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Chapter 1

1.1 From Eq. (1.1)

VFS 3.5
VLSB = = 8 = 136.7 mV
2n 2
1.2 From Eq. (1.1)
VFS 5
VLSB = n
= 16 = 76 mV
2 2
1.3 From Eq. (1.1)

VFS 3.5
VLSB = = = 53.4 µ V
2n 216
1.4 From Eq. (1.2)
vo = (1x 2−1 + 0 x 2 −2 + 1x 2 −3 ) x 5 = (0.5 + 0.125) x 5 = 0.625 x 5 V
vo = 3.125V

1.5 From Eq. (1.2)

vo = (1 x 2−1 + 1 x 2−2 + 0 x 2−3 + 1 x 2−4 ) x 5V
vo = (0.5 + 0.25 + 0.125) x 5V = 4.375 V

1.6
vAB = 6.5 + 5 x 10−3 Sin 200 π t
VDC = 6.5 V
VDC 6.5
I DC = = = 6.5 mA
RL 1K Ω
vab = 5 x 10−3 Sin 200 π t V
vab 5 x 10 −3 Sin 200 π t
ia = = = 5 x 10−3 Sin 200 π t mA
RL 1KΩ

vAB = 6.5 + 5 x 10 −3 Sin 200 π t V

5 x 10 −3 2
Vab = 6.52 + ( ) ≃ 6.5 V
2
5 x 10−3 2
I a = 6.5 + (
2
) mA ≃ 6.5 mA
2

1
1.7 Given
vDC = 7.5 + 10 x 10 −3 Sin 2000 π t V
VDC = 7.5 V
VDC 7.5
I DC = = = 7.5 mA
RL 1 K Ω
vab = 10 x 10−3 Sin 2000 π t
10 x 10−3 Sin 2000 π t
ia = = 10 x 10 −3 Sin 2000 π t mA
1K
−3
10 x 10 2
Vab = (7.5) + ( 2
) ≃ 7.5V
2
iA = 7.5 mA + 10 x 10−3 Sin 2000 π t mA
10 x 10−3 2
I a = (7.5) + (
2
) mA
2
I a ≃ 7.5 mA

1.8 vs = 1.5 + 12 x 10−3 Sin ω t V

vo = 7.5 + 2.5Sin ωt V
From Eq. (1.9)
7.5
AV = =5
1.5
From Eq. (1.10)
2.5
Av = = 208.3
12 x 10 −3

1.9
vs = 2.5 + 20 x 10 −3 Sin ω t
vo = 7.5 + 4.5 x 10 −3 Sin ω t
From Eq. (1.9)
7.5
AV = =3
2.5
From Eq. (1.10)
4.5
Av = = 225
20 x 10−3

1.10
(a) From Eq. (1.12)
vo 2 1
PL RL 100 K Ω
Power gain AP = = 2 = = 312.5
Pi vs (40 x 10−3 ) 2
Ri 50 K Ω

2
(b) For RL = Ri = 50 K Ω
PL vo 2 1
AP = = 2 = = 625
Pi vs (40 x 10−3 ) 2
From Eq. (1.11)
vo
io RL 1
AI = = = = 25
is vs 40 mV
Ri
1.11
(a)
From Eq. (1.12)
vo 2 1.22
RL 147 K Ω
AP = = = 153
vs 2 (80 x 10−3 ) 2
Ri 100 K Ω
(b)
RL = Ri = 100 K Ω

vo
RL 1.2
Ai = = = 15
vs 80 x 10−3
Ri

1.12
vo(peak) 6.5
(a) Av = = = 1.30 × 103 = 130 or 42.28 dB
vi(peak) 50 × 10 –3
vo 6.5 sin1000 π t
io = = = 1.3 sin (1000π t) mA
RL 5000
io(peak) 1.3 × 10 –3
Ai = = = 1300 or 62.28 dB
iL(peak) 1 × 10 –6
Ap = Av ⋅ Ai = 130 × 1300 = 169 × 103 or 52.28 dB (10 log Po/Pi)
vi(peak) 50 × 10 –3
Ri = = = 50 kΩ
ii(peak) 1 × 10 –6
(b) Pdc = VCC ICC + VEE IEE = 15 (15 + 15) mW
= 450 mW
vo(peak) io(peak) 6.5 × 1.3 × 10 –3
PL = ⋅ =
2 2 2
= 4.225 mW
vi(peak) ii(peak) 50 × 10 –3 × 1 × 10 –6
Pi = ⋅ = = 25 nW
2 2 2

3
 PL 4.225 × 10 –3
η= = ≃ 0.938%
Pdc + Pi 450 × 10 –3 + 25 × 10−9
(c) Av vi(max) = Vo(max) = VCC
15
vi(max) = = 115.4 mV
130

