ ﺟ‪L‬ﺎز ﻣﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻒ )‪(Spectrum Analyzer‬‬
‫§ ‪Spectral Width & Source Wavelength‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺺ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ و اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ‪Fiber Geometry‬‬ ‫§‬
‫ﺟ‪L‬ﺎز اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﳌﺮ‪v‬ﻲ )‪fiber Inspection (Microscope‬‬ ‫§‬
‫§ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻟﻜﺴﺎء واﳌﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪.‬‬
‫‪75‬‬
١-‫•ﺎ‬€‫ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‬H` ‫ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل‬B‫أﺟ‬
‫ﺎ‬B‫ﺰة اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳ‬B‫ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﻊ اﻷﺟ‬
Instruments ‫اﻷﺟ•ﺰة اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟ•ﺎ‬ Test Parameter (‫ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎس )اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳﮫ‬
Backscatter ‫ﺖ‬ƒ‫ﺸ‬ƒ‫اﻟ‬ §
‫ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‬Ÿ¥‫ﺎز اﻻ˜ﻌ•ﺎس اﻟﺰﻣ‬L‫§ ﺟ‬
Length ‫ﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‬‰ ‫§ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) §
Faults Location ‫ﻄﺄ‬ÃT‫§ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ا‬
‫§ ﻣﺤﺪد أﻋﻄﺎل اﻟ•ﺎﺑﻼت اﳌﺮﺋﻴﺔ‬
Faults Location ‫ﻄﺄ‬ÃT‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ا‬ §
Visual Cable Fault Locator (VFL) §
OTDR §
Bandwidth ‫ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‬ §
Bandwidth ‫ﺰة ﻓﺤﺺ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‬L‫أﺟ‬ § Dispersion ‫ﺖ‬ƒ‫ﺸ‬ƒ‫§ اﻟ‬
(MM: Modal & Chromatic, SM: Chromatic §
and Polarization Mode)
OTDR §
Reflectance ‫اﻻ˜ﻌ•ﺎﺳﺎت‬ §
OCWR (Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometer) §
76
‫‪ .١‬اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﳌﺮ‪‰‬ﻲ `‪ H‬اﻟ‪C‬ﺎﺑﻼت واﳌﻮﺻﻼت‬
‫§ ‪V‬ﻨﺎﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺟ‪b‬ﺰة اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﳌﺮ‪Ç‬ﻲ ‪،Visual Inspection‬‬

‫ﻣ‪Å‬ﺸﺎ‪ƒò‬ﺔ ‪ 87‬اﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﳌ‪b‬ﺎم و‪¥ 8Ë‬ﺎﻵ‪‰‬ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪ .A‬اﻟﺘ‪Å‬ﺒﻊ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي ‪Visible tracer‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪ .B‬ﻣﺤﺪد ا‹‪c‬ﻄﺄ اﳌﺮ‪Ç‬ﻲ ‪Visual Fault Locator‬‬
‫‪ .C‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺎت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ‪.Fiber Identifiers‬‬
‫‪ .D‬ﻓﺤﺺ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ا‪b¼R‬ﺮ‪.‬ﺔ )‪(Microscope‬‬
‫‪77‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪد ا‪Œw‬ﻄﺄ اﳌﺮ‪‰‬ﻲ‪Visual Fault Locator‬‬
‫§ ‪g‬ﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺟ‪b‬ﺎز ﻣﺤﺪد ا‹‪c‬ﻄﺄ اﳌﺮ‪Ç‬ﻲ ‪ VFL‬ﻋ[\ إرﺳﺎل ﻗﺪرة ﻟ‪ze‬ر‪.‬ﺔ ﺣﻤﺮاء‬
‫ً‬
‫وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ وﺗ‪Å‬ﺒﻊ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء ‪ 87‬اﻟ‪I‬ﺎﺑﻼت اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪V ،‬ﺬﻩ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪث ﻧ‪Å‬ﻴﺠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫§ اﻧﺤﻨﺎء ‪ Bending‬أو اﻧﺒﻌﺎج ‪¥ Curve‬ﺎﺑﻼت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ﻓﻮق‬
‫ا‹‪S‬ﺪود اﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬ﻣﺤﺪد ا— ﻄﺄ اﳌﺮ¡ﻲ )‪(VFVL‬‬
‫§ ﺧﻠﻞ ‪ 87‬اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻼت ‪ Connector‬أو ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟ‪SÍ‬ﺎم ‪.Splice‬‬
‫‪78‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤ]‪P‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮف اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ ‪Fiber Identifier‬‬
‫§ ﻳﻘ—ﺲ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪ dB‬دون ا‹‪S‬ﺎﺟﺔ ا‪ \Œ‬ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‪.‬‬

‫§ ﻳﺤﺪد ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮاد اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﮫ دون ا‹‪S‬ﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‪.‬‬
‫§ ‪g‬ﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ‪é‬ﺸ‪I‬ﻞ رﺋ—¬‪ 87 Z-‬ﻟﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ وﺻﻨﺎدﻳﻖ اﻟ‪SÍ‬ﺎم اﻟ‪Zl‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒ‪Ne‬ة ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻠﮫ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﻮم ﻋ[\ اﻧﺤﻨﺎء اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ا‹‪S‬ﺪ اﻷﻋ[\ اﳌﻘﺒﻮل وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ا‹‪c‬ﺎرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺎت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ ) ‪Fiber‬‬
‫‪(Identifier‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤ‪SR‬‬
‫‪79‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺺ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ا•‘‪B‬ﺮي ‪Microscope‬‬
‫§ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻔﺤﺺ ﻣﻮﺻﻼت اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬

‫‪Strain relief boot‬‬ ‫‪Ferrule‬‬
‫‪Cap‬‬ ‫‪Body‬‬ ‫ا‪b¼R‬ﺮي ‪ 87‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ‪ 87 Ferrule‬اﳌﻮﺻﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺪود ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪/‬اﻟﻜﺴﺎء‪V ،‬ﺬا اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻳﺄ‪‰‬ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬
‫§ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺼﻨﻔﺮة‪/‬اﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻﻞ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺧﺪوش أو ﺷﻘﻮق‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﺴﺎء‬ ‫§ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد أﻏ‪NM‬ة أو أوﺳﺎخ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬ﻓﺤﺺ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺑﺼﺮ‪3‬ﺔ )(‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ اﳌ‪M‬ﻢ ﺟﺪا ﻋﺪم اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ا‪MGT‬ﺮي ›‪ S‬اﳌﻮﺻﻼت اﻟ¸ﺸﻄﺔ )ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ اﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي ﺗﻠﻒ اﻟﻌ‪Š‬ن‬
‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻓﺤﺺ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ا•‘‪B‬ﺮ=ﺔ‬
‫)‪ (A‬ز‪T‬ﻮت ﺧﺎرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟ—ﺸﺮة‬ ‫)‪ (B‬ﻏﺒﺎرﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫)‪ (C‬اﻟﻮ™ﺮ ‪Lint‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬
‫‪¢‬ﻌﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﺴﺎء‬
‫ﻏ‪}D‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ »ﺸ‪n‬ﻞ ﺟﺰ‪°‬ﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ا‪@›š‬ﺮي ﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﻧﻮع ‪MU‬‬

‫‪81‬‬
‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻓﺤﺺ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ا•‘‪B‬ﺮ=ﺔ‬
‫)‪ (F‬ز‪T‬ﻮت‬ ‫)‪ (E‬ﺧﺪوش‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻏﺒﺎر )‪(D‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج ا‪ WV‬اﻟﺘﻐﻴ‪”Š‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج ا‪ WV‬اﻟﺘﻐﻴ‪”Š‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬
‫)‪ (I‬ﺗﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫)‪ (H‬ﺳﻮ اﺋﻞ‬ ‫)‪ (G‬ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻛﺤﻮل‬
‫ﻏ‪}D‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻒ»ﺸ‪n‬ﻞ ﺟﺰ‪°‬ﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻗﺎﺎﺑﺑﻞﻞ ﻟﻟﻠﻠﺘﺘﻨﻨﻈﻈﻴﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج ا‪ WV‬اﻟﺘﻐﻴ‪”Š‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬ﺣﺎﻻت أﺧﺮى اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ا¨˜‪u‬ﺮي ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻﻼت‬
‫‪82‬‬
‫ﻃﺮق وأﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫§ ﻣﻦ اﻷدوات اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‪:‬‬
‫‪‰ :Probe Type Cleaner‬ﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﺮ‪.‬ﻘﺔ اﻟﻜ^ﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.A‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪‰ :Cassette Style Fiber Cleaner .B‬ﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﺮ‪.‬ﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮ‪.‬ﻚ اﳌﻮﺻﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪‰ :Wet to dry-cleaning in one swipe .C‬ﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﺴﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮ‪.‬ﻘﺔ ﺗﻤﺮ‪.‬ﺮ اﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﺎﳌ‪Sö‬ﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬ﻃﺮق وأﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‬
‫‪83‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤ‪SR‬‬

‫‪84‬‬
‫أﺟ‪#‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ 10‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪8‬ﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ=>ﺎ‪٢-‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪Datalink 10‬‬
‫اﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻳﺼﺪر ﻗﺪرة ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 4J‬اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻗﺪرة ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ ‪ : -‬ﻳﻈ‪u‬ﺮ ﻓﻴﮫ اﻟﺘﻮ«‪V‬ن )ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﻘﺪ(‬
‫§ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ 87‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﳌﻔﺎ‪V‬ﻴﻢ اﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫§ اﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻳﺼﺪر إﺷﺎرة ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ داﺧﻞ ﻛﻴﺒﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻃﻮل اﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﳌﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﻀﻌﻒ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ )ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‪(dB/km ،‬‬
‫§ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ‪ Connectors‬و ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟ‪SÍ‬ﺎم ‪‰ Splice‬ﺴ^ﺐ ‪ 87‬ﻓﻣﻘﺤﻴﺪ إﻂ اﻟﺿﻜﺎ‪7‬ﺴﺎ‪8‬ء ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ )‪.(dB‬‬
‫§ ‪¥‬ﺎﺷﻔﺎت اﻟﻀﻮء ‪ 87‬اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﺮى أن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪ 87‬اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪ 87‬اﻷرﺳﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪85‬‬
‫أﺟ‪B‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل `‪ H‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪•€‬ﺎ ‪٢ -‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪Optical Power Measurement‬‬
‫§ ‪g‬ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺟ‪b‬ﺎز اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪Optical Power Meter OPM‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻵ‪‰‬ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫§ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ا‹‪c‬ﺎرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻷرﺳﺎل ‪.Tx‬‬
‫§ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻮاﺻﻠﺔ ‪ 87‬ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ‪.Rx‬‬
‫§ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﻘﺪار ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺑ‪e‬ن ﻣﺤﻄ‪ Zl‬اﻹرﺳﺎل ‪ Tx‬واﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ‪.Rx‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬أﺟ‪u‬ﺰة ‪ OPM‬اﻷﻛ‪ W°‬دﻗﺔ ‪AFL & EXFO‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﺴﺎء‬
‫‪86‬‬
‫أﺟ‪B‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل `‪ H‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪•€‬ﺎ ‪٢ -‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪Optical Power Measurement‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫§ اﻹﺟﺮاء اﳌﺘﺒﻊ )ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺟ‪Z‬ﺰة ﻣ‹ﺸﺎ‪¤£‬ﺔ ‪ 87‬اﻹﺟﺮاء(‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷول ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ ا‪ \Œ‬ا‪SR‬ﻮل ‪Adapter‬‬
‫اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ 87‬ﺟ‪b‬ﺎز اﻟ ـ ‪ OPM‬ور‪º‬ﻂ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ ‪ 87‬ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬
‫‪ Connector‬اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺿﺒﻂ إﻋﺪادات اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ‪ 8Û‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﺬ واﳌﻌﺎﻳ‪Ne‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ اﳌﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳﮫ و‪:8Ë‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫§ ‪850/1300/1310/1550nm‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﺴﺎء‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺿﺒﻂ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺮاءات ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟ ـ ‪ dB‬أو ‪dBm‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺗﺼﻔ‪ Ne‬ﻋﺪاد اﻟﻘﺮاءة‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬إﻋﺪادات ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟ‪u‬ﺎز اﻟـ ـ ‪OPM‬‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬أﺧﺬ اﻟﻘﺮاءات‪.‬‬
‫أﺟ‪B‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل `‪ H‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪•€‬ﺎ ‪٢-‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎس ‪Insertion Loss‬‬
‫§ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت وﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﻀﻞ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ور‪G‬ﻂ أﺟ‪L‬ﺰة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪ OPM‬و‬
‫‪OLS‬‬
‫‪ 43 OLS‬ﻛﻴﺒﻞ ﻣﺮﺟ‪ 4Ì‬ذو ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ ‪z‬ﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ‘ﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻘﺮاءات ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮﺟ‪ 4Ì‬ﺑﺄن أﺟ‪L‬ﺰة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ”ﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺸ•ﻞ اﳌﻄﻠﻮب‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﺒﻞ ﻣﺮﺟ‪,ß‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫§ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻹﺟﺮاء اﳌﺘﺒﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ا‪ Xl‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﺟ‪L‬ﺰة‪/‬اﻷدوات اﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Patchcord‬‬ ‫اﳌﺼﺪر ﺿﻮ‪v‬ﻲ ‪Optical Light source OLS‬‬ ‫§‬

‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪Optical Power Meter OPM‬‬ ‫§‬
‫)‪Reference Cable (Patch Cord‬‬ ‫§ ﻋﺪد ‪‰ 1‬ﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺼﺮي ﻣﺮﺟ‪4Ì‬‬
‫‪OPM‬‬ ‫§ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟ•ﺎﺑﻼت اﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﻮ‪ ®-‬ﻓ‪•Í‬ﺎ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 43‬اﳌﻮﺻﻼت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ ‪ : -‬إﻋﺪادات اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺟ‪u‬ﺎز اﻟـ ـ ‪FOTP-95ßOPM‬‬
‫‪88‬‬
‫أﺟ‪B‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل `‪ H‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪•€‬ﺎ ‪٢-‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﳌﺼﺪراﻟﻀﻮ‪‰‬ﻲ `‪Insertion Loss H‬‬
‫§ اﳌﺼﺪرات اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪‰ Optical Light source OLS‬ﻌﻤﻞ ﻋ[\ أﺳﺎس‬

‫ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ )ﺿﻮء( داﺧﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ‪V‬ﺬﻩ اﳌﺼﺪرات ﻣﻊ اﻷﻧﻮاع ا‪cR‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ 87‬ﻧﻤﻂ اﻷرﺳﺎل‬
‫واﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ‪ 8Û‬اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠ‪Å‬ﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‪:‬‬
‫§ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪LED: 850/1300nm :MM‬‬
‫§ أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪LASER: 1310/1550nm :SM‬‬
‫§ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺮ‪º‬ﻂ ‪V‬ﺬا اﻟﻄﺮف ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮﺟ÷‪ 8‬اﳌﺼﺪر )‪(Launch cable‬‬

‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ ‪ : -‬ﺟ‪u‬ﺎز اﻟـ ـ ‪OLS‬‬
‫‪89‬‬
‫وﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﮫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳﮫ‪.‬‬
‫أﺟ‪B‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل `‪ H‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ=ﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪•€‬ﺎ‪٢-‬‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺜﻼث ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪Insertion Loss‬‬
‫§ ‪V‬ﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺛﻼث أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪ Insertion Loss‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﳌﻌﺎﻳ‪ Ne‬اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫§ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟـ ـﺜﻼث ‪‰‬ﻌﻄﻰ ﺛﻼث ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ أو اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻧﻘﻮم ﻓ‪ƒ²‬ﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺎس اﻟ ـ ‪ ،Insertion Loss‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﺟ‪b‬ﺰة اﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫§ اﳌﺼﺪر ﺿﻮ‪Ç‬ﻲ ‪.Optical Light source OLS‬‬
‫§ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪.Optical Power Meter OPM‬‬
‫§ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﺟ‪b‬ﺰة اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ‪. OLTS‬‬
‫§ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺜﻼث ‪‰‬ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻧﻔﺲ اﳌﺒﺪأ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ‪V‬ﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﻀﺒﻂ اﻟـﻤﺮﺟﻊ ا‪.0dB \Œ‬‬
‫‪90‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺜﻼث ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟـ ـ ‪Insertion Loss‬‬
‫‪91‬‬
‫§ ‪V‬ﻨﺎﻟﻚ اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺑ‪e‬ن اﳌﻌﺎﻳ‪ Ne‬اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑ‪e‬ن ﻧﻮ‪ 8ù‬اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪ 87‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻄﺮ‪.‬ﻘﺔ اﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎس ‪ 8Ë‬ﻧﻔﺴ‪b‬ﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻐ‪:Ne‬‬
‫§ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪ MM‬وﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻩ ‪.OFTP-14‬‬
‫§ أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪ SM‬وﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻩ ‪.OFTP-7‬‬
‫§ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ا‪¥ ٣ \Œ‬ﺎﺑﻼت ﺑﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ‪ Reference Cable‬ﻛﺤﺪ أﻗ‪.Ä-ç‬‬
‫‪92‬‬
‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻷول ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪– Insertion Loss‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤ‪1N‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫§ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻷول ‪¤‬ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓ‪ƒ²‬ﺎ ﻛﻴﺒﻞ ﻣﺮﺟ÷‪ 8‬واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ)‪.(0dBm‬‬

‫‪OLS‬‬
‫§ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓ‪ƒ²‬ﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﺟ‪b‬ﺰة‪/‬اﳌ‪I‬ﻮﻧﺎت ﻛﻤﺎ ‪ 8Ë‬ﻣﻮ‪Sï‬ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة‪.‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫§ اﻹﺟﺮاء )‪ :(A‬ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺮ‪º‬ﻂ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮﺟ÷‪ 8‬اﻷول ﺑ‪e‬ن ‪ OLS‬و ‪OPM‬‬
‫و‪û‬ﻌﺪ‪V‬ﺎ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺼﻔ‪ Ne‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﺮج اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪Pout = 0dBm‬‬

