Marriages and Families Diversity and Change 8th Edition Schwartz Test Bank

Marriages and Families Diversity and
Change 8th Edition Schwartz Test Bank

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CHAPTER SEVEN
LIVING SINGLE, LIVING WITH OTHERS: NONMARITAL LIFESTYLES
True/False Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Total Qs
Remember 18 34 52
Understand 14 20 2 36
Apply 4 2 6
Analyze 6 6
Evaluate
Create
32 58 10 100
TRUE-FALSE
1. The text uses the term single to describe the broad category of individuals who are not currently married.
Answer: False
Page: 217
Difficulty=1
2. In early America, the authorities mandated placing single individuals in the home of a responsible family.
Answer: True
Page: 217
Difficulty=1
3. In the colonial period, unmarried men and women were viewed as defective and incomplete.
Answer: True
Page: 217
Difficulty=1
4. If Susan, who is 23 years old and single, were living in the colonial period, she would have been called a
“stale maid.”
Answer: True
Page: 217
Difficulty=2
5. The perceived need to increase the population during the colonial period resulted in the high value placed
on marriage and the devaluation of singlehood.
Answer: True
Pages: 217
Difficulty=1
6. The Industrial Revolution played a major role in the growth of the single population in the United States.
Answer: True
Page: 218
Difficulty=1
1
Copyright © 2018, Pearson Education, Inc.,, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
7. Today, significant numbers of Americans are choosing to be unmarried for all or at least part of their lives.
Answer: True
Page: 220
Difficulty=1
8. The number of young adults who have never married has surpassed the number of adults who have married.
Answer: True
Page: 220
Difficulty=1
9. The term “singlism” refers to the discrimination faced by married people today.
Answer: False
Page: 221
Difficulty=1
10. The single population in the United States is a relatively homogenous group with many common
characteristics, including lifestyle orientation and living arrangements.
Answer: False
Page: 221
Difficulty=2
11. The boomerang generation includes baby boomers currently living with their children.
Answer: False
Page: 222
Difficulty=1
12. Since an individual is not legally permitted to have more than one spouse at a time in the United States, one
way to make having multiple partners legal is to engage in group marriages.
Answer: False
Page: 237
Difficulty=2
13. A major difference between a common-law marriage and cohabitation is that the common-law marriage is
recognized as valid by the state.
Answer: True
Page: 227-228
Difficulty=2
14. Cohabitation is similar to marriage in that couples create emotional and physical relationships with each
other.
Answer: True
Page: 228
Difficulty=1
15. Among many young people, the decision to cohabit results from careful deliberations.
2
Answer: False
Page: 228
Difficulty=2
16 Research findings have conclusively proven that cohabitation is a good predictor of marital success.
Answer: False
Page: 231
Difficulty=1
17. Compared to other countries, the practice of cohabitation is more widespread in the United States.
Answer: False
Page: 229
Difficulty=1
18. Since cohabitation is not sanctioned by the state, no legal intervention can be sought by either party if one
decides to terminate the relationship.
Answer: False
Page: 232
Difficulty=1
19. Living together is legal in all 50 states.
Answer: False
Page: 232
Difficulty=1
20. Palimony is a payment similar to alimony and based on the existence of a contract (written or implied)
between the partners regarding aspects of their relationship.
Answer: True
Page: 232
Difficulty=1
21. In a lesbian cohabitation arrangement, there is always a “butch” partner who usually assumes the dominant
role in the relationship.
Answer: False
Page: 234
Difficulty=1
22. Lesbians and gays no longer face discrimination in the workplace.
Answer: False
