MIDTERM
PPC
LECTURE / FIRST SEMESTER
LESSON 1: HISTORY OF THE
PHILIPPINES FOOD
Filipino cuisine is constantly growing and changing
from their first encounter with the Chinese people.
- Soy sauce
- Siu mai
- Rice
- Lumpia
To their interaction with the Spanish
- Tomatoes
- Cutlery
- Cattle-raising
To their interaction with the Americans
- Kitchen appliances
- Canned meats
HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES & ITS
FOOD: A
TIMELINE
Time Event
Cagayan Valley-Earliest evidence
of rice. Rice was brought to the
3400b.c. Philippines during an Indo-
Malaysia, Chinese, and
Vietnamese wave of migration.
Chinese-first to trade with the
Philippine. China introduced the
Philippines to soy sauce, fish
2nd century sauce, and the method of stir
AD frying. This led to the birth of
many Filipino-Chinese dishes such
as pansit, lumpia, siopao, and siu
mai.
The Philippines began trading with
India, Thailand, and Japan. This
1100 AD led to the creation of many new
Filipino dishes with spices and
flavors from around the world.
The Spanish introduced to
16th
Filipinos, cutlery. Spanish also
Century
brought relleno, paella and stew
Many restaurants were established
in the Philippines serving Chinese
19th
food with Spanish names, a result
century
of both the Chinese and Spanish
governorships throughout history.
1940s- The U.S. Army introduced the
1950s concept of a boodle fight to the
Philippines, which is a militaristic
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style of eating where all the food is
spread out on a table covered with
banana leaves and eaters stand
shoulder-to-shoulder to stuff their
faces as fast as they could. Older
generations associate the boodle
fight with the violence that came
with American militarization.
However, current generations see
the boodle fight as a celebration of
Filipino culture, introducing expat
Filipinos and others to Filipino
food.
The turo-turo and carinderia, both
styles of Filipino restaurants,
became popular both in and out of
the Philippines, that served "cheap,
20th filling dishes" that were popular
century among locals. Outside of the
Philippines, served as a community
center and a reminder of home
from aspects of food, popular
culture, and community events.
- Paella
- Relleno
- Stew
What really is Philippine food then?
- Indigenous food from land and sea, field,
and forest.
- Furthermore, dishes and culinary procedures
from China, Spain, Mexico, and the United
States, and more recently from further
abroad.
What makes them Philippine?
The history and society that introduced and
adapted them; the people who turned them to their
tastes and accepted them into their homes and
restaurants, and especially the harmonizing culture
that combined them into contemporary Filipino fare.
Back then, our ancestors relied on the blessings
of our resource-rich country. Recent studies based
solely on archaeology show that the kinilaw – a raw
seafood native dish doused in vinegar Since then,
Filipinos have learned to innovate according to need,
availability, and preference. This is reflected by the
food we allow on our tables today. For example,
there is no one interpretation of adobo, sisig,
sinigang or any dish each region cooks up.
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LESSON 2: FILIPINO CUISINE AND ITS
ORIGIN
Objectives:
- Recall the history of every dish per region.
- Value the different dish of the Philippines
- Promote Filipino culture through dish
 Empanada (Ilocos)
- Ilocos empanada was inspired by Spanish
empanada.
- Since rice, longganisa, papaya, mungo
beans, and eggs are abundant in Ilocos, these
ingredients are used for the local empanada.
- Empanadas are deep-fried rather than baked.
 Bagnet (Ilocos)
- Bagnet-Bagnetin= preserve the pork
- Bagnet is twice fried and in a hotter
temperature, so it gets the characteristics
blistery, crackling rind.
- Bagnet is also called “sitsaron” and
“chicaron”.
- Bagnet is very popular in Ilocos Sur,
particulary in the town of Narvacan, where
the Bagnet Festival is celebrated every year
in the month of December.
- Narvacan- one of home of the best tasting
treats in the Philippines, the Bagnet.
