OUTLINE IN 21ST CENTURLY LIT – Exaggerated stories of real people & sometimes

of real events
i. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda  Riddles- “bugtong” in Tagalog
-Born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna  Other Literary Forms
-Died on December 30, 1896  Maxims
– A short, pithy statement expressing a general
a. First Asian Nationalist truth or rule of conduct.
b. Studied at the Jesuit Ateneo de Manila  Tanaga
 First school he studied at – A quatrain (4 lines with 7 syllables per line)
 Studied Bachelor of Arts – Expresses insights and lessons in life
and obtained highest honors  Ambahan
(in 1877) – Traditional poetry of Hanunao (A Philippine tribe)
c. Then studied at University of Sto. Thomas – Usually chanted and orally passed down
 1882- He left for Spain to study in the Central – Usually done during burial rights
University of Madrid where he studied – Used for entertainment, tribal ceremonies, and
Medicine & Humanistic Studies marriage
d. Known as the Filipino Polymath, Nationalist, and  Myths
Most Prominent advocate of Reforms – An ancient story created to explain natural events,
e. December 30, 1986 was the day of his execution gods and goddesses, and heroes are among the
 Mi Ultimo Adios- was written while he was in characters in myths.
prison and his most famous poem – Myths present a lesson on how to live, or serves
 June 12, 1898- Day of Freedom as a warning to follow society’s rules
f. Known as the Martyr of Philippine Revolution – Society’s earliest stories; depends upon belief
 Noli Me Tangere – Has a religious aspect
– Was originally written in Latin – Often explain spiritual and physical mysteries
– Was first composed the first part in  Folktales
Madrid in 1884-1885 – Stories about purely fictitious characters and
– Finished writing it on February 21, 1887 situations
in Berlin, Germany – Most are handed down orally for generations
– Was published in Europe on 1887 before they were written down
g. His contemporaries: – Are not religious
 Marcelo Del Pilar- Pen name is Plaridel  Ancient Metrical Tales
 Andres Bonifacio – Stories handed down orally
 Ifugao
REASONS WHY RIZAL WROTE NOLI ME TANGERE – Hudhod ni Aliguyon
1) His mother- who was a victim of Gross Injustice by  Ilocos
Spanish soldiers or Guardia Civil – Biag ni Lam Ang
2) Inspired by the novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” Bicol
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin – talks about racism and – Abalon
cruelty of White men towards Black men,  Mindanao
which caused Rizal to reflect upon the state of – Darangan
his country  Panay
3) Religious Hypocrisy- to expose the wrongdoings of – Hinilawod
the priests, who make the law and eventually break  Bagobo
them – Tuwaang
 Kalinga
IMPORTANCE OF NOLI ME TANGERE – Ulaliim
1) It was written by Rizal  Manobo
2) Rizal was a brave martyr & inspiration to the youth – Agyo/ Olahing
3) His book was the catalyst to start the impending  Subanon
power of the Filipinos to want freedom & – Sandayo
independence  Folk Songs
4) His work was an instrument that unified the Filipinos’ – A form of folk lyric which expressed the people’s
National Identity and Consciousness hopes, aspirations, and life styles
5) Republic Act 1425 a.k.a. Rizal Law, which requires – Traditional songs and melodies
to teach the novel in all Philippine Schools – Inspired by the reactions of the people to their
6) Noli Me Tangere is a fictional and Historical Novel environment
 Uyayi- lullaby
 Kumintang- War Song
ii. Pre-Colonial Period (1520’s-1564)  Kundiman- melancholic love song
-inscribed on barks of trees, palm leaves, and bamboos  Harana- serenade
 Tagay- drinking songs (Cebuano/Waray
 Oral Literature Waray)
 Riddles & Proverbs  Mambayu- kalinga; rice pounding song
 Folk Songs  Subli- dance ritual song of courtship or
 Folk Tales marriage
 Four Early literature Forms  Kanogan- song of lamentation for the dead
 Proverbs- “salawikain” in Tagalog (Cebuano)
 Epics  Tagulaylay- songs of the dead
– Long narrative poems about heroes, demigods,
etc. and their adventures & deeds COMMONALITY FOR MYTHS, LEGENDS, &
 Legends FOLKTALES (UNIVERSAL ELEMENTS)
– Past stories of origin/history 1. The difficult quest
– was
Tend to havebysome historical truth 2. The evil monster
and are not on 11-22-2023 19:13:25
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usually religious 3. TheGMT -06:00
heroic feat

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 4. The enchantress – We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers (Alejandro
MYTHS AND LEGENDS Roces)
 Are revelations of society’s inner self or “soul” – How My Brother Leon Borught Home a
 Are like dreams Wife (1940)
 Fantasy expressions of wishes and poems
iv. Philippine History and Literature
 The Revolution According to Raymundo Mata by
iii. Colonial Period (15th Century 1565-1863) Gina Apostol
MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS – Is explored through the eyes of a young man,