1.13
Vo = 5.3 V at VI = 21 mV, Vo = 5.8 V at VI = 27 mV
∆Vo = 5.8 – 5.3 = 0.5 V, ∆V I = 27 – 21 = 6 mV
∆Vo 0.5
(a) Av = = = 83.3 or 38.4 dB
∆VI 6 × 10 –3
Vo 5.5
(b) Adc = = = 229 or 47.2 dB
VI 24 × 10 –3
Vo –V(min) Vo(max) – Vo
(c) ≤ VF – 24 mV ≤
Av Av

– 5.5 + 2 11 – 5.5
≤ VI – 24 mV ≤
83.3 83.3
– 42 mV ≤ VI – 24 mV ≤ 66 mV
– 18 mV ≤ VI ≤ 90 mV

1.14
vo 2V
(a) io = = = 0.2 mA
RL 10 kΩ
vi 1 mV
ii = = = 10 nA
Ri 100 kΩ
io 0.2 × 10 –3
Ai = = = 2 × 104 or 86 dB
ii 10 × 10 –9
vo 2
Av = = = 2 × 103
vi 1 × 10 –3
Ap = Av Ai = 2 × 103 × 2 × 104 = 4 × 107 or 152 dB
(b) vi = ii Ri = 1 × 10–3 × 100 = 10–1 V
vo = io RL = 100 × 10–3 × 103 = 100 V
v 100
Av = o = = 1000 or 60 dB
vi 0.1
io 100 × 10 –3
Ai = = = 100 or 40 dB
ii 10 –3
Ap = Av Ai = 1000 × 100 = 105 or 50 dB

4
1.15
(a) From Eq. (1.23)
Avo
Av =
(1 + Rs Ri ) (1 + Ro RL )
150
= = 133.6
(1 + 200 1800) (1 + 50 4700)
From Eq. (1.24)
Avo Ri 150 × 1800
Ai = = = 56.84
RL + Ro 4700 + 50
From Eq. (1.25)
Ap = Av Ai = 133.6 × 56.84 = 7593.82
(b) Problem 1.15 Amplifier
VS 1 0 AC 100MV
RS 1 2 200
RI 2 0 1.8K
E1 3 0 2 0 150
R0 3 4 50
RL 4 0 4.7K
. TF V(4) VS
. End

1.16
For maximum power transfer
Ro = RL = 50 Ω
PL = vo io
= (Av vi) (Ai ii)
Avo ⋅ vi A R
= ⋅ vo i ii
(1 + RS Ri ) (1 + Ro RL ) RL + Ro
2
Avo Ri RL vi Avo ⋅ vi
= ⋅
( Ri + Rs )( RL + Ro ) ( RL + Ro )
2
Avo Ri RL
= 2
⋅ vi2
( RL + Ro ) ( Ri + Rs )
2
Avo Ri RL Ri 2 vs 2
= ⋅
( RL + Ro ) 2 ( Ri + Rs ) ( Ri + Ro ) 2
2
Avo RL Ri3 vS2
=
( RL + Ro ) 2 ( Ri + Rs )3

1502 × 50 × 18003 (100 × 10 –3 )2

∴ PL(max) =
1002 (1800 + 200)3
= 820 mW
5
1.17
∆ vo Ro
=
vo RL + R o

∆ vo Ro
= 0.15 =
vo 1.5 k + R o

1.5 × 103 × 0.15

Ro = = 264.7 Ω
0.85

1.18
RL RL R i ⋅ Vs
(a) vo = Avo vi = Avo ⋅
RL + R o RL + R o Ri + Rs

200 × 22 × 105 × 50 × 10 –3
= = 5.16 V
( 22 + 20) (105 + 1500)
(b) From Problem 1.16
2
Avo RL Ri3 Vs 2
PL =
( RL + R o ) 2 ( R i + R S )3

2002 × 22 × 1015 × (50 × 10 –3 )2

=
(22 + 20) 2 ⋅ (105 + 1500)3
= 1.19 W
vo 5.16
(c) Av = = = 103.2
vs 50 × 10 –3
io 5.16
(d) Ai = , io = = 122.86 mA
is 22 + 20

vs 50 × 10 –3
is = = = 4.93 × 10 –7 A
Rs + Ri 1500 + 105

122.86 × 10 –3
Ai = = 249 × 103
4.93 × 10 –7
(e) Ap = Av Ai = 103.2 × 249 × 103
= 25.7 × 106

1.19
vs 10 ×10 –3
is ≤ 1 µA = =
Rs + Ri 2.5k + Ri
Ri > 7500 Ω
From Eq. (1.27)
∆ vo Ro
= , RL ranging from 2 kΩ to 10 kΩ
vo RL + R o

6
 ∆ vo
For ≤ 0.5%
vo
5 Ro
= , Ro ≤ 10 Ω
1000 RL + R o
5V
Av = = 500 or 53.98 dB
10 mV
From Eq. (1.23)
A vo A vo
500 = =
(1 + Rs R i ) (1 + Ro RL ) (1 + 2.5 k 7.5 k ) (1 + 10 2000)
∴ Avo = 669.8

1.20
From Eq. (1.23)
Avo
Av =
(1 + Rs Ri ) (1 + R o RL )
Variation in Av will be contributed by Avo, RS, and RL. Assume equal contribution by each.
Hence the value of Ro that will keep the variation in gain within 0.5% for variation in RL
from 5 kΩ to 20 kΩ can be found from
5k 20 k
= × 0.995
5k + Ro 20 k + Ro
20 k (1 – 0.995)
Ro = > 33.5 Ω
4 × 0.995 – 1

1.21
(a) By Kirchoff’s current law at node A

Rs R
A
is if
+ Ro
Vi ii Ri
– Avo Vi

Rx

vi vi – Avo vi
is = ii + if = +
Ri R + Ro

 1 1 – Avo 
= vi  + 
 Ri R + Ro 
vi 1
Rx = =
is 1 Ri + (1 − Avo ) ( R + Ro )

7
 (b) For Ri = 50 k, Ro = 75 Ω, Avo = 2, R = 10 k
1
Rx =
1 50 k + (1 − 2) (10 k + 75)
= – 12.62 kΩ
Vs 20 mV
is = = = – 1.8 µA
Rs + Rx 1.5 kΩ – 12.62 kΩ
vs
(c) For is = 2.5 µA, Rs + Rx =
is
20 mV
= = – 8 kΩ
– 2.5 µA
∴ Rx = – 8 k – 1.5 k = – 9.5 kΩ

1.22
Ais = 200, Ri = 150 Ω, Ro = 2.5 kΩ
RL = 100 Ω, is = 4 mA, Rs = 47 kΩ
(a) From Eq. (1.30)
Ais 200
Ai = =
(1 + Ri Rs ) (1 + RL Ro ) (1 + 150 47 k ) (1 + 100 2500)
= 191.7
RL 100
Av = Ai = 191.7 × = 0.4078
Rs 47 k

Ap = Av Ai = 191.7 × 0.407 = 78.17

(b) Problem 1.22a Amplifier
VS 1 0 AC 1MV
RS 1 2 47K
RI 3 0 150
F1 0 4 VX 200
VX 2 3 0V
VY 4 5 DC 0V
R0 4 0 2.5K
RL 4 0 100
. TF V(s) VS
. END

8
 Problem 1.22b Amplifier
IS 0 1 AC 1MA
RS 1 0 47K
RI 2 0 150
F1 0 3 VX 200
VX 1 2 DC 0V
VY 3 5 DC 0V
R0 3 0 2.5K
RL 5 0 100
. TF I(VY) IS
. END

1.23
From Eqs. (1.28) and (1.29)
A is R o Rs
io = ⋅ ⋅ is
R o + RL Rs + Ri

10 × 22 × 103 100 × 103

= × × 50 × 10–3
22 × 103 + 150 105 + 50
= 4.96 A

1.24

ii

+
is Rs Vi Ri AIisi Ro
–

open-circuit voltage
(a) Output resistance =
short-circuit current

12
= = 120 Ω
100 × 10 –3

Ais ii = short circuit current = 100 × 10–3 A

Rs 5 × 10 –6 × 100 k
ii = is = ≃ 5 × 10–6 A
Ri + Rs 50 + 100 k

100 × 10 –3
Ais = = 20 × 103
5 × 10 –6

vo Ro R
Av = = Ais iL ⋅ L
vs Ro + RL is Rs

9
 120 2700
= 100 × 10–3 × ×
120 + 2700 5 × 10 –6 × 105
= 22.98

20 × 103
(b) Ai = = 850.6
(1 + 50 100 k ) (1 + 2.7 k 120)
(c) Ap = Av Ai = 22.98 × 850.6
= 19,547

1.25
Following Example 1.4 we have
Ro Ro
0.99 =
Ro + 20 Ro + 500

Ro (1 – 0.99) = 500 × 0.99 – 20

Ro = 47.5 kΩ
For Ri
100 k 10 k
0.99 × =
100 k × Ri 10 k + Ri

Ri = 111.23 Ω

20 × 10 –3
Ais = = 200 A/A
100 × 10 –6

1.26
Assume Ai varies equally due to contribution from Ais Rs, and Ro.
Ro Ro
= 0.995, = 0.995
Ro + RL Ro + 100
100 × 0.995
Ro = > 19.9 kΩ
1 – 0.995

Similarly
Rs 100 k
= 0.995, = 0.995
Rs + Ri 100 k + Ri
Ri ≤ 503 Ω
Ais
Ai =
(1 + Ri Rs ) ( RL Ro )
Ais
50 = ≃ Ais
(1 + 503 100 k ) (1 + 100 19.9 k )
∴ Ais ≃ 50

