Atomic Structure

ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
A guide for GCSE students
2010
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING SPECIFICATIONS
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
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www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
CONTENTS
• Rutherford’s experiment
• Structure of atoms
• Mass number and atomic number
• Atoms and ions
• Isotopes
• Electronic structures of the first 20 elements
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is

made up of protons and neutrons.
Around the nucleus are the electrons.
Because electrons weigh very much less than

protons and neutrons, most of the mass of an
atom is concentrated in its nucleus.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Many scientists thought atoms were solid like a ‘plum pudding’.
Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ALPHA ()
PARTICLES
GOLD
ATOMS
Many scientists thought atoms were solid like a ‘plum pudding’.
Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like.
He fired positively charged ALPHA PARTICLES (helium nuclei) at a

very thin sheet of gold and detected what happened to their path.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ALPHA () MOST WENT

STRAIGHT
PARTICLES THROUGH
MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH MOST OF AN ATOM IS SPACE

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ALPHA ()
PARTICLES
SOME WERE
DEFLECTED
SOME WERE DEFLECTED NUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ALPHA ()
PARTICLES VERY FEW
BOUNCED
STRAIGHT
BACK
VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK NUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
MOST WENT
STRAIGHT
ALPHA ()
THROUGH
PARTICLES
VERY FEW
BOUNCED
STRAIGHT
SOME WERE
BACK
DEFLECTED
SUMMARY
MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH MOST OF AN ATOM IS SPACE
SOME WERE DEFLECTED NUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED
VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK NUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL

The three important particles found in atoms are…
Relative Relative
Particle Where it is found
mass charge
PROTON
NEUTRON
ELECTRON
Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is made up of protons

and neutrons and around which there are electrons.
Relative Relative
mass charge
PROTON
NEUTRON
ELECTRON
Relative Relative
mass charge
PROTON NUCLEUS 1 +1
Relative Relative
mass charge
PROTON NUCLEUS 1 +1
NEUTRON NUCLEUS 1 0
Relative Relative
mass charge
PROTON NUCLEUS 1 +1
NEUTRON NUCLEUS 1 0
IN SHELLS Negligble
ELECTRON AROUND THE ‘Very small’ -1
NUCLEUS
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS - Summary
Relative Relative
mass charge
PROTON NUCLEUS 1 +1
NEUTRON NUCLEUS 1 0
IN SHELLS Negligble
ELECTRON AROUND THE ‘Very small’ -1
NUCLEUS
MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER
Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol
Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K
Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cu

one being a capital
Recently discovered high atomic Unh

number elements have been given
symbols with three letters
Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol
Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K
Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cu

one being a capital
Recently discovered high atomic Unh

number elements have been given
symbols with three letters
When necessary, the atomic number and the

mass number can be written alongside the symbol
23
Na
11
When necessary, the atomic number and the

mass number can be written alongside the symbol
Mass Number (A)

PROTONS + NEUTRONS
23
Na
11
Atomic Number (Z)
PROTONS
Mass Number (A)

PROTONS + NEUTRONS
23
Na
11
THESE ALWAYS GO
Atomic Number (Z) TOGETHER – ANYTHING
PROTONS WITH 11 PROTONS MUST
BE SODIUM
Mass Number (A)

PROTONS + NEUTRONS
23
Na
11
Atomic Number (Z)
PROTONS
Mass Number (A) THERE WILL BE 12 NEUTRONS

PROTONS + NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS
23 – 11 = 12
23
Na
11
Atomic Number (Z)
PROTONS
Mass Number (A)

PROTONS + NEUTRONS
23
Na
11
Atomic Number (Z)
PROTONS
ATOMS AND IONS
ATOMS AND IONS
ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS
IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

ATOMS AND IONS
PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20
ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18
ATOM or ION?
ATOMS AND IONS
PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20
ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18
ATOM or ION? ATOM ION ATOM ION ION
ATOMS AND IONS
THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE

NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS
ATOMS AND IONS

MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE

FEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVE
ATOMS AND IONS


ATOMS AND IONS


PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20
ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18
CHARGE
ATOMS AND IONS


PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20
ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18
CHARGE Neutral + Neutral - 2+

Atomic Mass
Protons Neutrons Electrons Charge Symbol
Number Number
A 19 21 19
B 20 0 40
C + 11 23
D 6 6 0
E 92 0 235
F 6 13
G 16 2- 16
H 27
Al3+
Atomic Mass
Protons Neutrons Electrons Charge Symbol
Number Number
A 19 21 19 0 19 40 40
K
B 20 20 20 0 20 40 40
Ca
C 11 12 10 + 11 23 23
Na+
D 6 6 6 0 6 12 12
C
E 92 143 92 0 92 235 235

U
F 6 7 6 0 6 13 13
C
G 16 16 18 2- 16 32 32
S2-
H 13 14 10 3+ 13 27 27
Al3+
ISOTOPES
ISOTOPES
Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of

neutrons.
These atoms are called ISOTOPES of that element.

