1 Graphs of In Book 2, we have learnt how to draw the graphs of. ‘band e are constants and a # 0. In Chapter 1 ofthis book, we have learnt how to sketch graphs ofthe form y= (x= W)ge~B) and y =~ Ale ~), where h and & are constants, and y= (xp) +g and y= rp? +4, where p and q are constanss In this ection, we will earn how to daw the graphs of cubic functions. In genera, cubic functions are ofthe form y = ax'+ be! + ex d, where a b cand d are constants and a #0. Graphs of Cubic Functions 1. Using a graphing sofware, raw each ofthe following graohs @ys2 ) yare (@ y=5e @ yee @ ya-ae y= 2. For the graph of y= ar’, where a i @ constant, how does the value of@ affect the shape of the graph? 3. Using graphing software, draw each ofthe following graphs. yee oee (yah 4x (y=P 428+! 4. For each of the graphs in Question 3, how does the coelicien of «affect the shape ofthe graphFrom the investigation, we observe tat for the graph of a cubic function of the form “yar the graph akes the shape in Fig 7.1) and (6 fr positive and negative values ofthe coeficient of x y y Uv oe MI me @) y=a8 where a> 0 () y= ar wherea <0 Fig 7 In general, he graph of cubic function, ie a function ofthe form y=ar' thst ee +t ‘would take the shape in Fig. 7.2 but may not passthrough the origin iid = 0). y z pee AL (a) yaar she +er4d, where a> 9 y y A k 0) year sh gered, wheres <0 ig. 72 OXFORD,Worked ‘Drang the Giople a a Cable Function Using a seale of 2 em to represent 1 unit on the a-axis and 2 em to represent 10 units on the y-axis, dave the graphs of y=? +3 and y= 1-3 for 9 0, the graph would take the shape in Fig. 730). if.a-<0, the raph would take the shape in Fig, 7:34 : , a » — . y= 4 whewa>0 y= 4, where «<0 Fig. 73 Consider he pap in Fig. 7.30 9= #, where a> 0. The graph consis of wo pars ture nth ond ura eT quarn, we oo tat twins caer a eee epeinpey Pasir ee nt eee rane Soon ae Za ng tora siya rn oc y= gph HOom ey 1+ the curve gets very clove tothe axis. y-axis but never touches them Can you describe the part ofthe graph that sin the 3% quackant CCan you describe the raph of y= %, where a <0? &} Time What ae the equations ofthe ines of symmetry ofthe graph y = © when @ «ror © acoWorked (Drawing the Graph of, «$ Using sao cm eres 1 nt on eax Example td Temtorepesn 3 unison tears dw he ap 8 for-S0, which quatats do the graphs int (8 Fora<0,wbch uaa do the raphe in 2. What can you say aout the ine symm of exch ofthe raph? 3. othe grap interet the rani andthe yx Explain your nsve, From the investigation, we observe that forthe graph of y= ‘is not defined, ie there isa break when =0, “+ when x=0, the function y= + if a>0, the values of y are always postive i. the graph les entiely above the waxis; it a <0, the values of y are always negative, i.e. the graph lies entirely below the rans * the graph is symmetrical about the y-axis, 1. the y-axis isthe line of symmetry, ‘+ Ha 0, the graph would ake the shape in Fig. 7.4 ‘fa.<0, the graph would take the shape in Fig. 7.4, z Fig. 74 Consider the raph in Fig. 74) y= where a>0, The graph consists of wo pans that le inthe 1* and 2% quadrants. inthe 1 quadrant, we observe that: + as rincreases,y decreases; st rappoiches zt, y becomes very large: eg fora=t,y= -k, ifx= 0001, y= S.foras tye ites 0001, y= + asx becomes very large » approaches zero; = A ifs= 100,92 hy = eB fora Lym -hr= 100, y= sohy = 0.000 001; (000 000; 1+ the curve gets very close tothe x-axis and y-axis but never touches them. Can you describe the pat of the graph that sin the 2 quadrant? Can you describe the graph of y= &, wherea <0? @ crane eatin anaes SonWorked Drawing the Graph aly = 4 earn Using 1 em to represent 1 unt o> the axis and 2 cm pre to represent 1 unit on the axe. draw the graph of L for <= 4,40. Find the value of y when x= 1.6, the vans af when Seale: 4 axis: Lem represents unit ani: 2em represent I unit From the graph, when x= 146, p= 04. The sci ana ea iy be aes oo From the graph, when y=33, ¢=.06 or«=-06. weno Using 1 em t represent nit on the axis and 2 em to represent | unit on the fese7AQustans 49,10 rants, draw the graph of y= 2. for © = 