ERA’S LITERATURE Raymundo Mata, who is a high school student from
A. Spanish Religious Works Ateneo. It talks about the events in Raymundo’s life,
B. Formative Language how he fictionally met Rizal, and his experiences as
C. Nationalist Stage he reads Noli Me Tangere.
– Is an excerpt from the novel “Revolutionary Act of
 Alibata is banned because it is a work of evil or Reading.”
language of the devil
 Spanish Friars- they monopolized the printing press ELEMENTS OF THE STORY
a. Characters
1. European Literature was brought by the 1. Raymundo Mata- is a high school student from
Spaniards & assimilated in Filipino songs & Ateneo whose character was humorous and
indigenous themes unheroic of Rizal.
2. Filipino felt harassed, then the birth of the 2. Agapito- Raymundo’s roommate
propaganda movement and La Solidaridad 3. Benigno- Raymundo’s roommate and Raymundo
lent the book to him
 Tagalog- language of the revolution 4. Father Gaspar- who lend the Noli Me Tangere to
 333 years- duration/reign of the Spanish regime Raymundo
b. Setting
 Songs – Existed in the late 19th Century, Philippines
– Religious in nature c. Theme
– Intended to woo a woman (courting) – Fictional and Historical
o Leron, Leron, Sinta – Revolution
– Man wants to get the woman, but is rejected d. Symbolism
o Sarumbanggi – The blindness of Filipino’s to the writer’s art
– Kundiman e. Point of View
– Multiplicity: There are multiple narratives & narrators
 Religious Drama which invites multiple readings & multiple ways of
– Events are taken from the Bible reading
– Introduction of Theater/Live Performance f. Message
– Reading is a Historic act.
 Drama
– Start of Tagalog Drama SUMMARY:
– “Bakit Babae ang Naghuhugas ng Plato?” –first The story started with Raymundo ho had just finished
Tagalog Drama reading Noli Me Tangere. He was in shock by what he had
read and was somewhat frustrated as he cursed Rizal for
 Writtn Literature doing the things Raymundo hasn’t done, and for telling him
1. Poetry how the world really was before he could even discover it.
Then he observed the people in coffee shops and bazaars. He
iv. American Colonial Era (1901-1946) saw that they also read the novel and were also resulted in
 TWO SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS IN having violent reactions, thus having serious debates about it.
EDUCATION: Raymundo also engaged in debates with Benigno and
1. Free public education for all children of school Agapito. He remembered Father Gaspar’s instruction– to
age “throw it away to someone else” so that it could flow though
2. English as the medium of instruction in all levels in those dark ages. Raymundo now then realized that this
of education in public schools novel was quite valuable and is a historic act. In the end, he
 English lent it to Benigno.
– Medium of instruction
– Introduced Filipinos to Anglo-American modes  Padre Faura Witnesses The Execution Of Rizal by
of thought, culture, and life ways that would be Danton Remoto
embedded in literature and psyche of the
country’s educated class. – The poem is a quatrain because it has 4 lines in each
 IMITATIVE OF AMERICAN MODELS OF paragraph. The last line only shows one sentence.
WRITING DURING APPRENTICESHIP
1. Romantic Poetry ELEMENTS OF THE POEM
2. Short Stories a. Figurative Language
3. Beginning of Philippine Literature in English – It uses metaphors.
 Novels b. Point of View
1. Banaog at Sikat- one if the first literary novels in – Narrative Poetry: It narrates the death of Rizal in Padre
Tagalog in 1906 (Lope K. Santos) Faura’s point-of-view.
 DOMINANT THEME IN ROMANTIC POETRY
1. The filtering of natural emotion through human o Father Federico Faura- The founder of the Manila
mind in order to create art, coupled with Observatory, was born December 30, 1840 in Artes
2. Awareness of the duality created by such a (Barcelona), Spain. He visited Rizal in Fort Santiago the day
process before the latter’s execution. Three weeks later Father Faura
Ex: Pag-ibig by Corazon de Jesus himself
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19:13:25 He-06:00
GMT died on January 23, 1897 in Manila.
 Short Stories

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o Pepe- He is Jose P. Rizal. He is our National Hero. The
author of the famous bookNoli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo. He is most notable propagandist and
prominent contributor in the Philippine history as well as in
the Philippine Literature.
IMPORTANT GUIDE QUESTIONS
1. This discussion of a star is also a metaphor. What
is it a metaphor for? Explain.
– The star refers to Jose Rizal. Like a star, he was
born to do his purpose –to bring hope and light not
just to the Filipinos but also to other nations. Like a
star that is million miles away from us, his light will
still continue to shine conquering our mind and soul
through his Literature Artworks.
2. Why was Rizal executed? How is this similar to
the idea of a star? Relate this to Philippine history.
– Rizal was executed because his writings are an act
of rebellion against the Spanish Government. It is
similar to a star because even though he is dead, his
works will remain as part of the Philippine History
and its light will always be embedded in our minds.
I am assured that Rizal and other valiant writers left
a mark that will always be remembered through
generations.
 Apo On The Wall by BJ Patino
– It is a reflection of the scenario of what and how the
Filipinos experienced the tragic and traumatic event
throughout the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos in the
Philippines.
– “Apo on the wall” shows the real situation concerning
with the different perspective between millennial and
those who lived through Martial law.
ELEMENTS
a. Setting
– Set during the time when Martial Law was
implemented.
b. Point of View
– Narrated in the child/boy’s point of view.
o Apo- is Ferdinand Marcos; the boss of the boy’s father.
Apo means "sir" or "master" in Ilocano. It is also an
endearment term for the elderly. Marcos was born in
Ilocos Norte. Ilocanos take pride in calling Ferdinand
Marcos "Apo".
 The Safe House by Sandra Nicole Roldan
– Is a story about a little girl whose family allows a
lot of aunts and uncles to stay in their home.
ELEMENTS OF THE STORY
a. Characters
1. The little girl- she is five years old and has a
younger brother. When she was older, she learned
from the actions of her father and refused to
accept refugees in her home.
2. The Girl’s Father- he is a revolutionary who
allowed refugees to stay in his family’s home. He
was arrested in the story.
3. The Girl’s Mother- she left her children because
of the stress and burden she felt from having too
many people in her home and the bills.
4. Aunts and Uncles- are actually refugees and people
who were part of the revolution. They have nowhere
else to go and decided to stay with the little girl’s
family.
b. Setting
– Set in an apartment complex where the girl’s family
lives in during the time of Martial Law.
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c. Point of View
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– Third Person or Third Point of View (Girl’s
Perspective)
SUMMARY
The story opens with an apartment complex that caters to
the middleclass members of society. The little girl’s family
stays in the same project. Everything was fine and nothing
could go wrong. At night, the little girl’s father would
strangely leave the lights on. The house would have visitors
mostly at night when the family is asleep and no one would
notice, but eventually these people would come more often
and gather in another room. When asked about the strange
visitors, they were introduced as uncles and aunts.
This continued on for years and catering to these
seemingly insensitive relatives became a normal part of the
family’s practice. They would stay up all night and hold
meetings. The kids would come home to see these relatives
gathered in front of the television watching the news or
programs with a revolutionary theme. At times, she would be
surprised at their reactions when they see the presidents face
on the monitor. One year later, these uncles and aunts became
so used to the house that they acted as if they owned the place.