ISOTOPES

neutrons.
Isotopes of an element have SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS

DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
ISOTOPES

neutrons.

or put another way SAME ATOMIC NUMBER

DIFFERENT MASS NUMBER
ISOTOPES

neutrons.

or put another way SAME ATOMIC NUMBER

DIFFERENT MASS NUMBER
ISOTOPES HAVE SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

ISOTOPES
ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN
1 2
1
H 1
H
ISOTOPES
1 2
1
H 1
H
ATOMIC NUMBER
ISOTOPES
1 2
1
H 1
H
ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1
ISOTOPES
1 2
1
H 1
H
ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1
MASS NUMBER
ISOTOPES
1 2
1
H 1
H
ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1
MASS NUMBER 1 2
PROTONS
ISOTOPES
1 2
1
H 1
H
ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1
MASS NUMBER 1 2
PROTONS 1 1
NEUTRONS
ISOTOPES
1 2
1
H 1
H
ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1
MASS NUMBER 1 2
PROTONS 1 1
NEUTRONS 0 1
ISOTOPES
ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE
35 37
17
Cl 17
Cl
ATOMIC NUMBER
MASS NUMBER
PROTONS
NEUTRONS
ISOTOPES
35 37
17
Cl 17
Cl
ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17
MASS NUMBER 35 37
PROTONS 17 17
NEUTRONS 18 20
ISOTOPES
35 37
17
Cl 17
Cl
ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17
MASS NUMBER 35 37
PROTONS 17 17
NEUTRONS 18 20
ABUNDANCE
ISOTOPES
35 37
17
Cl 17
Cl
ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17
MASS NUMBER 35 37
PROTONS 17 17
NEUTRONS 18 20
ABUNDANCE 75% 25%

ISOTOPES
35 37
17
Cl 17
Cl
ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17
MASS NUMBER 35 37
PROTONS 17 17
NEUTRONS 18 20
ABUNDANCE 75% 25%

RATIO
ISOTOPES
35 37
17
Cl 17
Cl
ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17
MASS NUMBER 35 37
PROTONS 17 17
NEUTRONS 18 20
ABUNDANCE 75% 25%

RATIO 3 : 1
ISOTOPES
35 37
17
Cl 17
Cl
ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17
MASS NUMBER 35 37
PROTONS 17 17
NEUTRONS 18 20
ABUNDANCE 75% 25%

RATIO 3 : 1
AVERAGE
ISOTOPES
35 37
17
Cl 17
Cl
ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17
MASS NUMBER 35 37
PROTONS 17 17
NEUTRONS 18 20
ABUNDANCE 75% 25%

RATIO 3 : 1
AVERAGE MASS 35 + 35 + 35 + 37 =
4
ISOTOPES
35 37
17
Cl 17
Cl
ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17
MASS NUMBER 35 37
PROTONS 17 17
NEUTRONS 18 20
ABUNDANCE 75% 25%

RATIO 3 : 1
AVERAGE MASS 35 + 35 + 35 + 37 = 35.5

4
ISOTOPES
ISOTOPES OF CARBON
12 13 14
6
C 6
C 6
C
ATOMIC NUMBER 6 6 6
MASS NUMBER 12 13 14
PROTONS 6 6 6
NEUTRONS 6 7 8
ISOTOPES
ISOTOPES OF CARBON
12 13 14
6
C 6
C 6
C
ATOMIC NUMBER 6 6 6
MASS NUMBER 12 13 14
PROTONS 6 6 6
NEUTRONS 6 7 8
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
THE ARRANGEMENT OF
ELECTRONS IN ATOMS
OF THE FIRST TWENTY
ELEMENTS IN THE
PERIODIC TABLE
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
HYDROGEN
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca
+
ATOMIC NUMBER 1
GROUP 1
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
1
• atoms have the same number of electrons as protons

• electrons are found in shells (energy levels) around the nucleus
• electrons are put into the lowest energy level first
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
HELIUM
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
2+
ATOMIC NUMBER 2
GROUP 0
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2
• the innermost shell can hold up to two electrons

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
LITHIUM
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
3+
ATOMIC NUMBER 3
GROUP 1
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,1
• each shell (energy level) can hold a maximum number of electrons

• the first one can only hold 2,so the next goes in the second shell
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
BERYLLIUM
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
4+
ATOMIC NUMBER 4
GROUP 2
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,2
• the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
BORON
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
5+
ATOMIC NUMBER 5
GROUP 3
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,3

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
CARBON
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
6+
ATOMIC NUMBER 6
GROUP 4
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,4