 Pinikpikan (Sagada)
- Pinikpikan comes from the Ilocano word
“pikpik” which means to hit repeatedly
- They say that the beating is an integral part
of what makes pinikpikan. The beating
allows the blood to clot, and less blood is
spilled when the chicken is chopped.
- It even earned the English name ”Killing Me
Softly Chicken”
 Bangus (Pangasinan)
- Pangasinan is known as the country’s top
producer of milkfish cultured in marine fish
cage and marine fish pen. Dagupan is among
the top producer of milkfish in the province.
- The Bangus Festival is the brainchild of the
former Dagupan mayor Benjamin Lim,
seeking to promote the city as the Bangus
(milkfish) Capital of the World. 2003 saw
the festival featured in the Guiness Book of
World Records when it secured the record
for Longest Barbeque in the World.
 Tupig (Pangasinan)
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- Tupig or Intemtem is a popular native
delicacy from Pangasinan which is made out
of ground glutinous over charcoal.
- During the old days, this rice caked was
served only during Christmas and New
Year.
- Then, in 1960s it started to become
commercially popular.
 Sisig (Pampanga)
- 1732- First recorded of sisig, in a
Kapampangan dictionary compiled by an
Augustinian friar, Diego Bergaño.
- In his dictionary, Bergaño defines sisig as a
“salad including green papaya, or green
guava eaten with a dressing of salt, pepper,
garlic and vinegar.”
- For the past years the sisig evolved by
making the salad a main dish. Our ancestors
begins adding meat like ears and cheek of a
pig, liver and brain of pig.
 Buko Pie (Laguna)
- The idea of the buko pie is said to have
originated from the province of Laguna.
- The creators of this Filipino pastry were the
Pahud sisters who were locals of the city of
Los Baños, Laguna.
- The discovery of Buko pie begins when
Soledad Pahud was working abroad, she
learned to make apple pies. Pahud tried to
recreate the American dessert with the help
of her sisters. As apples were not native to
the Philippines, Pahud along with her family
improvised and replaced the ingredient with
“buko” or young coconuts. Using “buko” as
the ingredient for the pie filling was
recommended by one of the sisters named
Apolonia because of the resource’s
abundance locally.
- Late twenties, developed the Original Buko
Pie.
 Bicol Express
- Bicol express known natively in Bicol as
sinilihan or “spiced with chili”. It is a stew
made from long chillies, coconut milk,
shrimp paste, onion, pork and garlic.
- People assume Bicol Express is originally
from Bicol
- History narrates that this dish came from or
originated in Malate, Manila. It was
invented by a restaurant owner named
Cecilia “Tita Cely”Villanueva Kalaw who
was a native from Laguna.
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Bicol Express History
In the 1960s Tita Cely and her brother, Demetrio
“Kuya Etring” Kalaw, opened a restaurant in Oregon
St., Malate Manila which they named it as “The
Grove Luton I Inay.” In several interviews, she told
that some of their customers complain about their
“laing”(in Manila, termed as laing because it has
meat, while in Bicolano style it is vegetarian-
pinangat) entrée dish as being too spicy. It was at that
time that she decided to create a new dish with
coconut milk which she believe suitable to the taste
of the people in the area where her restaurant is
located. She created a magical dish and they named it
Bicol Express, named after the train that passes their
house which travels from Manila to Bicol and vice
versa.
 Lechong Baboy (Cebu)
- Lechon is the Spanish word for suckling pig
and in the Philippines, it connotes a whole
roasted pig or “litsong baboy, in the local
language.”
- The process of cooking the lechon involves
the whole pig or piglet that has been impaled
in a bamboo branch and slowly roasted over
charcoal.
- The roasted pig is often cooked during
national festivities or fietas, the holiday
season, birthdays, weddings, baptisms,
family reunions, and other special occasions.
- Cebu dubbed as the “Lechon Capital of the
Philippines”.
 Curacha (Zamboanga)
- also known as “spanner crab” or “red frog
crab”, these were commonly found in the
waters of Sulu province, Zamboanga and
Bataan.
- the word “curacha” is Chavacano for
“cockroach,”
- It is also known as kagang pamah in Tausug
and ipis dagat (“sea cockroach”)
 Sinuglaw (Northern Mindanao)
- Sinuglaw is a combination of two cooking
methods which are commonly done in
Visayas and Mindanao:
- “Sinugba” (grilled, referring to the grilled
pork in the dish cut into chunks)
- “kinilaw” or raw, referring to the raw fish or
seafood soaked in coconut vinegar
- Kinilaw is actually the main ingredient of
sinuglaw, the grilled pieces of pork are just
being added. Sinuglaw is mostly served in
Cagayan de Oro, Northern Mindanao.
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LESSON 3: EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE
FASHION
The Filipino style of clothing had been dictated by
the tropical climate in the Philippines, with a dry
and rainy season.
Before the coming of the Spaniards
- Men-Loincloth and usually topless
ARCHAIC EPOCH (10TH – 16TH
CENTURY)
Luzon
- Prior to the Spanish Era, the Tagalog of
Luzon already wore a garment that was a
forerunner of the Barong Tagalog – the
Baro
Evolution of the Barong Tagalog (Luzon)
- In the 1700s, the Spanish brought in their
dressy shirt with standing collar.
Doublets - close fitting jacket worn in Europe during
Renaissance
The Filipinos wore a sleeve-doublet of
rough cotton cloth called kanga. The doublets
indicated the social status and badge of courage of a
man; red was for the Chiefs and the bravest, while
black and white were for the ordinary citizens.
Women wore saya made from silk in
matching colors. This style was exclusively worn
by the women from the upper caste, while those of
lower castes wore baro made from pounded white
bark fiber, and a floor-length wrap-around skirt.
Women usually wore jewelry, such as gold
necklaces and earrings, which symbolized wealth
and beauty. In some tribes, women also wore
tattoos signifying beauty, power, and wealth.
Visayan
- In contrast, the Visayans wore clothes
similar to that of Indonesians and
Malaysians.
Marlota - Spanish term for native clothing or jacket
(Baquero).
Putong - headwrap/scarf worn mainly by man-
women that have their own style, it is important
during pre-colonial times as the color of the cloth
symbolized his rank and achievements.
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Calombigas - gold necklaces, golden armlets.
They wore a robe called Marlota or jacket
called Baquero without a collar that reached the feet.
The Tagalogs and the Visayans bound their
foreheads and temples with long, narrow strips of
cloth called Putong.
Necks and wrist were covered by
Calombigas – these had intricate patterns. Others
would wear precious stones
The Islamic kingdoms in Mindanao
especially the Maranao people have a fashion article
for the female called malong, which is a tubeskirt or
a light blanket wrapped around the body.
SPANISH ERA: NEW SPAIN (1521–1799)
16th-18th century, women wore a
Hispanicized version of the Baro't saya, composed
of a bodice – called a camisa, often made in
pineapple fiber or muslin – and a floor length skirt,
while the men wore the Barong Tagalog, a collared
and buttoned lace shirt, or a suit.
by 1850s, women's clothing was now full
wide skirts
The attire is composed of four pieces,
namely the camisa, the saya, the pañuelo (a scarf,
also spelled panuelo) and the tapis.
The camisa is a collarless chemise whose
hem is at the waist, and is made from flimsy,
translucent fabrics such as pineapple fiber and jusi.
The sleeves of the camisa are like the so-called
"angel wings”.
Chemise - loose straight hanging dress
The pañuelo is a stiff covering for the neck.
The purpose of the pañuelo is related to modesty,
used to cover the low-necked camisa'.
The tapis is a knee-length over-skirt that
hugs the hips.
The saya is a skirt shaped like a bubble with
a length that begins from the waist reaching the floor.