10
1.27
ii
+
Ri ve Ai Li Ro
+ – +
is Rs vi RL vo
– + –
R vf
–

vi
Rx =
Li

(a) R allows a voltage that is proportional to lead current io to be fed back to the input side.
Converting current source to voltage source

ii Ro

+
Ri Ais ii Ro
+ – +
is Rs vi RL vo
– –
I R

vi
Rx =
ii

Applying KVL to loop II

Ais Ro ii = Ro io = R(ii – io) + RL io
= (Ro + RL + R) io – Rii
Ais Ro + R
io = ii (1)
Ro + RL + R
Applying KVL to loop I
vi = Ri ii + R(ii – io)
= (Ri + R) ii – Rio (2)
Substituting io from Eq. (1) into Eq. (2) and simplifying
Ais Ro + R
vi = (Ri + R) ii – R ⋅ ii
Ro + RL + R

vi A R +R
= Ri + R – R is o
ii Ro + RL + R

vi ( Ais + R / Ro )
Rx = = Ri + R – R
ii 1 + ( RL + R) Ro

11
 (b) Assume ideal current amplifier with Ri = 0 and Ro = ∞, we have the reduced figure as
io
+
Ais iL
– +
is Rs RL vo
–
R

vi
Rx =
Li

Rx = R – RAis = R(1 – Ais)

For Ais > 1, Rx is negative, and if Ais = 2
Rx = – R
For Rx = – 10 kΩ we need R = 10 kΩ.
Thus an ideal current amplifier with Ais = 2 and R = 10 kΩ will simulate a negative resistance.

1.28
(a) Using the result of Problem 1.27 for Ais = 2 and substituting R by impedances Z(s)
Vi (s )  − R ( R + 1 sC ) 
Zx = = – Z(s) = –  R +
I i (s )  − R + R + 1 sC 
= – [R – sCR2 – R] = sCR2
Zx = sLe where the effective inductance Le is given by CR2. Thus, the circuit simulates an
inductance.
(b) To simulate Le = 10 mH, let C = 0.01 µF,
10 × 100–3 = 0.01 × 10–6 × R2
R2 = 106, R = 1 kΩ
(c) Problem 1.28 Inductance Simulation
IS 0 4 AC 1MA
V1 4 1 DC 0V
F1 1 0 V1 2
R1 1 2 1K
R2 2 3 1K
C1 3 0 0.01UF
V2 2 5 DC 0V
R3 5 0 1K
F2 5 0 V2 2
. AC LIN 10 1K 10K
. PRINT AC VM(1)VP(1)
. END

12
1.29
1
(a) vo = – Gm1 vi(s) ⋅
sC
vi ( s)
ii(s) = – Gm2 vo(s) = Gm1 Gm2
sC
vi ( s) SC
Zi = =
ii ( s ) Gm1Gm2
C
Zi(jω) = jω
Gm1Gm2
(b) Problem 1.29 Amplifier
VS 1 0 AC 1V
RS 1 2 100
G1 0 2 3 0 3M
G2 3 0 2 0 3M
C1 3 0 0.1UF
R1 3 0 100M
. TRAN15US1.5 MS
. PROBE
. END

1.30
Assuming that the discharging time constant τ = CRi is related to the input frequency by
τ = 10 f ,
10
CRi =
60 × 103

10
(a) Let C = 0.1 µF, then Ri = –6
0.1 × 10 × 60 × 103
= 1.67 kΩ
(b) Variation in Gm, according to Eq. (1.36), will be contributed by G ms and RL. Assume equal
contributions, Rs = 0. The gain parameter
io 20 cm 5 mA
Gms = = ×
vs 170 V 1 cm
= 0.588 mA/V ± 1%
The value of Ro that will keep gain variation within 1% for variation in RL from 20 Ω to 500
Ω can be found from
Ro Ro
0.99 =
Ro + 20 Ro + 500

Ro > 47.5 kΩ

13
1.31
Rs io

+ +
Assume 1% for Ri Vs vi
and 1% for Ro Ri Gm vi Ro RL
– –

Ri
> .99, Ri (1 – 0.99) > 0.99 Rs
Ri + Rs

For Rs = 1 kΩ,
0.99 × 1 k
Ri > = 99 kΩ
0.01
Similarly
Ro 0.99 × 200
> 0.99, Ro >
Ro + RL 0.01

Ro > 19.8 kΩ

1.32
For Rm = 20 Ω to 100 Ω
0.99 1
=
Ro + 20 Ro + 100

Ro = 7.9 k Ω
Io

Gm Vi Ro Rm

For Rs varying from 2 kΩ to 5 kΩ

0.99 1
= , Ri (1 – 0.99) = 5 k × 0.99 – 2 k
Ri + 2k Ri + 5k
Ri = 295 kΩ
For vs = 10 V, Io = 100 mA
Io 100 mA
Gm = = = 10 mA/V
vs 10 V
Transconductance amplifier