Page: 233
Difficulty=1
23. The Shakers commune, established in the United States around 1774, was the forerunner of the free-love
and group-sex communes of the 1960s and 1970s.
Answer: False
Page: 237
Difficulty=1
3
24. Being single in early America was easy because there was less responsibility.
Answer: False
Page: 217
Difficulty=1
25. There is an increase in the number of never married women in their 30s and 40s in Asia.
Answer: True
Page: 219
Difficulty=2
26. In 1960, Latina/os had the highest rate of singlehood.
Answer: True
Page: 218
Difficulty=2
27. The decision not to marry is conditioned by psychological, social, cultural, and economic factors.
Answer: True
Page: 220
Difficulty=2
28. Americans view marriage as an economic and social necessity.
Answer: False
Page: 220
Difficulty=2
29. A free-floating single dates others but has a steady partner.
Answer: False
Page: 221
Difficulty=2
30. The supportive lifestyle is a single that strives for autonomy and self growth.
Answer: False
Page: 222
Difficulty=2
31. The class of 2015 has the highest-ever level of student loan debt.
Answer: True
Page: 223
Difficulty=2
32. The College for All Act was introduced by Bernie Sanders.
Answer: True
Page: 223
Difficulty=2
4
MULTIPLE CHOICE
33. According to sociologist Peter Stein, the decision to remain single involves
(a) rejection by suitors.
(b) a personal defect.
(c) a series of pushes and pulls.
(d) a failed relationship.
Answer: (c)
Page: 220
Difficulty=1
34. Sociologist Peter Stein refers to the negative factors that influence an individual to remain single as
(a) inhibitions.
(b) pushes.
(c) stigma.
(d) selfishness.
Answer: (b)
Page: 220
Difficulty=1
35. Factors such as the marriage of friends, physical attractions to a partner, and the desire for children would
all be classified as __________ factors by Peter Stein.
(a) peer pressure
(b) push
(c) pull
(d) normal
Answer: (c)
Page: 220
Difficulty=2
36. Which of the following is not one of the factors that explain the dramatic increase in never-married
women in Asia?
(a) There is a marriage squeeze resulting from the cultural practice of men marrying younger and less
educated women.
(b) More women have expanded career opportunities.
(c) Notions of individual choice are less prevalent in recent times.
(d) More young people are moving to urban areas, where there is greater tolerance for nontraditional,
intimate relationships.
Answer: (c)
Page: 219
Difficulty=2
37. According to Stein’s typology, priests and nuns are in which category of singles?
(a) voluntary temporary
(b) involuntary temporary
(c) involuntary stable
(d) voluntary stable
Answer: (d)
Page: 221
Difficulty=1
5
38. Isabel, who is 30 years old, has decided not to entertain any thoughts of marriage until she completes her
law studies in two years. In which category of Stein’s typology would she belong?
(a) voluntary stable
(b) voluntary temporary
(c) unconventional stable
(d) involuntary temporary
Answer: (b)
Page: 221
Difficulty=3
39. Stein’s and Staple’s classifications highlight the heterogeneity and __________ of singlehood.
(a) pathology
(b) stigma
(c) fluidness
(d) consequences
Answer: (c)
Page: 221
Difficulty=1
40. A major demographic change is sweeping the Asian continent. Recent census data reveals dramatic
(a) increases in the proportions of never-married women in their 30s and 40s.
(b) decreases in the proportions of never-married women in their 30s and 40s.
(c) increases in the proportions of married people in general.
(d) none of the above.
Answer: (a)
Page: 222
Difficulty=1
41. Only a generation ago, parents of young adults worried about adjusting to an “empty nest.” Today such
parents are more likely to worry about how to get them to leave. This has been referred to as the
(a) boomerang phenomenon.
(b) crowded nest.
(c) sandwich generation.
(d) glass ceiling.
Answer: (a)
Page: 222
Difficulty=2
42. With regard to income,

(a) singles earn more than married couples.
(b) single women earn more than single men.
(c) both single men and women earn less than married couples.
(d) singles earn about the same as married couples.
Answer: (c)
Pages: 225
Difficulty=1
43. The authors suggest that singles create their own “family.” The best description of this concept is
(a) birth through artificial insemination.
6
(b) a Mafia-like arrangement.
(c) a support group of friends.
(d) extended family members.
Answer: (c)
Page: 226
Difficulty=2
44. Historian Stephanie Coontz points out that by 1978, __________ percent of the population thought that it
was morally okay to be single and have children.
(a) 15
(b) 25
(c) 50
(d) 75
Answer: (d)
Page: 226
Difficulty=1
45. It was once popularly assumed that elderly singles

(a) enjoyed life to the maximum.
(b) were lonely and isolated individuals.
(c) suffered a personality defect that rendered them anti-social.
(d) had the freedom to travel as much as they desired.
Answer: (b)
Page: 227
Difficulty=2
46. Information regarding elderly singles is limited because

(a) most elderly singles refuse to talk about their lifestyle.
(b) there are not that many elderly singles around.
(c) relatively little systematic research has been done on elderly singles.
(d) the privacy act prohibits the release of information on elderly singles.
Answer: (c)
Page: 227
Difficulty=1
47. Factors that have influenced the growth of communes in the United States include all of the following
except
(a) political instability.
(b) religious aspirations.
(c) economic turmoil.
(d) global realignment.
Answer: (d)
Page: 237
Difficulty=2
48. Which of the following is not among the better-known communes in the United States today?
(a) The Retreat
(b) Sandhill
(c) Twin Oaks
(d) The Farm
7
Answer: (a)
Page: 237
Difficulty=1
49. Another term used to describe cohabitation is

(a) homosexuality.
(b) an arranged relationship.
(c) communal living.
(d) living together.
Answer: (d)
Page: 224
Difficulty=1
50. In common-law marriages, couples

(a) are legally married but live apart.
(b) had an official wedding ceremony.
(c) get the state’s validation to live together.
(d) got married by a local notary.
Answer: (c)
Page: 227
Difficulty=1
51. According to the text, over _______ percent of women 15-44 have cohabited at some point in their lives.
(a) 10
(b) 20
(c) 40
(d) 50
Answer: (d)
Page: 228
Difficulty=1
52. The group most likely to be cohabitants is

(a) between the ages of 18 and 21.
(b) between the ages of 21 and 25
(c) between the ages of 30 and 49.
(d) between the ages of 45 and 65.
Answer: (c)
Page: 228
Difficulty=1
53 Sociologists Wendy Manning and Pamela Smock interviewed a sample of young women and men with
recent cohabitation experience and determined that many cohabitants
(a) carefully discuss their decision to live together.
(b) weigh the pros and cons of cohabitation.
(c) inform their parents of their decision prior to living together.
(d) gradually “slide” or “drift” into living together.
Answer: (d)
Page: 229
Difficulty=1
8
54. Spouses who cohabit before marriage exhibit a higher rate of __________ than their married counterparts.
(a) sexual activity
(b) sexual dysfunction
(c) sharing
(d) violent behavior
Answer: (d)
Page: 231
Difficulty=1
55. Regarding the performance of household chores among cohabitating couples, which of the following is
true?
(a) Over time, traditional gender roles emerge.
(b) There is a total reversal of gender roles.
(c) There is a consistent pattern of egalitarian sharing.
(d) Decisions are made in terms of who is available.
Answer: (a)
Page: 231
Difficulty=1
56. Sarah and Tom, who have been living together for over three years, say that they have liberal views with
regard to household chores. Which of the following statements best reflects what actually takes place in
their relationship?
(a) Sarah and Tom share equally in household chores.
(b) Although Tom helps with household chores, Sarah has major responsibility for getting them done.
(c) Tom does no household chores since he considers them “woman’s work.”
(d) Tom has major responsibility for the household chores
Answer: (b)
Page: 231
Difficulty=3
57. Evidence regarding cohabitation as a predictor of marital success

(a) is contradictory and inconclusive.
(b) clearly indicates that cohabitation can predict future marital success.
(c) shows no conclusive relationship between cohabitation and marital success.
(d) indicates a weak link between cohabitation and marital success.
Answer: (a)
Pages: 231
Difficulty=1
58. A wide range of studies have determined that couples who marry after a period of cohabitation
(a) are less likely to separate and/or divorce.
(b) are at a 15 to 20 percent greater risk of separating and/or divorcing than marriages without prior
cohabitation.
(c) are at a 20 to 25 percent greater risk of separating and/or divorcing than marriages without prior
cohabitation.
(d) are at a 35 to 50 percent greater risk of separating and/or divorcing than marriages without prior
cohabitation.
Answer: (d)
Page: 231
9
Difficulty=1
59. During the three years that they lived together, John had agreed to assist Mary with her college expenses.
Now that they are separated, he is refusing to keep this agreement. On what grounds could Mary sue John?
(a) alimony
(b) patrimony
(c) prenuptial agreement
(d) palimony
Answer: (d)
Page: 232
Difficulty=3
60. A recent decision by some states extends the range of benefits, such as domestic leave and visitation rights,
to unmarried couples who live together in a __________ partnership.
(a) cohabitation
(b) paternity
(c) marital
(d) domestic
Answer: (d)
Page: 232
Difficulty=1
61. ________ is a term which refers to unmarried couples who live together and share housing and financial
responsibilities.
(a) Domestic contracts
(b) Domestic partnerships
(c) Cohabitation contracts
(d) Cohabiting pairs
Answer: (b)
Page: 232
Difficulty=1
62. Communes in the United States had early ties with

(a) the mafia.
(b) the government.
(c) the KKK movement.
(d) religious organizations.
Answer: (d)
Page: 237
Difficulty=1
63. Communes
(a) are a recent phenomenon.
(b) have existed since earliest times.
(c) became popular in the 1960s.
(d) have had no appeal.
Answer: (b)
Page: 237
Difficulty=1
10
64. Which of the following factors had the greatest impact on the gay and the lesbian movement in the 1970s?
(a) The raiding of bath houses by the police.
(b) Requiring gays and lesbians to declare their sexual orientation in order to obtain federal jobs.
(c) The American Psychiatric Association’s removal of homosexuality from its list of disorders.
(d) Free love concerts in the major parks around the United States.
Answer: (c)
Page: 233
Difficulty=2
65. Which of the following states has one of the highest percentages of same-sex couple households?
(a) Ohio
(b) New Mexico
(c) Massachusetts
(d) Michigan
Answer: (c)
Page: 224
Difficulty=1
66. Research shows that for the most part, elderly lesbian and gay adults
(a) are dissatisfied with their lives.
(b) discontinue homosexual relationships.
(c) report greater symptoms of psychological distress than their heterosexual peers.
(d) become confused about their sexuality.
Answer: (c)
Page: 236
Difficulty=2
67. The arrangement whereby a group of people, unrelated to each other, live together in the same house
sharing various aspects of their lives is known as
(a) a family.
(b) a commune.
(c) a live-in.
(d) a retreat.
Answer: (b)
Page: 237
Difficulty=1
68. With regard to household chores, it would be safe to say that gay and lesbian couples
(a) equally share for the most part.
(b) follow the same pattern as married couples.
(c) use the principle of “do it if you feel like it.”
(d) designate one person to take care of the chores.
Answer: (a)
Page: 235
Difficulty=1
69. Sociologists Philip Blumstein and Pepper Schwartz found that __________ determines the relative
contribution of each partner to household tasks.
(a) income
(b) age
11
(c) number of hours spent at work
(d) amount of education
Answer: (c)
Page: 235
Difficulty=1
70. Recent research has confirmed that partners in same-sex relationships are __________ likely than those in
heterosexual relationships to assume gender-typed roles.
(a) less
(b) equally
(c) more
(d) no more
Answer: (a)
Page: 234
Difficulty=1
71. According to the text’s discussion of the demystification of lesbian and gay relationships,
(a) there is a rich diversity across race, ethnicity, religion, and social class among homosexual
cohabitants.
(b) lesbian, gay, and heterosexual relationships are quite similar.
(c) compared to heterosexuals, lesbian and gay partners experience the same fears of rejection, the
same relationship problems, and same problems with sexual functioning
(d) all of the above
Answer: (d)
Page: 234
Difficulty=2
72. It would be accurate to say that