‫‪OPM‬‬
‫وﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﻔﺼﻠﮫ ﻋﻦ ‪ OPM‬وﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﮫ ‪ 87‬اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي ‪Cable Plant‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬اﻟﻄﺮ‪k‬ﻘﺔ اﻷو¿‪ 4‬ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟـ ـ ‪Insertion Loss‬‬ ‫اﳌﺮاد ﻓﺤﺼﮫ )‪.(A: Launch cable‬‬
‫‪93‬‬
‫§ اﻹﺟﺮاء )‪ :(B‬ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻴﺒﻞ ﻣﺮﺟ÷‪ 8‬آﺧﺮ ‪ 87‬اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷﺧ‪ Ne‬ﻣﻦ ‪OPM‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪OLS‬‬ ‫ور‪º‬ﻄﮫ ‪ 87‬ﻛﻴﺒﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي اﳌﺮاد ﻓﺤﺼﮫ )‪(B: Receive Refer. cable‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫§ اﻷﺟﺮاء )‪ :(C‬ﺑﻤﺎ أﻧﻨﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺮﺟﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 87‬اﻹﺟﺮاء )‪ ،(1‬ﻧﻘﻮم اﻵن‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟ‪I‬ﻠﻴﺔ ‪ Loss‬ﺑ‪e‬ن ﻃﺮ‪ 87‬ا‹¼‪b‬ﺎز‪ ،‬و‪V‬ﺬا ﻳ‪Å‬ﺒﻊ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 87‬اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮﺟ÷‪ 8‬اﻷول )‪. (A: Launch Cable‬‬
‫‪OPM‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 87‬اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮﺟ÷‪ 8‬اﻵﺧﺮ )‪. (B: Receive Refer. cable‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬اﻟﻄﺮ‪k‬ﻘﺔ اﻷو¿‪ 4‬ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟـ ـ ‪Insertion Loss‬‬ ‫§ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻜ[‪Cable Plant 87 8‬‬
‫‪94‬‬
‫ﻳ‹ﺒﻊ‪،،،‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫§ أﺣﺪ اﳌﺸﺎ¡ﻞ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ‪k‬ﺬا اﻷﺳﻠﻮب أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬

‫‪OLS‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟ{ﺎﺑﻼت اﻟﺒﺼﺮ<ﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‪:‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫§ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ‪ Connectors‬وا‪SR‬ﻮﻻت ‪ Adapters‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫أﺟ‪b‬ﺰة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ا‪cR‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ )ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ اﳌ‪I‬ﻮﻧﺎت ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت‬
‫‪OPM‬‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬اﻟﻄﺮ‪k‬ﻘﺔ اﻷو¿‪ 4‬ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟـ ـ ‪Insertion Loss‬‬
‫‪95‬‬
‫‪96‬‬
‫أﺟ‪#‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ 10‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪8‬ﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ=> ًﺎ‪ً ٢-‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻗﻴﺎس ‪ Insertion Loss‬وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﮫ ﻧﻈﺮ‪8‬ﺎ وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻄﺮ‪T‬ﻘﺔ اﻷو ‪ w‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ‪:OFSTP-14‬‬
‫§ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓ‪•Í‬ﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﺟ‪L‬ﺰة‪/‬اﻷدوات اﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﳌﺼﺪر ﺿﻮ‪v‬ﻲ ‪Optical Light source OLS‬‬ ‫§‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪Optical Power Meter OPM‬‬ ‫§‬
‫ﻧﻮع ‪(2m) Reference Cable MM‬‬ ‫§ ﻋﺪد ‪‰ ٢‬ﺎﺑﻼت ﺑﺼﺮ=ﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺪد ‪ ١‬ﻛﻴﺒﻞ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺑﺼﺮي ﻧﻮع ‪(5m) MM‬‬ ‫§‬
‫§ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس )‪ (dB/dBm‬ﺑ‪D‬ن ‪ OLS‬و ‪.OPM‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﺴﺎء‬ ‫§ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮ·‪ 4‬اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑ‪D‬ن ‪ OLS‬و ‪.OPM‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟـ ـ ‪Insertion Loss‬‬ ‫•ﺸﺎط‪ :١-‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟ{ﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻧﻈﺮ<ﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر‬
‫ً‬
‫‪ ،TIA568‬وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﮫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ؟ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟ{ﻠﻴﺔ ‪: Loss Budget‬‬
‫‪97‬‬
‫أﺟ‪#‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ 10‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪8‬ﺔ وﺗ ًﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ=> ًﺎ‪٢-‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻗﻴﺎس ‪ Insertion Loss‬وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﮫ ﻧﻈﺮ‪8‬ﺎ وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ ‪ : -‬ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟـ ـ ‪Insertion Loss‬‬
‫‪98‬‬
‫اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺘﺪر<=> اﻟﺮ ا‪p‬ﻊ‬