14
1.33
Using Eq. (1.41)
Z mo 0.5 k
Zm = =
(1 + Ro RL ) (1 + Ri Rs ) (1 + 4.7 k 4.7 k ) (1 + 1.5 k 10 k )
= 217.39 V/A
From Eq. (1.42)
Z mo RL 0.5 × 103 × 4.7 × 103
Av = =
( Rs + Ri ) ( RL + Ro ) ( )(
10 × 103 + 1.5 × 103 4.7 × 103 + 4.7 × 103 )
= 21.739 × 10–3
Rs 104 × 50 × 10−3 500
ii = ⋅ is = = mA
Rs + Ri 4
10 + 1.5 × 10 3
11.5 × 103
From Eq. (1.39)
ii RL 500 4.7 × 103
vo = Zmo = 0.5 k × ×
RL + R0 11.5 × 103 (
4.7 × 103 + 4.7 × 103 )
= 10.87 V
10.87
io = = 2.31 × 10–3 A
4.7 × 103
io 2.3 × 10 –3
Ai = = = 0.046
is 50 × 10 –3

1.34
Since the output variation should be kept within ±2%, variation of effective transimpedance
Zm should be kept to ±2%. According to Eq. (1.41) the variation in Zm will be contributed by
Zmo and Ro. Assume equal contribution to the variation.
Let Ri = 10 Ω. Then
10 V 20 cm
Zmo = × = 1000 V/A ± 1%
2 cm 100 mA
The value of Ro that will keep gain variations within 1% for variation of RL from 2 kΩ to
10 kΩ is
0.99 × 10 k 2k
=
10 k + Ro 2 k + Ro
Ro ≅ 25 Ω
Design specifications are Zmo = 1000 V/A, Ro ≤ 25 Ω, and Ri ≤ 10 Ω.

1.35
Let Ri = 10 k << Rs
Rs 105 × 0.5
ii = · is = 5 = 454.5 mA
Rs + Ri 10 + 104
Rs
= 0.99, Ri × 0.99 + 0.99Rs = Rs
Ri + Rs

15
 Rs (1 − 0.99) 100 k × 0.01
Ri = =
0.99 0.99
= 101 kΩ
Rm R (1 − 0.99)
= 0.99, Ro = m
Rm + Ro 0.99
20 k × 0.01
= = 202
0.99
Vo 5
Zmo = = = 11 V A ± 1%
ii 454 ·5 × 10 −3

1.36
Rs Rs

+ + +
vs Ri Avovi RL vo
– – –

Voltage amplifier

For ideal voltage amplifier

Ro = 0 and Ri = ∞
vo = Avo vi (1)
For ideal current amplifier
Ro = ∞, Ri = 0
io = Ais is (2)
∴ vo = Avo vi = io Ro = Ais is Ro = Ais ii Ro
Using vi = i i R i
Avo ii Ri = Ais ii Ro
Ro
Avo = Ais (3)
Ri
For ideal transconductance amplifier
io = Gms vs for Ro = ∞, Ri = ∞
vo = Avo vi = io Ro = Gms vi Ro
∴ Avo = Gms Ro (4)
For ideal transimpedance amplifier
Ri = 0, Ro = 0
vo = Zmo is = Z mo ⋅ ii
vo
vo = Avo vi = Zmo
Ri
Z mo
∴ Avo = (5)
Ri

16
 Ro
Using Avo = Ais
Ri
Ri 50 × 103
Ais = Avo = 250 × = 12,500 A/A
Ro 1 × 103
Avo 250
Avo = Gms Ro, Gms = =
Ro 1000
= 0.25 A/V
Zmo = Avo ⋅ Ri = 250 × 50 × 103
= 12.5 MΩ
Equivalent amplifiers are:

is Rs Ri Ais ii Ro RL

Equivalent current amplifier

Rs io

+ + +
vs vi Gms vi Ro RL
– – –

Equivalent transconductance amplifier

Ro
+ +
is Rs Ri vi Zmo ii RL vo
– –

Equivalent transimpedance amplifier

1.37

Rs

io
+ + +
vs vi Ri Gms vi Ro vo RL
– – –

Transconductance amplifier

Gms = 20 mA/V
17
 Avo = Gms Ro = 20 × 10–3 × 2 × 103 = 40 V/V
Ro
Avo = Ais
Ri

Ri 40 × 100 × 103
or Ais = Avo · =
Ro 2 × 103

= 40 × 50 = 2000 A/A
Zmo = Avo · Ri = 40 × 100 × 103
= 4 MΩ
Equivalent circuits

Rs Ro

+ + +
vs R1 vi Gvo vi RL
– – –

Voltage amplifier

ii io

+ +
is Rs Ri vi Ais ii Ro R L vo
– –

Current amplifier

vo
ii

+ +
is Rs Ri Zmi ii RL
– –

Transimpedance amplifier

1.38
(a) From Eq. (1.21)
Ri2 50 × 2.5 × 103
Av1 = Av2 = Avo =
Ri2 + Ro1 2.5 × 103 + 100
= 48
From Eq. (1.45), the overall open-circuit voltage gain
Vo
Avo = = Av1 ⋅ Av2 ⋅ Av3
Vi
= 48 × 48 × 50 = 115,200 or 101.22 dB

18
 Total effective voltage gain using Eq. (1.23)
Vo Avo Ri RL
Av = =
Vs ( Ri / Rs ) ( RL / Ro )
115200 × 2.5 × 103 × 2.5 × 103
=
( 2.5 × 103 + 200 × 103 )( 2.5 × 103 + 100)
= 1367.5 or 62 dB
Overall current gain
io A ⋅R 115200 × 2500
Ai = = vo i1 =
ii RL + Ro3 2500 + 100
= 110,769 or 100.9 dB
PL
Ap = = Av ⋅ Ai = 1367.5 × 110769
Pi
= 1.5 × 108 or 81.7 dB

(b) Problem 1.38 Cascaded Amplifier

VS 1 0 AC 100 MV
RS 1 2 200K
RI1 2 0 2.5K
E1 3 0 4 50
R01 3 4 100
RI2 4 0 2.5K
E2 5 0 40 50
R02 5 6 100
RI3 6 0 2.5K
E3 7 0 60 50
R03 7 8 100
RL 8 0 2.5K
. TF V(8) VS
. END

1.39
(a) Using Eq. (1.21), Av of stage 1 and 2 is given by
Avo1 Ri 2 80 × 2500
Av1 = Av2 = =
Ri 2 + Ro1 2500 + 100
= 76.9
From Eq. (1.45), the overall open-circuit voltage gain
Avo = Av1 ⋅ Av2 ⋅ Avo3 = 76.92 × 80 = 473,088 or 113.5 dB
From Eq. (1.23)
Avo ⋅ Ri RL 473,088 × 2500 × 1500
Av = =
( Ri + Rs )( RL + Ro ) ( )(
2500 + 200 × 103 1.5 × 103 + 300 )
= 4867 or 73.7 dB

19
 Avo RLi 473, 088 × 2500
Ai = = = 657,066.7 or 116.6 dB
RL + Ro3 1.5 × 103 + 300
Ap = Av Ai = 4867 × 657,066.7 = 3.19 × 109 or 95 dB
(b) Problem 1.39 Cascaded Amplifier
VS 1 0 AC100MV
RS 1 2 200K
RI1 2 0 2.5K
E1 3 0 2 0 80
R01 3 4 100
RI2 4 0 2.5K
E2 5 0 4 0 80
R02 5 6 100
RI3 6 0 2.5K
E3 7 0 6080
R03 7 8 300
RL 8 0 1.5K
. TF V(8) VS
. END

1.40
Ais3 ii3 Ro3 A R Ais2 ii 2 Ro2
(a) io = = is3 o3
Ro3 + RL Ro3 + RL Ro2 + Ri3

Ais3 Ais2 Ro3 Ro2 A i R

= ⋅ is1 i1 o1
( o3 L ) ( o2 i3 ) o1 + Ri2 )
R + R R + R ( R

Ais3 Ais2 Ais1 Ro3 Ro2 Ro1 Rs ii

= ⋅
( Ro3 + RL )( Ro2 + Ri3 ) ( Ro1 + Ri2 ) Rs + Ri1
io Ais3 Ais2 Ais1 Ro3 Ro2 Ro1 Rs
Ai = = ⋅
Ls ( Ro3 + RL ) ( Ro2 + Ri3 ) ( Ro1 + Ri2 ) ( Rs + Ri1 )
1003 (4.7 × 103 )3 × 20 × 103
=
( 4700 + 100) ( 4700 + 100) ( 4700 + 100) ( 20 × 103 + 100)
= 934,122 or 119.4 dB
Vo io Ri
Av = = on substitution for Av from above
Vs ii1 ⋅Ri1

Ais3 Ais2 Ais1 Ro3 Ro2 Ro1 RL

Av =
( o3 + RL ) ( Ro2 + Ri3 ) ( Ro1 + Ri2 ) Ri1
R

106 × 109 × 4.73 × 102

=
483 × 106 × 102
= 42,498.5 or 92.56 dB
AP = Av Ai = 42,498.5 × 934,122 = 3.97 × 1010 or 105 dB

20
 (b) Problem 1.40 Cascaded Current Amplifier
IS 1 0 AC 100MA
RS 1 0 20K
V1 1 2 DC 0V
RI1 2 0 100
F1 0 3 V1 100
R01 3 0 4.7K
V2 3 4 DC 0V
RI2 4 0 100
R02 5 0 4.7K
V3 5 6 DC 0V
RI3 6 0 100
F3 7 0 V3 100
R03 7 0 4.7K
VX 7 8 DC 0V
RL 8 0 100
. TF I(VX)IS
. END