Angered with the loss of privacy and her quiet life and
burdened with unpaid bills and taxes, the mother left. A year
later, the father was arrested in front of their house. The
children were left under the care of their grandparents. Now
with her new life, and living in a different house, she would
often have recurring dreams of searching for her former home.
She decided to see her father who was imprisoned at Camp
Crame. Fortunately, they were permitted to be with each other
on weekends. When she grew up, she now understands
everything. Those people who came in the night were
revolutionaries and her father is one of them.
v. Philippine Realities
 Lengua Para Diablo by Merlinda Bobis
– Lengua Para Diablo is a story about poverty and a
family that is suffering because of it. In the story, a man
lost his job and has lost the will to talk to his wife
hence, the title, the devil ate his words. The story
illustrated what kind of struggle a normal family must
have, especially if they live in poverty.
ELEMENTS OF THE STORY
a. Setting
– House of the family
b. Characters
– Father- A mason worker and “lost his tongue to the devil.
2. Mother- Wife
3. Daughter- Narrator
4. Spanish Mestizo- Employer of the father
c. Point of View
– First Point of View (Girl’s Perspective)
d. Theme
– How employment and poverty affects the family
– Dignity of a Father
– Gender roles in the family
e. Message
– The story prompts a very realistic setting that shows our
country's problems today—poverty and unemployment
and how it affects us.
SHORT SUMMARY
The narrator is a daughter of a man. The man has a wife
who always nag him. She always complain about the life they
have. The wife complains about the food they have, how hot
their place she is, how small the house they have. The man
would just only cajole her with kisses and promise to give her
more luxury and a bigger house. The wife is getting sick of
their life. As she nags, the husband could only murmur that he
has sold his tongue to the devil. He would not just say
anything. He is a mason. However along with their neighbor,
the narrator's Tiyo Anding and her father were sacked by their
Spanish employer because he found a construction worker
with a cheaper labor wage. For two days, he has not told his
 wife that he has lost his job. He was not saying anything and
hardly eating anything. The narrator said his father has sold
his tongue to the devil.
 Preludes by Daryll Delgado
ELEMENTS OF THE STORY
a. Characters
– Nenita- the main character if the story; the wife of
her deceased husband
– Judge’s widow- the mistress of the deceased husband
of Nenita
– The husband- died from his illness; had affairs with
different women.
– Herbalist friend- the one who gave the poison to
Nenita
– Grandson-sent off to the city
b. Point of View
– Third Point of View (Narrator's Perspective)
c. Theme
– Gender Inequality
– Concubinage
– Adultery
d. Message
– Marriage is sacred. You could choose your decision
but the consequences of your choices you, could not
choose.
SUMMARY
“A man died singing”, as the first sentence of the
story states. The succeeding parts are about the death of a
judge whom everybody hated but despite all the hate the
citizens still came because a feast was prepared. The next
section highlights Nenita, the main character, and her affection
for Willy Revillame, famous TV host. She then fantasizes her
being held by Willy in his arms as a sign of sympathy. Now,
from the climax up until the end, the flow is going to be a bit
dark since it talks about her husband’s heart condition, in other
words his death. The very aspect of this section that describe it
as “dark” was Nenita’s friend, the herbalista, tried to convince
her to poison her husband in order to stop him from
committing more and more affairs . She still bought the poison
to give her a sense of security. Nenita’s husband always
cheated on her yet she didn’t mind at first but when she was
quick-tempered of her husband already, she immediately
killed her husband quietly.
 Justice by Ralph Semino Galan
ELEMENTS OF THE POEM
a. Form
– Justice by Ralph Semino Galan is a Free Verse poem
because it does not follow any rules as stated by definition
of a free verse poem. The author's creation is completely in
the hands of the author. Rhyming, syllable count,
punctuation, number of lines, number of stanzas, and line
formation can be done however the author wants in order to
convey the idea. There is no right or wrong way to create a
Free Verse poem.
b. Figurative Devices
– Example of figurative speech in the poem is the simile “the
right and wrong can be shuffled like cards" means that like
in any instances, anything can be easily manipulated.
c. Stanza
– The Number of stanza in this poem is Tercet (3 lines) and
the theme is in a form of description of something (justice).
d. Symbolization
1. Line 2: Blindfold
2. Line 3: Golden pair of scales
3. Line 5: Double-edged sword
vi. Reports of Group 3 (di q na alam ano tawag sa portion
dito kay di ko na kinopya HAHAHAHHAHA)
 Turban Legend by R. Zamora
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BACKGROUND OF THE STORY
- Turban Legend means stories from Middle East especially
OFWs
- Leche explores the complex colonial and cultural history
of the Philippines.