4, «#0. Find the value of y when x= 15, i) the values of «when. sri oe1. The table below shows some values of and the corresponding values of», where ©) Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit, daw 3 horizontal eaxisfor-3 amos im Using a scale of 2 cm to represent t unit on the “eax and 2 em to represent 5 units on the y-axis, draw the graph of y= 3x for-3- 0, the values of y are always postive, Le. the graph les entiely above the a-axis (oe Fig. 7.68), Jf <0, the values of y are always negative, i.e the graph lies entirely below the sans (ee Fig. 7.640), 4+ the graph intersects the y-axis a (0) + @ y=e, where k>0 Gi) y= hat, where k<0 Fx. Jaa [Anewspaper article stats thatthe growth in thenumber of members ofa social network increased exponential nits fst year of operation and can be represented by the ‘equation y= 28, wheres the number of months and ys the numberof members. x 1 4 o Describe how the number of members ofthe social network changes with time. Search on the Internet for more real-life applications of exponential graphs. Gropie Ronco and Gplical Soon Cpr?Worked Graph ot yaw Using 2 sale of em represent | nit onthe axis Example and 2 em to ropresent | unit onthe ya, dra the fophofy=2" feet ==25, Le your raph tnd 0) the vale ofp when {@ thevalue ofr wten =A, Solution: Testa fas] 2a se Scale: 4. sean: Fem present 1 nie ] ‘axis: 2em represent I unit (From thegraph, wren x= 1.4, 9=35. ] Fomthe graph, wren y= 4.5, «= 22. ES Using a scale af em to represent unit on the xanis and 2em 10 represent I unit fuccie78 Questions Don the ans, kaw the graph of =3°for -2 0, 3 oI Write down the vale o n ‘he table below shows some values of x and the corresponding values of, where y=(c+ 24-1) a] 21 ef )3]4 bret tate 3 (@) Copy and complete the table, () Using a scale of 2 em to represent 1 unit conbothaxes, draw the graph of y= 24-3) fordere4 (© By drawing a tangent, find the gradient of the curve atthe point where x= (@) The gradient of the curve at the point (8) (@ Draw the tangent at the point hy (Hence, find the value of hand of8. (@) Using a scale of 2 cm to represent { unit oa 10. (a) Using suitable scale, dravr the graph of the s-axis and 2 em t0 represent 5 units on the janis, deaw the graph of = 12+ 103 wags oO (©) On the same axes, daw the line y= ~x (6 Find the gradient ofthe curve when x=4 (€) Hence, find the coordinates on the graph of 1 at which the gradient of the curve (© Find the gradient of the cuve at the point ae where the curve intersects the y-axis eb foos exes 8. Using a scale of & cm to represent anit om the _Faxs and I om 0 represent 2 unison the axis, draw the gaph ofy= 2° 6H for 2a 3. (9 Onthesame ates, raw theline y= =x. (8) Hence, ove the equation retotes 20. (©) Explain why the graph of. He below the 24s fo al real ales of x 2+ will not In this secton, we will apply aur knowledge of coordinate geometry and graphs to analyse and interpret graphs io various eal-world contexts, including distance-time and speed:ime graphs. Important features ofthe graphs such as intercepts, gradients, \atlables and scale ofthe x- and y-axes will provide information to help us analyse the graphs. For example, the gradient of a line segment in a distance-time graph gives the speed {the graph i a curve, the gradient ofthe curve at a point wil give the speed at that instant, DLinear Distance-Time Graphs Work in pai Fig. 5.8 shows the graph of a cyclis’s journey between O00 and 1200. The graph can be divided into 4 sections ~ 0800 to 0900, 0900 40 0930, 0930 to 1030 and 1030 to 1200, Distance aan) the oyclist avels at constant speed of 20 knw in the fist howe 1. Consider the section of the graph from 0900 to 0930. Since the graph is a horizontal ine, what is its gradient? State clearly what this gradient represents. 