‫§ ﻳﺘﺪرب ﻋ‪ ·N‬اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺜﻼث‬
‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺜﺎ‪L‬ﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪Insertion Loss‬‬ ‫§‬
‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺣﺴﺐ اﳌﻌﻴﺎر‬
‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪Insertion Loss‬‬ ‫§‬
‫‪.FOA‬‬ ‫أﺟ‪f‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل‬
‫‪ 90‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق ‪ ,+‬اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﺑ‪8‬ن اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫§‬ ‫اﻷو‪WV‬‬
‫§ ﻳﺘﻌﺮف ﻋ‪ ·N‬ﺟ@ﺎز ‪OTDR‬‬ ‫وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪ji‬ﺎ ‪٢ -‬‬
‫ﺟ@ﺎز اﻻ‪L‬ﻌ‪A‬ﺎس اﻟﺰﻣ®¯ ‪.OTDR‬‬ ‫§‬
‫وﻣﻔ@ﻮم ﻋﻤﻠﮫ وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪.OTDR ,+‬‬ ‫§‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻓﻴﮫ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺮ ا‪D‬ﻊ‬
‫§ ﻳﺘﺪرب ﻋ‪ ·N‬اﻟﻄﺮق اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪,+‬‬ ‫§ ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪OTDR ,+‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟ ـ ‪.OTDR‬‬ ‫§ اﻟﻄﺮ‪3‬ﻘﺔ اﻷو‪Single Ended ·à‬‬ ‫أﺟ‪f‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل‬
‫‪ 75‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫§ ﻳ‪A‬ﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﮫ اﳌﻘﺪرة ﻋ‪ ·N‬ﻓ@ﻢ‬ ‫§ اﻟﻄﺮ‪3‬ﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪Double Ended‬‬ ‫وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪ji‬ﺎ ‪٢ -‬‬
‫ﻗﺮاءات وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ‪.OTDR‬‬ ‫§ ﻗﺮاءات وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ‪) OTDR‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤ‪.(,N‬‬
‫‪99‬‬
‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺜﺎ[ﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪ – Insertion Loss‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤ‪8ƒ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪OLS‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎس ‪Insertion‬‬ ‫§ ‪ 87‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ‪ Connectors‬ﻣﻊ أﺟ‪b‬ﺰة‬
‫‪ ،Loss‬ﻋ[\ ﺳ^ﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‪ LCCDEFG :‬ﻣﻊ ‪STHIJ‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬
‫'&‪ LC#$%‬ﻣﻊ *)(‪ST‬‬ ‫§ ‪¤‬ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪V 87‬ﺬا اﻷﺳﻠﻮب و‪I.‬ﻮن ﻓﻴﮫ ﻋﺪد ‪¥ ٢‬ﺎﺑﻼت ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ‪¥‬ﺎﻵ‪‰‬ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .A‬اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮﺟ÷‪ 8‬اﻷول )‪. (Launch Cable‬‬
‫‪ .B‬اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮﺟ÷‪ 8‬اﻟﺜﺎ‪¤‬ﻲ )‪. (Receive Refer. cable‬‬
‫‪OPM‬‬ ‫‪g‬ﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ‪ Duplex cable‬أو ‪Male/Female‬‬ ‫§ ‪V‬ﺬا اﻷﺳﻠﻮب ﻻ‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺜﺎ‪À‬ﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟـ ـ ‪Insertion Loss‬‬ ‫‪.Connectors‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺜﺎ[ﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪– Insertion Loss‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤ‪1N‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬
‫'&‪ LC#$%‬ﻣﻊ *)(‪ST‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪OLS‬‬
‫‪OPM‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺜﺎ‪À‬ﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟـ ـ ‪Insertion Loss‬‬
‫‪101‬‬
‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪ – Insertion Loss‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤ‪8ƒ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪OLS‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫§ ‪ 87‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻴﺒﻞ ‪ Duplex‬أو ‪.Male/Female Connectors‬‬
‫§ ﻋ[\ ﺳ^ﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‪MTP/MTO Connectors :‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫'&‪ LC#$%‬ﻣﻊ *)(‪ST‬‬ ‫§ ‪¤‬ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪V 87‬ﺬا اﻷﺳﻠﻮب و‪I.‬ﻮن ﻓﻴﮫ ﻋﺪد ‪¥ ٣‬ﺎﺑﻼت ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ‪¥‬ﺎﻵ‪‰‬ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .A‬اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮﺟ÷‪ 8‬اﻷول )‪. (Launch Cable‬‬
‫‪ .B‬اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮﺟ÷‪ 8‬اﻟﺜﺎ‪¤‬ﻲ )‪. (Receive Refer. cable‬‬

‫‪OPM‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟـ ـ ‪Insertion Loss‬‬ ‫‪ .C‬اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮﺟ÷‪ 8‬اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ )ﻻﺳ‪Å‬ﺒﺪال اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮاد ﻓﺤﺼﮫ(‪ ،‬ﻳﻔ‪Nq‬ض‬
‫أن ﻳ‪I‬ﻮن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪V 87‬ﺬا اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ ‪V‬ﻮ اﻷﻗﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪102‬‬
‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪ – Insertion Loss‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤ‪8ƒ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪OLS‬‬
‫§ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻷﺟﺮاء ‪ 87‬اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻷول واﻟﺜﺎ‪¤‬ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف‪،‬‬
‫و‪V‬ﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ أﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺪد ‪¥ ٣‬ﺎﺑﻼت ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎ‪ 8Œ‬ﺗﻢ أﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺪد‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫'&‪ LC#$%‬ﻣﻊ *)(‪ST‬‬
‫‪ ٢‬ﻓﻘﺪ ‪ 87‬اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ ‪é‬ﺸ‪I‬ﻞ ‪ƒð‬ﺎ‪Ç‬ﻲ ﺳﺘ‪I‬ﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟ‪ƒÌ‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺪرة ‪ OPM 87‬أﻗﻞ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ﻋﺪد اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻼت اﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪OPM‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟـ ـ ‪Insertion Loss‬‬
‫‪103‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮق ‪ 10‬اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﺑ‪a‬ن اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪل )اﻟﺘﻐﻴ‪Error (‹s‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪Measured Loss‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺜﻼث‬

‫‪+/- 0.05 dB‬‬ ‫§ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳﮫ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪد ‪ 2‬ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ‪ 4J‬اﻟ‪>Ã‬ﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1-Cable‬‬
‫§ أﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻷول ‪1-Cable 4J‬‬
‫‪+/- 0.2 dB‬‬ ‫‪2-Cable‬‬
‫§ ﻋﺪد ‪ 1‬ﻣﻮﺻﻞ )‪(-0.3 to -0.5 dB‬‬
‫§ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪2-Cable / 1-Cable 4J‬‬
‫‪+/- 0.25 dB‬‬ ‫‪3-Cable‬‬
‫§ ﻋﺪد ‪ 2‬ﻣﻮﺻﻼت )‪(-0.5 to -1 dB‬‬
‫‪104‬‬
‫ا—˜ﺪول ‪ : -‬ﻳﻮ‪ ÇÆ‬اﻟﻔﺮوﻗﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﺑ‪V‬ن اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﺟ‪#‬ﺎز اﻻ[ﻌ‪g‬ﺎس اﻟﺰﻣ‪ ih‬اﻟﺒﺼﺮي ‪OTDR‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬ﺟ‪u‬ﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس ‪Optical Time Domain Reflector OTDR‬‬
‫‪105‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 10‬ﺟ‪#‬ﺎز‪OTDR‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻼت‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ •‪z‬ﺎم‬
‫اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳﮫ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ‪Tracing‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ ‪ : -‬ﻣﻔ‪u‬ﻮم ﺟ‪u‬ﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس ‪ OTDR‬ﻣﻊ‬

