Year 9 Chemistry Unit 1c Atomic Structure 1

Year 9 Chemistry
1.c Atomic Structure

LO: To be able to calculate proton, neutron and
electron numbers, Z and Ar in atoms and ions
Starter Activity: In your notebook,
tell me what you already know about
atomic structure and the plum
pudding model of the atom.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
CONTENTS
• Rutherford’s experiment
• Structure of atoms
• Mass number and atomic number
• Atoms and ions
• Isotopes
• Electronic structures of the first 20 elements
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is

made up of protons and neutrons.
Around the nucleus are the electrons.
Because electrons weigh very much less than

protons and neutrons, most of the mass of an
atom is concentrated in its nucleus.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Many scientists thought atoms were solid like a ‘plum pudding’.
Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ALPHA (α)
PARTICLES
GOLD
ATOMS
Many scientists thought atoms were solid like a ‘plum pudding’.
Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like.
He fired positively charged ALPHA PARTICLES (helium nuclei) at a

very thin sheet of gold and detected what happened to their path.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ALPHA (α) MOST WENT

STRAIGHT
PARTICLES THROUGH
MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH MOST OF AN ATOM IS SPACE

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ALPHA (α)
PARTICLES
SOME WERE
DEFLECTED
SOME WERE DEFLECTED NUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ALPHA (α)
PARTICLES VERY FEW
BOUNCED
STRAIGHT
BACK
VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK NUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL

Task 1: Summarise ATOMIC STRUCTURE
MOST WENT
STRAIGHT
ALPHA (α)
THROUGH
PARTICLES VERY FEW
BOUNCED
STRAIGHT
SOME WERE
BACK
DEFLECTED
SUMMARY
MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH MOST OF AN ATOM IS SPACE
SOME WERE DEFLECTED NUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED
VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK NUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/
html/rutherford-scattering/latest/ Task: Try the PHET Rutherford Scattering
rutherford-scattering_en.html
Simulator for 5 minutes maximum
Task: Watch this video about atomic structure
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=fN8kH9Vvqo0&list=PLidqqIGKox7WeOKVGHxcd69k
Task: Watch this video about calculating atomic number
and mass number
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNmNyy2BX4g&t=62s
The three important particles found in atoms are…
Relative Relative
Particle Where it is found
mass charge
PROTON
NEUTRON
ELECTRON
Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is made up of protons

and neutrons and around which there are electrons.
Relative Relative
mass charge
PROTON
NEUTRON
ELECTRON
Relative Relative
mass charge
PROTON NUCLEUS 1 +1
Relative Relative
mass charge
PROTON NUCLEUS 1 +1
NEUTRON NUCLEUS 1 0
Relative Relative
mass charge
PROTON NUCLEUS 1 +1
NEUTRON NUCLEUS 1 0
IN SHELLS Negligble
ELECTRON AROUND THE ‘Very small’ -1
NUCLEUS
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS - Summary
Relative Relative
mass charge
PROTON NUCLEUS 1 +1
NEUTRON NUCLEUS 1 0
IN SHELLS Negligble
ELECTRON AROUND THE ‘Very small’ -1
NUCLEUS
MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER
Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Mass Number (Ar) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol
Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K
Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cu

one being a capital
Recently discovered high atomic Unh

number elements have been given
symbols with three letters
Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol
Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K
Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cu

one being a capital
Recently discovered high atomic Unh

number elements have been given
symbols with three letters
When necessary, the atomic number and the

mass number can be written alongside the symbol
23
Na
11
When necessary, the atomic number and the

mass number can be written alongside the symbol
Mass Number (Ar)

PROTONS + NEUTRONS
23
Na
11
Atomic Number (Z)
PROTONS
Mass Number (Ar)

PROTONS + NEUTRONS
23
Na
11
THESE ALWAYS GO
Atomic Number (Z) TOGETHER – ANYTHING
PROTONS WITH 11 PROTONS MUST
BE SODIUM
Mass Number (Ar)

PROTONS + NEUTRONS
23
Na
11
Atomic Number (Z)
PROTONS
Mass Number (Ar) THERE WILL BE 12 NEUTRONS

PROTONS + NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS
23 – 11 = 12
23
Na
11
Atomic Number (Z)
PROTONS
Mass Number (Ar)

PROTONS + NEUTRONS
23
Na
11
Atomic Number (Z)
PROTONS
ATOMS AND IONS
ATOMS AND IONS
ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS
IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

ATOMS AND IONS
PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20
ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18
ATOM or ION?
ATOMS AND IONS
PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20
ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18
ATOM or ION? ATOM ION ATOM ION ION
ATOMS AND IONS
THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE

NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS
ATOMS AND IONS

MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE

FEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVE
ATOMS AND IONS


ATOMS AND IONS


PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20
ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18
CHARGE
ATOMS AND IONS


PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20
ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18
CHARGE Neutral + Neutral - 2+

Task: Complete table MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER
Atomic Mass
Protons Neutrons Electrons Charge Symbol
Number Number
A 19 21 19
B 20 0 40
C + 11 23
D 6 6 0
E 92 0 235
F 6 13
G 16 2- 16
H 27
Al3+
Atomic Mass
Protons Neutrons Electrons Charge Symbol
Number Number
A 19 21 19 0 19 40 40
K
B 20 20 20 0 20 40 40
Ca
C 11 12 10 + 11 23 23
Na+
D 6 6 6 0 6 12 12
C
E 92 143 92 0 92 235 235

U
F 6 7 6 0 6 13 13
C
G 16 16 18 2- 16 32 32
S2-
H 13 14 10 3+ 13 27 27
Al3+
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/
simulations/build-an-atom Play: PHET Build an Atom

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Year 9 Chemistry

1.c Atomic Structure

Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is

Around the nucleus are the electrons.

Because electrons weigh very much less than

Many scientists thought atoms were solid like a ‘plum pudding’.

Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like.

Many scientists thought atoms were solid like a ‘plum pudding’.

Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like.

He fired positively charged ALPHA PARTICLES (helium nuclei) at a

ALPHA (α) MOST WENT

MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH MOST OF AN ATOM IS SPACE

SOME WERE DEFLECTED NUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED

VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK NUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL

SOME WERE DEFLECTED NUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED

VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK NUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL

The three important particles found in atoms are…

Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is made up of protons

The three important particles found in atoms are…

The three important particles found in atoms are…

The three important particles found in atoms are…

The three important particles found in atoms are…

The three important particles found in atoms are…

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol

Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K

Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cu

Recently discovered high atomic Unh

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol

Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K

Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cu

Recently discovered high atomic Unh

When necessary, the atomic number and the

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

When necessary, the atomic number and the

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (Ar)

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (Ar)

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (Ar)

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (Ar) THERE WILL BE 12 NEUTRONS

Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number (Ar)

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE

MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE

ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS

IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE

MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE