01-10-2023

WELCOME
BIOLOGY

FOR SSC JE/CGL EXAM

By- Manish Kumar
SUBSCRIBE Telegram group:- SIRJEE CLASSES

BIOLOGY BASICS
SIRJEE CLASSES
Biology (greek word)
(BIOS )+ (logos)

Life study of

i. Animals
ii. Plants
iii. Micro-organisms (bacteria, virus,
fungi, protozoa)
Biotechnology:- Use of living organisms in
industrial processes.
NOTE:-

1. Aristotle- father of biology/father of Zoology.

2
2. Theophrastus- father of botany.
3. Hippocrates- father of western medicines.

1
 01-10-2023

DIFFERENT BRANCHES & STUDY

BRANCHES STUDY OF SIRJEE CLASSES

1. Microbiology - Study of micro-organisms.

Father of Microbiology- (louis Pasteur)
He developed 4 theory:-
1. Vaccine Against hydrophobial rabies (DOG BITE).
2. Theory of pasteurization. (technique to kill the microorganism,
Up to 70 degree Celsius milk boil and after that instantly cool
down and preserve).
3. Theory of fermentation- conversion of sugar to alcohol with the
help of yeast (fungi).
4. Theory of spontaneous generation. Regarding origin of life(Life
begins from life).
Note:-
3
1. Theory of Natural selection- darwin 3. Germplasm theory- august-weisman.
2. Survival of the fittest- Spencer 4. Inheritance of acquired character- lamarcks.

DIFFERENT BRANCHES & STUDY

BRANCHES STUDY OF SIRJEE CLASSES

2.Genetics - Heredity and evolution, study of heredity of variation

of evolution.
Gregor J. Mendel - father of genetics
Experiment on garden pea (pisum sativum).
Gene- basic unit of heredity.

BRANCHES STUDY OF
3. Horticulture - study of Garden plants
4. Silvi-culture - study of forestry
5. Siri-Culture - study of silk (pre-dominantly protein (C,H,O, N,) (china)
Silk moth - bombiya mori (from Silk)- natural silk
Rayon - Artificial silk.
Note:-
4
Wool - protein (alpha protein). Cotton- cellulose (C,H,O,)
Acrylic - artificial wool. N- absent

2
 01-10-2023

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER

SIRJEE CLASSES

Louis pasteur – fermentation process

DIFFERENT BRANCHES & STUDY

BRANCHES STUDY OF SIRJEE CLASSES

6. Paleo-botany/paleobiology - study of fossils.

7. Anthology/ palymology - study of flowers

Wolffia Rafflesia Jurupa oak

➢Smallest Flower. ➢Largest flower. ➢Oldest plant in California forest.
➢Rootless. ➢very bad odour. ➢13000 Years.
➢Hydrophyte.

8. Pomology - study of fruits.

False fruit example:-
6
I. Apple
II. pear
III. Mulberry.

3
 01-10-2023

DIFFERENT BRANCHES & STUDY

BRANCHES STUDY OF SIRJEE CLASSES

9. Pharmacology - uses, effects and action of drugs.

10. Pharmacognosy - medicinal plants.
11. Icthyology - study of fishes(pisciculture)

Genetic engineering- Branch of biotechnology which deals with genetic

manipulation of DNA and RNA.
Bacillus Thurinigenesis
BT
➢BT brinjal Brinjal × tomato= bromatto.
➢BT cotton Potato × tomato= pomato.
➢BT Maize
Which of the following has maximum protein content:-
7
a. Soyabeen b. Milk Spirulina- found in Saihwal under
c. Spirulina d. meat sea. Also available as a tablet.

Q. Green Colour of pond or lakes is due to: -

SIRJEE CLASSES

a. Algae b. Fungi
Algae
➢It is a multicellular and aquatic. algae
➢Contains chlorophyll – perform photosynthesis.
➢Hence autotrophs.
Colour of pond is due to this.

Fungile
1. It is heterotrophs. Mushroom
2. Contain no chlorophyll, hence no
1. Amanita
photosynthesis.
➢Highly poisonous.
So it depend on soil containing organic ➢Used against Snake bite.
matter or dead material.
2. Morchella- Edible 8
ex - mushroom, yeast.
lichen
Lichen- algae+ fungi

4
 01-10-2023

DIFFERENT BRANCHES & STUDY

BRANCHES STUDY OF SIRJEE CLASSES

12. Hydroponics -------- study of soil less culture.

13. Olericulture -------- study of vegetables.

14. Oncology ------------ study of cancer.
15. Oncogene ------------ gene causing cancer.
16. Carinogene --------- chemical causing cancer.
17. Ophiology/
Serpentology study of snakes.

18. Herpetology-------- reptiles and amphibians.

19. Ornithology ---------- study of birds.
Flightless bird
1. Kiwi (New Zealand)
2. Penguin (antarctica)
3. Rhea ( south America) 9
4. Emu ( australia)
5. Ostrich ( africa (kalahari Desert)

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER

SIRJEE CLASSES

5
 01-10-2023

DIFFERENT BRANCHES & STUDY

Ostrich is the largest flightless bird. SIRJEE CLASSES

Humming-bird is smallest bird.

Wandering Albatross (new Zealand)- largest

flying bird .

BRANCHES STUDY OF

20. Anthropology----- study of evolution and features

of humans.
21. Agrostology ------- study of grass.
22. Entomology ------- study of insects.
23. Dysgenics -------- study of unwanted character in a given race.
24. Phycology or
Algology- ------- study of Algae.
11

25. Mycology ----------- study of fungi.

DIFFERENT BRANCHES & STUDY

SIRJEE CLASSES
BRANCHES STUDY OF
26. Spermology ---------------- study of seeds.
27. Pedology ------------------- study of soils in their natural
environment.
28. Pomology ------------------- study of fruits.
29. Morphology --------------- study of shape of something (words, plants).
30. Anatomy -------------------- study of bodily structure of something
(human, animals).
31. Hydrophyte -------------- A plant which grows only in or on water.
32. Orology ------------------------- study of mountains.
33. lapideteriology-------------- study of butterfly.
34. Neontology------------------ study of organism living in current era.
35. Pollinology ------------------ study of plant Pollen.
36. Xerophytic ------------------- species of plant that has adaptation to
survive in environment with little liquid
12
water such as desert or Ice-snow covered
area.
ex- cactus, pineapple

6
 01-10-2023

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER

SIRJEE CLASSES

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTION FROM BASICS OF BIOLOGY

UNIT-1 SIRJEE CLASSES

1. The study of fruit is called: -

a. spermology b. anthology
c. Pedology d. pomology Ans-d

2. Study of internal structure of the plant is called:-

a. Morphology b. taxonomy
c. anatomy d. Histology Ans-c

3. Which of the following is an artificial ecosystem.

a. pond b. field 14
Ans-b
c. forest d. none of these

7
 01-10-2023

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTION FROM BASICS OF BIOLOGY

UNIT-1 SIRJEE CLASSES

4. Genetics deals with the:-

a. Mendel's law b. Organic evolution Ans-d

c. DNA structure d. Heredity and variation

5. Mendel's principle of inheritance are based on:-

a. Vegetative reproduction b. Asexual reproduction Ans-d

c. Sexual reproduction d. All of the above

6. Chemically Silk fibres are predominantly:-

a. Protein b. Carbohydrate Ans-a 15

c. Complex lipid d. Mixture of polysaccharide and fat

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTION FROM BASICS OF BIOLOGY

UNIT-1 SIRJEE CLASSES

7. Lichen is formed through the mutual combination of two

species of the plant which are:-
Ans-d
a. Fungi and fern b. Algae and bryophyta
c. Bacteria and virus d. Fungi and algae

8. Mammal capable of flying is:

a. Jaguar b. ostrich Ans-d

c. Pallican d. bat

9. Who propounded the theory of evolution:-

a. Spencer b. darwin 16
Ans-b
c. Wallace d. Huxlay

8
 01-10-2023

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTION FROM BASICS OF BIOLOGY

UNIT-1 SIRJEE CLASSES

10. The longest flower of the world is:-

a. Lotus b. raflesia Ans-b

c. Cactus d. none of these

11. Which of the following is a false fruit:-

a. Apple b. betel nut

c. Mango d. banana Ans-a

12. The longest living tree is:-

Ans-b 17
a. Eucalyptus b. sal
c. teak d. none of these

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTION FROM BASICS OF BIOLOGY

UNIT-1 SIRJEE CLASSES

13. The common edible mushroom is :-

Ans-a
a. Mass of fungal spores b. Type of Hypha
c. Tightly packed Mycelium d. Structure used for producing
Asexual spores.

14. The word gene was first used by:-

a. Waldare b. watson
c. Crick d. johannsen Ans-d

15. Who called the genetical Science as genetics:

a. Gregor Mendel b. C. corence 18

Ans-a
c. H.j. Muller d. w. Watson

9
 01-10-2023

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTION FROM BASICS OF BIOLOGY

UNIT-1 SIRJEE CLASSES

16. The theory of evolution was propounded by:-

a. Louis Pasteur
b. aristotle Ans-d
c. Gregor Mendel
d. charles Darwin

17. The vaccination of rabies was invented by:-

a. Edward Jenner
b. louis Pasteur
c. Alexander Fleming Ans-b
d. none of these 19

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTION FROM BASICS OF BIOLOGY

UNIT-1 SIRJEE CLASSES

18

Ans-a

20

10
 01-10-2023

CELL/CYTOLOGY
SIRJEE CLASSES

➢Cell is the basic unit of life.

➢Structure and functional unit of life.

It is made up of life giving substance

Called Protoplasm (99% protein, C,H,O,N).

Note:-
➢Shultze- discovered protoplasm.
➢Robert Hooke- discovered cell in 1665.
➢Robert Brown- discovered nucleus.

same type tissue several type organ several type organ system
of cell of tissue of organ digestive system
respiratory system

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER SIRJEE CLASSES

11
 01-10-2023

CELL/CYTOLOGY
As buildings are made up of bricks, SIRJEE CLASSES

Similarly our body is made up of cells.

The cell is enclosed by a thin outer

membrane called cell membrane.

Most cells have centrally located

Spherical structure called nucleus.

The nucleus is surrounded by a jelly

like substance called cytoplasm.

Cell is covered by cell membrane and

Outer layer found in plant is called cell wall.
Cell membrane- provides the shape to the cell.
In cytoplasm various cell organelles are present like:-
1. Mytochondria
2. Chloroplast Protoplasm= cytoplasm + nucleus
3. Ribosome

CELL NUCLEUS
It is Generally Spherical and located in the centre SIRJEE CLASSES

Of the cell and on the Periphery in the plant cell.

Nucleus is Separated from cytoplasm by a membrane

Called nuclear membrane (porous nature).

Due to the porous nature of nuclear membrane, the

movement of material between cytoplasm and inside
the nucleus takes place.

Nucleus also contains thread like structure called

Chromosomes.

Chromosome contains genes and helps in inheritance

or transfer of character from parents to offspring.

Nucleus also act as control centre of the activities of

cells.

12
 01-10-2023

TYPES OF CELL

1. Prokaryotes 2. Eukaryotic cell SIRJEE CLASSES

1. Prokaryotes
Cells having nuclear material without nuclear
membrane are termed as prokaryotes.

Example:- bacteria

It means nucleus is not well Organised.

DNA present inside the nucleus is of circular

Form.

Membrane bound cell organelle like:-

1. Mitochondria
2. Chloroplast These are absent
3. Ribosome

EUKARYOTIC CELL
SIRJEE CLASSES

Nuclear membrane is present and membrane

bound cell organelles:-

1. Mytochondria
2. Chloroplast are present.
3. Ribosome

Ex- plant cell and Animal cell.

13
 01-10-2023

SOME FACTS ABOUT CELL

SIRJEE CLASSES

1. Longest cell Neuron/ nerve cell

2. Largest cell Ostrich egg

3. Smallest cell PPLO (pleuron pneumonia like structure)/

mycoplasma

4. Largest human Ovum

cell

5. Smallest human Sperm

cell

6. Longest plant Fibre of ramie

cell

PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES SIRJEE CLASSES

Prokaryotes. Eukaryotes
 It has no nucleus membrane but have cell membrane
 It also contain nucleic material, they are fluid:- ex- plant cell and Animal
cell
i.e. DS Circular DNA and 70s ribosome.(RNA)
ex- bacteria

14
 01-10-2023

COMPARISON BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL

SIRJEE CLASSES

Plant cell
ANIMAL CELL

1. Cell wall:- is present in plant cell. ➢ 1. Cell wall:- absent in animal cell.
In plant cell Cell wall is made up of
cellulose.
In fungi Cell wall is made up of
chitin. 2. Reserve Food:- glycogen
In bacterial cell wall is made up of ( It is stored in liver.)
Murein
note:-
Plastids is absent in animals.
2. Reserve food :- starch (No chlorophyll so not make food)
( It is stored in plastids)
PLASTIDS

Leucoplast chloroplast Chromoplast

Green color
Colourless Colour

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

NOTE:-
Cell without a cell wall is known as protoplast.

15
 01-10-2023

COMPARISON BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL

SIRJEE CLASSES
Plant cell ANIMAL CELL

3. Ribosome :- present in plant cell. 3. Ribosome: - present in animal cell.

(Protein factory, synthesis of protein)

Ribosome Discovered by G.E. Pallade.
4. Lysosome: - present in animal cell.
5. Centrosome: - present in animal cell.
4. Lysosome:- present in plant cell.
5. Centrosome:- absent in plant cell

lysosome
A lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in many
animal cells and most plant cells.
It is also known as digestive bag or suicide bag.
It secrete enzymes which helps to digest food substances hence called as digestive bag.
Sometimes they may even digest the entire cell containing them hence called suicide bag.

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

16
 01-10-2023

COMPARISON BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL

Plant cell ANIMAL CELL
SIRJEE CLASSES

6. Plant cell is larger in size. 6. Animal cell is smaller in size.

Due to presence of vacuole ❖ Vacuole is very small in size or either
plant cell is larger in size, absent.
i.e well developed.
Membrane around the vacuole is
known as TONOPLAST.

7. Mitochondria:- present in animal cell.

(Known as Power house)
7. Mitochondria:- Present in plant cell.

MITOCHONDRIA (POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL)

 C. Benda:- Gave the term mitochondria, but 1st SIRJEE CLASSES

discovered by kolliker.
 Main function:- Cellular respiration.

 Mitochondria is present in all living cell

except mature RBC (red blood corpuscles)
and prokaryotes.

 In human maximum number of Mitochondria

is found in liver cell (it is around 1200 mitoch-
-ondria/cell).

 As mitochondria has its own DNA and RNA hence

it is called semi- organelles structure.

 It is also called as cell within the cell due to its DS

Circular DNA.

17
 01-10-2023

MITOCHONDRIA (POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL)

SIRJEE CLASSES

RESPIRATION TYPES
SIRJEE CLASSES

 Aerobic respiration  Anaerobic respiration

Availability of oxygen. Non-Availability of oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration is different in both plant & animal

but aerobic respiration is same in plant & animal.

Due to absence of oxygen & there is formation lactic acid, which

causes fatigueness

18
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

note:-

 Mitochondria- 1st Discovered by albert von Kolliker.

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTION FROM CELL & CELL THEORY

UNIT-2 SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-a

19
 01-10-2023

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTION FROM CELL & CELL THEORY

UNIT-2 SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

Ans-c

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTION FROM CELL & CELL THEORY

UNIT-2 SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

Ans-d

Ans-a

20
 01-10-2023

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTION FROM CELL & CELL THEORY

UNIT-2 SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-2
Ans-1

Ans-3
Ans-1

NUTRITION
Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction SIRJEE CLASSES

of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to

maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of
an organism.
In humans, an unhealthy diet can cause deficiency-related
diseases such as blindness, anemia, scurvy.
NUTRIENTS
Nutrients are compounds in foods essential to life and health, providing
us with energy (measured in calories), the building blocks for repair and
growth and substances necessary to regulate chemical processes.

There are six major nutrients:-

1. Carbohydrates (CHO) (chief source) 2. Lipids (fats),

3. Proteins, (of energy) 4. Vitamins,
5. Minerals, 6. Water.
Proteins & carbohydrates are called protective food.
Nucleic acid

21
 01-10-2023

1. CARBOHYDRATE
The carbohydrate is a biomolecule composed of C,H, & O in SIRJEE CLASSES

ratio 1:2:1
Carbohydrate are main Source of energy, i.e.
50 to 70%. ex:-
Starch, sugar, glucose, lactose( found in milk)
Main source of carbohydrate are:-
Wheat, rice, potato ,banana.

Different forms of carbohydrate

1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides
This is simple form of
It is made from two It is made from number
carbohydrate.
molecules of of monosaccharide
ex- monosaccharide molecules.
Galactose,
glucose, fructose
ex- sucrose, maltose starch, glycogen,
(sweetest sugar).
cellulose, chitin.

2. LIPIDS ( FAT )

It is organic compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but oxygen is SIRJEE CLASSES

very small.
The fat is stored source of energy.
The fats are stored up behind the skin.
3. PROTEINS (Discovered by berzeleus)
The proteins are essential for the physiological growth and various other
activities of the human bodies.
It contains chain of amino acids.
These are primary food stuff and are made up of Amino acids.
It is essential for the growth and replacement of cells.
Sources of proteins are:- Protein deficiency disease
PEM ( protein energy malnutrition)
Spirulina,
1. kwashiorkar. 2. Marasmus
Soyabean,
fish, Upto 1 year age.
Generally to
Meat, Severe dehydration
18 months child.
milk, pulses. Irritable child.
Dermatosis

22
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

4. VITAMINS (Discovered by CASIMIR FUNK)

It is chemical substance which does not provide us energy but still it SIRJEE CLASSES

is essential for body growth.

Vitamins are A,B,C,D,E etc
Types of vitamins

B A
water soluble vitamin
C D
Fat soluble vitamin
E
K
Vitamin C Helps in formation of
collagen. D, K - synthesized inside the body.

Highest Vitamin C is found in Amla,

oranges but it is not found in milk.

Excess of water soluble vitamin excreted with the help of urine , sweat
and also excess water soluble vitamin deteriorate after exposure with
sunlight.

23
 01-10-2023

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-2

A
D
Fat soluble vitamin
B water soluble vitamin E
C K

D, K - synthesized inside the body.

VITAMIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE

SIRJEE CLASSES

Carrot.

Niacin &
niacinamide Pellagra (skin irritation)
4-D syndrome
pantothenic acid burning feet
syndrome

24
 01-10-2023

VITAMIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE

SIRJEE CLASSES

(Vitamin- B9)

Vitamin-E Tocopherol wrinkles & scars Cod liver oil

5. MINERALS
Mineral is a chemical element required as an essential nutrient by SIRJEE CLASSES

organisms to perform functions necessary for life.

Iron, Iodine( main minerals).
Mineral deficiency diseases
Generally these are very small in human body, but if not present may
cause problem like:-
1. Goitre- iodine deficiency(swelling of neck) 2. Anaemia- iron deficiency
Cause of goitre Anaemia( lack of blood)
Due to lack of Iodine thyroid gland does
not function properly and hormonal Due to iron deficiency there is lack
disturbance occur and hence swelling in of hemoglobin and hence shortage
neck. of oxygen supply, and hence colour
Hence it is recommended to take iodised of blood turns yellowish.
salt.

25
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-2

Ans-b

5. MINERALS NUTRIENTS CLASSIFICATION

Micro-nutrients for plants SIRJEE CLASSES

,hydrogen

26
 01-10-2023

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-3

Ans-1

NUCLEIC ACID (Discovered by Friedrich Miescher)

(in sperm cells of Salman fish.)
SIRJEE CLASSES

Nucleic acids are the small biomolecules, essential to all known forms
of life.
The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA
& RNA.
They are composed of nucleotides, which are the
monomers made of 3 components of :-

N.A. = 5-carbon Sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group

A, G, C, T,
U
If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA
(ribonucleic acid);
if the sugar is derived from ribose as
deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA (deoxy-ribonucleic acid).

Structure of DNA double-helical (poly-nucleotide)

DNA is found inside the nucleus,
Given by watson & crick
mitochondria.

27
 01-10-2023

COMPARISON BETWEEN DNA & RNA

SIRJEE CLASSES
DNA RNA

Deoxyribose nucleic acid Ribose-nucleic acid

(C5H10O4) Pentose sugar (C5H10O5)Pentose sugar

Nitrogenous base Nitrogenous base

(A, G, C, T ) Present (A, G, C, U) Present

DNA is called as:-

“coil of life”
“thread of life”
A = T/U (double bond)
It is carrier of genetic C = G (triple bond)
properties.

Monomer units for forming nucleic

acid are nucleotides.

NUTRIENTS ALL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b
Ans-a

Ans-d Ans-a

28
 01-10-2023

NUTRIENTS ALL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b
Ans-a

Ans-d
Ans-a

NUTRIENTS ALL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

Ans-a

Ans-d
Ans-d

29
 01-10-2023

HUMAN DISEASES
Disease - discomfort stage of human body. SIRJEE CLASSES

Disease are caused by pathogens, they are:-

Virus, Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi,
Disease caused Disease caused
Disease caused
by virus by bacteria
by protozoa
AIDS Hydrophobia Typhoid
Hepatitis Measles Malaria
Tuberculosis
Dengue Mumps Kala Azar
Tetanus
Ebola German fever Sleeping sickness
Leprosy
Chicken pox Zika virus Pyorrhea
Cholera
Small pox Polio leishmaniasis
Whooping cough
Influenza Herpes Dysentery
Pneumonia
Swine Flu Rubella Plague
Anthrax
Diptheria
Disease Caused by fungus
1. Ringworm 2. Scabies 3. Athlete's foot

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

Syphils – caused by bacteria & spread

by sexual contact.

30
 01-10-2023

Disease caused by virus

1.AIDS (Virus- discovered by ivanowsky) SIRJEE CLASSES

2. Hepatitis
Symptoms Early: Flu-like illness
Later: Large lymph
nodes, fever, weight loss Hepat (liver) + itis (inflammation)
Types- A,B,C,D,E
Duration Lifelong
Hepatitis A and C are most common
Causes Human Hepatitis B is the most Lethal and communicable.
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) Transmission
Risk factors Exposure to blood, i. Blood transfusion ii. Infected syringe
breast milk, unsafe sex
iii. Saliva, iv. sputum
Diagnostic Blood tests v. Direct contact with
method (ELISA test) infected person
Prevention Safe sex,
needle exchange, Test- HBsAg test.
breast feeding,
Treatment Antiretroviral therapy Antibiotics- vaccinations given in childhood.

Disease caused by virus

3. Dengue fever
4. Ebola fever
Caused by dengue virus which is spread
SIRJEE CLASSES

by female aedes aegypti mosquito. It is name of river Congo Republic.

Caused by- ebola virus
Mostly active during rainy season.
Affect - blood platelets Affected parts- platelet cells.
Children- dengue hemorrhagic fever. Carrier of ebola- fruit bats, pigs.
Adults- bone break fever. Symptoms Fever, sore throat, muscular
Fever, headache, muscle and pain, headaches, diarrhea, bleeding
Symptoms
joint pain, rash

5. Smallpox (चेचक)
6. Chicken pox ( छोटी माता)
Virus --- variola virus.
Virus --- varicella virus.
One time disease and lethal.
Formation of sears on skin, An itchy like rashes on
happens during changing skin.
weather condition.
Prevention -- Varicella vaccine
Smallpox vaccine -- made by EdwardJenner

31
 01-10-2023

DISEASE CAUSED BY BACTERIA (single-celled)

Bacteria discovered by - Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. SIRJEE CLASSES

He Also invented compound microscope.

1. Typhoid fever (आंत्र ज्वर) 2. Tuberculosis (तपेदिक)

Bacteria ---- salmonella paratyphi. Bacteria ---- microbacterium tuberculosis

Affected part----- small intestine.
Transmitted by --- contaminated water.
Test ------- - widal test.
Symptoms Fever, abdominal pain,
Affected part --- lungs and other organ.
Transmission - --by air, housefly, sputum
Test ------------- - tuberculin test.
Vaccination ------- B.C.G

3. Leprosy (कुष्ठ रोग) (contagious disease) 4. Cholera ( है जा)

Bacteria -------- mycobacterium leprae.
Affected part -- skin and nervous system.
Transmission --- person to person by Touch.
(Found under nails)
Treatment ------ M.D.T (multi drug therapy)
Symptoms Decreased ability to feel pain.
Bacteria ----- vibrio comma or
vibrio cholerae.
Symptoms --- vomiting and loose motion.
Affected organs ---- stomach and small
intestine.
Transmission ----- contaminated food.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

32
 01-10-2023

DISEASE CAUSED BY PROTOZOA

Protozoa is an informal term for single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living SIRJEE CLASSES
or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other micro-organisms or
organic tissues and debris.
1. Kala azar 2. Sleeping sickness (न द्रं ालुता - रोग)

Known as Dum Dum fever. Protozoa -------- --- trypanosoma.

Protozoan parasite -------- genus Affected part ------ Brain.
Leishmania. Symptoms -------- Sleep disorder,
Affected part ------------- RBC. abnormal tone
Vector --------------------- Sand fly. Vector -------------- Tse-Tse fly.

3. dysentry (पेचचश) 4. pyrrohea

Protozoa ------ entamoeba histolytica.
Affected part ----- COLON.
Spread by contaminated water and food.
Symptoms ------- headache, vomiting,
loss of appetite, bloody diarrhoea.
Carrier ------- house fly.
A serious gum infection that damages
gums and can destroy the jaw-bone.
Protozoa ----- entamoeba gingivitis.
Affected part ---- Gums.
Symptoms ------- offensive breath,
bleeding

DISEASE CAUSED BY FUNGUS

Fungus is multicellular saprophyte. SIRJEE CLASSES

Ex- Mushroom, East, bread, moulds

2. Scabies (खाज).
1. Ringworm (िाि)
A scabies infection often appears
It is called ringworm because the itchy, red as little red bumps or blisters on
rash has a ring-like appearance. the skin.
Fungus --- trichophyton rubrum.
Affected part -------- skin.

Dandruff and baldness are also caused

by fungal infections. Caused by ------- itch mite.
The human itch mite is a
3. Athlete’s foot microscopic bug that burrows
into the skin and lays eggs.
It is a contagious fungal infection that
affects the skin on the feet.
Athlete’s foot occurs when the tinea
fungus grows on the feet.

33
 01-10-2023

GENETIC DISORDER DISEASE

Chromosomal disorder SIRJEE CLASSES

A chromosome is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule with

part all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.

M = have 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46

F = have 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46

In females, the 23rd pair consists of 2 large

chromosomes that look alike.

In males the 23rd pair consists of a large and a

small chromosome that do not look alike but act
as a pair during meiosis.

The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same

in both sexes are called autosomes.

The 23rd pair are called sex chromosomes.

SEX -LINKED GENETIC DISORDER

SIRJEE CLASSES

Sex-linked traits are genetic characteristics determined by genes located on

sex chromosomes.
X- LINKED DISORDER
Common disorders that are caused by abnormal sex-linked traits are:-
1. Color blindnes
2. Hemophilia,

34
 01-10-2023

1. COLOR BLINDNESS
Color blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is the SIRJEE CLASSES

decreased ability to see color or differences in color.

Found in both male and female but more common in male.
There is a problem of photo perception of Red and Green
colour only and responsible genes are present on X
chromosome only.
The gene responsible for other colour except Red and
Green are present on autosome.
In female the amount of X linked gene is double as compared
to male but this disease is more common in male.

1. COLOR BLINDNESS

Q. 2

35
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

2. HEMOPHILIA/ROYAL DISEASE

First time reported in Queen Victoria (england).

SIRJEE CLASSES

Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which blood doesn't clot normally because it

lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors).
Proteins ( responsible for blood clotting) formation
does not occur in blood.
ie. Small cut may lead to death.
( i.e. Cannot prevent bleeding)
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder. Treatment
includes regular replacement of the specific
clotting factor that is reduced.

36
 01-10-2023

HUMAN DISEASES ALL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d
Ans-d

Ans-a
Ans-b

HUMAN DISEASES ALL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-b

Ans-d

37
 01-10-2023

HUMAN DISEASES ALL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

Ans-b Ans-b

HUMAN DISEASES ALL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Ans-b

Ans-c

Ans-b

38
 01-10-2023

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Digestion involves the breakdown of complex food substance into SIRJEE CLASSES

smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated

into the body.
The process of digestion has three stages.
1. In mouth
The mechanical breakdown of food by chewing, and
the chemical breakdown by digestive enzymes, takes
place in the mouth. (i.e. starts from buccal cavity).
Saliva contains digestive enzymes called amylase,
and lingual lipase, secreted by the salivary glands.
The enzymes start to break down the food in
the mouth.
The food is mixed with saliva, begins the mechanical
process of digestion. This produces a bolus which can be
swallowed down the esophagus to enter the stomach.
Bolus – ( food + saliva ) in mouth.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

39
 01-10-2023

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
2. In stomach SIRJEE CLASSES

The food is further broken down by mixing with gastric acid until it
passes into the duodenum.
Food + gastric juice = chyme
In stomach gastric gland is present in
stomach lining, which secretes gastric juice.
gastric juice contains:-
1. Hydrochloric acid (HCL) (Kills micro-organisms)
2. Pepsinogen. In the presence of HCL, it activates
and convert into pepsin.
(It helps in digestion of food).
3. Mucosa- it maintains acidic level.
Liver is reddish brown colour, it secrete bile juice which is stored in a sack
like structure called gall bladder.
Liver is the only organ in the human body which can re-grow/regenerate.
Bile plays an important role in digestion of fats.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
3. Intestine (small & large) SIRJEE CLASSES

Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small

intestine & it is larger than large intestine.
Water and some minerals are re-absorbed back into
the blood in the colon of the large intestine.
The waste products of digestion (feces) are defecated
from the anus via the rectum.
Small intestine Large intestine
a. Caecum
a. Duodenum, b. Colon (longest)
b. Jejunum, c. Rectum
c. Ileum (longest).
Digestion and absorption takes place in ileum.
Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by pancreas which contains an enzyme
called trypsinogen (helps in protein digestion) and lipase (fat digestion).
The pancreas is a major part of the digestive system required for proper digestion.

40
 01-10-2023

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER

SIRJEE CLASSES

HCL is produced in:-

a. Mouth b. Liver Ans-c

c. Stomach d. Gall bladder

In human body which one among the following secrete

digestive enzyme.

a. Large intestine b. Liver

c. Gall bladder d. Pancreas
Ans-d

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-c

41
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

Lipase is a type of protein

made by pancreas, an organ
located near our stomach.

Lipase helps our body to digest

fats.

Ans-c

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Human respiratory system, the system in humans SIRJEE CLASSES

that takes up oxygen and expels carbon dioxide.

The respiratory tract conveys air from the
mouth and nose to the lungs, where the
gases oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged between the alveoli and the
capillaries.
Nose:- purify air through nozzle hairs.
Trachea:- (windpipe) it joins the windpipe
to the lungs.
Larynx:- (voice box) vocal chords present inside it vibrate by air pressure hence
produce sound so it is called voice box.
Tracheids:- trachea further divided into two parts name tracheids which
is joined to lungs (right and left lungs).
Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of small air sacs called alveoli.
These microscopic air sacs have a very rich blood supply, thus bringing the
air into close contact with the blood.

42
 01-10-2023

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lungs SIRJEE CLASSES

Lungs are the largest organ of our respiratory

system.
Left lung-
Right lung-
It has cardiac notch
Slightly larger than where heart rests.
left lung. (hence smaller)

In lungs millions of small air sacs called

alveoli are present.

Alveoli:- sac like structure (tracheids are

divided into tracheoles and further
ends into smaller alveoli). diaphgram

Alveoli is basically that part of lung which exchanges the gases.

It is very thin, hence absorb Oxygen and release CO2.
Alveoli are very large in numbers hence exchange of gases takes place easily.

Diaphragm:- It is muscular organ and controls the breathing rate.

PREVIOUS RRB NTPC QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

The air passage (trachea) and food passage

(esophagus) cross in the pharynx.

43
 01-10-2023

RESPIRATORY ORGAN TYPES OF VARIOUS ORGANISMS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Organs Organism types

1. Lungs --------------------------------- Reptiles and Mammals.

2. Skin ---------------------------------- Frog , Earthworm and Leeches.

3. Gills ------------------------------------ Fishes , todpoles and prawns.

4. Trachea ------------------------------ Insects , centipedes and millipedes.

5. Body surface ---------------------- protozoans , Porifera.

6. Book lungs ------------------------- Spider and Scorpion.

7. Book gills --------------------------- king Crab and prawn

8. Airsacs/lungs --------------------- Birds.

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-1

44
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

(Gills) (lungs)

(Amphibians)

Respiratory pigment hemoglobin carry dissolved oxygen, & increases

the oxygen carying capacity of the blood.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES
Which of the following statements is true about Trachea in a
respiratory system?

a. It functions as passages of air to each alveols

b. It functions for sound production
Ans-c
c. It Acts as passage of air to bronchi.
d. It Lowers the surface tension

Voice box or ______ is the portion of the respiratory tract which contains the
vocal cords for producing sound.

a. trachea
b. glottis
c. larynx Ans-c
d. epiglottis

45
 01-10-2023

HUMAN BLOOD
SIRJEE CLASSES
Blood circulates through our body and delivers essential substances
like oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells.
Blood is red, fluid connective tissue.

The blood circulates in the entire body

through the heart and other blood vessels
continuously and regularly.
Components of blood
There exists two main components in the blood:-
1. Plasma.
2. Blood corpuscles. 1. Plasma
This is Non living fluid part of the blood and it is 55% to 60% of the total blood.
The main components of Plasma are water (92%)' solid like protein (7%), salt, glucose etc.
The protein present in the blood are:-
Fibrinogen, Albumin, globulin and prothrombin.
These proteins are found in the plasma of the blood.
The proteins fibrinogen and prothrombin helps in blood clotting.

HUMAN BLOOD
2. Blood corpuscles SIRJEE CLASSES

The blood corpuscles are 40% to 50% part of the total blood.
Types of blood corpuscles:-
1. Red blood corpuscles (RBC) or erythrocytes.
2. White blood corpuscles (WBC) or leucocytes.
3. Blood platelets.
2. White blood corpuscles (WBC)
1. red blood corpuscles (RBC) or
leukocytes
erythrocytes
WBC does not have haemoglobin but
In uterus RBC mainly forms in liver nucleus is present.
and spleen but after its origination,
RBC forms in red bone marrow. The WBC is basically the body's military
force which protect the body and
It contains hemoglobin but nucleus immunises it from the attack of microbes.
is absent.
The old and feeble RBC destroys at the The WBC are of two types:-
liver/spleen, hence liver/spleen is called 1. Granulocytes
the graveyard of RBC. 2. Agranulocytes
RBC life span is 120 days. WBC life span is 5-7 days.

46
 01-10-2023

2. White blood corpuscles (WBC)

leukocytes SIRJEE CLASSES

1. granulocytes are of three types:-

a. Neutrophils (nearly 60%- 70%)
b. Eosinophils- (only 2% to 3%)- it enhances the immunity and promote the anti-
-allergic activities in the human body.
c. Basophils
2. Agranulocytes:- It is the microsubstance found in WBC, which is of two types:-
a. Lymphocytes:- these are tiny WBC whose nuclei are larger.
b. Monocytes:- these are comparatively larger but their nuclei are small.
3. Blood platelets (thrombocytes)
These are only found in the blood of human beings and
mammals in which nuclei are absent.
The average lifespan of blood platelets is nearly one week
(7 days).
When the blood capillaries (veins) are cut then the blood
platelets come at the damaged vein closely and start to
accumulate by secreting a special type of chemical which
helps in blood clotting.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

47
 01-10-2023

BLOOD CLOTTING
Whenever any part of the organ is cut out then blood
outbursts and flows out, but after a short period of time
this blood appears like a jelly and it is called the
phenomenon of blood clotting.
After the blood clotting some yellowish substance are
confined and it is called the serum.
Normally in the blood an anti-clotting or anticoagulant
substance exist which is called heparin, this prevents the
catalytic activities of prothrombin and tends to deprive
clotting.
RBC : WBC : Platelets
600 : 1 : 40

Main functions of the blood

1. to transport nutrients substance, excretory substance and hormones.

2. To protect the body from the disease by virus , bacteria through WBC.
3. To help in clotting and wound filling.

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-2

RBC life span is 120 days.

WBC life span is 5-7 days.

RBC has no nucleus & bio-concave shape.

WBC has nucleus.

Ans-4

48
 01-10-2023

Blood groups of human beings

SIRJEE CLASSES
Blood group was discovered by Karl landsteiner.
There are four main blood groups (types of blood):-
A, B, AB and O.
Our blood group is determined by the genes you
inherit from your parents.

Each group can be either RhD positive or RhD

negative, which means in total there are eight
main blood groups.
Our blood group is identified by
antibodies and antigens in the blood. The ABO system

O RrD ve- Universal

Donor.

AB RhD ve+ Universal

acceptor.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON HUMAN BLOOD

SIRJEE CLASSES

49
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON HUMAN BLOOD

SIRJEE CLASSES

Serum (blood), plasma from which the

clotting proteins have been removed.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON HUMAN BLOOD

SIRJEE CLASSES

50
 01-10-2023

BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

William Harvey discovered the blood circulatory system. SIRJEE CLASSES

The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away
from and towards the heart.
Heart
It is a pumping organ of the body and pump
blood throughout the body.
Heart has involuntary muscles.
Outer covering of the heart is called
pericardium.
4 chambers are present inside the heart so
that the oxygenated and de-oxygenated
blood do not mix.
Right side Left side
Right Atrium Left Atrium
Right ventricles Left ventricles

Receives deoxygenated blood Oxygenated Blood

BLOOD CIRCULATORY PROCESS

We get oxygen from lungs which have to be circulated SIRJEE CLASSES

throughout the body.

Heart to tissue -- oxygenated blood Inferior vena cava - Largest veins

Tissues to heart -- deoxygenated blood. Superior vena cava - of body.
Artery -- Carry oxygenated blood. Receives de-oxygenated
Veins -- carry deoxygenated blood. blood from body.

Aorta- largest artery of body (gives oxygenated blood to body).

51
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

Ans-b

52
 01-10-2023

Important facts
Pulmonary artery:- It is an artery that carries SIRJEE CLASSES

deoxygenated blood from the

right side of the heart to
the lungs.
Pulmonary veins:- It is an veins that transfer
oxygenated blood from the
the lungs to the heart.
Pacemaker:- It is the organs which generates
the heart beat.
1. Artificial pacemaker 2. Natural pacemaker
SA node – NATURAL pacemaker present in right Atrium.

Our heart is myogenic (i.e. generates on its own) and not depend
on Brain signal. Hence remain live even after death.

Heart attack -- myocardial infarction

Heart did not receive blood and gets pain and leads to death.

NO. OF HEART CHAMBERS IN ORGANISMS

The hearts of different vertebrate classes possess different numbers of SIRJEE CLASSES

chambers.
These chambers determine how efficiently the heart separates the flow of
oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood throughout the body.
Vertebrate hearts can be categorized by the number of chambers they have:-
❖Two chambers: one atrium and one ventricle (fish)
❖Three chambers: two atria and one ventricle (amphibian and reptile)
❖Four chambers: two atria and two ventricles (bird and mammal)

Organisms NO. of heart Organisms NO. of heart

chamber chamber
1. Human ------------------ 4 6. Kangaroo ----------------------- 4
2. Frog --------------------- 3 7. Birds ----------------------------- 4
3. Fish ---------------------- 2 8. Alligator ( घड़ियाल) ----------- 4
4. Bat ----------------------- 4 9. Cockroach --------------------- 13
5. Snake -------------------- 3 10. Shark ---------------------------- 2
Reptiles and amphibians have mixed heart ( oxygenate & deoxygenated blood is mixed).

53
 01-10-2023

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-1

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

54
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES

From which one of the following chambers of human heart is the

oxygenated blood pumped into aorta?

a. Right atrium b. Right ventricle Ans-d

c. Left atrium d. Left ventricle

Insufficient blood supply in human body is referred

as:- Ischemia or ischaemia is a
restriction in blood supply to
tissues, causing a shortage of
a. Ischemia b. Hyperemia Ans-a oxygen that is needed for cellular
c. Hemostasis d. Hemorrhage metabolism (to keep tissue alive).

Where does the impulse of heart beat originate?

a. S.A. node b. A.V. node Ans-a

c. vagus nerve d. cardiac nerve

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Excretion:- Removal of nitrogenous waste product from the body. SIRJEE CLASSES

Excretory product and organisms related

1. Ammonotelic 2. Ureotelic organisms- 3. Uricotelic organisms-

organism
first convert ammonia (NH3) Convert Ammonia (NH3) to
Excrete ammonia to urea then excretes. uric acid crystals and then
(NH3) directly. excretes.
ex- humans, animals, ex-
Ex- aquatic fish earthworm, amphibians water scare organism.
and mammals. like camel, reptiles,
insects, birds.

Ureotelic organisms (humans)

Excretory organ filter urea from Blood and pass out to urine and also filter
waste product from body.
The removal of urea happens in the kidneys, while solid wastes are expelled from
the large intestine.

55
 01-10-2023

EXCRETORY SYSTEM (HUMANS)

The excretory system in humans consists mainly of the SIRJEE CLASSES

kidneys and bladder.

Kidney:- Main organ of the excretory system and remove

all toxic substance, it also filters the blood.
Function of kidney
Osmoregulation:- maintenance of water level, if water level
present in excess quantity then removes
through urination.
kidney are the busiest organ of the body.
Nephrons- structural & functional subunit of kidney and
filters the blood.
Ureter:- urine made in kidney are further given to uretus.
Urinary bladder (uratus)-
It is pouch like structure and can store upto 500 ml of urine.
Uratus can expand and contract upon your need, i.e. store when you don't
want to excrete.

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER SIRJEE CLASSES

56
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

EXCRETORY SYSTEM (HUMANS)

SIRJEE CLASSES

Urethra (urine pipe):- It takes out urine out of

the body.
Its size is larger in male and shorter in female.
Male:- In male urine pipe carries both sperm
and urine.
Female:- In females it carries only urine.
They have separate pipe (duct) for gametes.
Haemodialysis-
It is artificial production of kidney.
i.e. dialysis is done (all blood are taken out and filtration is done by machines).
If dialysis is not done then, ammonia is not converted into urine and kidney
unable to remove that toxic, hence can lead to death.
Urine- it contains 95% water, 2% salt, 2.6% urea, 0.3% Uric salt.
Colour of Urine is yellow due to presence of pigment called urochrome.
PH of urine is 6.0

57
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON EXCRETORY SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES

Filtering of the blood takes place in these areas.

a. Ureters b. Intestine
c. Nephrons d. urethera Ans-c

These are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys
to the urinary bladder.

a. Arteries b. Veins
c. Ureters d. urethera
Ans-c

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON EXCRETORY SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

A tube that carries urine from the bladder to the

outside of the body.

a. Ureter b. Urethra Ans-b

c. Nephron d. kidney

58
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON EXCRETORY SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

The organ that collects and stores urine excreted by the kidneys
before it is disposed of by urination.

a. Urethra b. Nephron
c. Bladder d. kidney Ans-c

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The human reproductive system and the ability SIRJEE CLASSES

to reproduce make life possible. In sexual

reproduction, two individuals produce offspring
that have some of the genetic characteristics of
both parents.
The primary function of the human reproductive
system is to produce sex cells.
When a male and female sex cell unite, an
offspring grows and develops.

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
The production of sperm cells is known Oogenesis (ovum development) occurs
as spermatogenesis. in the female ovaries.
The ovum fuses with the sperm cell
This process occurs continuously and
and fertilization completes while
takes place within the male testes.
embryonic development begins.
Hundreds of millions of sperm must be
released in order for fertilization to take
A fertilized ovum is called a zygote.
place.

59
 01-10-2023

Female reproductive system

Structures of the female reproductive system include:- SIRJEE CLASSES

Labia majora:- Larger lip-like external

structures that cover and protect other
reproductive structures.

Labia minora:- Smaller lip-like external

structures found inside the labia majora.
They provide protection to the clitoris, urethra,
and vaginal openings.

Vagina:- Fibrous, muscular canal leading from

the cervix to the external portion of the genital
canal.

Cervix:- Opening of the uterus. This strong,

narrow structure expands to allow sperm to
flow from the vagina into the uterus.

Female reproductive system

Uterus:- Internal organ that houses and nurtures SIRJEE CLASSES

female gametes after fertilization, commonly called

the womb.

The placenta is a temporary organ that connects

the developing fetus via the umbilical cord to
the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake from a
mother to an unborn baby.

Fallopian tubes:- Uterine tubes that transport egg

cells from the ovaries to the uterus.
Fertile eggs are released from ovaries into fallopian
tubes during ovulation and typically fertilized from
there.
Ovaries:- Primary reproductive structures that
produce female gametes (eggs) and sex hormones
(estrogen and progesterone).
There is one ovary on either side of the uterus.

60
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Male sex organs include:- SIRJEE CLASSES

Penis:- This organ is composed of erectile

tissue, connective tissue, and skin.

The urethra stretches the length of the penis and

allows either urine or sperm to pass through its
external opening.

Testes:- Male primary reproductive structures that

produce male gametes (sperm) and sex
hormones (testosterone).

Scrotum:- External pouch of skin that contains

the testes.

Because the scrotum is located outside of the abdomen, it can reach

temperatures that are lower than that of internal body structures.

Lower temperatures are necessary for proper sperm development.

61
 01-10-2023

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Epididymis:- System of ducts that receive SIRJEE CLASSES

immature sperm from the testes.

The epididymis functions to develop immature

sperm and house mature sperm.

Vas Deferens:- Fibrous, muscular tubes that are

continuous with the epididymis and provide a
pathway for sperm to travel from the epididymis
to the urethra.

Urethra:- Tube that extends from the urinary

bladder through the penis.

This canal allows for the excretion of reproductive

fluids (semen) and urine from the body.

Sphincters prevent urine from entering the urethra

while semen is passing through.

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER

SIRJEE CLASSES

Which of the following is a male sex hormones?

1. Testeterone
2. Progesterone
Ans-1
3. Prolactin
4. FSH

62
 01-10-2023

Birth Control Overview

SIRJEE CLASSES

Birth control is any method used to prevent pregnancy.

There are many different methods of birth control including:-

1. Condoms 2. IUDs 3. Birth control pills 4. vasectomy,

5. tubal ligation.

Ans-2

HUMAN BRAIN
The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and SIRJEE CLASSES

with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.

The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum
(hindbrain), and brainstem.
1. Cerebrum:- it is the largest part of the brain and is
composed of right and left hemispheres.

The cerebrum is divided into two halves:- the right and

left hemispheres.

They are joined by a bundle of fibers called the corpus

callosum that transmits messages from one side to the
other.
Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. If
a stroke occurs on the right side of the brain, your left
arm or leg may be weak or paralyzed.
The left hemisphere is dominant in hand use and language
in about 92% of people.

63
 01-10-2023

HUMAN BRAIN
Lobes of the brain SIRJEE CLASSES

The cerebral hemispheres have distinct fissures, which

divide the brain into lobes.
Each hemisphere has 4 lobes:- frontal, temporal,
parietal, and occipital.
1. Anterior frontal lobe - (thinking, memory behavior
and movement)

2. Middle parietal lobe - (language and touch)

3. Posterior occipital lobe – (sight).
4. Lateral temporal lobe - (hearing, learning and feelings).

In general, the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible

for language and speech and is called the "dominant" hemisphere.

The right hemisphere plays a large part in interpreting visual information

and spatial processing.

HINDBRAIN
The hindbrain or is a developmental categorization of portions SIRJEE CLASSES

of the central nervous system.

It includes the cerebellum, medulla oblangata, and
pons varolli.

1. cerebellum- It is like solid and tree like branching.

Functions of cerebellum:-
i. It maintains the posture.
ii. Maintains equilibrium.
iii. Maintain muscle tone.

It co-ordinate the voluntary movements initiated by

cerebrum.
2. pons varolii
It transmit impulse from one side of the cerebellum to the other.

It carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus.

64
 01-10-2023

3. MEDULLA OBLONGATA
The medulla oblongata (or medulla) is a long stem-like structure SIRJEE CLASSES

which makes up part of the brainstem.

It is a cone-shaped neuronal mass responsible
for autonomic (involuntary) functions ranging
from vomiting to sneezing.

The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory,

Vomiting and vasomotor centers and therefore deals
with the autonomic functions of breathing, heart
rate and blood pressure as well as the sleep wake
cycle.
Its Cardiac Centre controls the rate of heart beat.
Its Respiratory Centre controls breathing movement.
It's vasomotor center controls expansion and contraction of
blood vessels.
Its reflex Centre control swallowing, coughing, sneezing,
vomiting, urinating.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

65
 01-10-2023

HUMAN GLANDS
Glands:- A cell or tissue or an organ which secretes certain useful SIRJEE CLASSES

chemical compounds (hormones and enzymes) required for

particular function.
A gland is an organ that makes and puts out
hormones that do a specific job in your body.
Hormones:- chemical messengers that regulate the
biological process in the organisms.

Hormones was discovered by William M. boyliss and

Ernest H. Sterling.

Hormones are carried by bloodstream to the target

organ.

Effects of hormones and enzymes are of more prolonged duration

than nervous information.

TYPES OF GLANDS
Glands are three types: - SIRJEE CLASSES

1. Exocrine gland
2. Endocrine glands
3. Heterocrine gland or mixed gland.

1. Exocrine glands- exocrine gland releases

chemical substances through
duct to outside body onto another
surface.
Ex- sweat, salivary, mammary, sebaceous,
mucous.
The liver and pancreas are both exocrine and endocrine
glands;
They are exocrine glands because they secrete products—
bile and pancreatic juice—into the gastrointestinal tract through a series
of ducts, and endocrine because they secrete other substances directly into
the bloodstream.

66
 01-10-2023

2. Endocrine glands (ductless).

SIRJEE CLASSES
Endocrine glands are ductless glands of the endocrine
system that secrete their products, hormones, directly
into the blood.
Ex-
pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas,
ovaries, testes, thyroid gland,
parathyroid gland, hypothalamus
adrenal glands.
1. Hypothalamus gland:-(controls temperature) - it
It secretes neuro hormones and is
present in brain.
It controls secretion of pituitary glands.

2. pituitary Glands:- it is smallest endocrine

gland also known as master gland.

It is located in brain (base).

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

67
 01-10-2023

2. Endocrine glands (ductless).

3. Pineal gland:- It secrets hormones named melatonin.

Which regulate the working of gonands.
It is located in the epithalamus, near the
center of the brain.
4. Thyroid gland:- The thyroid is located in the neck,
below the Adam's apple.
Is the largest endocrine gland.
It surrounds the front of the larynx and upper part of
the trachea in the neck.
The thyroid gland secretes 3 hormones:-
the two thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4 ) and triiodothyronine (T3 );
and calcitonin.

5. Thymus gland:- It is Situated in the upper chest.

It accelerates cell division.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

68
 01-10-2023

2. Endocrine glands (ductless).

SIRJEE CLASSES
6. Adrenal gland:- It is located above kidney.
It Secretes life saving hormone called emergency
hormone( i.e. regulate blood pressure).
Hormones of adrenal gland are called "Fear or fight"
hormone.
3. Mixed glands (ductless).
A gland that secretes in two different fashions, e.g., endocrine and exocrine,
such as the pancreas & gonands.
Pancreas (mixed glands)
The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system. In humans,
it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach.
It consists of 3 major cells:-
1. Alpha cells :- It secretes glucagon,which increases blood sugar level.
2. Beta-cells:- It secrete insulin, hence decrease sugar level.
Decrease of insulin causes diabetes.
3. Delta cell- secrete anti-growth cell.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

69
 01-10-2023

TAXONOMY (वगीकरण)
In biology, taxonomy is the science of naming, defining and SIRJEE CLASSES

classifying groups of biological organisms on the basis of

shared characteristics.
Father of Taxonomy:- Carl linnaeus
Book:- Systema Naturae
2 Kingdom classification given by him.

1. Plant Kingdom 2. Animal Kingdom

➢ But it was replaced by 5 kingdom classification.
Five kingdom classification was given by RH
whittaker.
1. Monera
2. Protista The main criteria of the five kingdom
3. Fungi classification were cell structure, body
4. Plantae organisation, mode of nutrition and
5. Animalia reproduction.

Five Kingdom classification

Development stage starts from Monera and ends in animalia. SIRJEE CLASSES

1. Monera 2. Protista

They are aquatic and prokaryotic i. Aquatic ii. Eukaryotic (but unicellular).
(unicellular).
Cell wall is present. Nutrition type:- both autotrophic and
heterotrophic
Nutrition type:- chemosynthesis Ex- Protozoans
(by reaction with chemical). i. Amoeba
sometimes parasitic also. (heterotrophs)
Ex- ii. plasmodium
Bacteria, blue green algae, iii. Euglena
diatoms iv. Paramecium (known as slipper cell).

70
 01-10-2023

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-4

Example of unicellular organisms:-

1. Amoeba 2. Bacteria Ans-3

3. Euglena 4. Paramecium
5. protozoa

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

71
 01-10-2023

Five Kingdom classification

3. Fungi 4. Plantae (plant Kingdom).
SIRJEE CLASSES

They live in moist ( म) region.

They are found everywhere.
Eukaryotic (mostly multicellular).
Eukaryotic and multicellular.
Nutrition type:- heterotrophic
Perform Photosynthesis hence
(usually saprophytic mode).
autotrophic.
Ex:- mucor, yeast (unicellular). Ex:-
algae
Bryophyta (lower class)
pteridophyta

Gymnosperm (higher class).

angiosperm

Five Kingdom classification

5. Animalia (animal Kingdom). SIRJEE CLASSES

Found everywhere.
Eukaryotic and multicellular.
Nutrition type:- hetero-trophic.

Ex-
fishes, amphibions,
reptiles, aves, mammals.

Note:-
Three kingdom classification was given by Ernest haeckel.

1. Animal kingdom.
2. Plant Kingdom.
3. Protista.

72
 01-10-2023

BOTANY
SIRJEE CLASSES

Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or is the science of

plant life and a branch of biology.
i. Plant Kingdom
ii. Plant hormone
iii. Plant Disease
iv. Plant tissues
v. Morphology
Vi. Photosynthesis
vii. Plant nutrition

i. Plant Kingdom
Depending upon the presence or absence of flowers and seeds entire
classification of plant kingdom is divided into two types:-

1. Cryptogamae
2. Phanerogamae

Classification of Plant Kingdom

SIRJEE CLASSES

(non-flowering plants) (flowering plants)

1. Cryptogamae

Cryptogams include all non-flowering, seedless & fruitless plants such as

algae, fungi, lichens, mosses and fern.
Cryptogamae is further subdivided into three parts:-

a. Thallophyta b. Bryophyta
c. Pteridophyta

73
 01-10-2023

Classification of Plant Kingdom

a. Thallophyta b. Bryophyta c. Pteridophyta
SIRJEE CLASSES

These are simplest
plants that grow in
mostly water (aquatic).
Vascular system not
present.
Ex-
algae, fungi
nutrition in algae is
autotropic.
fungi exhibit
heterotropic nutrition.
Algae reproduce
Vegetatively by:-
a. fragmentation,
b. budding.
It grow both on land & It grow on land only.
water.
Vascular system is present
Vascular system not (i.e. xylem & phloem).
present.
They are also called as
Ex-
ornamental plants.
mosses, liverwort
hornwort. Ex-
ferns, azola
Bryophyta type of plants don’t
have roots, flowers and seeds. Smallest pteridophyta is “azolla.”
The members of this group
reproduce both vegetatively
Through:-
a. fragmentation,
b. gemmae
And also by sexual methods.

2. Phanerogamae
SIRJEE CLASSES
Phanerogamae are also known as spermatophytes.
Phanerogamae includes all flowering plants which
bear seeds. (Phaneros: visible; gamus: marriage).
Vascular system is present (i.e. xylem &
phloem).
Phanerogams are further subdivided into two parts:-
1. Gymospermae 2. Angiospermae.
Gymnosperms have the naked (uncovered) Angiosperms have covered seeds i.e.
seeds i.e the seeds are not enclosed in a they are always enclosed in an ovary or
fruit. fruit.
Ovules are present that’s why seeds It is dominating class among plant kingdom.
are formed.
Ex-
Ex- lily, eucalyptus,
conifers, ginkgo, lotus, wolffia.
sequoia, deodar.
All flowering plants.
It is connecting link b/w pteridophyta & angiosperms.

74
 01-10-2023

ii. PLANT HORMONE

SIRJEE CLASSES
These are organic compounds which affects the
inner activities of the plants.
These are also called as plant regulators.

5. Florigens 6. traumation

1. Auxins (present in large amount compared to other).

SIRJEE CLASSES

Main function:-
i. Promotes overall growth of plants (i.e. roots, stem, fruit)
mainly stem growth.
ii. It promotes flowering.
iii. It carry out abscission (after mature) of leaves, flower.
iv. It is used to grow seedless-fruit.
v. Apical-dominancy.
2. Gibberellin
Main function:-
i. It is used in increasing the height of the plants.
ii. It motivates the growth of cambium in woody plants.

iii. Also used in growing seedless fruit but lesser than

auxins.
iv. Decline the capacity of cell-division.

75
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

3. cytokinesis
SIRJEE CLASSES

Main function:-
i. It activates the rate of cell division.
ii. It function as a opponent of auxin hormone and hence
reduce the effect of topmost bud (i.e. reduces top-most
budding).
4. Ethylene (gaseous)

i. It is fruit ripening hormones.

ii. It is also known as respiratory hormones and increases

the rate of respiration.
iii. Promote falling down of leaves, fruits and flowers.
5. Abscisic acid (ABA)
i. It control the process of germination of seeds and buds.
ii. Its presence slows down the stems growth.

76
 01-10-2023

6. FLORIGENS
SIRJEE CLASSES

This hormones forms in leaves & is used in flower blossoming,

thus it is also known as flower blossoming hormone.

7. TRAUMATION

Its formation occurs in the damaged cells hence repairs the damaged cells.

PLANT TISSUE
SIRJEE CLASSES
A collection of cells performing a specific function is called tissue.
Plant tissue system is also grouped into various tissues based on
their functions, they are:-

A plant tissue system is defined as a functional unit, connecting all

organs of a plant.

77
 01-10-2023

1. MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
Meristematic tissue- responsible for growth of parts of plant. SIRJEE CLASSES

Merismatic tissues consist of a group of cells that have the

ability to divide.
These tissues are small, densely packed cells which keep
dividing to form new cells.
Merismatic tissues can be of 3 types depending on the region
where they are present:- Apical meristems, lateral meristems,
and intercalary meristems.
2. PERMANENT TISSUES
Permanent tissues are derived from the merismatic tissues and have lost
their ability to divide and they have attained their mature form.
Meristematic tissues give rise to permanent tissues.
They are further classified into two types:-

i. Simple permanent tissues. ii. complex permanent tissues.

(helps to transfer food and water

ii. Complex Permanent tissues to other parts of the plants).

Unlike simple permanent cells which look the same and are made SIRJEE CLASSES

up of one type of cells,

complex permanent tissues are made up of
more than one type of cells.
Xylem and Phloem are two complex permanent tissues:-
1. Xylem 2. Phloem
It is found in the root and stem of Unlike the xylem, phloem conducts in
plants. both directions.
The xylem conducts only in one It is found in the roots and leaves
direction i.e vertically. of plant.
It helps to transfer water It is responsible for transporting
and nutrients to different food from the leaves to the other
parts of the plant. parts of the plant.

78
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

PLANT MORPHOLOGY (morphology of angiosperms)

Under morphology the properties and forms of various branches of SIRJEE CLASSES

plant like:-
root, stem, leafs, flowers, fruits etc are studied.
1. Roots
Root is formed from radicle of seed and move towards the
soil and water against the sunlight and observed minerals,
salt and water.
Types of roots
Based on shape, size and origin roots are classified into:-

1. Tap root (normal roots).

2. Fibrous roots (monocotyledon).
ex- wheat plant
3. Adventitious roots.
In this type of root after sprouting of seed radicle
dies.
Here root develops other from radicle.

79
 01-10-2023

Modification of Tap Roots

SIRJEE CLASSES

Root modification Description Example

type
1. Conical type ---------------- cone shaped ------------- Carrot (गाजर)

2. Napiform -------------- spherical shape at ➢Turnip (शलजम)

the base (bottom) ➢Beetroot (चक
ु ं िर)

3. fusiform ---------------- Thick and tapering

➢Radish (मूली)
(Bottom and top are thinner)).
4. Pneumatophores -------- Roots moves upward from
ground for getting air for respiration. ➢ Rhizopus
(Found in salty soil). sundari plant
.
5. Tuberous root ----------- thick and fleshy without
any definite shape. ➢Sweet potato (सकरकंि)

6. Nodulated roots --------- inside it bacteria present

➢legumated plant
(rhizobium)

2. Stem
It is an ascending organ of the plant which is formed by the
elongation of plumule.
Stem is that part of the plant which originates from plumule
and goes towards the sunlight (opposite to gravity).

Positive
phototropism

Negative
phototropism

Bud makes leaves, stem, nodes, internodes, fruits,

flowers.
Cabbage ------- largest bud.

80
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Modification of stem
Sometimes under diverse condition stems are modified to store the food. SIRJEE CLASSES

i. Underground modification (totally under soil).

ii. Sub-aerial modification (some parts above the soil).
iii. Aerial modification (all parts above soil).
Stem Stem type example

1. Stem tuber ----------------------- underground --------------------- Potato

2. Corn (grow vertically) ----------- underground --------------------- Saffron, Arvi,
3. Bulb (disc type),
(scaly leaves present) -------------- underground ---------------------- Onion, Garlic, Lilies.

4. Rhizome --------------------------- underground ---------------------- Ginger, Turmeric

5. Runner ----------------------------- sub-aerial -------------------------- Grass root

6. Sucker ----------------------------- sub-aerial -------------------------- Roses

7. Stem tendrils -------------------- aerial -------------------------------- Grapes, Groundnut, Pea

8. Phylloclade ---------------------- aerial ------------------------------- Cactus
9. Stem thorn ----------------------- aerial ------------------------------- Bel, Lemon

81
 01-10-2023

3. Flower
Flower is the reproductive unit of plants and SIRJEE CLASSES

produces fruits and seeds.

Four main parts of the flowers are:-
1. Calyx /sepals
2. corolla/ petals (पंखडु ़िया)
3. Androecium (पुंकेसर) /stamen Four cycle
4. Gynoecium (स्त्त्रीकेसर)/ pistil

i. Calyx (1st cycle)

Green leaves are known as sepals. ii. Corolla (2nd cycle)

It protects the inner parts of the Coloured leaves are known as Petals.
flower and fascinate pollination. It attracts insects to the flower.
Calyx- collectively the sepals are Corolla- collection of petals.
called as calyx.

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-4

82
 01-10-2023

3. Flower
SIRJEE CLASSES

iii. Androecium (पुंकेसर) /stamen iv. Gynoecium (स्त्त्रीकेसर)/ pistil

(3rd cycle) (4th cycle)

Male organ- it consists of a group of This is the central part of the flower
stamens. and female sex organ.
Stamen is the male sex organ of It consists of carpels.
the flower.
Androecium part:- Carpel- consists of stigma, style
i. Filament ii. anther and ovary.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

83
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction of a plant. Only one

plant is involved and the offspring is the result of one parent.

The new plant is genetically identical to the parent.

It can happen through the use of vegetative parts of the plants, such
as leaves, stems, and roots to produce new plants or through growth
from specialized vegetative plant parts.

POLLINATION
Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male SIRJEE CLASSES

anther of a flower to the female stigma.

Pollination cannot be occur between plant so
they need some medium to transfer.
Pollen-grains:- These are micro-spores which
are being transferred from
anther to stigma.
Petals releases fragrance to attract insects
and after pollination ovaries are fertilized
and converted into fruits & then petals fall
down.
Ovary (fruit) – inside
ovary ovules (seed)
are present.

Ovules are further

converted into seed.

84
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

85
 01-10-2023

4. FRUIT (pomology)
It is special feature of angiosperms. SIRJEE CLASSES

It is formed from ovary of flower.

Outer wall of fruit is called pericarp.
Pericarp
1. fleshy fruit (three layers- 2. Dry fruit
-are found).

i. Epicarp (outer layer). These three parts are not found.

ii. Mesocarp (middle layer).
iii. Endocarp (inner layer)

Ex- mango, coconut

Types of fruit
False fruit SIRJEE CLASSES

True fruit OR
Pseudocarp
The fruit forms in the ovary of
flowers by the process of fertilization fruit formation occur other than ovary
and zygote formation is called true and made from flower organelles like
fruit. calyx, Corolla.
Ex- tomato, brinjal Ex- apple, cashew.
mango, banana pears, cucumber.

Parthenocarpy- fruit without fertilization.

+ These are seedless fruit.
No seed formation.
Ex- banana, grapes,
pineapple, cucumber,
oranges.

86
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

parthenocarpy is the
natural or artificially
induced production of
fruit without
fertilisation of ovules,

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
It is the process by which all the green plants prepare their own food. SIRJEE CLASSES

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, use

the energy from sunlight to produce glucose from
carbon dioxide and water and oxygen (O2) is also
formed.

The leaves are called as the food factory of the

plant because it contain chlorophyll which absorb
sunlight.
Leaves also observe CO2 at the day-time when the
stomata is open and also absorb water through the soil.
With the help of all these raw materials (water and CO2)
leaf synthesizes food and this process is called
photosynthesis.
Daytime- stomata opens, CO2 inters leaf.

87
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

PHOTO-SYNTHESIS
During photosynthesis primary product is carbohydrate (glucose). SIRJEE CLASSES

Here Redox reaction occur.

O2 is obtained due to photo-lysis of water
(H2O).
During night time stomata close and CO2
cannot enter.
Photo-synthesis is possible in both natural and
artificial light but it must be in the visible
spectrum of light.
In the process of photosynthesis Less than
1% of solar energy is used.
Rate of photosynthesis is maximum in Red light followed by blue, yellow and
minimum in green light.
The productivity of photo-synthesis is maximum under
terrestrial (land ecosystem) but overal production is
maximum in Marine ecosystem.

88

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
ANIMAL KINGDOM
Chordata (vertebrates)
That have Vertebrates (backbone).
As time passes backbone becomes
rigid from soft.
Ex- snake, bird, human
They are classified into Following
series:-
Evolutionary sequence
1. Pisces group (मतस्त्य )
2. amphibians (उभयचर )
3. Reptiles ( सररसपप )
4. aves ( पक्षी )
5. Mammalia
01-10-2023
SIRJEE CLASSES
SIRJEE CLASSES
Non-chordata (invertebrates)
They do not have vertebrates (i.e.
Invertebrates and hence no notochord).
Further classified into two groups:-
1. protozoa group (unicellular).
2. metazoa (multicellular).
1. Protozoa group (phylum protozoa)
They do not have any tissue or organ.
They can move easily from one place to
another.
Ex:- 1. amoeba, 2. paramoceium (चपल जंतु )
3. Euglina (green protozoa)
4.Tripnosom gabiyens (sleeping sickness caused
by this).
5. Acetabularia:- it is the largest unicellular
organism.
These all are unicellular organisms.
89
 01-10-2023

2. metazoa (multicellular)
Metazoan animals are multicellular, mitochondrial eukaryotes. SIRJEE CLASSES

Metazoan animals are heterotrophic; they consume other organisms or the

products of other organisms because they cannot produce their own energy.
1. Phylum Porifera 2. Phylum Coelenterata
3. Phylum Annelida 4. Phyllum Orthopoda
5. Phyllum Echinodermeta 6. Phylum Mollusca
7. Phylum Platyhelminthes
1. Phylum Porifera (pores नछद्र) 2. Phylum Coelenterata (nideria)
They are found in salty water i.e. sea. Mostly found in sea and have thread like
It has many spores on its body. structure.
Has irregular structure and cannot move Did not contain blood but still respire.
from one place to another. Nutrition type:- Carnivorous.
Nutrition type:- Holozoic. Reproduction type:- both sexual and
Reproduction type:- A-sexual a-sexual (budding).
reproduction Ex:-
Ex:- hydra, coral,
Sycon, Spongila jellyfish

3. Phylum Annelida (segmented body)

It can be found in land, sea or independent. SIRJEE CLASSES

Ex:-
i. earthworm (no eye)
ii. hirudinaria (leech जोंक )
iii. nereis
4.Phylum Orthopoda (legs)
Largest group of all living organism.
In earth 2/3 part are ortho-poda.
Nutrition type:- heterotrophic.
Insecta (ककट वगप 6 leg) are also belong to this group.
Spider (8 leg) does not belong to insecta.

Ex:-
scorpion, spider,
crab (prawn), cockroach.

90
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Phylum: Nematoda

Ex- ascaris

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Social insect, any of numerous species of insects that live in

colonies and manifest three characteristics:-
Ex-
1. group integration,
bees, wasps, ants, and termites.
2. division of labour,
3. overlap of generations. मधुमक्खखयों, ततैया, चींदटयों और िीमक।

91
 01-10-2023

5. Phylum Echinodermata (spines कांटे )

All organisms belong to this group are sea SIRJEE CLASSES

organisms.
Ex:-
i. Star-fish (not a fish).
ii. Sea urchin. Sea cucumber/lily.
iii. Sea cucumber/lily.

6. Phylum Mollusca (2nd largest phylum).

They have smooth body and respire through gills.
They secrete calcium bi-carbonates.
Nutrition type:- heterotroph.

Ex:-
i. Octopus (devil fish)
ii. Cuttlefish
iii. Pila (snail घोंघा )

7. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flat body).

SIRJEE CLASSES
They have bilateral symmetry.
They are bisexual.
Ex:-
i. Tapeworm ii. live-hook worm.
iii. Flatworms.
Chordata (vertebrates)
1. Pisces (fish) group (मतस्त्य)
That have Vertebrates They have gills.
(backbone). Contains two chambered heart.
Ex:-
Evolutionary sequence

1. Pisces group (मतस्त्य)

1. Shark- does not contain any bones.
2. amphibians (उभयचर)
It is also called by dog fish.
3. Reptiles ( सररसपप)
2. Hipo Campus (sea-horse)- it is world's
4. aves (पक्षी)
slowest fish.
5. Mammalia
3. Gambusia- larva eating fish.
4. Stone fish- highly poisonous fish.

92
 01-10-2023

Chordata (vertebrates)
SIRJEE CLASSES

2. Amphibians (उभयचर) 3. Reptiles ( सररसपप) 4. Aves (पक्षी)

They have three chamber These are warm blooded

They mostly respire through animal.
heart & cold blooded. lungs and some with gills.
They respire through lungs.
They do not have scales These are Cold blooded
animals. They have four chambered
(बाल पंख). Heart.
Ex:-
Their body surface are i. dacron- known as flying Ex:-
smooth. lizard (dinosaur) i. pigeon
ii. peacock
Ex:-
iii. parrot
i. hyla, ii. frog
iv. kiwi
ii. House lizard v. Ostrich
iii. Anaconda
iv. Alligator
v. Tortoise

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

93
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Cold-blooded are the animals which cannot

regulate their internal body temperature
according to the required level and they keep on
changing their temperature according to the
changes in external environment temperature.

Warm-blooded animals are

defined as the animals which can
regulate and maintain constant
internal body temperature..

They can survive in any

temperature range as they can
adapt to it easily.

5. Mammalia
They have four chamber heart. SIRJEE CLASSES

Mammals are most developed and warm blooded animals.

They are classified into three group:-

1. Prototheria 2. metatheria 3. eutheria

It is a mammal but They neither give egg nor Give birth to fully developed baby.
gives egg. give developed baby.
(आपररपखत बच्चों को Ex:- i. blue whale, ii. tiger
Ex:- i. echidna जन्म िे ती हैँ). iii. human, iv. cow

Ex:- kangaroo.

ii. monotremes Shrew

Note:-
i. Blue whale:- largest mammal.
ii. Shrew (small mouse)- smallest mammal.

94
 01-10-2023

SSC PREVIOUS PAPER

SIRJEE CLASSES

viviparous animals are born as live young individuals.

Therefore, they do not lay eggs.

Birds, reptiles, amphibians, most fish, insects, mollusks,

arachnids, and monotremes are oviparous animals.

Most mammals are viviparous animals

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

95
 01-10-2023

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

SIRJEE CLASSES

SIRJEE CLASSES

96