The men also continued to wear but a more
intricate version Barong Tagalog, a collarless shirt
originated from the ethnic cloth called canga.
Underneath the transparent Barong Tagalog
is the Camisa de Chino a type of shirt, usually in
white that said to have been originated from the
Chinese.
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AMERICAN ERA (1900S–1920S)
Traje de Mestiza, the more modern version
of the Maria Clara.
Men wore the Americana, the suit and coat
worn in the West, mostly Americans replacing the
traditional Barong Tagalog.
COMMONWEALTH ERA AND SECOND
WORLD WAR (1930S–1940S)
By the 1930s, young adult women and
children finally abandoned the typical "Traje de
Mestiza" as everyday wear and started to wear
floral printed dresses with mid-length shirts.
The men's fashion remained unchanged but
became a more casual as started abandoning the
coat as a casual wear and wore it only for formal
wear.
World War II
- When 1940s came, the Philippines saw the
breaking out of World War II resulting in
the shortage of tailoring shops, clothing
boutiques and dressmaking factories as
the country was occupied by the Japanese
Empire. The austerity era started when
rations were implemented, and the women
wore simpler clothing.
1950s
- By the late 1950s, women started to wear
dresses and with floral prints and fuller
knee-length skirts. The style was inspired
by Christian Dior's "New Look" collection.
- Men's fashion changed slightly as the men
started wearing youthful clothing such as
sweaters, colorful printed polos, pants.
1960s
- Rise of British pop culture.
- A new kind of dress invented by Mary
Quant, called the miniskirt, mini dresses
started to become popular.
- Men's fashion shifted towards a more
youthful vibe, influenced by the rising
Teenage culture seen in Hollywood and by
various Teen-oriented Filipino films where
they started wearing polos and pants,
replacing the suit and coats.
1970s
- Bell bottom pants started to become
popular that would continue to the rest of the
decade.
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- Men also started to grow their hair long,

the first time ever that such style became
acceptable in Filipino society.
- Men also wore Bell bottoms often in bright
colors, like the women. When the disco
culture emerged, the bell bottoms became a
staple.
Disco culture during 1970 where bell bottom became
staple
1980s
- women, usually young adults, also started to
wear clothes with shoulder pads while
teenagers started wearing neon colored
clothes
- Women hair curled
- Men's fashion had a shift as they started to
wear brightly colored t-shirts or polo
shirts and denim jeans for a casual look
- Converse All-Stars shoes were also popular
among the teenagers.
1990s
- This decade saw the beginning of the
influence of rock music to mainstream
fashion
- Women also wore loose, simple and casual
clothing such as oversized shirts, denim
shorts, denim jeans, simple blouses and
sneakers moving away from the colored
clothes they wear during 1980’s.
- a hairstyle for male called cachupoy.
2000s
- popularity of spaghetti strap clothes among
women
- Men started wearing checkered polos.
2010s
- Due to the development of social media,
many Filipino women and men were
exposed to different styles.

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LECTURE / FIRST SEMESTER
LESSON 4: FILIPINO TRAITS & VALUES
What are values?
- General standards and a higher order of
norms
- Basis of good living
- Cultural products
- Not all values are universal
POSITIVE FILIPINO VALUES & TRAITS
1. Respect elders at all times
- Take good care of your parents and
grandparents as they grow older and try to
be with them always.
2. Maintain Close Family Ties
- Try to be with your family as much as you
can. Give them love and support you can
offer.
3. Trusting God at all times
- Pray regularly and thank Him for all the
blessings that He has bestowed upon you
4. Bayanihan
- Help and support your neighbors and
community by making it a better place to
live in.
5. Patient and Optimistic
- Remain calm whenever you have problems.
Don’t lose hope and look at the brighter side
of things during difficult times.
6. Utang na Loob
- If someone has helped you in your hour of
need, help him back in any way you can.
