RESEARCH REVIEWER
Two primary types of sampling methods:
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- research deals in numbers, logic, and an
objective stance.
- focuses on numeric and unchanging data
and detailed, convergent reasoning rather
than divergent reasoning
-uses tabular or graphs
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
-can be defined as the study of the nature of
phenomena and is especially appropriate for
answering questions of why something is
(not) observed, assessing complex multi-
component interventions, and focusing on
intervention
-focuses in understanding a research query as
a humanistic or idealistic approach.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
-are studies that aim to evaluate interventions
but that do not use randomization. Similar to
randomized trials, this aim to demonstrate
causality between an intervention and an
outcome.
- a type of research design that attempts to
establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
-a framework of protocols and procedures
created to conduct experimental research
with a scientific approach using two sets of
variables.
- To design a controlled experiment, you
need: A testable hypothesis. At least one
independent variable that can be precisely
manipulated.
SAMPLING METHOD
-To draw valid conclusions from your results,
you have to carefully decide how you will
select a sample that is representative of the
group as a whole.
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- involves random selection, allowing
you to make strong statistical
inferences about the whole group.
Probability sampling methods:
1. Simple random sampling
-In a simple random sample, every member of
the population has an equal chance of being
selected. Your sampling frame should include
the whole population.
2. Systematic sampling
- is similar to simple random sampling, but it is
usually slightly easier to conduct. Every
member of the population is listed with a
number, but instead of randomly generating
numbers, individuals are chosen at regular
intervals.
3. Stratified sampling
- involves dividing the population into
subpopulations that may differ in important
ways. It allows you draw more precise
conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup
is properly represented in the sample.
4. Cluster sampling
- also involves dividing the population into
subgroups, but each subgroup should have
similar characteristics to the whole sample.
Instead of sampling individuals from each
subgroup, you randomly select entire
subgroups.
- Multistage sampling
-or multistage cluster sampling, you
draw a sample from a population using
smaller and smaller groups at each
stage. This method is often used to
collect data from a large,
geographically spread group of people
in national surveys
  NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
-involves non-random selection based
on convenience or other criteria,
allowing you to easily collect data.
1. Convenience sampling
- simply includes the individuals who happen
to be most accessible to the researcher.
2. Voluntary response sampling
- Similar to a convenience sample, is mainly
based on ease of access. Instead of the
researcher choosing participants and directly
contacting them, people volunteer
themselves
3. Purposive sampling
- This type of sampling, also known as
judgement sampling, involves the researcher
using their expertise to select a sample that is
most useful to the purposes of the research.
4. Snowball sampling
-If the population is hard to access, this can be
used to recruit participants via other
participants. The number of people you have
access to “snowballs” as you get in contact
with more people.
SOUND PROJECT EVALUATION
-is a systematic and objective assessment of
an ongoing or completed project. 1 The aim is
to determine the relevance and level of
achievement of project objectives,
development effectiveness, efficiency, impact
and sustainability.
-main types of evaluation are process, impact,
outcome and summative evaluation.
Reliability refers to the consistency of a
measure (whether the results can be
reproduced under the same conditions).
Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure
(whether the results really do represent what
they are supposed to measure).
The purpose of establishing reliability and
validity in research is essentially to ensure
that data are sound and replicable, and the
results are accurate. The evidence of validity
and reliability are prerequisites to assure the
integrity and quality of a measurement
instrument [Kimberlin & Winterstein, 2008].
Data-collection instruments
 Tests
 Questionnaires
 Inventories
 Interview schedules or guides
 Rating scales
 Survey plans
Data Gathering Procedure
 Seek permission
 Draft questionnaire
 Float the questionnaire
 Retrieve Data
 Analyze Data
Phases In Collecting/Analyzing Data
1. Define your question
2. Set clear measurement priorities
3. Collect Data
4. Analyze Data
5. Interpret Results
APA 7th edition (American Psychological
Association)
- is an author-date style, meaning in-text
citations (author, year) are used to
acknowledge the author(s) of ideas and
quotes you have included in the body of your
assignment.
There are two steps for calculating the
mean:
1. Add up all the values in the data set.
2. Divide this number by the number of
values.
Tools for descriptive research studies: INTERVIEW PROCESS
 Surveys  Plan interview
 Interviews  Know each other
 Observations  Present Questionnaire
 Case studies
 Portfolios

How to present research methodology:

-Research Design Structures vs Unstructured Interview
-Sample Size
-Data Gathering Procedure Structured- Closed ended questions
-Statistical Tool Unstructured- Open ended questions

MIXED METHODS BIVARIATE ANALYSIS

-is a research approach whereby researchers - is one of the simplest forms of quantitative
collect and analyze both quantitative and analysis.
qualitative data within the same study. -It involves the analysis of two variables, for
the purpose of determining the empirical
NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho) relationship between them.
- predicts no effect or no relationship
between variables RESULTS
- researchers draw conclusion based on the
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (Ha) results
- states your research prediction of an effect -research guidelines basis on
or relationship. recommendations

When to reject null hypothesis:

Reject the null hypothesis when the p-value is
less than or equal to your significance level.

RESEARCH PARADIGM
- is a method, model, or pattern for
conducting research. It is a set of ideas,
beliefs, or understandings within which
theories and practices can function.
The Input–Process–Output
- or IPO model represents a system in three
stages: input, process and output.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT