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LESSON 1: NOLI ME TANGERE NOLI ME TANGERE

• Madrid, Spain
• The Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase
• Paris, France
which means Touch Me Not. It's’ not
• Berlin, Germany
originally conceived by Rizal, for he
admitted taking it from Bible.
(February 21, 1887 finished and March 21, 1887
• Gospel of St. John (Chapter 20, Verses 13-
came off the press)
17)
• MADRID - 1884
• “Touch me not; I am not ascended to my
• PARIS - 1885
Father but go to my brethren, and said
• WILHELMSFELD - 1886
unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and
• BERLIN - 1886
your Father; and to my God and your
• BERLIN - 1887
God”
• BERLIN - FEBRUARY 21, 1887

MADRID (JANUARY 21, 1884) • Noli Me Tangere

- The Philippines’ most influential novel
Noli Me Tangere was approved by:
Stirred the Nationalist Sentiments of the
• Paternos (Pedro, Maximo, and Antonio)
19th Century
• Graciano
• Author’s Dedication – Philippines
• Evaristo Aguirre
• Synopsis
• Eduardo de Lete
• The Noli is based on truth
• Julio Llorente
• Uncle Tom's Cabin by: Harriet
• Melecio Figueroa
Beecher Stowe
• Valentin Ventura

NOVEL
Paternos (Pedro, Maximo, and Antonio)
- A fictitious prose narrative of book length,
- Friend ni Jose and kasama niya sa
typically representing characters and
Madrid
actions with some degree of realism.
Prose narrative- to tell a story or to
*Nag ask siya ng permission sa mga malalapit
entertain.
sakanya kung pwede siyang gumawa ng novel.

Noli Me Tangere
- They approved Jose’s writing a novel.
Graciano Lopez Jaena
- Founder ng La Solidaridad
BERLIN (February 21, 1887)
Maximo Viola
- He financed the Noli Me Tangere of Jose
Rizal.
- Berlin Buchdruckerei Action Gesellschaft
(March 21, 1887)
- Touch Me Not - direct translation
- The Social Cancer- book translation from
Spanish to English.
- A passionate love story set against the
ugly political backdrop, repression,
torture, and murder.
- Unmasking the brutality and corruption
of Spanish rule in the Philippines (1565-
1898)

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- Was the first major artistic manifestation ❖ Padre Damaso

of Asian resistance to European
colonialism
- The Philippines’ most influential novel
- Stirred the Nationalist Sentiments of the
Filipinos 19th Century
NOLI ME TANGERE CHARACTERS
- was known to be friendly with the Ibarra
family, so much that Crisóstomo was
surprised by what the former curate had
done to Don Rafaél.
- Padre Dámaso is described to be a
snobbish, ruthless and judgemental
extrovert.

❖ Crisostomo Ibarra What was held against Don Rafael?

- Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin, was
a young student from San Diego.
- Personality and Traits Ibarra was an
earnest and idealistic young man.
Influenced by his European education, he
sought to improve the country; as part of
this, he believed in the power of education
to enact reforms and made efforts to
establish a school in San Diego to this end.
- Crisostomo Ibarra exemplified the vision
that Jose Rizal had aimed for the youth of
the Philippines during his time. Others
attribute Ibarra as Rizal's reflection of
himself.
- The murder of the Spanish tax collector
- Heresy...(1) no belief in God; (2) no
confession.
- Subversion...(1) speaking out against the
friars and against govt, (2) reading El
Correo de Ultramar, a radical
newspaper, (3) sending Ibarra to Swiss
Germany, centers of free thought and
Protestantism, (4) picture of a Filipino
priest (possible Father Burgos), and (5)
wearing a barong tagalog (attire of the
indios because only spaniards were
allowed to wear their shirts tucked in).

❖ Maria Clara
- María Clara de los Santos y Alba, is the
mestiza heroine in Noli Me Tangere
- Is the childhood sweetheart and fiancée
of Noli Me Tángere's main protagonist,
Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin, the
son of Don Rafael Ibarra.
- Rizal based the fictional character of
María Clara on his real-life girlfriend and
cousin, Leonor Rivera.

❖ Kapitan Tiyago
- influential businessman in San Diego and
the father of Maria Clara.

❖ Pia Alba
- Mother of María Clara and wife of
Kapitán Tiago.
- Died after giving childbirth to María Clara

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LESSON 2: EL FILIBUSTERISMO JACINTO ZAMORA (1835-1872)

- He is remembered for leading a
• also known by its alternative English title campaign against the abusive Spanish
The Reign of Greed, is the second novel friars and fighting for equal rights among
written by Philippine national hero José priests.
Rizal.
• Filibustero - someone engaged in EL FILIBUSTERISMO
sedition, like a traitor or conspirator
• The murder of the Spanish tax collector
Noli Me Tangere El Filibusterismo • Heresy... (1) no belief in God; (2) no
• Romantic • Political novel confession.
novel • Subversion... (1) speaking out against the
• Book of the Book of the Head friars and against govt, (2) reading El
Heart Correo de Ultramar, a radical
• It has • It contains newspaper, (3) sending Ibarra to Swiss
freshnesh, bitterness, Germany, centers of free thought and
color, humor, hatred, pain, Protestantism, (4) picture of a Filipino
and violence, and priest (possible Father Burgos), and (5)
intelligence. sorrow wearing a barong tagalog (attire of the
• 64 chapters • 38 chapters indios because only Spaniards were
allowed to wear their shirts tucked in).
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
• March 21, 1887 - Noli Me Tangere
• August 1887 – Philippines
• October 1887 - Jose Rizal began writing El
Filibusterismo in Calamba
• February 1888 - Jose Rizal was advised by
GG Emilio Terrero to leave Philippines
• March 29, 1891 - El Filibusterismo (Ghent,
Belgium)
• September 1891 - Valentin Ventura
• 1925 - Original Manuscript

GOMBURZA

MARIANO GOMEZ (1799-1872)

- was the head of the three priests and
spent his life writing about abuses against
Filipino priests.
JOSE BURGOS (1837-1972)
- a Filipino Catholic Priest and a leader of
the secularization movement

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LESSON 3: RIZAL’S LETTER - TO THE WOMEN
OF MALOLOS
• When the Spaniards came into the
Philippines, they brought with them their
patriarchal values about women which
eventually diffused into Philippine culture.
• There was an idea that men should be the
provider of the family and protector of the
women.
• Filipinos were familiarized to be a
patriarchal system of education which
emphasizes the domestic value that
women were the property of men.
This letter was written in Tagalog, while Rizal was
in London
- December 12, 1888, a group of 20 women
of Malolos petitioned Governor-General
Weyler for permission to open a night
school so that they may study Spanish
under Teodoro Sandiko.
- Father Felipe Garcia objected resulting
into the turning down of the petition by
the Governor-General.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
- But these young women courageously
sustained their agitation for the
establishment of the school. They
triumphed in the end and were granted
permission to their project on the
condition that Señorita Guadalupe Reyes
should be their teacher.
The letter of Rizal transmitted to the young
women of Malolos focused on the following points:
the rejection of the spiritual authority of the friars;
the defense for private judgment; qualities Filipino
mothers need to possess; duties and
responsibilities of Filipino mothers to their
children; duties and responsibilities of a wife to her
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husband; and counsel to young women on their
choice of a lifetime partner.
RIZAL’S MESSAGE TO FILIPINO WOMEN
• Rizal’s ultimate desire was to afford
Filipino women the same opportunities
enjoyed by men in education – an
education that will liberate women.
• He emphasized the need for maintaining
the independence of mind and reason. He
urged women to be vigilant over their
rights and not to be docile and passive in
their attitude towards the many injustices
force upon them.
• Responsibilities of Filipino Mothers to their
Children
• It is the mothers who are responsible for
the present servitude of our compatriots,
owing to the unlimited trustfulness of their
loving hearts, to their ardent desire
What then was Rizal trying to put across here?
- He was trying to tell the women that
whatever the mother is, would be her son
becomes. Mothers who can teach nothing
else but kneeling and kissing the hand of
the friars should expect children who are
not only stupid but also exploited slaves.
What then are the duties of the filipino mothers to
their child?
- To raise children close to the image to
God,
- To awaken and prepare the mind of the
child for every good and desirable idea,
and
- To teach children to prefer death with
honor than life with dishonor.
• Rizal stressed the need for mothers to
educate their children on
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• the following values: love for honor, Filipino mothers should teach their children love
sincere and firm character, clear mind, of God, Country, and fellowmen.
clear conduct, notable action, love for Filipino mothers should be glad and honored,
one’s fellowmen, and respect for God like Spartan mothers to offer their sons in
defense of their country.
Qualities mothers have to possess Filipino women should know how to protect
- The Filipino mothers has to be a noble their dignity and honor.
wife. Filipino women should educate themselves
- She has to rear her children in the service aside from retaining their good racial values
of the state Rizal gives reference to the Faith is not merely reciting prayers and wearing
women of Sparta who embody this religious pictures. It is living the real christian
quality. way with good morals and manners
- A wife has to set the standard of behavior
for men around her. (Three basic thigs a
wife must instill in the mind of her
husband: activity and industry; noble
behavior; and worthy sentiments)
- Rizal gave the following advices to a
married woman: (1.) aid her husband, (2.)
share his perils, (3.) refrain from causing
him worry, and (4.) sweeten his moments
of affection.

Rizal’s advice to unmarried men and women

- Rizal directly telling young men that in
choosing their lifetime partner, they
should not consider physical beauty nor
the sweetness character of a woman. But
rather give priority to firmness of
character and excellent ideas.
- On the other hand, Rizal counseled young
women not to surrender their
womanhood to a weak and timid heart.
there are three things that a young
woman must look for a man she is going
to marry: (1.) a noble and honored man,
(2.) a manly heart, and (3.) a high spirit
incapable of being slave.

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NOLI ME TANGERE SYNOPSIS killing him. Don Rafael was thrown in prison, where
he died unhappily. He was buried in consecrated
The novel Noli Me Tangere contains 63
ground, but his enemies, accusing him of being a
chapters and an epilogue. It begins with a
heretic, had his body removed from the cemetery.
reception given by Capitan Tiago (Santiago de Los
On hearing about his father’s sad story, Ibarra
Santos) at his house in Calle Analogue (now Juan
thanked the kind Spanish lieutenant and vowed to
Luna Street) on the last day of October. The
find out the truth about his father’s death.
reception or dinner is given in honor of Crisostomo
Ibarra, a young and rich Filipino who had just
The following morning, he visited Maria Clara, his
returned after seven years of study in Europe.
childhood sweetheart. Maria Clara teasingly said
Ibarra was the only son of Don Rafael Ibarra, a
that he had forgotten her because the girls in
friend of Capitan Tiago, and the fiancé of beautiful
Germany were beautiful. Ibarra replied that he
Maria Clara, supposed daughter of Capitan Tiago.
had never forgotten her.