2. Find the gradient ofthe section of the graph from 0930 fo 1030. What does this [Pade you sbour emai fe plat 3, Find he gcien fhe section ofthe raph om 1030 to 1200 Wha does he ww nequne gute repcon? Goer bly he atonal torn 4. Explain why the average speed ofthe cyclist cannot be calaulated by using The meoge sed ofan abet Pieced le ase 202020759 sh, Hence, find the average speed ofthe cyclt fr the Sond teseonton whol ume. oxroRD Ghapier7 Graphs of Functions and Graphical Solution oe‘Match the scenarios with their espective praphs and justfy your answers. [Ar A few years ago, the 8 The height of water C: MrNeo was driving at a fexchange rate between in.auniform cylindrical | constant speed of 60 km/h Singapore dolla and container increased at 2 when he suddenly applied the | Hong Kong dollars was constant rate from 10cm _ brakes and came to stop. SS1= HKS6. (10 em, The battery level ina Et The temperature of Fz Aplant grew slowy at | smarphore decreased a substance ina freezer constant rate toa he@ht of rnor-uniformly from 60% decreased uniformly __1Sem-when it was kept to 15% from 60° to 15°C in indoors for 4 weeks, then grew 20 minotes. ‘mote quickly ata constant ‘ate to a height of Dem when it was placed outdocrs for the | won af o wi 10. ——— 7 cen con : KO aes J a con cin « « ol ” ol m coms conWor A ad fr id travette Sear emcee oe eee Example QA vinson Treuiebebw hos heredngtbetn nine is lenq asses tsoescie ad cas ae Falp {@) Using a scale of 2 em to epresent 2 minutes on the horizontal axis and 2.em to represent 2 km on the vertical axis, plot the points given in the table and join them wih a smacth curve, (by Use your graph to estimate the # the fist 4 km ofthe journey. {© By drawing a tangent, find the approximate speed ‘ofthe tain 5 mingtes afer it has left station A (@) By considering the gradient of he graph, compare and Find the inal acceleration ofthe coach, (0, Given thatthe distance wavelled is piven by the area under the speedtime graph, explain why the distance beween Elue Town and Summer City is less than 250k. (4) Determine the time when the coach reached ‘Summer City, 19. Thediagram below showsthvee conainersofa fixed volume and varying cross-sectional areas, each wth height of Bem, The containers are initially empty, A tap is used to ill each of the containers at 2 constant ate 2rem es +45em> ty a2 eee Given that it takes 60 second to fill each ofthe containers, sketch the graph ofthe height ihe) of the water level against time 5) for each of the containers. © tires apnea Staion 20. Atoy cae sans from a point A and moves towards 8 point 8, which it reaches after 7 seconds, The speed. vem alters second, i given in the table, Eaosteli To Ts Tals Top “remy| 0 45/8/05 12/125 12 105 @) Using a scale of 2 em to represent 1 second fon the horizontal axis and 2 cm to cepresent 2 emis on the vertical axis, plot the graph of agairst for 0 <1 7, () Use your graph to estimate (the acceleration ofthe body when r= 2 and when 1= 6, the time interval when the speed is greater than HT avs, (© Given that this motion can be modelled by the equation v= a+ r+, wherea, band e are constants, find the values ofa band 21. The graph shows the dstance-time graph ofa body during a period of 6 second. Distance (m) T2aase6 ‘Sketch the speed time graph for the same journey. AL. |. the get ofan ej x ttn recone, Isgiven by v6 2. {@) Sketch the speed.time graph forthe motion, (b) Find he speed when r= 3, {e) Skotch the acceleration time graph for the ‘motion. oxFoRD,1, Graphs of Power Functions y= ax" @)n23,0>0,yeae A LY WW) n-2 0 0,ye0e n=30<0,year ne hac0yeat z x U., (© ne 1 a>0,year nelacOysar y y a A o> a x x a me oxtoRD2. Graph of y= Ae, where a> k>0 y= 40, y ohet . . 1 cadontacine The gradient of a curve at = point can be obtained by drawing a tangent to the curve at that point and finding the gradient of the tangent @ epee Gaps ctrancions ws Graph Setonee 7 The tbe blow sows some vals fx ad he Conspnding abe oy whey =e sts [a]e]s Ly 28) 10 1) Copy andonpet te ble (Using sc of 1c to erst 1 Gov shotumilsoxvlor sere Using» seal of Te orate $ unis, Groover per 289 (On your ave pot the point given the 202Ghsohom oth eomont cove (© Ue your gap td 6) thevalietywhens= 1, Gi te value of when y= The variables x and y are connected by the equation y=ate2)¢e+ 2) ‘The table below shows some values of x and the corresponding values of y lsfa|4)el1 Leis 8 jo] 3 1 1) Copy and complete the table, (©) Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the axis and 2 em to represent $ units on the yan, draw the graph of yma(e—2}r+ 2) for 303, (@) Use your graph to find thevalueofywhens= 14, i) the valucof rwhen y=45, the solutons tothe equation xr 24+2)=0, ‘OXFORD 3. Using a scat of 4 em 40 eepresnt 1 uit on the Faxis and 2 em to represent {unt on the pans draw the pap of» = 1=2¢- for wher =-023 (3) Use your graph find (© thevaloe of y when (0) teal of when y (®) write down the coordinates ofthe point onthe curve whee the tangent othe curve isa baion ie, 4. Using 2 suitable scale, draw the graph of 23-2 for 1.5 <2, Using your graph, (© solve the equation 3 (i find the coordinates of the point on the graph of y = 3+ 2 where the gradient of the tangent is 2. S.. Using a seal of 4 om 0 represent | unit on bath aes, daw the graph of y= 4-243 for ee © State the minimum value of y andthe conesponding ale of (i Firth ange of vals ofr which <2 (0 6y taming a tangent fd the gradient of the paph atthe pointers 3 (h9 Using your graph id he val of for hich 2 i eapricalsouton caper? QD)6. -coach travelled fram the airport tothe hotel in 20 minutes at a constant speed of 45 krvh After stopping fr half an hour, it travelled back lo the spor at a constant sped of 60 ah @ Draw the distance-time graph to represent the journey. (Hence, find the average speed of the coach for the whole journey. 7. The graph shows the distancestime graph of a heavy goods vehicle Distance (ew) Ca to) Find {0 thet ital during which he vehicle stopped to unload gooe, the speed when i the asian speed during the journey, Gu) the average speed for he whole journey (0) Sketch the speedtine gaptifor the mtn 18. The diagram shows the speed-time graph of a Particle over a period of 6 seconds Distance (m) Cataulane {its acceleration during the fist 0 seconds, Ai) the greatest acceleration, ity the total distance moves, Ui he average speed of the panicle 9. The graph illastates the peed of = ear cing 9 pried of 25 minutes, 4 thetotalcistancetvavelied ever the 25 minutes, Ai) the average speed dering the 25 nates, oxponnis modelled by the equation 1 = *, where & is Distance (em) | 10 Intensity unis) Complete the able and use 2 suitable scale 10 haw the graph of J against D. Fromthe graph find heintensityofillumination ‘when the light source is 30em fromthe screen 20 |25 1250 800 ee) Gv) What can yousayabouttherelationship between Fond D? Challenge Yourself 11. The graph below shows the temperature of soup as itwasbeing heatedinan electric cooker Ten minutes later, rs Wong added some fesh vegetables from ‘he refrigerator, continued to heat the soup unt it reached a temperature of 90°C and switched off the cooker after five minutes, ‘Temperature °C) | inte | (2 Find the ae of incre nthe tempertre of the soup inthe fie tn minutes (b) Suggest why thereisa drop inthe temperature between the 10" an the 11® minute, (0) Find the rate of decrease in the temperature of the soup after the canker was switched of ‘The graph shows an acceleraion-time yraph of an objet tavellng ina staght line Acceleratien (us) Sketch a posse speed 4ime graph forthe motion ofthe object. Explain your answer. oxtoRD|= Revision Exercise 1. The cost of manufacturing an ance is $160. The manufacturer selsittoa dealer ata gain of 88% and the dealer sll it toa purchaser for $266.80. Expose the dealer's profit as a percentage of the price at which he buys the article from the manufacturer. 2. Atrader mixes Coffee which costs $9 perks with Cee 8 which costs $13 perk, inthe ratio 3:1 “The mixture isthen soldat 1.25 per 10. Express his profi asa percentage of his cost price. 