- How Vince felt being an American, and queer in the early
90’s, a time when the Philippines was a focused on
political, cultural and environmental disturbance
- An excerpt from “Leche: A Novel”
- About a Filipino who went abroad to seek for job/s
ELEMENTS OF THE STORY
a. Characters
1. Vince de Los Reyes – a young gay Filipino-born
American.
2. Jing de Los Reyes – Vince’s older sister
3. The Man/The Engineer – a homesick engineer
working at Dubai
b. Setting:
- Philippine Airlines departure terminal
- Dubai
c. Point of View
- The story used 3rd point of view and by the perspective of
Vince.
d. Symbolism
- Balikbayan Boxes – love for the family and friends
- Louis Vuitton – competition with others
PLOT ANALYSIS
a. Exposition
- The narrator describing the arrival of Vince at the busy
Philippine Airlines Departure terminal
b. Rising Action
- Jing told Vince a story about an engineer who was
homesick and didn’t have enough money to afford a
ticket.
c. Climax
- The engineer talked to his roommate into checking him
in. The man paid for his excess baggage which as cheaper
than a round-trip airfare.
d. Falling Action
- Arriving at Manila, the engineer died because of
hypothermia
*Hypothermia - medical emergency that occurs when your
body loses heat faster than it can produce heat. It occurs as
your body temperature falls below 35C.
e. Resolution
- Vince didn’t buy the story because it had a lot of
loopholes, many unanswered questions. He just dismissed
the story as a “turban legend”
THEME
Romanticism and borderless love
*borderless love - no borders between countries could stop a
person’s love, dedication, and sacrifices.
MESSAGE
– “The extremes a Filipino will go to just to be back home for
Christmas with his family” – Jing OR
– “A Filipino’s love for family will always prevail.”
SUMMARY:
It is about Vince who just arrived at the airport and
taking notice of the boxes the OFWs are parading. His sister
Jing told him the story of a man who chose to put himself in a
box together with his baggage because he can't afford a flight.
The man's friend will then be able to "smuggle" his friend in
the Philippines. It would be cheaper that way. The man died of
Hypothermia because of being inside the box for a long time.
In the end, Vince doesn't believe the story.
 Waiting by Ron Darvin
– It was originally a play which was first performed in
Vancouver Canada.
ELEMENTS OF THE STORY
 a. Characters
1. Isabel- the mother of Miguel who was previously an
English Teacher in the Philippines. She then worked at
Canada as a caretaker and storekeeper.
2. Miguel- Isabel’s son who eventually didn’t like the life
they have when they moved to Canada.
3. Roberto- Former husband of Isabel who worked in
Cavite while they still lived in the Philippines. He
didn’t get a job in Canada and cheated on Isabel with
Kiko’s sister-in-law. He brought with him the television
and other appliance when he left Isabel and Miguel.
(uGh the audacity of this btch hays)
SUMMARY
The Waiting is a play about a family who was brought
apart due to the circumstances of a mother wanting to give a
good life to her family. The play is about sacrifice and love for
family. The pain of being away from them and doing a job that
may be beyond you comfort zone just to be able to sustain the
needs of your family. It is also about fighting and keeping
strong in living in a country that is far different from your
home, but realizing that this is all for family and for a better
future for them.
 Cronulla Beach by Jose Wendell Capili
– The setting of this is in a calm and peaceful beach in
Australia when the Australians having their time of their
lives and then suddenly a juxtaposition of tensions
between the immigrants and Australians happened. This
poem is based on a real life experience. This is one of the
darkest days in Australia.
– It was based on the riot that happened back in December
12, 2005 in Sydney, Australia.
– The poem is about the racism in Australia; how racial
and ethnic tensions resulted to violent acts.