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
NITROGEN
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
7+
ATOMIC NUMBER 7
GROUP 5
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,5

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
OXYGEN
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
8+
ATOMIC NUMBER 8
GROUP 6
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,6

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
FLUORINE
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
9+
ATOMIC NUMBER 9
GROUP 7
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,7

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
NEON
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
10+
ATOMIC NUMBER 10
GROUP 0
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,8
• the second shell is now full

• full outer shells are characteristic of the unreactive NOBLE GASES
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
SODIUM
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
11+
ATOMIC NUMBER 11
GROUP 1
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,8,1
• as the second shell is full, electrons go into the third shell

• the third shell can hold up to a maximum of eight electrons
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
MAGNESIUM
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
12+
ATOMIC NUMBER 12
GROUP 2
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,8,2
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ALUMINIUM
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
13+
ATOMIC NUMBER 13
GROUP 3
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,8,3
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
SILICON
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
14+
ATOMIC NUMBER 14
GROUP 4
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,8,4
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
PHOSPHORUS
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
15+
ATOMIC NUMBER 15
GROUP 5
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,8,5
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
SULPHUR (SULFUR)
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
16+
ATOMIC NUMBER 16
GROUP 6
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,8,6
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
CHLORINE
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
17+
ATOMIC NUMBER 17
GROUP 7
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,8,7
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ARGON
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
18+
ATOMIC NUMBER 18
GROUP 0
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,8,8
• the third shell is now full

• full outer shells are characteristic of the unreactive NOBLE GASES
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
POTASSIUM
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
19+
ATOMIC NUMBER 19
GROUP 1
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,8,8,1
• as the third shell is full, electrons go into the fourth shell

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
CALCIUM
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
20+
ATOMIC NUMBER 20
GROUP 2
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
2,8,8,2
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
WHAT IS IT?
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
WHAT IS IT?
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
16+
ELECTRONS ?
PROTONS ?
ATOM / ION ?
ELEMENT ?
ANSWER ?
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
WHAT IS IT?
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
16+
ELECTRONS 16
PROTONS 16
ATOM / ION ATOM
ELEMENT SULPHUR
ANSWER S
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
WHAT IS IT?
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
19+
ELECTRONS ?
PROTONS ?
ATOM / ION ?
ELEMENT ?
ANSWER ?
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
WHAT IS IT?
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
19+
ELECTRONS 18
PROTONS 19
ATOM / ION POSITIVE ION
ELEMENT POTASSIUM
ANSWER K+
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
WHAT IS IT?
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
17+
ELECTRONS ?
PROTONS ?
ATOM / ION ?
ELEMENT ?
ANSWER ?
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
WHAT IS IT?
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
17+
ELECTRONS 18
PROTONS 17
ATOM / ION NEGATIVE ION
ELEMENT CHLORINE
ANSWER Cl¯
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
WHAT IS IT?
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
8+
ELECTRONS ?
PROTONS ?
ATOM / ION ?
ELEMENT ?
ANSWER ?
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
WHAT IS IT?
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
8+
ELECTRONS 10
PROTONS 8
ATOM / ION NEGATIVE ION
ELEMENT OXYGEN
ANSWER O2-
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
WHAT IS IT?
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
13+
ELECTRONS ?
PROTONS ?
ATOM / ION ?
ELEMENT ?
ANSWER ?
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
WHAT IS IT?
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca
13+
ELECTRONS 10
PROTONS 13
ATOM / ION POSITIVE ION
ELEMENT ALUMINIUM
ANSWER Al3+
ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
THE END
© 2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

Atomic Structure

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Atomic Structure

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ATOMIC

Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is

Around the nucleus are the electrons.

Because electrons weigh very much less than

Many scientists thought atoms were solid like a ‘plum pudding’.

Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like.

Many scientists thought atoms were solid like a ‘plum pudding’.

Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like.

He fired positively charged ALPHA PARTICLES (helium nuclei) at a

ALPHA () MOST WENT

MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH MOST OF AN ATOM IS SPACE

SOME WERE DEFLECTED NUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED

VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK NUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL

SOME WERE DEFLECTED NUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED

VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK NUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL

The three important particles found in atoms are…

Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is made up of protons

The three important particles found in atoms are…

The three important particles found in atoms are…

The three important particles found in atoms are…

The three important particles found in atoms are…

The three important particles found in atoms are…

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol

Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K

Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cu

Recently discovered high atomic Unh

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol

Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K

Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cu

Recently discovered high atomic Unh

When necessary, the atomic number and the

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

When necessary, the atomic number and the

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A)

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A)

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A)

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A) THERE WILL BE 12 NEUTRONS

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (A)

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE

MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE

MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE