DATA

# WHAT IS DATA
Data is a collection of information that is gathered through observations, measurements,
research, or analysis.

DATA

LONG FORM WIDE FORM

# LONG FORM
SN ROLL NAME SUB 1 SUB 2 SUB 3
1 1001 SHISHIR 50 35 45
2 1002 ABHINANDNA 55 32 29

# WIDE FORM
SN ROLL SUBJECTS MARKS
1 1001 SUB 1 50
2 1002 SUB 2 35
3 1003 SUB 3 45
4 1004 SUB 4 55
5 1005 SUB 5 32
6 1006 SUB 6 29
# PROBLEM SOLVING USING DATA
PROBLEM SOLVING USING DATA

SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE
( ASSUMING ) ( USING DATA )

 Data comes from measurement.

NOTE :

BIAS: It is a term in data collection and statical analysis.

POPULATION : No. of all possible observation points.
Population also called census inquiry.

# SAMPLING
Sampling is a statistical analysis process that allows researchers to study a large group by
using a small portion of the population.
Sampling is a time-efficient and cost-effective method that forms the basis of any research
design.

SYSTMATIC RANDOM
SAMPLING SAMPLING

SAMPLING

CONVINENT/ STRATIFIED
DELIBERATE
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
#SYSTMATIC SAMPLING: In systematic sampling, researchers select members of the
population at a regular interval. For example, they might select every 15th person on a list of
the population. The interval is calculated by dividing the population size by the desired
sample size.

# RANDOM SAMPLING: In simple random sampling, the researcher randomly selects a

subset of participants from a population. Each member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected. Data is then collected from as large a percentage as possible of
this random subset.

# CONVINENT SMAPLING/ DELIBERATE SAMPLING: Convenience sampling is a non-

probability sampling method that involves collecting data from a group of people who are
easily accessible to the researcher. The individuals in the sample are selected based on their
accessibility, rather than being drawn at random from a larger population.

# STRATIFIED SAMPLING: Stratified sampling is a statistical method that divides a

population into smaller groups, or strata, based on common characteristics. The strata are
then sampled independently.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify,
select, process, and analzye information about a topic.

# TYPE OF RESEARCH
1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH: Descriptive research is a research method
that describes the characteristics of a population or phenomenon. It can
answer "what," "where," "when," and "how" questions, but not "why"
questions.
2. ANALYTICAL RESEARCH: Analytical research is a specific type of
research that involves critical thinking skills and. the evaluation of facts
and information relative to the research being conducted.
A variety of people including students, doctors and psychologists use
analytical research during studies to find the most relevant information.

3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Qualitative research involves collecting and

analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand
concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth
insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
4. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: Surveys and questionnaires serve as
common examples of quantitative research. They involve collecting data
from many respondents and analyzing the results to identify trends,
patterns, and correlations.
5. CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH: Conceptual research is defined as a
methodology wherein research is conducted by observing and analyzing
already present information on a given topic.
6. EMPIRICAL RESEARCH: Empirical research is research that is based on
observation and measurement of phenomena, as directly experienced by
the researcher. The data thus gathered may be compared against a theory
or hypothesis, but the results are still based on real life experience.
7. APPLIED RESEARCH: Applied research refers to scientific study and
research that seeks to solve practical problems. This type of research
plays an important role in solving everyday problems that can have an
impact on life, work, health, and overall well-being

#METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

OBSERVATION INTERVIEW SENSOR DEVICES/

METHOD METHOD MECHINICAL DEVICE