– More than 5,000 White Australians attacked anybody
who looked Asian or Middle Eastern. Revenge followed:
men of color rampaged through Cronulla with baseball
bats and smashed storefronts and windshields
– The poem has a total of 29 lines.
vii. Reports of Group 4 (di q pa rin alam ano tawag sa portion
hehehehe)
 Flicker Fade Gone by Carljoe Javier
– The book entitled " Flicker Fade Gone" by Carl Joe
Javier, has the connection of fantasy and reality, on this
story it will enable you to realize what is the difference
and how the fantasies to the reality. The story give us
lessons that we should remember and apply to our life.
ELEMENTS OF THE STORY
a. Characters
1. Boy – Main character in the story who became the current
shopkeeper of the arcade or the key master.
2. Shopkeeper- Master of the arcade
3. Girl/ Princess Toadstool- A Customer and the love interest
of the boy.
4. King Koopa / Girl’s Boyfriend
b. Setting
– The setting of the story is in the Arcade
c. Point of View
– Third person point of view
d. Theme
– Sense of Belongingness
– Difference between living and existing or fantasy and reality.
 Martines by Anna Felicia Sanchez
SUMMARY
The short horror story starts with an opening anecdote
of Richard Servacio’s father telling a myth of a secret to
immortality that “kept the land from drying, from crumbling
under the weather of a world that had lost its way along its own
axis. The story continues with Richard and his cousin, Totoy,
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forest – which was once a village – in the jungles of Batangas.
The awful journey had put him to sleep in which he dreams of a
myth where a mysterious stranger in his father’s once infertile
village appeared. The stranger blessed the lands with bountiful
nature that fulfilled the village. Because of the miracles brought
by the stranger, the villagers begged her to stay but she could
not for she has other villages to visit. So instead, she made
them sign a contract with a condition of remembering so that
the village would continue to flourish.
The head of the village worried that what if they could
not remember? The stranger then answered that their offspring
should be told… and if they forget, then “they shall be
reminded.” The next scene reveals the sequel to Richard’s
dream where the leader of the village died. The villagers turned
to the oldest of the youngest of the members of his family who
could remember that must take the ancestor’s place as keeper of
the burden of remembering. The mystery unfolds as Richard
and Totoy draw deeper into the forest where they come across
an acacia tree with black birds. . Totoy explains that these birds
are called “Martinés”. When they are young, people can teach
them to speak by snipping their tongues bit by bit. The details
of the place and the myth – the red rocks, the acacia tree, the
martinés, “the oldest of the youngest must take up the burden”,
“memory is a fragile thing” unlocked the horrifying mystery of
his destiny. Richard was about to run away when Totoy hit him
with a steel knocking him unconscious. Totoy left the place
leaving Richard behind.
 Virtual Center by Raissa Claire U. Rivera
ELEMENTS OF THE STORY
a. Setting:
– Virtual Center near Manila Bay
– Museum
– Tiny Island
b. Characters:
1. Delia- main character in the story
2. Mariel- friend of Delia
3. Nick- Delia’s younger brother
4. Reggie- Delia’s first love
5. Roberto Paez- ‘DOM’
6. Art- famous singer in Delia’s youth
7. Bert- Nick’s friend
8. Old lady- the body Bert is taking care of.
9. New apprentice- a substitute for caring Nick’s body
10.Nick’s body- an ex-politician
c. Point of View
– Third-Person Point of View
d. Theme:
– Class division
– Virtual reality
e. Message
– The best moments in life are experienced with thrill,
excitement, adventure and surprise.
SUMMARY
Delia is a woman who works for the Center just like the
majority of the lower class. She dreams of having a virtual life
of her own. But when the explosion at the Center occurred
which was caused by her brother Nick. Delia finds herself
escaping the grounds of the Center together with Art, whom
she admired for years. They settled of at an uninhabited island
with Delia’s unborn child.
fin
ay charot HAHAHAHAHAHA tapos na bicthes yey
so kung kulang man or mali ang info, well kayo na bahala
magdagdag or change HAHAHAHA
time finished: 23:01 chour
now playing: perfect places by lorde
happy stuDYING YIEEEEEEEEEEEEE
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