Among the guests during the reception

After the romantic reunion with Maria
were Padre Damaso, a fat Franciscan friar who
Clara, Ibarra went to San Diego to visit his father’s
had been parish priest for 20 years of San Diego
grave. It was All Saint’s Day. At the cemetery, the
(Calamba), Ibarra’s native town; Padre Sybila, a
grave digger told Ibarra that the corpse of Don
young Dominican parish priest of Binondo; Señor
Rafael was removed by order of the parish priest
Guevara, as elderly and kind lieutenant of the
to be buried in the Chinese cemetery; but the
Guardia Civil; Don Tiburcio de Espadaña, a bogus
corpse was heavy, and it was a dark and rainy
Spanish physician, lame, and henpecked husband
night, so he (the grave-digger) simply threw the
of Doña Victorina; and several ladies.
corpse into the lake.

Ibarra, upon his arrival, produced a

Ibarra was angered by the grave-digger’s
favorable impression among the guests, except
story. He left the cemetery. On the way, he met
Padre Damaso, who has rude to him. In
Padre Salvi, Franciscan parish priest of San Diego.
accordance with a German custom, he
In a flash, Ibarra pounced on the priest,
introduced himself to the ladies.
demanding redress for desecrating his father’s
mortal remains. Padre told him that he had
During the dinner, the conversation
nothing to do with it, for he was not the parish
centered on Ibarra’s studies and travels abroad.
priest at the time of Don Rafael’s death. It was
Padre Damaso was in a bad mood because he got
Padre Damaso, his predecessor, who was
a bony neck and a hard wing of the chicken tinola.
responsible for it. Convinced of Padre Salvi’s
He tried to discredit Ibarra’s remarks.
innocence, Ibarra went away.

After dinner, Ibarra left Capitan Tiago’s

In his town, Ibarra met several interesting
house to return to his hotel. On the way, the kind
people, such as the wise old man, Tasio the
Lieutenant Guevara told him the sad story of his
philosopher, whose ideas were too advanced for
father’s death in San Diego. Don Rafael, his father,
his times so that the people, who could not
was a rich and brave man. He defended a helpless
understand him, called him “Tasio the Lunatic,”
boy from the brutality of an illiterate Spanish tax
the progressive school teacher, who complained
collector, pushing the latter and accidentally

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to Ibarra that the children were losing interest to
their studies because of the lack proper school
house and the discouraging attitude of the parish
friar towards both the teaching of Spanish and of
the use of modern methods of pedagogy; the
spineless gobernadorcillo, who catered to the
wishes of the Spanish parish friars; Don Filipo Lino,
the teniente-mayor and leader of the cuardrilleros
(town police); and the former gobernadorcillos
who were prominent citizens, Don Basilio and Don
Valentin.
A most tragic story in the novel is the tale
of Sisa, who was formerly a rich girl but became
poor because she married a gambler and a
wastrel at that. She became crazy because she
lost her two boys, Basilio and Crispin, the joy of her
wretched life. These boys were sacristanes
(sextons) in the church, working for a small wage
to support their poor mother.
Crispin, the younger of the two brothers
was accused by the brutal sacristan mayor (chief
sexton) of stealing the money of the priest. He was
tortured in the convent and died. Basilio, with his
brother’s dying cries ringing in his ears, escaped.
When the two boys did not return home, Sisa
looked for them everywhere and, in her great
sorrow, she became insane.
Capitan Tiago, Maria Clara, and Aunt
Isabel (Capitan Tiago’s cousin who took care of
Maria Clara after his mother’s death) arrived in
San Diego. Ibarra and his friends had a picnic at
the lake. Among those present in this picnic were
Maria Clara and her four girlfriends the merry
Siñang, the grave Victoria, the beautiful Iday, and
the thoughtful Neneng; Aunt Isabel, chaperon of
Maria Clara; Capitana Tika, mother of Siñang;
Andeng, foster sister of Maria Clara; Albino, the
ex-theological student who was in love with
Siñang; and Ibarra and his friends. One of the
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boatmen was a strong and silent peasant youth
named Elias.
An incident at the picnic was the saving of
Elias’ life by Ibarra. Elias bravely grappled with a
crocodile that was caught in the fish corral. But the
crocodile struggled furiously so that Elias could not
subdue it. Ibarra jumped into the water and killed
the crocodile, thereby saving Elias. After the
crocodile incident was the rendering of a beautiful
song by Maria Clara, who had a sweet voice, and
they went ashore. They made merry in the cool,
wooded meadow. Padre Salvi, Capitan Basilio
(former gobernadorcillo and Siñang’s father), the
alferez (lieutenant of the Guardia Civil), and the
town officials were present. The luncheon was
served, and everybody enjoyed eating.
The meal over, Ibarra and Capitan Basilio
played chess while Maria Clara and her friends
played the “Wheel of Chance,” a game based on
a fortune-telling book. As the girls were enjoying
their fortune-telling game, Padre Salvi came and
tore to pieces the book, saying that it was a sin to
play such a game.
Shortly thereafter, a sergeant and four
soldiers of the Guardia Civil suddenly arrived,
looking for Elias, who was hunted for assaulting
Padre Damaso and throwing the alferez into a
mud hole. Fortunately, Elias had disappeared, and
the Guardia Civil went away empty-handed.
During the picnic also, Ibarra received a telegram
from the Spanish authorities notifying him of the
approval of his donation of a schoolhouse for the
children of San Diego.
The next day Ibarra visited old Tasio to
consult him on his pet project about the
schoolhouse. He saw the old man’s writings were
written in hieroglyphics. Tasio explained to him
that he wrote in hieroglyphics because he was
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writing for the future generations who would
understand them and say, “Not all were asleep in
the night of our ancestors!”
Meanwhile, San Diego was merrily
preparing for its annual fiesta in honor of its
patron saint San Diego de Alcala, whose feast day
is the 11th of November. On the eve of the fiesta,
hundreds of visitors arrived from the nearby
towns, and there were laughter, music, exploding
bombs, feasting, and moro-moro. The music was
furnished by five brass bands (including the
famous Pagsanjan Band owned by the escribano
Miguel Guevara) and three orchestras.
On the morning of the fiesta, there was a
high mass in the church, officiated by Padre Salvi.
Padre Damaso gave a long sermon, in which he
expatiated on the evils of the times that were
caused by certain men, who having tasted some
education, spread pernicious ideas among the
people.
After Padre Damaso’s sermon, the mass
was continued by Padre Salve. Elias quietly moved
to Ibarra, who was kneeling and praying by Maria
Clara’s side, and warned him to be careful during
the ceremony of the laying of the cornerstone of
the schoolhouse because there was a plot to kill
him.
Elias suspected that the yellowish man,
who built the derrick, was a paid stooge of Ibarra’s
enemies. True to his suspicion, later in the day,
when Ibarra, in the presence of a big crowd, went
down into the trench to cement the cornerstone,
the derrick collapsed. Elias, quick as a flash,
pushed him aside, thereby saving his life. The
yellowish man was the one crushed to death by
the shattered derrick.
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At the sumptuous dinner that night under
a decorated kiosk, a sad incident occurred. The
arrogant Padre Damaso, speaking in the presence
of many guests, insulted the memory of Ibarra’s
father. Ibarra jumped to his seat, knocked down
the fat friar with his fist, and then seized a sharp
knife. He would have killed the friar, were it not for
the timely intervention of Maria Clara.
The fiesta over, Maria Clara became ill.
She was treated by the quack Spanish physician,
Tiburcio de Espadaña, whose wife, a vain and
vulgar native woman, was a frequent visitor in
Capitan Tiago’s house. This woman had
hallucinations of being a superior Castillan, and,
although a native herself, she looked down on her
own people as inferior beings. She added another
“de” to her husband’s surname in order to more
Spanish. Thus she wanted to be called “Doctora
Doña Victorina de los Reyes de De Espadaña.”
She introduced to Capitan Tiago’s young
Spaniards, Don Alfonso Linares de Espadaña,
cousin of Don Tiburcio de Espadaña and godson of
Padre Damaso’s brother in law. Linares was a
penniless and jobless, fortune hunter who came to
the Philippines in search of a rich Filipino heiress.
Both Doña Victorina and Padre Damaso
sponsored his wooing of Maria Clara, but the
latter did not respond because she loved Ibarra.
The story of Elias, like that of Sisa, was a
tale of pathos and tragedy. He related it to Ibarra.
Some 60 years ago, his grandfather, who was
then a young bookkeeper in a Spanish
commercial firm in Manila, was wrongly accused
of burning the firm’s warehouse. He was flogged in
public and was left in the street, crippled and
almost died. His was pregnant, beg for alms and
became a prostitute in order to support her sick
husband and their son. After giving birth to her
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second son and the death of her husband, she fled
with her two sons to the mountains.
Years later, the first boy became a
dreaded tulisan named Balat. He terrorized the
provinces. One day he was caught by the
authorities. His head was cut off and was hung
from a tree branch in the forest. On seeing this
gory object, the poor mother (Elias’ grandmother)
died.
Balat’s younger brother, who was by
nature kindhearted, fled and became a trusted
laborer in the house of a rich man in Tayabas. He
fell in love with the master’s daughter. The girl’s
father, enraged by the romance, investigated his
past and found out the truth. The unfortunate
lover (Elias’ father) was sent to jail, while the girl
gave birth to twins, a boy (Elias) and a girl. Their
rich grandfather took care of them, keeping secret
their scandalous origin, and reared them as rich
children.
Elias was educated in the Jesuit college in
Manila, while his sister studied at La Concordia
College. They lived happily until one day, owing to
a certain dispute over money matters, a distant
relative exposed their shameful birth. They were
disgraced. An old male servant, whom they used
to abuse, was forced to testify in court, and the
truth came out that he was their real father.
Elias and his sister left Tayabas to hide
their shame in another place. One day the sister
disappeared. Elias roamed from place to place,
looking for her. He heard later that a girl
answering to his sister’s description was found
dead on the beach of San Diego. Since then, Elias
lived a vagabond life, wandering from province to
province – until he met Ibarra.
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Elias, learning of Ibarra’s arrest, burned
all the papers that might incriminate his friend
and set Ibarra’s house on fire. Then he went to
prison and helped Ibarra escape. He and Ibarra
jumped into a banca loaded with sacate (grass).
Ibarra stopped at the house of Capitan Tiago to
say goodbye to Maria Clara. In the tearful last
scene between the two lovers, Ibarra forgave
Maria Clara for giving up his letter to her to the
Spanish authorities, who utilized them as
evidence against him. On her part, Maria Clara
revealed that those letters were exchanged with a
letter from her late mother, Pia Alba, which Padre
Salvi gave her. From his letter, she learned that
her real father was Padre Damaso.
After bidding Maria Clara farewell, Ibarra
returned to the banca. He and Elias paddled up
the PasigRiver toward Laguna de Bay. A police
boat, with the Guardia Civil on board, pursued
them as their banca reached the lake. Elias told
Ibarra to hide under the zacate. As the police boat
was overtaking the banca, Elias jumped into the
water and swam swiftly toward the shore. In this
way, he diverted the attention of the soldiers to his
person, thereby giving Ibarra a chance to escape.
The soldier fired at the swimming Elias, who was
hit and sank. The water turned red because of his
blood. The soldiers, thinking that they had killed
the fleeing Ibarra returned to Manila. Thus Ibarra
was able to escape.
Elias seriously wounded, reached the
shore and staggered into the forest. He met a boy,
Basilio, who was weeping over his mother’s dead
body. He told Basilio to make a pyre on which their
bodies (his and Sisa) were to be burned to ashes.
It was Christmas eve, and the moon gleamed
softly in the sky. Basilio prepared the funeral pyre.
As life’s breath slowly left his body. Elias looked
toward the east and murmured: “I die without
seeing the dawn brighten over my native land.”
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You, who have it to see, welcome it! And forget not

those who have fallen during the night.