(a) Americans have become fully tolerant of the homosexual lifestyle.
(b) American society remains intolerant of the homosexual lifestyle.
(c) Americans do not really care what people do in the privacy of their bedrooms.
(d) homosexuals no longer have to worry about personal attacks based on their sexual orientation.
Answer: (b)
Page: 237
Difficulty=2
73. One of the primary areas in which gays and lesbians experience discrimination is
(a) in school.
(b) in stores.
(c) at the beach.
(d) in the workplace.
Answer: (d)
Page: 235
Difficulty=1
74. According to the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, in 2014 there were __________ incidents
of “gay bashing.”
(a) 392
(b) 692
(c) 1,092
12
(d) 1,359
Answer: (d)
Page: 226
Difficulty=1
75. Which of the following American presidents signed a bill to allow gays and lesbians to serve openly in the
military?
(a) Obama
(b) Bush
(c) Clinton
(d) Nixon
Answer: (a)
Page: 235
Difficulty=1
76. The term used to describe the incidents of name-calling, ridicule, and violence directed at gays and lesbians
is
(a) phobia.
(b) gay bashing.
(c) outing.
(d) wilding.
Answer: (b)
Page: 235
Difficulty=1
77. Four teenagers were cruising the streets. As they drove by, two men emerged from a gay bar. The teenagers
began to shout insults and taunt the men, until finally they got out of the car and assaulted the two men
claiming that “gays are the scum of the earth.” This incident demonstrates
(a) gay bashing.
(b) gang activity.
(c) outing.
(d) wilding.
Answer: (a)
Page: 235
Difficulty=2
78. Over the last year or so, incidents of gay bashing have
(a) remained relatively low.
(b) increased significantly.
(c) decreased slightly.
(d) been of no consequence.
Answer: (c)
Page: 235
Difficulty=1
79. “__________” describes a situation in which an individual openly reveals his/her homosexual orientation
after years of concealment.
(a) Flaming liberal
(b) Coming out
(c) Closet homosexual
13
(d) Homophobic
Answer: (b)
Page: 236
Difficulty=1
80. Cindy is a lesbian who has finally decided to “come out of the closet.” This means that she
(a) is contemplating suicide.
(b) has decided to adopt a heterosexual lifestyle.
(c) has agreed to see both male and female lovers.
(d) has decided to reveal her homosexual orientation.
Answer: (d)
Page: 236
Difficulty=2
81. The longevity of a commune is strongly correlated with all of the following except
(a) religious orientation.
(b) strict admission requirements.
(c) unlimited sexual contacts.
(d) strong member commitment.
Answer: (c)
Page: 238
Difficulty=2
82. When first told that her son Roger is gay, his very religious mother is likely to
(a) express strong disapproval.
(b) display the typical maternal acceptance.
(c) show no reaction.
(d) be relieved to hear the information.
Answer: (a)
Page: 236
Difficulty=2
83. In early America the term “stale maids” was used to describe
(a) women who were not married by age 20.
(b) divorced woman.
(c) prostitutes.
(d) domestic servants.
Answer: (a)
Page: 217
Difficulty=1
84. The high value placed on marriage in early America was strongly influenced by all of the following except
(a) religious beliefs.
(b) the fear of sexually transmitted diseases.
(c) the need to increase population in the newly acquired territory.
(d) personal needs.
Answer: (b)
Pages: 217
Difficulty=2
14
85. Investigators have found that marriage rates are related to all of the following except
(a) economic conditions.
(b) political climate.
(c) changing demographics.
(d) availability of practicing ministers.
Answer: (d)
Pages: 218
Difficulty=2
86. During the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth centuries, becoming a __________ meant remaining
single.
(a) doctor
(b) teacher
(c) banker
(d) salesman
Answer: (b)
Page: 218
Difficulty=1
87. The majority of communes

(a) are short lived.
(b) persist over long periods of time.
(c) are maintained indefinitely.
(d) have no known history.
Answer: (a)
Page: 238
Difficulty=1
88. The person best suited for life in a commune would have which of the following profiles?
(a) Desire for an egalitarian and cooperative relationship
(b) Strong need to control others
(c) Curiosity for sexual exploration
(d) Strong political and economic ambitions
Answer: (a)
Page: 238
Difficulty=2
89. Some disadvantages of __________ include limitations on privacy, restrictions on personal freedom,
limitations on parental influence and control, and lack of stability.
(a) cohabitation
(b) communes
(c) group marriage
(d) shared housing
Answer: (b)
Page: 238
Difficulty=2
90. Information regarding singlehood in colonial America was gathered largely from which of the following
groups?
(a) American Indians
15
(b) White settlers
(c) Slaves
(d) Single females
Answer: (b)
Page: 217
Difficulty=1
91. The statement that best describes the status of singlehood in early America would be
(a) single individuals were accorded respect.
(b) singlehood was regarded as a viable option.
(c) singlehood was devalued.
(d) single individuals had as many rights as those who were married.
Answer: (c)
Pages: 240
Difficulty=2
92. The organization called Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) was started by
(a) a radical gay group.
(b) supportive parents of homosexual children.
(c) a concerned religious group.
(d) a California-based self-help group.
Answer: (b)
Page: 236
Difficulty=1
ESSAY
93. Compare and contrast how singlehood has evolved, from Early America to the nineteenth and twentieth
century, and then today.
Difficulty=3
94. Describe singlehood in Asia. What has changed over the years and why?
Difficulty=2
95. Describe the different types of single lifestyles, including examples of how those lifestyles might look. Why
might people choose any of these lifestyles?
Difficulty=2
96. The text talks about Bernie Sanders and his support for the College for All Act. Describe this act and what
he was hoping to achieve. Do you think this would have been a good idea for our country? Why or why
not?
Difficulty=2
97. How does the text describe the similarities and differences in cohabitation for heterosexual and homosexual
couples? What challenges do both groups face? What challenges does one group face over the other? How
have these challenges changed over time?
Difficulty=3
16
98. You are a reporter doing a story on communal living in the United States. In your report you should cover
common characteristics of individuals who join communes, factors that “pull/push” individuals to join
communes, success/failure rate of communes and your predictions about the future of communal living in
the United States.
Difficulty=2
97. Imagine that you are a sociologist living in the colonial period. What observations would you make
regarding the status of single men and women? What similarities/differences would exist if you studied the
status of singles in today’s society?
Difficulty=4
98. Your college roommate/friend is seriously thinking about cohabiting and has come to you for advice. What
major issues would you discuss with him/her? Be sure to mention the advantages and disadvantages of
cohabitation.
Difficulty=3
99. Discuss the living arrangements of gay and lesbian couples in the areas of domestic tasks, finance, and
decision making. How do they differ in comparison with heterosexual couples?
Difficulty=4
100. Some cities and organizations now recognize domestic partnerships. Describe how the concept works.
What impact do you see this policy having on traditional marriages and cohabitation practices?
Difficulty=4
17

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Marriages and Families Diversity and

Change 8th Edition Schwartz Test Bank

LIVING SINGLE, LIVING WITH OTHERS: NONMARITAL LIFESTYLES

True/False Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Total Qs

19. Living together is legal in all 50 states.

22. Lesbians and gays no longer face discrimination in the workplace.

26. In 1960, Latina/os had the highest rate of singlehood.

28. Americans view marriage as an economic and social necessity.

29. A free-floating single dates others but has a steady partner.

42. With regard to income,

45. It was once popularly assumed that elderly singles

46. Information regarding elderly singles is limited because

49. Another term used to describe cohabitation is

50. In common-law marriages, couples

52. The group most likely to be cohabitants is

57. Evidence regarding cohabitation as a predictor of marital success

62. Communes in the United States had early ties with

72. It would be accurate to say that

87. The majority of communes

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