ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND

TECHNIQUES

1.Define the following terms:

i) inductive effect ii)resonance effect iii) electromeric effect
iv)hyperconjugation effect v)position isomerism vi) functional isomerism vii)
metamerism viii)chain isomerism ix)carbocation x) carbanion
xi) electrophiles xii)nucleophiles xii)free radicals xiii)Homolytic cleavage xiv)
heterolytic cleavage

2.Arrange the following in the increasing order of stability and justify your
answer:
a) CH3-CH2-C+H-CH2-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-C+H2, CH3-CH2-CH=CH-C+H2,

b)

4. Classify the following into electrophiles and nucleophiles:

H+, NH3, AlCl3, NO2+ ,NH3, CN-, ROH, RO-,

5. Differentiate between i) inductive effect and electromeric effect.

ii) electromeric and resonance effect

6. Draw the resonating structures of phenol, aniline, nitrobenzene and benzoic

acid
7. Explain the stability of primary, secondary and tertiary carbocations on the
basis of
I)inductive effect ii) hyperconjugation effect

8. Uneven breaking of bond is

A. homolytic fission B. heterolytic fission C. binary fission D. multiple fission.

9. When CH3Cl undergoes homolytic bond-fission:

 (a) Carbon undergoes a geometric change from tetrahedral to planar

(b) Hybridisation changes from sp3 to sp2

(c) Both of the above take place

(d) None of the above takes place.

10. For the following bond cleavages, use curved-arrows to show the electron flow and
classify each as homolysis or heterolysis. Identify reactive intermediate produced as
free radical, carbocation and carbanion.

11. Explain the terms inductive and electromeric effects. Which electron
displacement effect explain the following correct orders of acidity of the carboxylic
acids?
(a) Cl3CCOOH > Cl2CHCOOH > ClCH2 COOH
(b) CH3CH2COOH > (CH3)2 CHCOOH > (CH3)3CCOOH
12. What is the relationship between the members of following pairs of structures?
Are they structural or geometrical isomers or resonance contributors?

13. Draw the i) position isomer of pentan-2-one

ii) functional isomer of a) Methoxypropane b) Ethylpropanoate
iii) metamer of Ethoxybutane
14.