The novel has an epilogue that recounts

what happened to the other characters. Maria
Clara, out of her loyalty to the memory of Ibarra,
the man she truly loved, entered the Santa Clara
nunnery. Padre Salvi left the parish of San Diego
and became a chaplain of the nunnery. Padre
Damaso was transferred to a remote province,
but the next morning he was found dead in his
bedroom. Capitan Tiago, the former genial host
and generous patron of the church, became an
opium addict and a human wreck. Doña
Victorina, still henpecking poor Don Tiburcio, had
taken to wearing eyeglasses because of
weakening eyesight. Linares, who failed to win
Maria Clara’s affection, died of dysentery and was
buried in Paco cemetery.

The alferez, who successfully repulsed the

abortive attack on the barracks, was promoted to
major. He returned to Spain, leaving behind his
shabby mistress, Doña Consolacion.

The novel ends with Maria Clara, an

unhappy nun in Santa Clara nunnery – forever lost
to the world.

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NOLI ME TANGERE CHARACTERS
CRISOSTOMO IBARRA
- full name Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y
Magsalin, was a young student from San
Diego.
What kind of person is Crisostomo Ibarra?
- Personality and Traits Ibarra was an earnest
and idealistic young man. Influenced by his
European education, he sought to improve the
country; as part of this, he believed in the
power of education to enact reforms and
made efforts to establish a school in San Diego
to this end.
What does Crisostomo Ibarra represent in Noli
Me Tangere?
- Crisostomo Ibarra exemplified the vision that
Jose Rizal had aimed for the youth of the
Philippines during his time. Others attribute
Ibarra as Rizal’s reflection of himself.
- his character also symbolizes the Filipinos
who had the privilege to study abroad
during his time and those who value
education.
Who did Crisostomo Ibarra symbolize?
- Crisostomo Ibarra exemplified the vision
that Jose Rizal had aimed for the youth of the
Philippines during his time. Others attribute
Ibarra as Rizal’s reflection of himself
What does Ibarra represent in the novel Noli Me
Tangere?
- Ibarra is a politically important character
because Rizal uses him to voice ideas
regarding colonialism and the nature of
power in the Philippines.
What does Ibarra represent? Who can be his
modern counterpart? Why?
- Ibarra exemplifies patriotism and idealism, as
he seeks to modify the way things are done
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throughout his time without radically altering
the system. This can be due to Ibarra’s wealth
and education, demonstrating that the
system works for him and his social class
despite the atrocities. I feel that Ibarra’s
current counterparts are elites and educated,
as they typically have liberal views and
advocate for reforms. Siya ay ang isa sa mga
pangunahing tauhan ng isa sa mga nobela ni
Jose Rizal. Ang buong pangalan niya ay Juan
Crisostomo Ibarra y Ma
MARIA CLARA
- whose full name is María Clara de los Santos
y Alba, is the mestiza heroine in Noli Me
Tángere
- is the childhood sweetheart and fiancée of
Noli Me Tángere's main protagonist, Juan
Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin, the son of Don
Rafael Ibarra.
- Rizal based the fictional character of María
Clara on his real-life girlfriend and cousin,
Leonor Rivera.
- Although raised as the daughter of Captain
Santiago "Kapitán Tiyago" de Los Santos and
his wife Doña Pía Alba, who are both native
Filipinos, María Clara is revealed to have been
the illegitimate daughter of Padre Dámaso, a
Spanish friar, who coerced Doña Pía into illicit
sexual relations.
- “Maria Clara” is a term used to represent the
“ideal” Filipina woman — demure, religious,
gentle.
- is described as a devout Roman Catholic who
became the epitome of virtue, "demure and
self-effacing,” humorless and prone to
fainting. Her traits were further described by
Rizal as an "Oriental decoration" with
"downcast" eyes and a "pure soul".
- Why did Maria Clara betrayed Ibarra? Maria
Clara betrays Ibarra even though she loves
him. Her motive is to prevent the identity of
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her true, biological father from being
revealed. Discuss the consequences of her
act, and how it leads to tragedy. The novel
describes vividly life in the town of San Diego
and its social and political hierarchy.
- What happened to Maria Clara in the end?
Sometime after, in a fit of apparent insanity,
she climbed up on the roof of the church,
spotted by some guards. In 1895, Maria Clara
fell ill and died a few days later.
- What is the style of Maria Clara dress? Like
the baro't saya, the Maria Clara gown
traditionally consists of four parts: a blouse
(baro or camisa), a long skirt (saya), a
kerchief worn over the shoulders (pañuelo,
fichu, or alampay), and a short rectangular
cloth worn over the skirt (the tapis or
patadyong).
PADRE DAMASO
- Dámaso Verdolagas, or Padre Dámaso, is a
Franciscan friar and the former parish curate
of San Diego and the main antagonist of Jose
Rizal's novel Noli me Tangere. He is best
known as a notorious character who speaks
with harsh words and has been a cruel priest
during his stay in the town.
- A Spanish friar living in the Philippines,
Father Dámaso is an arrogant and pedantic
priest who, despite having lived amongst
Filipinos and hearing their confessions for over
twenty years, is barely able to speak or
understand Tagalog, the country's native
language.
- Padre Dámaso is described to be a snobbish,
ruthless and judgemental extrovert.
- What is the role of Padre Damaso? Padre
Damaso was the former town curate of San
Diego and the real father of Maria Clara.
Opposing his daughter's marriage to
Crisostomo Ibarra, the man made efforts to
drive the two apart for Maria Clara's sake.
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- He was an enemy of Don Rafael Ibarra,
Crisóstomo Ibarra's father; Don Rafael refuses
to conform to the friars' power.
- the antagonist in Noli Me Tangere
- Padre Damaso was a brash and arrogant
individual. Due to the power afforded to him
for being a friar, he acted superior to others
and was opposed to natives receiving
education abroad. This arrogance also came
with rudeness, with the man speaking rather
roughly, even going so far as to insult the
natives of the Philippines at the party of
Capitan Tiago, a native himself. Despite all
this, he did possess a softer side for his
daughter, seeing fit to break apart her
marriage to Ibarra in order to ensure a better
life for her.
- As part of his reassignment, Damaso became
town curate of San Diego. While there, he
became close friends with Capitan Tiago and
Don Rafael. He also became the confessor of
Capitan Tiago's wife, Doña Pia Alba.
- Doña Pia later became pregnant with
Damaso's child, and the two exchanged
letters during this time. She eventually birthed
a girl, Maria Clara, although dying in
childbirth. As the girl was assumed to be
Capitan Tiago's daughter, Padre Damaso
instead watched over her as her godfather.
When Capitan Tiago betrothed Maria Clara to
her childhood friend Crisostomo Ibarra, the
son of Don Rafael, Padre Damaso silently
objected to the decision, wanting a better life
for Maria Clara through marrying a Spaniard.
- After Don Rafael's death in prison and his
subsequent burial in the parish cemetery,
Padre Damaso ordered a gravedigger to
transfer his body to the Chinese cemetery.
With the corpse having gone missing and the
governor-general finding out, Padre Damaso,
as punishment, was reassigned to another
parish. He also, at one point, was attacked by
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the man Elias, reporting the matter to the
authorities.
CAPITAN TIAGO
- Capitan Tiago was a meek and submissive
man. Valuing social connections above all
else, Tiago prioritized positioning himself
strategically amongst the elite of the country.
This manifested as him constantly bowing to
the will of the friars; his courting of Doña
Victorina, befriending of Don Rafael, and
betrothal of his daughter to Ibarra can be
interpreted to be motivated by his self-
interest in being well-connected. Despite
having a vast amount of wealth, Tiago's
actions were ultimately determined by what
would be best for his social standing, leading
him to sever ties with Ibarra when his
association with him was no longer to his
benefit.
- Tiago was born the only son of a sugar miller
in Malabon. Despite being well-off, his father
refused to pay for his schooling, leading Tiago
to be taken in and sent to school by a
Dominican. Around this time, he
unsuccessfully courted Doña Victorina.
- After both his father and the Dominican died,
Tiago went into business himself, eventually
marrying Doña Pia Alba. With his wife wanting
to manage a farm, the two bought land in San
Diego, Laguna, also befriending Don Rafael
Ibarra and Padre Damaso. He also, at some
point, became gobernadorcillo of the town,
earning the nickname "Capitan Tiago".
- For six years Tiago and his wife were childless,
until Padre Damaso advised Doña Pia Alba to
make a pilgrimage to a shrine in Obando.
After the woman became pregnant and died
birthing her daughter, Capitan Tiago named
the girl Maria Clara. He also had his maiden
cousin, Isabel, raise the girl in the absence of
her real mother.
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- When Maria Clara reached girlhood, Capitan
Tiago had her study in the Sta. Clara convent.
After Don Rafael's son Crisostomo left for
Europe, Capitan Tiago agreed with Don Rafael
to betroth their two children.
ELIAS
- Was a fugitive living in San Diego. Enduring
one tragedy after another, he began working
to improve society. After his life was saved by
Crisostomo Ibarra, he began aiding the young
man, saving him on numerous occasions.
- Elias was born to a rich family in Manila
alongside his twin sister, with his father being
the son of a prostitute and his mother being
the daughter of a rich man. Told that their
father was dead, the twins also witnessed
their mother die in their youth. Raised by their
maternal grandfather, the two lived happy
lives.
- One day, Elias antagonized a distant relative
and they taunted him with his supposed
illegitimacy. As Elias was insulted, the relative
later made Elias' heritage known to the public
using Elias' family servant, which was actually
his father in disguise.
- Renouncing his wealth, Elias ran away with his
father and sister. After his father died, his
sister went missing; half a year later, Elias
learned of a girl matching his sister's
description having been discovered drowned
in Calamba, Laguna. Since then, Elias became
a fugitive, wandering around the country.At
some point, he came into contact with the
group of bandits led by Capitan Pablo in
Tanauan, Batangas. He also at one point
discovered that the root of his family's
misfortune was the rich man his grandfather
worked for, Don Pedro Eibarramendia.
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DOÑA PIA ALBA - The following day, Sisa went into town to fetch
Crispin, only to find out that he had gone
- Doña Pia Alba was the wife of Capitan Tiago
missing and that the Guardia Civil were
and the mother of Maria Clara. A woman of
looking for both of her sons. Rushing home,
wealth and status, she had her husband buy
Sisa found Basilio missing and was arrested
land in San Diego, greatly expanding their
by the Guardia Civil in order to get her sons to
business operations.
surrender. Publicly humiliated, she began
- Doña Pia was born to the wealthy Alba family
going insane.
in Sta. Cruz, Manila. After she married
- Detained at the barracks, Sisa was eventually
Capitan Tiago, she granted him social status.
placed at the alferez' house, where she was
Not satisfied with merely buying and selling
maltreated by the alferez' wife Doña
various products, she had her husband buy
Consolacion before being put under the care
land in San Diego in order to be able to plant
of a doctor. On Christmas Eve, Sisa was
and harvest crops. Around this time, the
located by Basilio; unable to recognize him
couple befriended the parish priest, Padre
due to her insanity, Sisa fled, pursued by her
Damaso, and Don Rafael, the richest
son into the forest. There, she was able to
merchant in town.
have some final moments of lucidity before
- Due to Tiago being infertile, Doña Pia failed to
dying. Soon after, she was buried by Basilio
conceive. Six years into their marriage, she
near the tomb of Ibarra's great-grandfather.
took pilgrimages, novenas, and other religious
practices with the hopes of being granted a BASILIO
child. Upon Padre Damaso's advice, she
- Basilio was a young boy living in San Diego
traveled to Obando, Bulacan, which was
and the older brother of Crispin. Following his
famous for its fertility rites. She was
mother's death and his brother's
accompanied there by Padre Damaso; while
disappearance, Basilio fled the town and was
there, she became pregnant with his child.
taken in by Capitan Tiago. Living in Manila, he
Entering a depression, she later died while
became a medical student, also joining the
birthing her daughter Maria Clara.
student organization attempting to found the
SISA Castilian Academy.

- was a woman living in San Diego and the CRISPIN

mother of Basilio and Crispin. After both of her
- Crispin was a young boy living in San Diego
sons went missing, Sisa went insane,
and one of the sacristans of its church
wandering around town while searching for
alongside his brother Basilio. After being
them.
accused of stealing from the church's coffers,
- Descent into Madness
Crispin was punished by the head sacristan
- On All Saints' Day in 1881, Sisa cooked dinner
and Padre Salvi.
for her sons, only for her husband to come by
and eat most of it. Later that night, she was DOÑA VICTORINA
shocked when only Basilio came home, her
- Her full name Victorina de los Reyes de
son relating to her that Crispin had been left
Espedaña but Donya Victorina name was
at the parish house due to being accused of
stealing money.

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frequently used in the story. Her husband was PAULITA GOMEZ

Tiburcio de Espedaña.
- was the niece of Doña Victorina and the
- As one of the lesser evils in the novel, Doña
sweetheart of Isagani. Following Isagani's
Victorina symbolizes those who have a
imprisonment, Paulita broke their relationship
distorted view of their identity. A Filipina that
off and married Juanito instead.
would like to be Spanish. She despises her
- At a young age, Paulita became orphaned
origin and possesses crab mentality. She is
and was put under the care of her uncle and
also arrogant and spiteful.
aunt, Don Tiburcio and Doña Victorina. She
- She smokes tabacco and she used to be a
also, at some point, became lovers with
maid.
Isagani.
- Doña Victorina stands out in the novel as a
- Paulita was a beautiful mestiza who caught
native who is so obsessed in being Spanish
the eyes of everyone around her, yet she has
that she dresses up like them. She is said to
the tendency to act immature and entitled
have many suitors in her younger days. In
due to her youth and sheltered upbringing.
fact, even Capitan Tiago had made love to her
Having been raised in a privileged
in vain. Her cockiness had her married an old,
environment, Paulita’s statement of only
lame, and stuttering Spaniard instead. She
traveling anywhere by coach or train being
forces her husband to pretend as a doctor.
emblematic of this. Hearing only bad things
Being doctor’s wife elevated her position in the
about the country as she grew up, Paulita
society.
emulated her elders and also spoke badly of
- Doña Victorina is just as arrogant as her
the Philippines. Because of this, she felt
husband but pretends to act intelligent. She
resentful towards patriotic individuals such as
also lies about her real age, which is 45, but
Isagani. She was also somewhat emotionally
for her it’s just 32. Tiburcio de Espedaña
manipulative, making Isagani feel guilty for
doesn’t mind as his wife rich and for his basic
attending the theater show when she had
needs.
gone with Juanito.
TENIENTE GUEVARRA
ISAGANI
- full name Miguel Guevarra, was an elderly
- Isagani was one of the members of the
lieutenant of the Guardia Civil and a close
student organization attempting to establish
friend of Don Rafael Ibarra. Holding a deep
the Castilian Academy. The adopted nephew
respect for the man, he later made efforts to
of Padre Florentino, he joined the other
protect Don Rafael's son Crisostomo after the
students in their efforts to establish the
latter came home from Europe.
academy, becoming entangled with the
PADRE SALVI group's affairs alongside his close friend
Basilio.
- Padre Salvi was the town curate of San Diego - Isagani was an idealistic young man.
and the successor of Padre Damaso. Influenced by Padre Florentino's liberality as a
Possessing a rivalry with the town's alferez, he Jesuit, he sought for genuine progress of the
later orchestrated the downfall of Crisostomo Philippines and was quick to vocalize said
Ibarra, manipulating the townspeople in the ideals. He was one of the active members of
process. the student organization and described to be

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an optimist in contrast with the student
Pecson. He was also devoted to his loves,
namely poetry and Paulita, and displayed an
interest in studying law. Isagani's devotion to
Paulita eventually led to him giving up his
ideals, presumably causing him much guilt
and heartache. Isagani's idealism became the
reason why Señor Pasta and Padre Camorra
belittled him, but the same thing earned the
respect of Padre Fernandez. Despite this,
Isagani was not without flaws; his emotional
intensity lead to him being rude to Simoun
and jealous towards other men who found
Paulita beautiful.
SIMOUN
- was the new identity forged by Crisostomo
Ibarra following his escape from San Diego.
Embittered by the loss of his name and home,
Simoun gathered wealth as a jeweler,
returning to the Philippines as the Governor-
General's adviser in order to rescue his lost
love, Maria Clara.
- A New Identity
- After Crisostomo Ibarra was implicated in a
revolt in San Diego and believed to have died
in a chase on Laguna Lake, he forged a new
identity as Simoun.
- In December of 1894, Simoun rode on the
upper deck of the steamship Tabo as it went
from Manila to San Diego, mingling with the
other passengers. He then went to the lower
deck and briefly conversed with the students
Basilio and Isagani. After arriving in San
Diego, Simoun visited the tomb of his great-
grandfather to dig up his ancestral riches as
well as honor Elias. While there, he
reencountered Basilio, who confessed to
knowing that he was actually Ibarra. He then
attempted to recruit the young man into his
revolutionary plans, only for Basilio turn down
his offer.
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- Simoun was later entertained by Cabesang
Tales in his house as he sold jewels to his
clients. While there, he saw Tales in
possession of Maria Clara's locket and
desperately attempted to buy it, only for Tales
to refuse as it was his daughter Juli's gift from
her sweetheart Basilio. While he was asleep,
Tales stole his revolver and switched it with
Juli's locket.
- Later on, Simoun was among the guests at the
Chinese man Quiroga's dinner. While there,
he had him store a stock of rifles in his
warehouse in exchange for absolving part of
Quiroga's debt to him. After the dinner,
Simoun went with the other guests to the
Quiapo Fair. Simoun later crossed paths with
the student Placido, eventually recruiting him
into his plans and speaking to him about them
on one occasion.
- Simoun later recontacted Tales, now the
leader of a group of bandits. He then visited
Capitan Tiago's house with Tales in tow and
conversed with Basilio, once again attempting
to recruit him. Basilio refused and told Simoun
that Maria Clara had died that day;
despairing, Simoun left the house.
- Simoun was a bitter, ruthless man set on
vengeance. Working tirelessly for over a
decade for his plans, Simoun aimed to reform
the Philippines through violent methods,
possessing a means-to-an-end mentality. As
such, he was not above manipulation,
deception, and encouraging the government
and clergy's cruelty towards the indios.
Simoun justified this to himself by believing it
was in order to improve the country. He was
also motivated to rescue his lost love Maria
Clara from the convent, using his planned
revolution to achieve this, but after Maria
Clara's death he lost all hope and simply
wanted to destroy everything. During his final
days, however, Simoun had a change of heart
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and expressed regret over his actions to

Padre Florentino on his deathbed.

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EL FILIBUSTERISMO SYNOPSIS Camorra, the parish priest of the town of Tiani;

Don Custodio, a pro-Spanish Filipino holding a
This novel is a sequel to "The Noli." It has
position in the government; Padre Salvi, thin
a little humor, less idealism, and less romance
Franciscan friar and former cura of San Diego;
than "The Noli Me Tangere." It is more
Padre Irene, a kind friar who was a friend of the
revolutionary and more tragic than the first
Filipino students; Padre Florentino, a retired
novel.
scholarly and patriotic Filipino priest; Isagani, a
poet-nephew of Padre Florentino and a lover of
The book is also known in English by the title The
Paulita; and Basilio, son of Sisa and promising
Reign of Greed.
medical student, whose medical education is
SUMMARY financed by his patron, Capitan Tiago.

The protagonist of El Filibusterismo is a

A man of wealth and mystery, Simoun is
jeweler named Simoun. He is the new identity of
a very close friend and confidante of the Spanish
Crisostomo Ibarra who, in the prequel Noli,
governor general. Because of his great influence in
escaped from pursuing soldiers. It is revealed that
Malacañang, he was called the “Brown Cardinal”
Crisostomo dug up his buried treasure and fled to
or the “Black Eminence”. By using his wealth and
Cuba, becoming richer and befriending Spanish
political influence, he encourages corruption in the
officials.
government, promotes the oppression of the
masses, and hastens the moral degradation of the
After many years, the newly fashioned
country so that the people may become
Simoun returns to the Philippines, where he is able
desperate and fight. He smuggles arms into the
to freely move around. He is a powerful figure not
country with the help of a rich Chinese merchant,
only because of his wealth but also because he is
Quiroga, who aspires to be Chinese consul of
a good friend and adviser of the governor general.
Manila. His first attempt to begin the armed
Outwardly, Simoun is a friend of Spain; however,
uprising did not materialize because at the last
in secret, he is plotting a terrible revenge against
hour he hears the sad news that Maria Clara died
the Spanish authorities. His two obsessions are to
in the nunnery. In his agonizing moment of
rescue his paramour Maria Clara from the
bereavement, he did not give the signal for the
nunnery of Santa Clara and to foment a Philippine
outbreak of hostilities.
revolution against Spain.
After a long time of illness brought about
The story of El Filibusterismo begins on
by the bitter loss of Maria Clara, Simoun perfects
board a steamer ship sailing up the Pasig river
his plan to overthrow the government. On the
from Manila to Laguna de Bay. Among the
occasion of the wedding of Paulita Gomez and
passengers are Simoun; Doña Victorina, a pro-
Juanito Pelaez, he gives a wedding gift to them a
Spanish native woman who is going to Laguna in
beautiful lamp. Only he and his confidential
search of her henpecked husband, Tiburcio de
associates, Basilio (Sisa’s son who joined his
Espadaña, who has deserted her; Paulita Gomez,
revolutionary cause), know that when the wick of
her beautiful niece; Ben-Zayb (anagram of
his lamp burns lower the nitroglycerine, hidden in
Ibañez), a Spanish journalist who writes silly
its secret compartment, will explode, destroying
articles about the Filipinos; Padre Sibyla, vice-
the house where the wedding feast is going to be
rector of the University of Santo Tomas; Padre

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held killing all the guests, including the governor
general, the friars, and the government officials.
Simultaneously, all the government buildings in
Manila will be blown by Simoun’s followers.
As the wedding feast begins, the poet
Isagani, who has been rejected by Paulita because
of his liberal ideas, is standing outside the house,
sorrowfully watching the merriment inside. Basilio,
his friend, warns him to go away because the
lightened lamp will soon explode.
The Spanish authorities, however, learns
of his presence in the house of Padre Florentino.
Lieutenant Perez of the Guardia Civil informs the
priest by letter that he will come at eight o’clock
that night to arrest Simoun.
Watching Simoun die peacefully with a
clear conscience and at peace with God, Padre
Florentino falls upon his knees and prays for the
dead jeweler. The priest then takes the treasure
chest and throws it into the sea.

Upon hearing the horrible secret of the

lamp, Isagani realizes that his beloved Paulita is in
grave danger. To save her life, he rushes into the
house, seizes the lightened lamp, and hurls it into
the river, where it explodes.

The revolutionary plot is thus discovered.

Simoun is cornered by the soldiers, but he
escapes. Mortally wounded, and carrying his
treasure chest, he seeks refuge in the home of
Padre Florentino by the sea.

The Spanish authorities, however, learns

of his presence in the house of Padre Florentino.
Lieutenant Perez of the Guardia Civil informs the
priest by letter that he will come at eight o’clock
that night to arrest Simoun.

Upon hearing the horrible secret of the

lamp, Isagani realizes that his beloved Paulita is in
grave danger. To save her life, he rushes into the
house, seizes the lightened lamp, and hurls it into
the river, where it explodes.

The revolutionary plot is thus discovered.

Simoun is cornered by the soldiers, but he
escapes. Mortally wounded, and carrying his
treasure chest, he seeks refuge in the home of
Padre Florentino by the sea.

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EL FILIBUSTERISMO CHARACTERS
SIMOUN
- Crisóstomo Ibarra reincarnated as a wealthy
jeweler, bent on starting a revolution
- Crisostomo Ibarra returned as a rich jeweler
under the name of Simoun. He abandoned his
idealistic views after going through tragic
events in the last novel. He believes that
obstreperous and violent revolution is the only
way to bring about end to the abuse of the
Spaniards, especially the clergy.
- He is often referred to as the Brown Cardinal
as his influence over the Captain-General is
undeniable. He is, in fact, Juan Crisostomo
Ibarra (of Noli Me Tangere) who returned to
the country after thirteen years.
What happen to Simoun in the novel El Fili?
- He was shot by a civil guard during his escape
and sought refuge at Father Florentino's
house. He revealed his identity to the priest
and asked him why did his plot failed even
though he has good intention to free the
Filipinos from oppression and why God has
forsaken him.
What was Simoun plan in El Filibusterismo?
- In the novel El Filibusterismo, Simoun tells
Basilio that he plans to exact revenge by
means of an explosive containing
nitroglycerin inside a gas lamp, which he gives
to the newlyweds Juanito and Paulita Pelaez
as a gift during the wedding reception.
Why did Ibarra become Simoun?
- Simoun was the new identity forged by
Crisostomo Ibarra following his escape from
San Diego. Embittered by the loss of his name
and home, Simoun gathered wealth as a
jeweler, returning to the Philippines as the
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Governor-General's adviser in order to
rescue his lost love Maria Clara.
What were the two obsessions of Simoun?
- Outwardly, Simoun is a friend of Spain.
However deep in his heart, he is secretly
cherishing a terrible revenge against the
Spanish authorities. His two magnificent
obsessions are to rescue Maria Clara from the
nunnery of Santa Clara and to foment a
revolution against the hated Spanish masters.
What does Simoun symbolize?
- Simoun represents the revolutionaries during
that time who supported the idea of holding
bloody revolt against the Spanish
government. His death in El Filibusterismo tells
readers that Rizal does not support the armed
revolution.
Why does Simoun seek revenge?
- Fueled by his mistreatment and sufferings at
the hands of the Spaniards and his fury at
María Clara's fate, Simoun secretly plans a
revolution to seek revenge against those who
wronged him.
Did Simoun succeed on his plan in El
Filibusterismo?
- In the novel of Dr. Jose Rizal entitled El
Filibusterismo, Simoun incited violence and
the persecution of his people to move them to
revolt then he failed.
Did Simoun encourage corruption in the
Philippines?
- Simoun, by using his wealth and his political
influence, encourages corruption in the
government, promotes the oppression of the
masses, and hastens the moral degradation
of the country. Unlike the Noli, El
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Filibusterismo was drawn by Rizal from real
life.
How does Simoun's life end?
- The planned uprising is aborted, and Simoun's
true identity is finally revealed, partly through
a note he leaves for Father Salví at the feast.
Wounded, he eludes capture and manages to
seek refuge at Father Florentino's residence.
There, he commits suicide but not before
revealing to the priest what he has wrought.
ISAGANI
- Poet and Basilio's best friend; portrayed as
emotional and reactive; Paulita Gómez'
boyfriend before being dumped for fellow
student Juanito Peláez
- Isagani was one of the members of the
student organization attempting to
establish the Castilian Academy. The
adopted nephew of Padre Florentino, he
joined the other students in their efforts to
establish the academy, becoming entangled
with the group's affairs alongside his close
friend Basilio
What is the meaning of Isagani?
- Possibly from Tagalog masaganang ani
meaning "bountiful harvest". This is the
name of a character in the novel El
Filibusterismo (1891) by José Rizal.
- Basilio's best friend but he's younger
- A student who is actually really smart, yet
he's very vocal with his opinions
- Also has a girlfriend
- PURPOSE: He represents reasonability and
nationalism. His role is extremely important
in the later chapters of the story.
BASILIO
- Ang mag-aaral ng medisina at kasintahan ni
Juli
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- He is the main love interest of Huli. Basilio
joined Simoun's rebellion after realizing that
Simoun is right and revenge is his priority to
let Spain pay him with all he have lost fairly.
He is an aspiring and so far successful
physician on his last year at university and
was waiting for his license to be released upon
his graduation.
What happened to Basilio in El Filibusterismo?
- Following his mother's death and his brother's
disappearance, Basilio fled the town and was
taken in by Capitan Tiago. Living in Manila,
he became a medical student, also joining the
student organization attempting to found the
Castilian Academy.
Who helped Basilio in El Filibusterismo?
- After two months of being in jail, Basilio was
finally freed with the help of Simoun. He
immediately went to Simoun to offer his help
in the fulfillment of latter's plans.
KABESANG TALES
- Ang naghahangad ng karapatan sa
pagmamay- ari ng lupang sinasaka na
inaangkin ng mga prayle
- Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de
barangay (barangay head) who resurfaced
as the feared Luzón bandit Matanglawin
(Tagalog for Hawkeye); his father, Old Man
Selo, dies eventually after his own son Tano,
who became a guardia civil, unknowingly
shoots his grandfather in an encounter.
- Juli and Tano's father
- Used to be the "barangay captain" due to his
land, however it was lost bc of the friars
- He helps with Simoun's revolution
- PURPOSE: He is a symbol of the KKK. Due to
the death of his daughter, he fights
mercilessly against the gov't.
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TANDANG SELO
- Ama ni Kabesang Tales na nabaril ng
kanyang sariling apo
- He is the man who helped Basilio when he was
injured for two months in Noli
- Kabesang Tales's father
- After his granddaughter's death, he also
wanted to fight against the gov't
- PURPOSE: He tries to help with Kabesang
Tales's situation, however it didn't end well.
GINOONG PASTA /ATTORNEY PASTA
- one of the great lawyers of mid-Hispanic
Manila
- Ang tagapayo ng mga prayle sa mga
suliraning legal
- Señor Pasta is a lawyer who also works as a
consultant for the friars. He thinks only of
himself, and is willing to be nationalistic only
after everyone else becomes patriotic first.
What does Senor Pasta mean El Filibusterismo?
- He represents the part of the society that is
only generous and sympathetic to the rich
and powerful. His self-centeredness
overshadows his patriotism.
BEN-ZAYB
- Ang mamamahayag sa pahayagan
- Abraham Ibañez is his real name. He is a
journalist who thinks he is the only one
thinking in the Philippines
- It is said that Ben Zayb looks like a friar and
has been called Fray Ybanez by his critics and
rivals in other papers. Another reason for the
accusatory epithet is that he is always found
in the company and presence of the rich,
powerful and influential in society. He is well
aware of this and strives to refute it by
appearing independent without offending any
from whom he can curry favor in the future.
MIDTERM
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- Role in the Novel: Ben Zayb is introduced
along with other characters in the first
chapters of the novel. He appears throughout
the novel as the leading supporting character,
most often found in the company of other
major characters. Especially in Chapter 37, his
character, actions and reportage as
“journalist” acts as support and foil to other
characters and as backdrop and vehicle for
the events in the novel.
- Symbolism: Rizal critiques some of the
journalists of his time with Ben Zayb’s
character. As a social commentary, Rizal
laments the lack of ethics, impartiality and
integrity in most reporters. Just as much can
be said of today’s social butterflies and
climbers among the media, reporting issues
that are only relevant to further their own
personal causes with their own biased slant,
and mostly for a fee.
PLACIDO PENITENTE
- Ang mag-aaral na nawalan ng ganang mag-
aral sanhi ng suliraning pampaaralan.
- Placido Penitente is a very intelligent student
from the University of Santo Tomas who
always strives to control his temper in the face
of oppression from his professors in Jose
Rizal's El Filibusterismo . He has lost his drive
to study due to academic problems and
would rather go back home to work.
Why did Placido Penitente walk out from class?
- The class has no laboratory equipment, while
the instruments bought by the university are
never used. At a class recitation, Placido
argues with the professor when he gets a bad
mark even if he had been marked as being
absent. From disgust and frustration, Placido
Penitente walks out of the class.
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Did Placido Penitente join Simoun?
- Alliterative Name: Placido Penitente, the
student who eventually joins Simoun's cause.
Attempted Rape: Done on Juli by Father
Camorra.
- A student from Batangas.
- REALLY smart
- He is so vocal on his opinions, the friars hate
him because of that
- PURPOSE: His role on Ch. 13 represents the
emotion that most Filipinos are feeling
towards the abuse of the gov't. He later helps
with Simoun's plan.
PADRE CAMORRA
- Ang mukhang artilyerong pari.
- Padre Camorra was a friar with a particular
predilection for young women. Juli, Basilio's
fiancee and an object of Padre Camorra's
advances, preferred to jump to her death out
of a convent window than to give in to the
friar's intentions.
What does Padre Camorra symbolizes?
- Padre Camorra represents the abuse
experienced by women. He only has eyes for.
beautiful women and not caring (or noticing)
whether his behavior makes them.
uncomfortable.
PADRE FERNANDEZ
- Ang paring Dominikong may malayang
paninindigan.
- A Dominican who was a friend of Isagani.
Following the incident with theposters, he
invited Isagani to a dialogue, not so much as
a teacher with his student but as a Friar witha
Filipino. Although they failed to resolve their
differences, they each promised to approach
theircolleagues with the opposing views from
the other party - although both feared that
MIDTERM
MT
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given theanimosity that existed between their
sides, their own compatriots may not believe
in the other party'sexistence.
- The priest-friend of Isagani. He promised to
Isagani that he and the other priests will give
in to the students' demands
PADRE FLORENTINO
- Ang amain ni Isagani
- Isagani's godfather, and a secular priest; was
engaged to be married, but chose the
priesthood instead, the story hinting at the
ambivalence of his decision as he chooses an
assignment to a remote place, living in
solitude near the sea.
- A Filipino friar
- He only became a friar (against his will) due
to his mother's request.
- He entered when he was 25 years old -
Isagani's uncle.
- PURPOSE: His role in the last chapter is
important, as his speech conveys a message
that is still relevant today.
DON CUSTODIO
- Ang kilala sa tawag na Buena Tinta.
- Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de
Monteredondo, a famous journalist who was
asked by the students about his decision for
the Academia de Castellano. In reality, he is
quite an ordinary fellow who married a rich
woman in order to be a member of Manila's
high society.
- He is a proud liberal and his
recommendations can become clever and, at
the same time, odd. Don Custodio believes
that the natives should not be allowed to
develop themselves and they should only be
slaves. He thinks that this is in accordance to
the natural order of things.
- Don Custodio is a known journalist who is
asked by the students about Academia de
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Castellano. Don Custodio married a rich
woman to become part of Manila's high
society.
PADRE IRENE
- Ang kaanib ng mga kabataan sa pagtatatag
ng Akademya ng Wikang Kastila.
- Capitán Tiago's spiritual adviser. Along with
Don Custodio, Írene is severely criticized as a
representative of priests who allied
themselves with temporal authority for the
sake of power and monetary gain. Known to
many as the final authority who Custodio
consults, the student association sought his
support and gifted him with two chestnut-
colored horses, yet he betrayed the students
by counseling Custodio into making them fee
collectors in their own school, which was then
to be administered by the Dominicans instead
of being a secular and privately managed
institution as the students envisioned. Írene
secretly but regularly supplies Capitán Tiago
with opium while exhorting Basilio to do his
duty. Írene embellished stories of panic
following the outlawing of the student
association Basilio was part of, hastening
Capitán Tiago's death. With Basilio in prison,
he then removed Basilio out of Tiago's last will
and testament, ensuring he inherited nothing.
JUANITO PELAEZ
- Ang mag-aaral na kinagigiliwan ng mga
propesor; nabibilang sa kilalang angkang
may dugong Kastila.
- Isagani's rival for Paulita Gómez's affection.
He was the son of a Timoteo Peláez, a
metalworks trader. He was a favorite of his
professors. A regular prankster, he was said
to have developed a hump by playing some
trick and then hunching behind his
classmates. He paid his dues to the student
association, but broke away just as easily
MIDTERM
MT
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when the association was outlawed. Following
Isagani's arrest, Paulita breaks off from
Isagani to marry Juanito.
MAKARAIG
- Ang mayamang mag-aaral na masigasig na
nakikipaglaban para sa pagtatatag ng
Akademya ng Wikang Kastila ngunit biglang
nawala sa oras ng kagipitan.
- The leader. He is described as wealthy, with
his own coach, driver, and set of horses. He is
said to own several houses, and that he is
lending one to serve as the schoolhouse for
their planned Spanish language academy.
After the outlawing of the group, he was the
first to post bail. He then left the country after
his release.
SANDOVAL
- Ang kawaning Kastila na sang-ayon o panig
sa ipinaglalaban ng mga mag-aaral.
- A Peninsular who had come to Manila as a
government employee and was finishing his
studies, and who had completely identified
himself with the cause of the Filipino students.
After the outlawing of the group, he still
managed to pass his courses through sheer
oratorical skill.
DONYA VICTORINA
- Ang mapagpanggap na isang Europea ngunit
isa namang Pilipina; tiyahin ni Paulita.
PAULITA GOMEZ
- Kasintahan ni Isagani ngunit nagpakasal kay
Juanito Pelaez.
- the girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Doña
Victorina, the old Indio who passes herself off
as a Peninsular, who is the wife of the quack
doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña. In the end, she
and Isagani part ways, Paulita believing she
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will have no future if she marries him. She HERMANA PENCHANG

eventually marries Juanito Peláez.
- Ang mayaman at madasaling babae na
QUIROGA pinaglilingkuran ni Juli.
- Isang mangangalakal na Intsik na nais - The one among the "rich folks" of Tiani who
magkaroon ng konsulado sa Pilipinas. lent Juli money to ransom Kabesang Tales
- A Chinese businessman who aspired to be a from the bandits. In return, Juli will serve as
consul for China in the Philippines. Simoun her maid until the money was paid off.
coerced Quiroga into hiding weapons inside Penchang is described as a pious woman who
the latter's warehouses in preparation for the speaks Spanish; however, her piety was
revolution. clouded over by the virtues taught by the
friars. While Juli was in her service, she made
JULI her work constantly, refusing to give her time
off so she can take care of her grandfather
- Anak ni Kabesang Tales at katipan naman ni
Selo. Nevertheless, when the rich folks of Tiani
Basilio.
shunned Juli because to support her family in
- Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio and
any way might earn some form of retribution
the youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales.
from the friars, Penchang was the only one
When Tales was captured by bandits, Juli
who took pity upon her.
petitioned Hermana Penchang to pay for his
ransom. In exchange, she had to work as
Penchang's maid. Basilio ransomed her and
bought a house for her family. During Basilio's
prison stint, Juli approached Tiani's curate,
Padre Camorra, for help. When Camorra
tried to rape her, Juli jumped to her death
from the church's tower.

HERMANA BALI

- Naghimok kay Juli upang humingi ng tulong

kay Padre Camorra.
- Juli's mother-figure and counselor. She
accompanied Juli in her efforts to secure
Kabesang Tales' ransom and later on Basilio's
release. Báli was a panguinguera – a gambler
– who once performed religious services in a
Manila convent. When Tales was captured by
bandits, it was Báli who suggested to Juli the
idea to borrow money from Tiani's wealthy
citizens, payable when Tales' legal dispute
over his farm was won.

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SA MGA KABABAIHANG TAGA-MALOLOS matagal na luhod, mahabang dasal, malalaking

kuentas, libaguing kalmin, kundí ang mabuting
Nang aking sulatin ang Noli Me Tangere,
asal, malinis na loob at matuid na isip.
tinanong kong laon, kung ang pusuang dalaga’y
Napagkilala din ninyo na dí kabaitan ang
karaniwan kaya diyan sa ating bayan. Matay ko
pagkamasunurin sa ano mang pita at hiling ñg
mang sinaliksik yaring alaala; matay ko mang
nagdidiosdiosan, kundi ang pagsunod sa
pinagisa-ngisa ang lahat ñg dalagang makilala
katampata’t matuid, sapagka’t ang bulag na
sapul sa pagkabatá, ay mañgisa-ñgisa lamang
pagsunod ay siyang pinagmumulan ñg likong
ang sumaguing larawang aking ninanasá. Tunay
paguutos, at sa bagay na ito’y pawang
at labis ang matamis na loob, ang magandang
nagkakasala. Dí masasabi ñg punó ó parí na sila
ugalí, ang binibining anyó, ang mahinhing asal;
lamang ang mananagot ñg maling utos; binigyan
ñgunit ang lahat na ito’y laguing nahahaluan ñg
ñg Dios ang bawat isa ñg sariling isip at sariling
lubos na pagsuyó at pagsunod sa balang sabi ó
loob, upang ding mapagkilala ang likó at tapat;
hiling nang nagñgañgalang amang kalulua (tila
paraparang inianak ñg walang tanikalá, kundí
baga ang kaluluwa’y may iba pang ama sa Dios,)
malayá, at sa loob at kalulua’y walang
dala ñg malabis na kabaitan, kababaan ñg loob ó
makasusupil, bakit kayá ipaaalipin mo sa iba ang
kamangmañgan kayá: anaki’y mga lantang
marañgal at malayang pagiisip? Duag at malí ang
halaman, sibul at laki sa dilim; mamulaklak ma’y
akalá na ang bulag na pagsunod ay kabanalan, at
walang bañgo, magbuñga ma’y walang katas.
kapalaluan ang mag isipisip at magnilay nilay.
Ang kamangmañgan’y, kamangmañgan at dí
Ñguní at ñgayong dumating ang balitang
kabaita’t puri. Di hiling ñg Dios, punó ñg
sa inyong bayang Malolos, napagkilala kong ako’y
kataruñgan, na ang taong larawan niya’y paulol
namalí, at ang tuá ko’y labis. Dí sukat ako sisihin,
at pabulag; ang hiyas ñgisip, na ipinalamuti sa
dí ko kilala ang Malolos, ni ang mga dalaga,liban
atin, paningniñgin at gamitin. Halimbawá baga
sa isang Emilia, at ito pa’y sa ñgalan lamang.
ang isang amang nagbigay sa bawat isang anak
ñg kanikanyang tanglaw sa paglakad sa dilim.
Ñgayong tumugon kayo sa uhaw naming
Paniñgasin nila ang liwanag ñg ilaw, alagaang
sigaw ñg ikagagaling ñg bayan; ñgayong
kusá at huag patain, dala ñg pag-asa sa ilaw ñg
nagpakita kayo ñg mabuting halimbawa sa
iba, kundí magtulongtulong magsangunian, sa
kapuá dalagang nagnanasang paris ninyong
paghanap ñg daan. Ulol na di hamak at masisisi
mamulat ang mata at mahañgo sa pagkalugamí,
ang madapá sa pagsunod sa ilaw ñg iba, at
sumisigla ang aming pag-asa, inaaglahì ang
masasabi ng ama: “bakit kita binigyan ng sarili
sakuná, sa pagka at kayo’y katulong na namin,
mong ilaw?” Ñguni’t dí lubhang masisisi ang
panatag ang loob sapagtatagumpay. Ang
madapá sa sariling tanglaw, sapagka’t marahil
babaing tagalog ay di na payukó at luhod, buhay
ang ilaw ay madilim, ó kayá ay totoong masamá
na ang pagasa sa panahong sasapit; walá na ang
ang daan.
inang katulong sa pagbulag sa anak na palalakhin
sa alipustá at pagayop. Di na unang karunuñgan
Ugaling panagot ng mga may ibig mang
ang patuñgó ñg ulo sa balang maling utos,
ulol, ay: palaló ang katiwalá sa sariling bait; sa
dakilang kabaitan ang ñgisi sa pagmura,
akalá ko ay lalong palaló ang ibig sumupil ng bait
masayang pangaliw ang mababang luhá.
ng iba, at papanatilihin sa lahat ang sarili. Lalong
Napagkilala din ninyo na ang utos ñg Dios ay iba
palaló ang nagdidiosdiosan, ang ibig tumarok ng
sa utos ñg Parí, na ang kabanalan ay hindi ang