1.41
Gms Vi2 Ro2 G R Z i R
(a) io = = − ms o2 ⋅ mo i i2
Ro2 + RL Ro2 + RL Ro1 + Ri2

io − 20 × 10 –3 × 105 104 + 106

Ai = = × = – 198
ii 105 + 103 200 + 106

Vo + io RL 198 × 103
Av = = =– = – 3.96
Vi ii Ri1 50 × 103

Ap = Ai Av = – 198 × – 3.96 = 784

(b) Problem 1.41 Transconductance Amplifier
VS 1 0 AC 10MV
RS 1 2 5K
VX 2 3 DC 0V
RI1 3 0 50K
H1 4 0 VX 10K
R01 4 5 200
RI2 5 0 1MEG
G1 6 0 5 0 20M
R02 6 0 100K
RL 6 0 1K
. TF V(6) VS
. END

21
1.42
From Eq. (1.54d)
1 1
fL = = = 10.8 KHz
2 π R1C1 2π x 147 K Ω x 0.1 nF

1.43
From Eq. (1.54d)
1
fL =
2π R1C1
1 1
R1 = = = 3.979 K Ω
2π f LC1 2π x 4 x 10 x 0.01 x 10−6
3

1.44
From Eq. (1.59d)
1
fH = = 10.8 KHz
2 π x 147 x 103 x 0.1 x 10−9

1.45
From Eq. (1.59d)
1
fH =
2 π R2C2
1 1
R2 = = = 636.6 K Ω
2 π f H C2 2 π x 25 x 10 x 0.01 x 10 −6
3

1.46
200 2 × 104
Av(jω) = =
1 + jω /100 100 + jω

2104
| Av(jω) | =
ω 2 + 104
2 × 104
(a) 100 = , ωH = 3 × 104
ω H + 10
2 4

= 173.2 rad/s
173.2
fH = = 27.56 Hz = BW
2π
2 × 104
(b) 50 = , ω2H × 104 = 16 × 104
ω H + 10
2 4

ωH = 387.29 rad/s
387.29
fH = = 61.64 Hz = BW
2π

22
1.47
Rs

+ + +
vs vi Ri Gms vi Ro C RL vo
– – –

vo = – Gms vi  Ro || || RL 
1
(a)
 sC 

= – 20 × 10–3 vi  980 || 
1
(i)
 sC 
5 × 105 vs
vi = = 0.99 vs then
505 × 103

vo = – 20 × 10–3 × (0.99 vs) ×  980 || 

1
 sC 
− 20 × 103 × 0.99 × 980 – 19.404
Av = =
1 + 980 jω C 1 + jω 980 × 0.1 × 10 −6
Av(mid) = 19.404

106
ωH = = 10,204
980 × 0.1

10204
fH = = 1624 Hz
2π
fbw = Av(mid) × f H = 19.404 × 1624 = 31,512
(b) RL = 10 kΩ, Ro || RL = 10 k || 50 k = 8333 Ω

− 20 × 10 –3 × 0.99 × 8333 165

Av = = −
1 + jω 8333 × 0.1 × 10 –6
1 + jω × 833.3 × 10 –6

106
ωH = , f H = 190 Hz
833.3
fbw = 165 × 190 = 31,350

1.48
 1  − vi g m RL
vo = – gm vi  RL || =
 sCL  1 + sRL C2
− vi g m
= (1)
C2 ( s + 1 RL C2 )
vs Ri vs Ri s
vi = = (2)
Rs + Ri + 1 sCi ( Rs + Ri ) [ s + 1 Ci ( Rs + Ri ) ]

23
 From (1) and (2)
vs g m Ri s
vo = −
C2 ( Rs + Ri ) ( s + 1 RL C2 ) [ s + 1 Ci ( Rs + Ri ) ]
1 1
ωH = = = 107 rad/s
RL C2 10 × 10 × 10 × 10− 12
3

107
or fH = = 1.59 MHz
2π
1 1 100
ωL = = −6
= rad/s
C1 ( Rs + Ri ) 20 × 10 × 1500 3
100
fL = = 5.3 Hz
3 × 2π
For Av(mid)
Rs

+ +
Vs Ri vi g m vi Ro
– –

g m Ri · Ro
vo = – g m v i R o = – vs
Rs + Ri

− 15 × 10−3 × 104 × 103

= = – 100
1500

Problem 1.48
VS 1 0 AC 10MV
RS 1 2 500
C1 2 3 20UF
RI 3 0 1K
G1 4 0 3 0 15M
RL 4 0 10K
C2 4 0 10PF
. AC DEC 100 1 10 MEG
. PRINT AC VM(4)
. PROBE
. END

24
1.49
Rs C1

+ + +
vs vi Ri g m vi Ro RL vo
– – –

Low-frequency equivalent circuit

vo = – gm vi (Ro|| RL) = – 15 × 10–3 × 5 × 103 vi
= – 7.5 vi (i)
Ri vs Ri sC1 vs
vi = =
Rs + Ri + 1 sC1 1 + ( Rs + R1 ) sC1
vs s 25 × 103 × 10 × 10−6 vs s 0.25
= −6
= (ii)
3
1 + s (25 × 10 + 1×10 ) 10 × 10 3
1 + 26 × 10−2 s
From (i) and (ii)
75 × 0.255
vo = (iii)
1 + 26 × 10−2 s
1
fL = = 0.612 Hz
26 × 10−2 × 2π
For high-frequency equivalent circuit
Rs

+ + +
vs Ri vi Ci gm vi Ro Co RL vo
– – –

 1 
vo = – gm vi  Ro || RL ||
 sCo 

5 × 103 vi
= – 15 × 103
1 + 5 × 103 × 10 × 10− 12 s
− 75 vi
=
1 + 5 × 10− 8 s
( R1 ||1 sCi ) vs
vi =
Rs + Ri ||1 sCi
Ri vs
=
Ri + Rs + sRi Rs Ci
25 × 103 vs
=
25 × 103 + 103 + s × 25 × 103 × 103 × 20 × 10− 12

25
 25 vs 25 vs
= −9
=
26 + s 500 × 10 26 + s × 5 × 10− 7
vo − 75 25
Av(s) = = ×
vs (1 + 5 × 10 s ) 26 + 5 × 10− 7 s
−8

− 75 × 25
=
26 (1 + 5 × 10 −8
s ) (1 + 5 × 10− 7 s 26)
1
fH = = 3.18 MHz
2π × 5 × 10− 8
− 75 × 25
Av(mid) = = – 72.1
26
Problem 1.49
VS 1 0 AC 10MV
RS 1 2 1K
C1 2 3 10UF
RI 3 0 25K
G1 4 0 3 0 15M
RL 4 0 10K
R0 4 0 10K
C0 4 0 10PF
. AC DEC 100 1 10MEG
. PRINT AC VM(4)
. PROBE
. END

1.50
1V 1V R1
Rm = = = 10 kΩ
I m 100 µA
+
10 k × 400 400 V +
– Rm 1V
= 1 V, R1 = 10 k (400 – 1) = 3990 kΩ
R 1 + 10 k

Take R1 ≃ 4 MΩ ± 1%.

1.51
R1
6V
RL = = 1.2 Ω
5A +
+ RL
1.2 × 24 1.2 × 24 24 V –
= 6 V, R1 = – 1.2 = 3.6 Ω
R1 + 1.2 6
Take R1 = 3.6 Ω ± 5%.

26
1.52
R1
V2 502
= = 60 W
RL RL
+
+
120 V – RL 50 V
2
50
RL = = 41.667 Ω
60
RL × 120
= 50 V
R1 + RL

41.667 × 120
= R1 + 41.667, R1 = 58.334 Ω
50
Take R ≃ 62 Ω ± 5%.

1.53
Io = 1 mA R

Vs –t/τ
i(t) = e
R
Vs 24 V C
Vs 24
= = 1 mA, R = 24 kΩ ± 5%
R R

1.54
VO 400
| Av | = = = 80, Q = 60°
VI 5

27
28
 Chapter 2

2.1
(a) vd = vO/Ao = ± 15 V/2 × 105 = ± 75 µV
(b) ii = vd/Ri = ± 75 µV/2 × 106 = ± 37.5 × 10–12 A

2.2
vO = (v+ – v–) = AovS = 105 × 50 × 10–6 = 5 V

2.3
vO = – Aovd = – AvvS = – 105 × 10 × 10–6 = –1 V

2.4
vO = Ao (v+ – v–) = 2 × 105 (0 – 2 sin 377t)
Output saturates at ±14 V.

2.5
vO = Ao (v+ – v–) = 2 × 105 (75 + 25)10–6 = +20 V; at saturation, vO = +14 V

2.6
(a) vd = v1 – v2 = (120 – 80) µV = 40 µV
v +v 200
(b) vc = 1 2 = = 100 µV
2 2
(c) 20 log CMMR = 90
log CMMR = 90/20 or | Ad/Ac | = 31,622

2 × 105
| Ac | = | Ad |/31,622 = = ± 6.32
31,622
(d) vO = Advd ± Acvc = 2 × 105 × 40 × 10–6 ± 6.32 × 80 × 10–6
= 8 ± 50.56 × 10–6 V

2.7
(a) vd = v2 – v1 = 60 µV – 100 µV = – 40 µV
v1 + v2 60 + 100
(b) vc = = µV = 80 µV
2 2
(c) 20 log CMRR = 90 dB
log CMRR = 4.5
Ad
= 3.1622 × 104
Ac

Ad 2 × 105
Ac = = = 6.3247
3.1622 × 104 3.1622 × 104

29