When a loved one is in need of help, be
there at all times and don’t expect anything
in return.
7. Pakikisama
- Maintain peace by having harmonious
relationships with your friends, family and
colleagues. Try to understand their bad traits
and appreciate their good qualities.
8. Hospitable
- Be friendly and generous when receiving
guests. Entertaining people you have just
met will show how warm – hearted we
Filipinos are.
9. Resourceful and Creative
- Try to make do with what you have.
Develop your skills in inventing new things
that can make your life easier at home or at
work.
10. Respect Women
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- Show respect to all women whether at home,
or in other places. They deserve as much
respect as our elders.
NEGATIVE FILIPINO VALUES & TRAITS
1. Ningas – kugon
- “Leaving your work either half-baked or
unfinished”
2. Crab Mentality
- “If I can’t have it, neither can you”
3. Procrastination or “Mañana habit”
- Delaying or postponing a task or set of tasks
4. “Bahala na” or “come what may” habit
- Que sera sera (what will be will be).
5. Filipino Time
- Always being late to an agreed meeting
time.
6. Hypocrisy (being a double – faced person)
- The fear of being an outcast has forced a lot
of people to live a double standard life.
7. Attention grabbing (being an ‘Epal’)
- Saying or doing something with the goal of
getting the attention of a person or a group
of people.
8. Being onion-skinned or too sensitive
- Results to being oversensitive.
9. Living beyond their mean (social climbing)
- One of the reasons why a lot of Filipinos
live in poverty is because of overspending.
Since most people want to live an elite
lifestyle, many resort to social climbing or
living beyond their means.
10. Passivity (lack of leadership)
- Filipino’s lack of initiative for change is also
one reason why our country does not
progress. We keep on complaining against
the government and other societal issue.
However, we do not do anything about
them.
COMMON TRAITS OF FILIPINO PEOPLE
 Filipinos are happy-go-lucky people who are
always pessimistic about the today but always
optimistic that tomorrow will be better.
 Filipino believed that religion bound us together
and build a strong community.
 Filipino community we are very adult-oriented
that we need to pay respect in every elderly that
we see in our barangays.
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LESSON 5: FAVORITE PAST TIME
What is Past Time?
- A pastime is explained as something that you
have free time to yourself, it also means
diversion or hobbies that you want to do with
your free time. Something that makes you
enjoy doing. It also your spare time of an
interesting thing that you love to do. Or it can
also be leisure or your time to relax. Pastime
also means an activity that you most love to do
and enjoy to do in your free time
GOSSIPING
- We all know that gossiping is our national
pastime. People always wanted to comment on
many things they know nothing about. They
tend to share and spread information weather it
is true or fiction and they would always get
information from other gossipers who know
nothing.
- Most Filipinos are more interested in gossip
rather than knowing the truth.
- Gossiping is the best pastime for us, it is
always favorite pastime in the neighborhood to
get latest news that will awaken their curiosity
and imagination, and it is one effective way to
ward off boredom and hunger. It is the best
weapon to combat envy and hatred.
SOCIAL NETWORKING
- With the modern technologies that evolve in
our new generation, there are many things that
change. Yes! Internet is an incredible source of
information, it helps a lot for everyone because
it will now easy for us to connect to our family
and friends inside and outside the country. But
aside from its positive impact that brought for
us it also brings negative impact for many
people.
- People around the world are so much addicted
with its social networking such as facebook,
blogger, and twitter and even the games of the
computer are also addictive. It is now their
newest pastime.
- There are many cases in our country that
happens regarding on this social networking.
Like the facebook for example, which brings
negative side effects that are largely harmless
wherein some people especially the women are
being abuse by other people and sometimes
they are being disrespectful through chat.
SLEEPING
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- Sleeping is frequently pastime of most Filipino
people, we love to sleep especially when the
weather is cold and rainy. it feels relax when
you sleep because you are able to forget many
problems even for a while that you have, aside
from that you are able to have peace of mind.