3. Find the equation of the line joining the points AG, Tyand BG, 12) 4. The figure shows the points A(- au. 6 », BQ, 1 and. Find thearea of aasc, 4) the coordinates of the point D such that ABCD is 2 parallelogam, id the coordinates of the point P such that ACPB is. 3 parallelogar, 5. The line 3x 4 ay = 24 cuts the maxis and the sraisat A and B respectively x a Find @ the coordinates of A and of B, Ail) the area of ABC, where Cis the point the gracien! of BC, (Gv the length ofthe perpendicular fom Co AB. 6. The ravel graphs below show the journeys of ui Ferg and jun Wei Rui Feng starts orn the aa station at 0800 and waves towards the airport, 40 bm away. Jun Wei stars from the aipon at 0900 and wavels towards the tain sation. Travel gophof junwei 08 00 90 1000 1100 12 00 “Time From the gaph, ind @ Jun We’ average speed forthe whole journey, 4 the time when Rui Feng and Jun We: meet and how far they ar from the alrport when they ec, (i) she ime interval during which Rut Feng took ates, iv) the distance between Rui Feng from the ipod when Jun Wei reaches thetain sation.MEW revisi ion Exercise 7. The diagram shows the speed-time graph of a particle over a period oft seconds Speed (mis) v Time is) (Given that the acceleration of the particle during the Fst 8 seconds of its motion is Sms, find the value of ¥, i) Given that the retardation of the particle is 1 mis find the value of oxFoRy The variables x and y are connected by the ‘equation y The table below shows some values of 4 and the eoresponding values of y. a fs ; + mals Te (a) Find the value of hand of & (b) Using a scale of 2 em to represent 1 unit ‘on each ams, draw the graph of y= for x8, (©) Use your graph to find @ the value of ywhen x=23, Gi) the minimurn vale of y. (2) By drawing 2 tangent, find the gradient of the curve atthe point where-x= 5 (©) Use your graph to obtain one solution of the equation + 12= 10s cvtresess @[= YB Revision Exercise By colling an antique vase for $408, a storekeeper suffers loss of 4% on the cos price © Fd she cost price ofthe vase. (Ifthe vase is sold for $510, express the storekeeper's gain or loss as a percentage ofthe cost price, Fathan’s monthly income consists ofa basic salary (0 $520 and a commission of 25% on his sales for the month. i he sold $5264 worth of goods in 9 particular month, find his total income for that ‘ronth, Find the equation of the line passing through the Point (2, -5) and parallel to the line $+ Ty =46, The line x~2y=~4 cuts the axis and the y-axis at Pand 0 respectively. Misa point on FQ such that equidistant fom the coordinate axes Find ‘the coordinate of Pad of Q ) the coordinates of M, the area of APMO. 1. ABCD is 2 trapezium in which DC = JTS units. The coordinates of B, Cand Dare (a1) (o,4)and (0,6) respectively and the gradiont of AB x La. 6) ca.) 3 ba ar find 1 thecostintesefthe pan the cordate he pom Ai) neo fe vperion CD, {She engh ova O tecquton af at 3. Acoach leaves Watertown for Sanday 120 km away 3 1100 and travels ata uniform speed of 50 kav [An hour ber, 2 c3: traveling at 2 unitorm speed (of 80 kav leaves Sandcity for Watetown by the (@) Draw the distance-time graph to represent the journey. (@) Use your graph to find @ thetimewhen thecar meets tecoach and. thedistance from Watertown attis instant, the distance between the coach and the carat 1300, oxo1 Revision Exercise 7. The diagram shows the speedtime graph of a car which decelerates uniformly from 48 ms to 27 mis in 30 seconds, fe then travels ata constant speed of27 mls for 30 seconds, ‘Speed (mis) 4 n 30 Time 5) (Given that the car begins to decelerate uniformly at 0.6 mist until it comes to res, find the total time taken fr the journey Give your answer in minutes and seconds i) Sketch the accelerationsime graph for the ‘mation. oxFony 8. Asting of eagih 15m is sed frm a rectangle Given that the area ofthe rectangle 9 em! Id that ove sid of he ectagle on Tog. show tat y= Ha(is-t0) The table below shows some values of x and the comesponting ales. [aos [s Tete Tete (iss 6s) as si 9 @ Find he vale ofp {5 Using» scale of 2 em to represent | unit tiewva arizona nang fond 21 Using a scale of tem to represn (uni thaw vorial ouster 6, {On your mses, ptt the pints given inthe {ble and jin them tha moo cave (5) Use your yap fo fd the solos ofthe qvalon (i320 = 23 (i By trawing 9 tanger fied he pacint of the cave atte po, 125) (0) Use yor graph fnd the maximum value ofyandthe cresponding value of (0 Hence, write dow the dimensions of the tectngle whe he area mame. Wt an yous about your nse?