‫‪106‬‬
‫§ ﺟ‪b‬ﺎز اﻻ‪¤‬ﻌ‪I‬ﺎس اﻟﺰﻣ‪ Z³‬اﻟﻜ[‪Optical Time Domain Reflector 8‬‬

‫‪.OTDR‬‬
‫§ ‪V‬ﺬا ا‹¼‪b‬ﺎز ‪g‬ﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﺮ‪.‬ﻘﺔ ﻏ‪ Ne‬ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة )أي ﺑﺪون ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ( وﻗﻴﺎﺳﮫ‬
‫ﻳ‪I‬ﻮن ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫§ ‪g‬ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻴﮫ اﻟﻀﻮء اﳌﻨﻌﻜﺲ اﳌﺒﻌ¾‪ ،(Backscattered light) N‬واﻟﺬي‬
‫ﺴﺎءء‬
‫ﻟﺘ‪Å‬ﺒﻣﻊﺤﻴوﻂ•‪¤‬اﻟﻜﺸﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪد ﻓﻴﮫ أﺷ‪I‬ﺎل اﻟﻔﻘﺪ داﺧﻞ ﻛﻴﺒﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬ﻟﻘﻄﺔ‪/‬ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﻓﺤﺺ ‪ OTDR‬داﺧﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‪/‬ﻟﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪث داﺧﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪.‬‬
‫‪107‬‬
‫ً‬
‫§ ﻛﻤﺎ ‪¤‬ﻌﻠﻢ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ أن اﻟ ـ ‪g OTDR‬ﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ‪Backscattered‬‬
‫‪ ،light‬و‪V‬ﻮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 87‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻔ‪b‬ﻮم ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟ ـ‬

‫‪ OTDR‬ﻳﻘﻮم ﻋ[\ اﻵ‪‰‬ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫§ إرﺳﺎل إﺷﺎرة‪ /‬ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ذات ﻗﺪرة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ا‪ \Œ‬ا‪¼R‬ﺎل )اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ‬
‫اﳌﺮاد ﻓﺤﺼﮫ(‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺟ‪b‬ﺎز اﻟ ـ ‪ OTDR‬ﻳﻘﻮم ﻳﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻀﻮء اﳌﺘﺒﻌ¾‪ Scattering N‬اﳌﺮﺗﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﺴﺎء ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ‪OTDR‬‬
‫§ أﺧﺬ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺪل ‪.SNR‬‬
‫‪108‬‬
‫§ ﻋﺮض اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ اﳌﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠ‪b‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺑﺈﻣ‪I‬ﺎن ﺟ‪b‬ﺎز اﻟـ ـ ‪ OTDR‬ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ﻋﻦ ا‹‪S‬ﺎﻻت اﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫§ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻧ‪Å‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ‪.Connector‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻧ‪Å‬ﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟ‪SÍ‬ﺎم ‪.Splice‬‬
‫§ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻜ[‪ 8‬ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي )‪.(dB/Km‬‬
‫§ ﻃﻮل ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻴﺒﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي )‪.(KM‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬ﻟﻘﻄﺔ‪/‬ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﻓﺤﺺ ‪ OTDR‬داﺧﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‬
‫§ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء ‪ 87 Faults‬اﻟ‪I‬ﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪.‬‬
‫‪109‬‬
‫أﺟ‪#‬ﺰة ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ 10‬اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪8‬ﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ=>ﺎ‪٢-‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪ 10‬ﺟ‪#‬ﺎز ‪OTDR‬‬
‫اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ﻓ‪>Ô‬ﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ وا‪À‬ﻌ‪$‬ﺎﺳﺎت‬

‫«ﺬا اﳌﻨﺤﺪر ﻳﺒ‪V‬ن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬
‫‪attenuation‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻧ‪Q‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﻟ‪ÓÒ‬ﺎم‬ ‫ً‬

‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻧ‪Q‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﻟ‪ÓÒ‬ﺎم ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﺴﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ×>ﺎ ا‪À‬ﻌ‪$‬ﺎﺳﺎت‬
‫اﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ا¿] ‪>Ð‬ﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ‪ : -‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ داﺧﻞ اﻟـ ـ ‪OTDR‬‬

‫‪110‬‬
‫‪111‬‬
‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪ OTDR‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﳌﻌﺎﻳ‪LP‬اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮاد ﻓﺤﺼﮫ‬
‫ﻻ ‪b‬ﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟـ ـ ‪OTDR‬‬

‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮ‪T‬ﻘﺔ اﻷو ‪Pulse Suppressor/ Testing Initial Connector :w‬‬
‫‪Launch Cable‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮ‪T‬ﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪Testing Far End Connector :‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ‪ 4J‬اﻟﻄﺮف ﻣﺎ ‪M‬ﻌﺪ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ‬
‫‪Reference Cable‬‬
‫‪112‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮ<ﻘﺔ اﻷو‪ :Ž¹‬اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ )‪Pulse Suppressor (Single Ended‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻄﺮ‪T‬ﻘﺔ اﻷو ‪ w‬ﻟﻠﻔﺤﺺ ~ﺴ¬‪ ،Pulse Suppressor -‬و®ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ¯‪°‬ﺎ اﻵ~ﻲ‪:‬‬

‫§ ﻛﻴﺒﻞ ﻣﺮﺟ‪ :(Launch Cable) 4Ì‬واﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻨﮫ ”ﺴ‪L‬ﻴﻞ اﻟﺘ‪ƒ‬ﺒﻊ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻛﻴﺒﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﻀﻮ‪v‬ﻲ اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳﮫ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻘﻮم اﻟ ـ ‪ OTDR‬ﺑﺤﺴﺎب‪:‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 43‬وﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮﺟ‪ ،Launch Cable 4Ì‬و ‪b‬ﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ‪43‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮ^ﻘﺔ اﻷو_‪Pulse Suppressor/ Testing Initial Connector :C‬‬ ‫§ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 43‬اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳﮫ‪ ،‬إ‪ Xl‬اﻟﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ واﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﮫ أي ‪ŸÅÎ‬ء‪.‬‬
‫‪113‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮ<ﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ )‪Far Ended (Double Ended‬‬
‫§ ‪R‬ﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮ‪T‬ﻘﺔ ~ﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎ‪sR‬ن و®ﺴﺘﺨﺪم !" وﺻﻠﺘ‪s‬ن ‪³‬ﺎﻵ~ﻲ‪:‬‬

‫§ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮﺟ‪ :Launch Cable 4Ì‬واﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻨﮫ ”ﺴ‪L‬ﻴﻞ اﻟﺘ‪ƒ‬ﺒﻊ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻛﻴﺒﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﻀﻮ‪v‬ﻲ اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳﮫ ‪.Cable Test Plant‬‬
‫§ ﻛﻴﺒﻞ ‪.Receive Cable‬‬
‫§ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻘﻮم اﻟ ـ ‪ OTDR‬ﺑﺤﺴﺎب‪:‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 43‬وﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮﺟ‪ ،Launch Cable 4Ì‬و ‪b‬ﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت ‪ 43‬اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ‬
‫واﻟ‪•Á‬ﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮ[ﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎ‪k‬ﻲ ‪Far Ended (Double Ended) :‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 43‬اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ اﳌﺮاد ﻗﻴﺎﺳﮫ‪ ،‬إ‪ Xl‬ﻃﺮف اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪114‬‬
‫ﻗﺮاءة ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟـ ـ ‪OTDR‬‬
‫ﺳﺆال‪:‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫‪M‬ﻌﺪ اﻟﻘﺮاءة‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﳌﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ‪k‬ﺎ وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬
‫اﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﳌﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫ا¨‪Ó‬ﺪدات ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐ‪ 4J WV‬أي ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻷو‪ :Xl‬ﻗﺮاءة ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﻘﺪ واﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪115‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻘﺮاءة‪« ،‬ﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎق‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻗﺮاءة ﻓﻘﺪ اﳌﻮﺻﻼت وﻧﻘﺎط اﻟ‪UÉ‬ﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﺴﻤﻮح ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ‪TIA‬‬
‫‪116‬‬
‫ﻧ‪Q‬ﻴﺠﺔ «ﺬﻩ‬
‫اﻻ‪À‬ﻌ‪$‬ﺎﺳﺎت‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ‪ 4Ý‬ﻣﺴ‪O‬ﺒﺎت اﻻ‪À‬ﻌ‪$‬ﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ؟‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﻗﺮاءة اﻻ˜ﻌ•ﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ )‪(Optical Return Loss‬‬
‫‪117‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ‬

‫اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬
‫أﻋ\] ﻓﻘﺪ < أﻗﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ < أﻋ\] ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﺮا‘ﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑ‪D‬ن ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟ‪UÏ‬ﻴﺤﺔ وا‪ÃT‬ﺎﻃﺌﺔ ‪ 43‬اﳌﻮﺻﻼت وﻧﻘﺎط اﻟ‪UÉ‬ﺎم‬
‫‪118‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﳌﺮﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ‪PDF‬‬
‫‪119‬‬
‫ا‪sr‬ﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬
‫و‪ƒð 87‬ﺎﻳﺔ ‪V‬ﺬا اﻟ‪NM‬ﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺪر‪ ،ZY.‬ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﺪرب ﻋ[\ ﻋﺪة ﻣ‪b‬ﺎرات ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪ 87‬ﻣﺠﺎل‬
‫ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ 87‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟ‪ Zl‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄ‪ƒð‬ﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻷ‪V‬ﺪاف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ً‬
‫§ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋ[\ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ وﻣﺴ^ﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ 87‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫§ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣ‪ze‬ان اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ Loss Budget‬ﻧﻈﺮ‪.‬ﺎ وﻣﻘﺎرﻧ„‪ƒ‬ﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫§ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋ[\ ﻣُﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻷﻋﻄﺎل واﻷﺟ‪b‬ﺰة اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟ‪b‬ﺎ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‚‪ƒ‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫§ اﻟﺘﺪرب ﻋ[\ اﻟﻄﺮق ا‹‪c‬ﻤﺴﺔ ‪ 87‬ﻛﺸﻒ اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ﺣﺴﺐ اﳌﻌﻴﺎر ‪.TIA/FOA‬‬
‫§ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋ[\ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻘﺮاءات واﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟ‪b‬ﺰة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ا‪cR‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪120‬‬
‫اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ‬
§ Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice, 3rd Edition John M.

Senior and M. Yousif Jamro, Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright 2009,
Pages: 1075
§ Optical Fiber Communications, 4th Edition, Gerd Keiser, Published by Tata

McGraw-Hill. Copyright 2008, Pages: 580
§ Installing and Testing Fiber Optics, FOA, 2016.
§ Fiber Optic Testing, FOA, 2017.
121
‫ﺗﻢ ﺑﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ‬
‫‪122‬‬

إكتشاف الأعطال في الألياف البصرية

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إكتشاف الأعطال في الألياف البصرية

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‫إﻛ‪#‬ﺸﺎف اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ‪ .

‫م‪ .‬ﻣ ـ&'ﺪ ﺳﻠ‪+‬ﻤﺎن اﻟـﺰﻏ‪+‬ـ‪ 3‬ـﻲ‬ ‫‪ ١٤٤١‬ﻫـ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬

‫إدارة اﻟﺘﺪر‪:‬ﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺪر‪,‬ﺐ‬

‫‪V‬ﺬا اﻟ‪NM‬ﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪g‬ﻌﺘ‪ NM‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋ[‪ 8‬وﻣﺤﺘﻮ‪.‬ﺎﺗﮫ ﺳﺘ‪I‬ﻮن ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ‬

‫§ أ‪V‬ﻤﻴﺔ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ‪ 87‬اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪.‬‬

‫اﻟ‪M‬ﺪف اﻟﺴﻠﻮ‪O‬ﻲ‪ /‬اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴ‪/ SR‬‬ ‫ا‪GF‬ﻠﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬

‫‪ 15‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﺳ‪Nq‬اﺣـ ـ ـ ـﺔ‬ ‫اﻷول‬

‫§ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪V :‬ﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ إﺷﺎرة ﻣﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﺗ‪J‬ﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ وﺳﻂ إ‪ \Œ‬وﺳﻂ آﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫‪O‬ﺎﺑﻞ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬

‫اﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺮﺋ‪0‬ﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ 87‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ<ﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ;‬

‫§ ﻋﺮض ﻧﻄﺎق ‪FE‬ﻢ ‪:Enormous Bandwidth‬‬

‫اﻟﺸ‪n‬ﻞ‪Wave Division Multiplexing WDM :٤-‬‬

‫§ اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﻜ‪Z‬ﺮ[ﺎ\ﻲ ‪:Electrical Isolation‬‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪Noise immunity in fiber transmission‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸ‪n‬ﻞ‪:٥-‬‬