- Sleeping is one way to help you get relieve
from stress. However it is the best time to
relax your body and your mind.
- All babies pastime is to sleep because they are
babies. We’ve always wanted to get them
sleep because it helps them easy to grow past.
- It’s nice to tune-in before you sleep because
it’s easy for you to get sleep. Music can help
you feel better and relax.
SMOKING
Government warning “SMOKING IS DANGEROUS
TO YOUR HEALTH”, but how come that this many
people are still lighting up with this kind of pastime.
- If we will look around, people could buy
cigarettes anywhere and can smoke pretty
much anytime even in the hospitals. Aside
from that we can always look the ads of
cigarettes all over the place.
- According to statistics, 9 out of 10 tobacco
users start before they’re reached the age of 18
years. Most adults who started smoking is their
teens age and they never expected to become
more addicted,
DRINKING ALCOHOL
- It is usual for many Filipino to drink liquor or
drink alcohol. Whatever occasion or party we
celebrate, it is never missing.
- People drink alcohol for many reasons but
whatever it is, alcohol certainly not good for
anyone.
- Some people do drink to get away from their
problems that they have carried in their lives.
Though drinking alcohol it helps them to
forget things they wanted to forget but we can
never deny the fact that problems do not go
away with drinking as a matter of fact they
increase and get worse the more when you
drunk.
- People say that when they drink alcohol it
makes them easier to find new friends and
socialize easily with others as they feel they
are better company. Aside from that makes
them feels good and relaxed.
- Alcohol can make people want to fight and can
cause of trouble and many crimes are drink
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related. The fact that a person may have been hapunan (dinner). Since the people of the
drunk when committing any such crime but Philippines are known for being hospitable
whatever reason he has it never excuse in the and sociable, food is the basis of Filipino
eyes of the law. social life.
- At a typical Philippine street, you will often
PINOY LOVES TO SING
see street food vendors selling either junk
- Filipino people are known to be as a talented foods or street foods like the very popular
person and to be more specific a music lover. inihaw; either isaw, betamax, adidas and
That’s why, it is proven that we have a lot of many more. Also, fishballs, squidballs,
great singers here in the Philippines may it be kwek-kwek and kikiam are popular Filipino
in local or international. street foods as well. And the most of all the
- Through music we can express more our balut and penoy food that no one can forget
feelings, that’s why many pinoy’s and and resist the smell and taste of it.
pinay’s love singing and their pastime is to - It is part of our tradition to attend the
sing in videoke bar. occasion of our neighbors or friends as a
sign of being acceptance to the invitation
WATCHING TV given by the celebrator like fiesta, birthday,
- Television has a big help for us to know, wedding etc.. and it is traditional for us to
aware and always updated on the things attend on that kind of occasion.
happening in our surroundings as well as the OTHERS:
issues on the government, environment,
news abroad and even in weather news - Adventure
etc… Aside from that we could also watch - Swimming
on TV different kinds of movies, shows and - Window Shopping
dramas. From then watching TV is really
one of the most habits of many Filipino
people, this also serves as their pastime
whenever they are not busy.
- Watching TV sometimes serves as a way to
have bonding of the family. It is the time
where they can get together and parents can
talk to their children.
- There are a lot of people who are also
addicted to watch their favorite artist may it
be in local or international actor or actresses.
The youth are now so many fanatics with the
Korean artist and their Korean novella’s,
they watch all their dramas, shows and
concert all over the time. But compared to
the older one like our parents and
grandparents they must preferred to watch
Filipino shows life Eat Bulaga, Wowowin
and It’s Showtime and those tele-dramas at
night which they enjoyed whenever they
watch
EATING
- Many Filipino really loves eating,
sometimes it is there pastime. We usually
eat as much as 5 times in a day. This
includes agahan (breakfast), merienda sa
umaga (morning snack), tanghalian (lunch),
merienda sa hapon (afternoon snack) and

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