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LECTURE / FIRST SEMESTER
balang kilos ng isip ng DIOS; at sakdal kapalaluan
ó kataksilan ang walang gawá kundí
pagbintañgan ang Dios ng balang bukang bibig at
ilipat sa kanya ang balá niyang nasá, at ang
sariling kaaway ay gawing kaaway ng Dios. Dí
dapat naman tayong umasa sa sarili lamang;
kundí magtanong,makinig sa iba, at saka gawain
ang inaakalang lalong matuid; ang habito ó
sutana’y walang naidaragdag sa dunong ng tao;
magsapinsapin man ang habito ng huli sa
bundok, ay bulubundukin din at walang
nadadayá kungdí ang mangmang at mahinang
loob. Nang ito’y lalong maranasan, ay bumili kayo
ng isang habito sa S. Francisco at isoot ninyo sa
isang kalabao. Kapalaran na kung pagka pag
habito ay hindí magtamad. Lisanin ko ito at dalhin
ang salitá sa iba.
Sa kadalagahang punlaan ng bulaklak na
mamumuñga’y dapat ang babai’y magtipon ng
yamang maipamamana sa lalaking anak. Ano
kaya ang magiging supling ng babaing walang
kabanalan kundí ang magbubulong ng dasal,
walang karunuñgan kungdí awit, novena at
milagrong pangulol sa tao, walang libañgang iba
sa panguingue ó magkumpisal kayá ng malimit
ng muli’t muling kasalanan? Ano ang magiging
anak kundí sakristan, bataan ng cura ó
magsasabong? Gawá ng mga ina ang
kalugamian ngayon ng ating mga kababayan, sa
lubos na paniniwalá ng kanilang masintahing
pusó, at sa malaking pagkaibig na ang kanilang
mga anak ay mapakagaling. Ang kagulañga’y
buñga ñg pagkabatá at ang pagkabata’y nasa
kanduñgan ñg ina. Ang inang walang maituturó
kundí ang lumuhod humalik ñg kamay, huwag
magantay ng anak ng iba sa duñgó ó alipustang
alipin. Kahoy na laki sa burak, daluro ó pagatpat
ó pangatong lamang; at kung sakalí’t may batang
may pusong pangahas, ang kapangahasa’y tagó
at gagamitin sa samá, paris ng silaw na kabag na
dí makapakita kundí pag tatakip silim.
MIDTERM
MT
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Karaniwang panagot ang una’y kabanalan at
pagsinta sa Dios. Ñguní at ano ang kabanalang
itinuró sa atin? Magdasal at lumuhod ng matagal,
humalik ng kamay sa parí, ubusin ang salapí sa
simbahan at paniwalaan ang balang
masumpuñgang sabihin sa atin? Tabil ng bibig,
lipak ng tuhod, kiskis ng ilong….. bagay sa limos sa
simbahan, sangkalan ang Dios, may bagay baga
sa mundong ito na dí arí at likhá ng Maykapal?
Ano ang inyong sasabihin sa isang alilang
maglimos sa kayang panginoon ng isang
basahang hiram sa nasabing mayaman? Sino
ang taong dí palaló at ulol, na mag lilimos sa Dios
at magaakalang ang salantá niyang kaya ay
makabibihis sa lumikhá ng lahat ñg bagay?
Pagpalain ang maglimos sa kapus, tumulong sa
mayhirap, magpakain sa gutom; ñguní at
mapulaan at sumpain, ang biñgi sa taghoy ng
mahirap, at walang binubusog kundí ang sandat,
at inubos ang salapí sa mga frontal na pilak, limos
sa simbahan ó sa frayleng lumalañgoy sa yaman,
sa misa de gracia ng may tugtugan at paputok,
samantalang ang salaping ito’y pinipigá sa buto
ñg mahirap at iniaalay sa pañginoon ñg maibili ng
tanikalang pangapus, maibayad ng verdugong
panghampas. Ó kabulagan at kahiklian ng isip!
Ang unang kabanalan ay ang pagsunod
sa matuid, anoman ang mangyari. “Gawá at
hindí salitá ang hiling ko sa inyo” ani Cristo; “hindí
anak ni ama ang nagsasabing ulit-ulit ama ko,
ama ko, kundí ang nabubuhay alinsunod sa hiling
ñg aking ama.” Ang kabanalan ay walá sa pulpol
na ilong, at ang kahalili ni Cristo’y di kilala sa
halikang kamay. Si Cristo’y dí humalik sa mga
Fariseo, hindi nagpahalik kailan pa man; hindí
niya pinatabá ang may yaman at palalong
escribas; walá siyang binangit na kalmen, walang
pinapagcuintas, hiningan ng pamisa, at di
nagbayad sa kanyang panalangin. Di napaupa si
San Juan sa Ilog ng Jordan, gayon din si Cristo sa
kanyang pangangaral. Bakit ngayo’y ang mga
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pari’y walang bigong kilos na di may hinihinging
upa? At gutom pa halos nagbibili ng mga kalmen,
cuentas, correa at ibapa, pang dayá ng salapi,
pampasamá sa kalulua; sa pagkat kalminin mo
man ang lahat ng basahan sa lupá, cuintasin mo
man ang lahat ng kahoy sa bundok ibilibid mo
man sa iyong bayawang ang lahat ng balat ng
hayop, at ang lahat na ito’y pagkapaguran mang
pagkuruskurusan at pagbulongbulongan ng lahat
ng pari sa sangdaigdigan, at iwisik man ang lahat
ng tubig sa dagat, ay di mapalilinis ang maruming
loob, di mapatatawad ang walang pagsisisi.
Gayon din sa kasakiman sa salapi’y maraming
ipinagbawal, na matutubos kapag ikaw ay
nagbayad, alin na ngá sa huag sa pagkain ng
karne, pagaasawa sa pinsan, kumpari, at iba pa,
na ipinahihintulot kapag ikaw ay sumuhol. Bakit,
nabibili baga ang Dios at nasisilaw sa salaping
paris ng mga pari? Ang magnanakaw na
tumubos ng bula de composicion, ay makaaasa
sa tahimik, na siya’y pinatawad; samakatuid ay
ibig ng Dios na makikain ng nakaw? Totoo bagang
hirap na ang Maykapal, na nakikigaya sa mga
guarda, carabineros ó guardia civil? Kung ito ang
Dios na sinasamba ñg Frayle, ay tumalikod ako sa
ganyang Dios.
Maghunos dilí ngá tayo at imulat natin
ang mata, lalong laló na kayong mga babai, sa
pagka’t kayo ang nagbubukas ng loob ng tao.
Isipin na ang mabuting ina ay iba, sa inang
linalang ng fraile; dapat palakhin ang anak na
malapit baga sa larawan ng tunay na Dios, Dios
na dí nasusuhulan, Dios na dí masakim sa salapí,
Dios na ama ng lahat, na walang kinikilingan, Dios
na dí tumatabá sa dugó ng mahirap, na dí
nagsasaya sa daing ng naruruhagi, at
nangbubulag ng matalinong i=sip. Gisingin at
ihandá ang loob ng anak sa balang mabuti at
mahusay na akalá: pagmamahal sa puri,
matapat at timtimang loob, maliwanag na
pagiisip, malinis na asal, maginoong kilos, pagibig
MIDTERM
MT
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sa kapuá, at pagpipitagan sa Maykapal, ito ang
ituró sa anak. At dahil ang buhay ay punó ng
pighatí at sakuná, patibayin ang loob sa ano
mang hirap, patapañgin ang pusó sa ano mang
pañganib. Huag mag antay ang bayan ng puri at
ginhawa, samantalang likó ang pagpapalaki sa
batá, samantalang lugamí at mangmang ang
babaing magpapalaki ñg anak. Walang maiinom
sa labó at mapait na bukal; walang matamis na
buñga sa punlang maasim. Malaki ngang hindí
bahagyá ang katungkulang gaganapin ng babai
sa pagkabihis ng hirap ng bayan, nguni at ang
lahat na ito’y dí hihigit sa lakas at loob ng babaing
Tagalog. Talastas ng lahat ang kapanyarihan at
galing ng babayi sa Filipinas, kayá ñgá kanilang
binulag, iginapus, at iniyukó ang loob, panatag
sila’t habang ang iba’y alipin, ay ma-aalipin din
naman ang lahat ng mga anak. Ito ang dahilan ng
pagkalugamí ng Asia; ang babayi sa Asia’y
mangmang at alipin. Makapangyarihan ang
Europa at Amerika dahil duo’y ang mga babai’y
malaya’t marunong, dilat ang isip at malakas ang
loob.
Alam na kapus kayong totoo ñg mga
librong sukat pagaralan; talastas na walang
isinisilid araw araw sa inyong pagiisip kundí ang
sadyang pang bulag sa inyong bukal na liwanag;
tantó ang lahat na ito, kayá pinagsisikapan
naming makaabot sa inyo ang ilaw na sumisilang
sa kapuá ninyo babayi; dito sa Europa kung hindí
kayamutan itong ilang sabi, at pagdamutang
basahin, marahil ay makapal man ang ulap na
nakakubkob sa ating bayan, ay pipilitin ding
mataos ñg masantin na sikat ñg araw, at sisikat
kahit banaag lamang … Dí kami manglulumo
kapag kayo’y katulong namin; tutulong ang Dios
sa pagpawí ñg ulap, palibhasa’y siya ang Dios ñg
katotohanan; at isasaulí sa dati ang dilag ñg
babaying Tagalog, na walang kakulañgan kundí
isang malayang sariling isip, sapagka’t sa
kabaita’y labis. Ito ang nasang lagì sa panimdim,
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RIZAL
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na napapanaginip, ang karañgalan ñg babaying
kabiak ñg pusó at karamay sa tuá ó hirap ñg
buhay: kung dalaga, ay sintahin ñg binatá, di
lamang dahilan sa ganda ó tamis ñg asal, kundí
naman sa tibay ñg pusó, taas ñg loob, na
makabuhay baga at makapanghinapang sa
mahiná ó maruruwagang lalaki, ó makapukaw
kayá ñg madidilag na pagiisip, pag isang dalaga
bagang sukat ipagmalaki ñg bayan,
pagpitaganan ñg iba, sapagka at karaniwang
sabi sabi ñg mga kastilá at pari na nangagaling
diyan ang karupukan at kamangmañgan ñg
babaying tagalog, na tila baga ang mali ñg ilan ay
malí na nang lahat, at anaki’y sa ibang lupá ay
walá, ñg babaing marupok ang loob, at kung
sabagay maraming maisusurot sa mata ñg ibang
babai ang babaying tagalog….. Gayon ma’y dala
marahil ñg kagaanan ñg labí ó galaw ñg dilá, ang
mga kastilá, at parí pagbalik sa Espanya’y walang
unang ipinamamalabad, ipinalilimbag at
ipinagsisigawan halos, sabay ang halakhak,
alipustá at tawa, kundí ang babaing si gayon, ay
gayon sa convento, gayon sa kastilang pinatuloy,
sa iba’t iba pang nakapagñgañgalit; sa tuing
maiisip, na ang karamihan ng malí ay gawá ñg
kamusmusan, labis na kabaitan, kababaan ñg
loob ó kabulagan kayang kalalañgan din nila…..
May isang kastilang nagayo’y mataas na tao na,
pinakai’t pinatuloy natin sa habang panahong
siya’y lumiguyliguy sa Filipinas … pagdating sa
Espanya, ipinalimbag agad, na siya raw ay
nanuluyang minsan sa Kapangpañgan, kumai’t
natulog, at ang maginoong babaying nagpatuloy
ay gumayon at gumayon sa kanya: ito ang
iginanti sa napakatamis na loob ng babayi …
Gayon din ang unang pahili ng pari sa nadalaw na
kastila, ay ang kanyang mga masusunuring
dalagang tagahalik ng kamay, at iba pang kahalo
ang ñgiti at makahulugang kindat … Sa librong
ipinalimbag ni Dn. Sinibaldo de Mas, at sa, iba
pang sinulat ng mga pari, ay nalathala ang mga
kasalanang ikinumpisal ng babai na di ilinilihim ng
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mga pari sa mga dumadalaw na Kastila, at kung
magkaminsan pa’y dinadagdagan ng mga
kayabañgan at karumihang hindi
mapaniniwalaan … Di ko maulit dito ang mga di
ikinahiyang sinabi ng isang fraile kay Mas na di
nito mapaniwalaan … Sa tuing maririnig ó
mababasa ang mga bagay na ito’y itinatanong
namin kung Santa Maria kaya ang lahat ng
babaying kastila, at makasalanan na kaya baga
ang lahat ng babaying tagalog; ñguni kong sakali’t
magsumbatan at maglatlatan ng puri’y …
Datapua’t lisanin ko ang bagay na ito, sapagka’t
dí ako paring confesor, ó manunuluyang kastilá,
na makapaninirá ñg puri ng iba. Itabi ko ito at
ituloy sambitin ang katungkulan ñg babai.
Sa mga bayang gumagalang sa babaing
para ñg Filipinas, dapat nilang kilanlin ang tunay
na lagay upang ding maganapan ang sa kanila’y
inia-asa. Ugaling dati’y kapag nanliligaw ang
nagaaral na binata ay ipinañgañganyayang
lahat, dunong, puri’t salapi, na tila baga ang
dalaga’y walang maisasabog kundi ang
kasamaan. Ang katapang-tapañga’y kapag
napakasal ay nagiging duag, ang duag na datihan
ay nagwawalanghiya,na tila walang ina-antay
kundi ang magasawa para maipahayag ang
sariling kaduagan. Ang anak ay walang pangtakip
sa hina ñg loob kundi ang alaala sa ina, at dahilan
dito, nalunok na apdo, nagtitiis ñg tampal,
nasunod sa lalong hunghang na utos, at
tumutulong sa kataksilan ñg iba sa pagka’t kung
walang natakbo’y walang manghahagad; kung
walang isdang munti’y walang isdang malaki.
Bakit kaya baga di humiling ang dalaga sa iibigín,
ñg isang marañgal at mapuring ñgalan, isang
pusong lalaking makapag-ampon sa kahinaan ng
babai, isang marangal na loob na di papayag
magka anak ng alipin? Pukawin sa loob ang sigla
at sipag, maginoong asal, mahal na pakiramdam,
at huwag isuko ang pagkadalaga sa isang mahina
at kuyuming puso. Kung maging asawa na, ay
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dapat tumulong sa lahat ng hírap, palakasin ang
loob ng lalaki, humati sa pañganib, aliwin ang
dusa, at aglahiin ang hinagpis, at alalahaning lagi
na walang hirap na di mababata ñg bayaning
puso, at walang papait pang pamana, sa
pamanang kaalipustaan at kaalipinan. Mulatin
ang mata ñg anak sa pagiiñgat at pagmamahal
sa puri, pagibig sa kapua sa tinubuang bayan, at
sa pagtupad ñg ukol. Ulituliting matamisin ang
mapuring kamatayan saalipustang buhay. Ang
mga babai sa Esparta’y (=Sparta) sukat kunang
uliran at dito’y ilalagda ko ang aking halimbawa:
Nang iniaabot ñg isang ina ang kalasag
sa papasahukbong anak, ay ito lamang ang
sinabi: “ibalik mo ó ibalik ka,” ito ñga umuwi kang
manalo ó mamatay ka, sapagkat ugaling iwaksi
ang kalasag ñg talong natakbo ó inuwi kaya ang
bangkay sa ibabaw ñg kalasag. Nabalitaan ñg
isang ina na namatay sa laban ang kanyang
anak, at ang hukbo ay natalo. Hindi umiimik kundi
nagpasalamat dahil ang kanyang anak ay
maligtas sa pulá, ñguni at ang anak ay bumalik na
buhay; nagluksa ang ina ñg siya’y makita. Sa
isang sumasalubong na ina sa mga umuwing
galing sa laban, ay ibinalita ñg isa na namatay
daw sa pagbabaka ang tatlong anak niya,—”hindi
iyan ang tanong ko ang sagot ñg ina, kundi nanalo
ó natalo tayó?—Nanalo ang sagot ñg bayani. Kung
ganoo’y magpasalamat tayo sa Dios!” ang wika
at napa sa simbahan.
Minsa’y nagtagó sa simbahan ang isang
napatalong harí nila, sa takot sa galit sa bayan;
pinagkaisahang kuluñgin siya doon at patain ñg
gutum. Ñg papaderan na ang pinto’y ang ina ang
unang nag hakot ñg bato. Ang mga ugaling ito’y
karaniwan sa kanila, kayá ñga’t iginalang ng
buong Grecia (=Greece) ang babaing Esparta. Sa
lahat ñg babai, ang pulá ñg isa ay kayo lamang
na taga Esparta ang nakapangyayari sa lalaki.
Mangyari pa, ang sagot ñg babai, ay kami lamang
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ang nagaanak ñg lalaki. Ang tao, ñg mga Esparta
ay hindí inianak para mabuhay sa sarili, kungdi
para sa kanyang bayan. Habang nanatili ang
ganitong mga isipan at ganitong mga babai ay
walang kaaway na nakatungtong ñg lupang
Esparta, at walang babaing taga Esparta na
nakatanaw ñg hukbo ng kaaway. Dí ko
inaasahang paniwalaan ako alang-alang lamang
sa aking sabi: maraming taong dí natingin sa
katuiran at tunay, kundí sa habito, sa putí ñg
buhok ó kakulangan kayá ng ngipin. Ñguní at kung
ang tanda’y magalang sa pinagdaanang hirap,
ang pinagdaan kong buhay hain sa ikagagaling ng
bayan, ay makapagbibigay ñg tandá sa akin,
kahit maiklí man. Malayó ako sa,
pagpapasampalataya, pag didiosdiosan,
paghalili kayá sa Dios, paghahangad na
paniwalaa’t pakingang pikit-mata, yukó ang ulo
at halukipkip ang kamay; ñguni’t ang hiling ko’y
magisip, mag mulaymulay ang lahat, usigin at
salain kung sakalí sa ngalan ng katuiran itong
pinaninindigang mga sabi:
Ang una-una. "Ang ipinagiging taksil ñg ilan ay
nasa kaduagan at kapabayaan ñg iba."
Ang ikalawa. Ang iniaalipustá ng isa ay nasa
kulang ñg pagmamahal sa sarili at nasa labis ñg
pagkasilaw sa umaalipustá.
Ang ikatlo. Ang kamangmañga'y kaalipinan,
sapagkat kung ano ang isip ay ganoon ang tao:
taong walang sariling isip, ay taong walang
pagkatao; ang bulag na taga sunod sa isip ng iba,
ay parang hayop na susunod-sunod sa talí.
Ang ikaapat. Ang ibig magtagó ñg sarili, ay
tumulong sa ibang magtagó ñg kanila, sapagkat
kung pabayaan mo ang inyong kapuá ay
pababayaan ka rin naman; ang isa isang tingting
ay madaling baliin, ñguní at mahirap baliin ang
isang bigkis na walis.
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Ang ika-lima. Kung ang babaing tagalog ay dí
magbabago, ay hindí dapat magpalaki ñg anak,
kungdí gawing pasibulan lamang; dapat alisin sa
kanya ang kapangyarihan sa bahay, sapagka't
kung dili'y ipag kakanulong walang malay, asawa,
anak, bayan at lahat.
Ang ika-anim. Ang tao'y inianak na paris-paris
hubad at walang talí. Dí nilalang ñg Dios upang
maalipin, dí binigyan ñg isip para pabulag, at dí
hiniyasan ñg katuiran at ñg maulol ñg iba. Hindí
kapalaluan ang dí pagsamba sa kapuá tao, ang
pagpapaliwanag ñg isip at paggamit ñg matuid
sa anomang bagay. Ang palalo'y ang
napasasamba, ang bumubulag sa iba, at ang ibig
paniigin ang kanyang ibig sa matuid at
katampatan.
Magbulay-bulay tayo, malasin ang ating
kalagayan, at tayo’y mag isip isip. Kung itong
ilang buhaghag na sabi’y makatutulong sa
ibinigay sa inyong bait, upang ding maituloy ang
nasimulan ninyong paglakad.
“Tubó ko’y dakilá sa puhunang pagod” at
mamatamisin ang ano mang mangyari, ugaling
upa sa sino mang mañgahas sa ating bayan
magsabi ng tunay. Matupad nawá ang inyong
nasang matuto at harí na ñgang sa halaman ñg
karunuñgan ay huwag makapitas ñg buñgang
bubut, kundí ang kikitili’y piliin, pagisipin muná,
lasapin bago lunukin, sapagka’t sa balat ñg lupá
lahat ay haluan, at di bihirang magtanim ang
kaaway ng damong pansirá, kasama sa binhí sa
gitná ñg linang.

Ang ika-pito. Liniñgin ninyong magaling kung ano

ang religiong itinuturó sa atin. Tingnan ninyong
mabuti kung iyan ang utos ng Dios ó ang pangaral
ni Cristong panglunas sa hirap ñg mahirap,
pangaliw sa dusa ñg nagdudusa. Alalahanin ninyo
ang lahat ñg sa inyo'y itinuturó, ang
pinapatuñguhan ñg lahat ng sermon, ang nasa
ilalim ng lahat ng misa, novena, kuintas, kalmen,
larawan, milagro, kandilá, corea at iba't iba pang
iginigiit, inihihiyaw at isinusurot araw-araw sa
inyong loob, taiñga, at mata, at hanapin ninyo ang
puno at dulo at saka iparis ninyo ang religiong sa
malinis na religion ni Cristo, at tingnan kung hindí
ang inyong pagkakristiano ay paris ng inaalagang
gatasang hayop, ó paris ng pinatatabang baboy
kayá, na dí pinatatabá alang alang sa
pagmamahal sa kaniya, kundí maipagbili ng
lalong mahal at ng lalong masalapian.

Magbulay-bulay tayo, malasin ang ating

kalagayan, at tayo'y mag isip isip. Kung itong ilang
buhaghag na sabi'y makatutulong sa ibinigay sa
inyong bait, upang ding maituloy ang nasimulan
ninyong paglakad.

CUTE 31