‫§ ﻛ‪Lr‬ة اﳌﻮاﺻﻔﺎت واﳌﻌﺎﻳ‪ LP‬اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ‪: Standardizations‬‬

‫§ ﻣﻌـﺎﻳ‪ Ne‬وﻣﻮاﺻـﻔﺎت اﻟﻔﺤـﺺ وﻛﺸـﻒ اﻷﻋﻄـﺎل ‪TIA568 & FOA-‬‬

‫§ ﺻﻌﻮ[ﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎج إ‪ \Œ‬ﻣ‪b‬ﺎرة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓ‪ Z³‬اﻟ‪Nq‬ﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬

‫اﻷﻗﻤﺎراﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات اﳌﺮور‪+‬ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‪n‬ﺎﻣ‪}D‬ات اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟˆ}اﺳﻞ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒ‪n‬ﺎت ا‚„ﺎﺳﺐ ا…„ﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ا‚‪ƒ‬ﻮادم‬

‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﺴﺎراﻟ{ﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺮي‬

‫§ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن دﻟﻴﻞ )ﻣﻮﺟﮫ( اﳌﻮﺟﺔ ‪ 87 Waveguide‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ<ﺔ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪.Multimode, Step index (SI) fiber‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪.Multimode, Graded index (GI) fiber‬‬

‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ‪Refractive index profiles of (a) SI fiber (b) GI fiber :٩-‬‬

‫اﳌﻮﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻋ‪ NM‬اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‪.‬‬

(Step Index) ‫ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬:١١-‫ﻞ‬A‫اﻟﺸ‬ q Shorter Distances

Cladding diameter ‫ﻗﻄﺮاﻟﻜﺴﺎء‬ 125 µm 125 - 500 µm 100 - 150 µm

Buffer jacket diameter‫ﺎﺟﺰ‬UF‫ﻗﻄﺮا‬ 250 - 1000 µm 250 - 1000 µm 250 - 1000 µm

2 – 5 dB/km 2.6 – 50 dB/km 2 – 10 dB/km

‫§ اﻟﻄﻮل اﳌﻮˆ‪ : λ 8‬ﻣﺼﻄ‪ ÎÍ‬ﻳﺒ‪e‬ن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮫ ﻟﻮن أﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء‪ ،‬ووﺣﺪة‬

‫§ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ‪ :Bandwidth‬ﻋﺮض ﻧﻄﺎق اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬ﺔ ) ‪Range‬‬

‫‪ (of signal frequency‬أو ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺒﺖ )‪ (Bit Rate‬اﻟﺬي ﺳ—ﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ‬

Material absorption losses (attenuation Factor)

Losses in fiber optic transmission

87 ‫( ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋ[\ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬Attenuation) ‫§ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬

Curve and fiber bending losses (Connection Factor)

Losses in fiber optic transmission

‫ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ )اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ*ﺔ( وذﻟﻚ‬S› ‫ﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬J‫ﻣﺴ‬

Multimode Step Index 200/240 microns 6 dB/km --- ---

50/125 microns 3 dB/km 1 dB/km ---

Multimode Graded 62.5/125 microns 3 dB/km 1 dB/km ---

100/140 microns* 3 dB/km 1 dB/km ---

Singlemode 9/125 microns --- 0.4-0.5 dB/km 0.2-0.3 dB/km

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب‬

‫§ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ا‹‪c‬ﺮج اﻟ‪I‬ﻠﻴﺔ )‪¥ (Pout‬ﺎﻵ‪‰‬ﻲ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺸ‪$‬ﻞ‪ :١٤-‬ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ اﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ‪ 4J‬اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ‪M‬ﺴ‪O‬ﺐ اﻟ‪Q‬ﺸ‪Q‬ﺖ ‪Dispersion‬‬

‫)‪(40 km‬‬ ‫)‪(40 km‬‬

‫)‪(Fiber input‬‬ ‫)‪(Distinguishable fiber output‬‬ ‫)‪(Indistinguishable fiber output‬‬

‫§ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ا‹‪S‬ﺪ اﻷﻗ‪ Ä-ç‬ﳌﻌﺪل اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت )‪ (Bandwidth‬ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎف‬

‫§ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟ‹ﺸ‹ﺖ اﻷﻗﻞ ‪ 87 Lower Dispersion‬ﻧﻮع اﻟﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي‬

‫اﻟ‪M‬ﺪف اﻟﺴﻠﻮ‪O‬ﻲ‪ /‬اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴ‪/ SR‬‬ ‫ا‪GF‬ﻠﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬

‫§ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻄﺮﻗﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺲ ‪é‬ﺸ‪I‬ﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻇﻮا‪V‬ﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪ 87‬اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬

‫)‪1. Curve and fiber bending losses (Connection Factor‬‬

‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ ›‪ S‬اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ )اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺒﺼﺮ*ﺔ( وذﻟﻚ‬

‫اﻟﺸ‪A‬ﻞ‪(B) Macro Bending Loss :١٨-‬‬

‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪاراﻟﻔﻘﺪ ‪ Loss‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎءات‬

‫§ ﻧ‪Å‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑ‪e‬ن ﻗﻄﺮي اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ‪ Core‬و اﻟﻜﺴﺎء ‪.Cladding‬‬

‫§ ﻧ‪Å‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﺧﺘﻼف ‪ 87‬اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ ‪.Numerical Aperture NA‬‬

‫§ ﻧ‪Å‬ﻴﺠﺔ وﺟﻮد ﻋﻴﻮب ﻣﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪.Core Ellipticity, Core Non-Concentricity‬‬

‫§ ﻧ‪Å‬ﻴﺠﺔ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑ‪e‬ن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر ‪ Refractive Index‬ﺑ‪e‬ن اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻟﻜﺴﺎء‪.‬‬

‫§ ﻧ‹ﻴﺠﺔ اﺧﺘﻼف أو ﻋﺪم ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ ‪:Numerical Aperture NA‬‬

‫‪Tx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Rx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Tx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Rx fiber‬‬

‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪Tx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Rx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Tx fiber‬‬ ‫‪Rx fiber‬‬